2024-2025学年沪教牛津版英语九年级上册常用构词法总结

2025-01-20
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初中英语常用构词法总结 词汇是语言不可或缺的组成部分,高效记忆词汇是学英语的关键。构词法可以在一定程度上帮助英语学习者正确辨认单词的词形、词性和理解词意,并迅速扩大词汇量,同时也是学好英语的有效途径之一。 常用构词法主要有三种:派生法,合成法和转换法。   一.派生法 在一个词的词根root的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词,这种构词法称为派生法derivation。加在前面的词缀叫前缀prefix,加在后面的词缀叫后缀suffix。   后缀:许多名词形容词副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。   1.构成名词的常用后缀有:   1-er,-or, -ess ,-er/-or”多为“男性”,加“-ess”多为女性,-ist,-ee,-ese,-ant等用于构成表示人或物的名称。例如: thinker思想家 think: guesser猜想者 guess: translator翻译者 translate: actor男演员act: conductor导体 conduct: physicist物理学家 physic: dentist 牙科医生 dental: employee雇员 employ: trainee 受训人员 train: physician内科医生 physic: Italian 意大利人 Italy: Japanese日本人 Japan: assistant助手 assist: actress → 女演员 act: waitress → 女服务员wait: portress → 女看门人 port: editress → 女编辑 edit 2 -ance, -ence, -ation,-ition -sion, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment, -ness, -th, -ty,-ure,-ship等用于构成表示行为性质状态等抽象名词。例如: acceptance接受 accept: assistance 帮助 assist: dependence依靠 depend: confidence信心 confident: significance 重要性,意义 significant: absence 不在,缺席absent: silence 安静,沉默silent: violence 暴力行为violent: allowance 津贴,补助allow: appearance 出现,露面,外表appear: circumstance 条件,环境circle: coincidence 巧合,巧事 coincident: conference 会议;讨论 confer: consequence 结果,后果consequent: convenience 便利 convenient: defence=defense 防御,防务defend: difference 不同different: disappearance 消失disappear: endurance/tolerance 忍受endure : tolerate: entrance 入口enter: evidence 证据,证明evident: existence 存在,存在物exist: guidance 引导,指导guide: importance 重要性important: independence 独立independent: insurance 保险insure: intelligence 智力,才智intelligent: offence 违法行为,犯罪offend: occurrence 发生occur: patience 容忍,耐心patient: performance 演出,履行 perform: preference 选择,趋向,偏好 prefer: reference 提到,涉及, 参考,查阅 refer: resistance 抵制 resist: repetition 重复 repeat: cognition 认识,认识力,知觉cognize: competition 竞争,比赛compete: composition 组成,构成,结构 composite: contrition 悔罪,痛悔contrite: decomposition 腐烂,崩溃composition: definition 定义,解说,释义definite: preparation准备 prepare: clarification 澄清;解释clarify: excitation 刺激;激发,激励excite: fomentation 煽动,助长foment: habitation 居住,住所habit: mutation 突变 mute: reputation 名誉,名声 repute: convention习俗convent: prevention预防prevent: attention注意attend: protection保护protect: invention发明invent: decision决定decide: division分割divide: discussion讨论discuss: expression表达express: conclusion结论conclude: confusion混乱confuse: reflection反射reflect: refraction折射refract: solution解决solve: illusion幻觉illus: collision碰撞collide: fusion融合fuse: explosion爆炸explode: compulsion强迫compulsive: impulsion推动impulsive: extension延长extend: tension张力tense: expansion扩张expand: suspension暂停suspend: discussion讨论discuss: division 分开 divide: physics 物理学 physic: fabrics 纺织品 fabric: italics 斜体字italic: linguistics 语言学linguistic: plastics 塑料;塑料制品plastic: building 建筑物 build: wedding 婚礼 wed: feeling 感觉,触觉feel: ageing 老化;变老,衰老age: learning 学习;学问learn: gloaming 黄昏;夕幕gloom: mooring 下锚;停泊处;系船具moor: clothing 服装;帆装cloth: flooring 地板;铺地板floor: filling 填充;填料fill: legging 绑腿,裹腿 leg: footing 基础;立足处foot: greeting 问候 greet: reality 现实 real: ability 能力 able: probity刚直probe: mendacity虚假 mendacious: duplicity欺骗duplicitous : rigidity固执 rigid: absurdity荒谬absurd: geniality和蔼genial: equanimity镇定equanimous: infirmity虚弱infirm: complexity复杂性complex: familiarity熟悉familiar: cavity洞cave: celebrity名人celebrate: settlement解决 settle: argument 争论 argue: accomplishment 成就,成绩,功绩accomplish: adjustment 调整,适应adjust: advertisement 广告 advertise: agreement 同意,一致;协定,协议 agree: amusement 娱乐 amuse: announcement通告,通知 announce: apartment 楼中单元房,一套房间;房间 apart: appointment 约会 appoint: argument 争论,辩论 argue: arrangement 安排, 布置 arrange: assessment 看法,评价assess: astonishment 惊讶 astonish: attachment 固定,重视attach: basement 地下室 base: commitment 承诺,允诺,承担commit: department部门;司, 处;系 depart: development 发展,发达,发育,开发 develop: disagreement 相违;争论 disagree: disappointment 失望;沮丧 disappoint: employment 雇佣employ: encouragement 鼓励 encourage: enjoyment 欣赏;享受乐趣;喜欢enjoy: entertainment 娱乐entertain: equipment 装备,设备 equip: excitement 兴奋,激动excite: government 政府 govern: improvement改进,更新 improve: judgement裁判 judge: management管理;设法对付 manage: movement运动,活动 move: payment付钱,报酬pay: punishment 惩罚 punish: refreshment 点心,便餐refresh: requirement 需要;要求;必要的条件 require: statement  声明,陈诉,说法state: treatment治疗,疗法 treat: unemployment 失业,失业状态 employ: greatness 伟大 great: hardness 硬度 hard: darkness黑暗dark: brightness亮度bright: business生意busy: illness疾病ill: happiness幸福happy: kindness善意kind: sadness悲伤sad: weakness虚弱weak: fairness公平fair: goodness美德good: sickness疾病sick: willingness意愿willing: childishness孩子气childish: foolishness愚蠢,可笑foolish: worthlessness没用worthless: carelessness粗心careless: laziness懒惰lazy: blindness失明blind: rudeness粗鲁rude: selfishness自私selfish: greatness伟大great: safeness安全,保险safe: usefulness用处useful: tiredness疲惫tired: bitterness苦涩bitter: silliness傻气silly: homelessness 无家可归,漂泊homeless: effortlessness毫不费力effortless: shamelessness毫不知耻shameless: warmth 温暖 warm: length 长度 long: safety 安全 safe: penalty 惩罚 penal: failure 失败 fail: pressure 压力 press: friendship友谊 friend: leadership领导 lead : leader: 2. 构成形容词的常用后缀有:-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -an, -ic, -ly, -ant, -ent,-ary, -en等。例如: available可获得的 avail: suitable适合的 suit: responsible负责的 response: permissible允许的 permit: natural天然的 nature: national国家的 nation: powerful强大的 power: faithful忠诚的 faith: fearless无畏的 fear: useless无用的 use: selfish自私的 self: childish幼稚的 child: collective集体的 collect: decisive决定性的 decide: famous著名的 fame : continuous连续不断的 continue: American美国的 America: European欧洲的 Europe: historic有历史意义的 historic: scientific科学的 science: friendly友好的friend: lively活泼的 live: thirsty口渴的thirst: noisy喧闹的 noise: significant重大的 signify: pleasant令人愉快的 please: dependent依赖的 depend: consistent一贯的 consist: secondary次要的 second: imaginary想象中的 imagine: golden金色的 gold: wooden木制的 wood: 3. 构成副词的常用后缀有:-ly, -ward, -wise等。例如: terribly可怕地 terrible: regularly定期地regular: homeward向家去地 home: eastward向东方地 east: otherwise否则 other: likewise同样地 like: 4. 构成动词的常用后缀的有:-ise/ize, -en, -ify等。例如: realize实现 real: modernize使现代化modern: widen加宽wide: strengthen加强 strength: verify证实 very: modify修饰 mod: 前缀:词根加前缀多数不改变词性,只引起词义的变化。  1. 表示相反意义的前缀有:un-, dis-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, de-等。例如: unhappy不高兴的happy: uncomfortable不舒服的comfortable: unload卸货load: uncover揭露 cover: dislike不喜欢 like: disagree不同意agree: informal非正式的 formal: inaccurate不准确的accurate: inconvenient不方便的convenient: irregular不规则的regular: irresponsible不负责任的responsible: illegal不合法的legal: illogical不合理的 logical: decode解码 code: devalue降低价值value: 2. 表示其他意思的前缀有:re-重新,mis-错误的,anti-反防,ex-前,pre-预先,post-后的,fore-先的,self-自我的自动的,super-超级上层,sub-下面的,inter-之间的互相,trans-跨越移,ultra-外极,semi- 半,vice-副,uni-单,bi-双,multi-多,auto-自等。例如: reform改革form: review 复习,回顾view : retell 重述 tell: recommend 推荐,托付commend: remind 提醒,使想起mind: remain保持,残存main: represent代表,描绘present: return 返回,回转,复发turn : rebuild 重建,恢复build: misunderstand误解understand: mistrust不信任trust: misbehave (使)行为无礼貌behave: miscalculate 误算calculate: miscall误称call: mistake 错误take: anti-tank反坦克的 tank: anti-social危害社会的 social: ex-president前总统president: preheat预热 heat: prepare预备 pare: preview预习view: post-war战后的 war: postgraduate研究生graduate: forecast预报cast: foresee预见 see: self-control自我控制 control: self-important自大的 important: supermarket超市 market: superman超人 man: subdivide再分 divide: subway地下铁道way: interact相互作用 act: interconnection相互连接 connection: transport运输 port: translate翻译 late: ultraviolet紫外线的 violet: ultrasonic超声的 sonic: semi-final半决赛 final: semiconductor半导体 conductor: vice-premier副总理 premier: vice-chairman副主席 chairman: uniform制服 form: unilateral单方面的 lateral: bicycle自行车 cycle: bimonthly双月的 monthly: multinational多国的 national: multistage多级 stage: automation自动化 mat: automobile汽车 mobile: 二.合成法   由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法称为合成法compounding。合成词之间有的要用连字符连接,有的直接连接在一起。   一合成名词,例如: hardware硬件 hard: ware: network网络 net: work: output产量 out: put: typewriter打字机 type: writer: weekend周末week: end: by-product副产品 by: product: well-being福利well: being: well-dressed衣着考究的 dressed:   二合成形容词,例如: duty-free免税 duty: free: far-reaching深远的far: reaching: air-tight密封的 air: tight: large-scale大规模的large: scale: first-rate第一流的 first: rate: face to face面对面的 face: all-round全面的 all: round: state-owned国有的 state: owned:   三合成动词,例如: overthrow推翻 over: throw: undergo经历under: go: heat-treat热加工heat: treat: white-wash粉刷white: wash: uphold支持up: hold: counteroffer还价counter: offer: 三.转换法   在词行不变的情况下,一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性,称为转换conversion。   转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系,但有时差异也很大。例如:   dream v. 做梦 n. :   look v. 看 n. :   back n. 后背 v. :   air n 空气 v. :   better a. 较好 v. : care v.照顾 n.: picture n画 v: water n水 v : 典型例题 1. There is more and more _________on the Earth. A. pollute B. polluted C. pollutions D. pollution 2. There are many_________ watching World Cup. A. Germany B. Germen C. Germans D. Germanies 3. Miss Li, I didn’t hear the conversation clearly, can you_____ (play) it? 4. You have made so many mistakes because of your ________(careful) 5. He has many hobbies, for example, collecting ________ (usual )things which we can’t see often. 6. Travelling to Iceland is an ________ (enjoy) experience. 跟踪训练 1. 根据词的适当形式填空。 1. Lucy is ______________ (friend) to Lily. 2.______________ (sudden), two women tourists and a man began arguing. 3. Look, two_____________ (Japan) are taking about posters. 4. What do you _____________ (usual) do? 5. It is _____________(sun )today. We can fly kites. 6. The Earth will be more beautiful if there is less_____________ (pollute) 7. Are you _____________after having a _____________trip. (tire) 8. He said to his mother_____________ (happy) that he won first prize. 9. UFO _____________ (appear) in a short time, so you can’t see it now. 10. Your hat is _____________(usual),that’s why everyone looks at you. 二.根据句意进行适当词的填空。 1. You can enjoy _____________ (nature) beauty in Yu Garden. 2. Eating Zongzi is a _____________ (tradition) custom习俗 in China. 3. With the ______________( develop) of science, China becomes stronger. 4. Did you have an _____________ (enjoy )experience经历 in Ireland? 5.“Don’t cry”, mother said to this girl_____________(gentle) 6. The boy is sitting in his seat ____________. (quiet ) 7. He runs more ____________ (quick )than his classmate. 8. It is raining _____________(heavy). You must drive carefully. 9. My classmate looks_____________, for he failed in the English test. (happy) 10. Many animals are so ______________ to us. (help) 11. The famous ___________ can speak 3 languages. (science) 12. Some ____________ are interested in Chinese food. (Germany ) 13. The weather report says it is _____________. (cloud) 14. He is a ___________ scientist. He comes from ______________. (America) 15. He enjoys his _____________(colour) life very much. 1、 根据要求进行填空。 1. It’s so ____________(believe) that he finish his homework in a short time. 2. You shouldn’t speak to your grandfather_____________(polite) 3. Do you know the secret of his _____________(succeed)? 4. There was a joyful_____________(express) on his face. 5. Human beings are facing many _____________(environment) problems. 6. I don’t know which __________ (direct) is correct. 7. The lady changed her mind two days _____________(late). 8. Changjiang River is_____________(length) than any other river in China. 9. In general, great man have a gift of _____________(curious). 10. There is an _____________(introduce) about the new building in this magazine. 11. Mary is my _______ sister and she is 2 years _________ than I . (old ) 12. "It is never too late to learn" is a Chinese ____________.(say) 13. Don't believe her. I can __________ say that she did not tell us the __________. (true) 14. How______________ he has got the first prize. (luck) 15. We are going to have a ___________ about this problem.(discuss) 16. Don't take it away. It is an ___________ test paper. (correct) 17. Of all the boxes, the one in the corner is the ________________. (heavy) 18. I am not used to the weather here. It is ____________. (change ) 19. We want to have a talk with your ________________. (manage) 20. Is it ____________to collect stamps? (use) 1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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2024-2025学年沪教牛津版英语九年级上册常用构词法总结
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2024-2025学年沪教牛津版英语九年级上册常用构词法总结
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2024-2025学年沪教牛津版英语九年级上册常用构词法总结
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