内容正文:
初中英语常用构词法总结
词汇是语言不可或缺的组成部分,高效记忆词汇是学英语的关键。构词法可以在一定程度上帮助英语学习者正确辨认单词的词形、词性和理解词意,并迅速扩大词汇量,同时也是学好英语的有效途径之一。
常用构词法主要有三种:派生法,合成法和转换法。
一.派生法
在一个词的词根root的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词,这种构词法称为派生法derivation。加在前面的词缀叫前缀prefix,加在后面的词缀叫后缀suffix。
后缀:许多名词形容词副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。
1.构成名词的常用后缀有:
1-er,-or, -ess ,-er/-or”多为“男性”,加“-ess”多为女性,-ist,-ee,-ese,-ant等用于构成表示人或物的名称。例如:
thinker思想家 think:
guesser猜想者 guess:
translator翻译者 translate:
actor男演员act:
conductor导体 conduct:
physicist物理学家 physic:
dentist 牙科医生 dental:
employee雇员 employ:
trainee 受训人员 train:
physician内科医生 physic:
Italian 意大利人 Italy:
Japanese日本人 Japan:
assistant助手 assist:
actress → 女演员 act:
waitress → 女服务员wait:
portress → 女看门人 port:
editress → 女编辑 edit
2 -ance, -ence, -ation,-ition -sion, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment, -ness, -th, -ty,-ure,-ship等用于构成表示行为性质状态等抽象名词。例如:
acceptance接受 accept:
assistance 帮助 assist:
dependence依靠 depend:
confidence信心 confident:
significance 重要性,意义 significant:
absence 不在,缺席absent:
silence 安静,沉默silent:
violence 暴力行为violent:
allowance 津贴,补助allow:
appearance 出现,露面,外表appear:
circumstance 条件,环境circle:
coincidence 巧合,巧事 coincident:
conference 会议;讨论 confer:
consequence 结果,后果consequent:
convenience 便利 convenient:
defence=defense 防御,防务defend:
difference 不同different:
disappearance 消失disappear:
endurance/tolerance 忍受endure : tolerate:
entrance 入口enter:
evidence 证据,证明evident:
existence 存在,存在物exist:
guidance 引导,指导guide:
importance 重要性important:
independence 独立independent:
insurance 保险insure:
intelligence 智力,才智intelligent:
offence 违法行为,犯罪offend:
occurrence 发生occur:
patience 容忍,耐心patient:
performance 演出,履行 perform:
preference 选择,趋向,偏好 prefer:
reference 提到,涉及, 参考,查阅 refer:
resistance 抵制 resist:
repetition 重复 repeat:
cognition 认识,认识力,知觉cognize:
competition 竞争,比赛compete:
composition 组成,构成,结构 composite:
contrition 悔罪,痛悔contrite:
decomposition 腐烂,崩溃composition:
definition 定义,解说,释义definite:
preparation准备 prepare:
clarification 澄清;解释clarify:
excitation 刺激;激发,激励excite:
fomentation 煽动,助长foment:
habitation 居住,住所habit:
mutation 突变 mute:
reputation 名誉,名声 repute:
convention习俗convent:
prevention预防prevent:
attention注意attend:
protection保护protect:
invention发明invent:
decision决定decide:
division分割divide:
discussion讨论discuss:
expression表达express:
conclusion结论conclude:
confusion混乱confuse:
reflection反射reflect:
refraction折射refract:
solution解决solve:
illusion幻觉illus:
collision碰撞collide:
fusion融合fuse:
explosion爆炸explode:
compulsion强迫compulsive:
impulsion推动impulsive:
extension延长extend:
tension张力tense:
expansion扩张expand:
suspension暂停suspend:
discussion讨论discuss:
division 分开 divide:
physics 物理学 physic:
fabrics 纺织品 fabric:
italics 斜体字italic:
linguistics 语言学linguistic:
plastics 塑料;塑料制品plastic:
building 建筑物 build:
wedding 婚礼 wed:
feeling 感觉,触觉feel:
ageing 老化;变老,衰老age:
learning 学习;学问learn:
gloaming 黄昏;夕幕gloom:
mooring 下锚;停泊处;系船具moor:
clothing 服装;帆装cloth:
flooring 地板;铺地板floor:
filling 填充;填料fill:
legging 绑腿,裹腿 leg:
footing 基础;立足处foot:
greeting 问候 greet:
reality 现实 real:
ability 能力 able:
probity刚直probe:
mendacity虚假 mendacious:
duplicity欺骗duplicitous :
rigidity固执 rigid:
absurdity荒谬absurd:
geniality和蔼genial:
equanimity镇定equanimous:
infirmity虚弱infirm:
complexity复杂性complex:
familiarity熟悉familiar:
cavity洞cave:
celebrity名人celebrate:
settlement解决 settle:
argument 争论 argue:
accomplishment 成就,成绩,功绩accomplish:
adjustment 调整,适应adjust:
advertisement 广告 advertise:
agreement 同意,一致;协定,协议 agree:
amusement 娱乐 amuse:
announcement通告,通知 announce:
apartment 楼中单元房,一套房间;房间 apart:
appointment 约会 appoint:
argument 争论,辩论 argue:
arrangement 安排, 布置 arrange:
assessment 看法,评价assess:
astonishment 惊讶 astonish:
attachment 固定,重视attach:
basement 地下室 base:
commitment 承诺,允诺,承担commit:
department部门;司, 处;系 depart:
development 发展,发达,发育,开发 develop:
disagreement 相违;争论 disagree:
disappointment 失望;沮丧 disappoint:
employment 雇佣employ:
encouragement 鼓励 encourage:
enjoyment 欣赏;享受乐趣;喜欢enjoy:
entertainment 娱乐entertain:
equipment 装备,设备 equip:
excitement 兴奋,激动excite:
government 政府 govern:
improvement改进,更新 improve:
judgement裁判 judge:
management管理;设法对付 manage:
movement运动,活动 move:
payment付钱,报酬pay:
punishment 惩罚 punish:
refreshment 点心,便餐refresh:
requirement 需要;要求;必要的条件 require:
statement 声明,陈诉,说法state:
treatment治疗,疗法 treat:
unemployment 失业,失业状态 employ:
greatness 伟大 great:
hardness 硬度 hard:
darkness黑暗dark:
brightness亮度bright:
business生意busy:
illness疾病ill:
happiness幸福happy:
kindness善意kind:
sadness悲伤sad:
weakness虚弱weak:
fairness公平fair:
goodness美德good:
sickness疾病sick:
willingness意愿willing:
childishness孩子气childish:
foolishness愚蠢,可笑foolish:
worthlessness没用worthless:
carelessness粗心careless:
laziness懒惰lazy:
blindness失明blind:
rudeness粗鲁rude:
selfishness自私selfish:
greatness伟大great:
safeness安全,保险safe:
usefulness用处useful:
tiredness疲惫tired:
bitterness苦涩bitter:
silliness傻气silly:
homelessness 无家可归,漂泊homeless:
effortlessness毫不费力effortless:
shamelessness毫不知耻shameless:
warmth 温暖 warm:
length 长度 long:
safety 安全 safe:
penalty 惩罚 penal:
failure 失败 fail:
pressure 压力 press:
friendship友谊 friend:
leadership领导 lead : leader:
2. 构成形容词的常用后缀有:-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -an, -ic, -ly, -ant, -ent,-ary, -en等。例如:
available可获得的 avail:
suitable适合的 suit:
responsible负责的 response:
permissible允许的 permit:
natural天然的 nature:
national国家的 nation:
powerful强大的 power:
faithful忠诚的 faith:
fearless无畏的 fear:
useless无用的 use:
selfish自私的 self:
childish幼稚的 child:
collective集体的 collect:
decisive决定性的 decide:
famous著名的 fame :
continuous连续不断的 continue:
American美国的 America:
European欧洲的 Europe:
historic有历史意义的 historic:
scientific科学的 science:
friendly友好的friend:
lively活泼的 live:
thirsty口渴的thirst:
noisy喧闹的 noise:
significant重大的 signify:
pleasant令人愉快的 please:
dependent依赖的 depend:
consistent一贯的 consist:
secondary次要的 second:
imaginary想象中的 imagine:
golden金色的 gold:
wooden木制的 wood:
3. 构成副词的常用后缀有:-ly, -ward, -wise等。例如:
terribly可怕地 terrible:
regularly定期地regular:
homeward向家去地 home:
eastward向东方地 east:
otherwise否则 other:
likewise同样地 like:
4. 构成动词的常用后缀的有:-ise/ize, -en, -ify等。例如:
realize实现 real:
modernize使现代化modern:
widen加宽wide:
strengthen加强 strength:
verify证实 very:
modify修饰 mod:
前缀:词根加前缀多数不改变词性,只引起词义的变化。
1. 表示相反意义的前缀有:un-, dis-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, de-等。例如:
unhappy不高兴的happy:
uncomfortable不舒服的comfortable:
unload卸货load:
uncover揭露 cover:
dislike不喜欢 like:
disagree不同意agree:
informal非正式的 formal:
inaccurate不准确的accurate:
inconvenient不方便的convenient:
irregular不规则的regular:
irresponsible不负责任的responsible:
illegal不合法的legal:
illogical不合理的 logical:
decode解码 code:
devalue降低价值value:
2. 表示其他意思的前缀有:re-重新,mis-错误的,anti-反防,ex-前,pre-预先,post-后的,fore-先的,self-自我的自动的,super-超级上层,sub-下面的,inter-之间的互相,trans-跨越移,ultra-外极,semi- 半,vice-副,uni-单,bi-双,multi-多,auto-自等。例如:
reform改革form:
review 复习,回顾view :
retell 重述 tell:
recommend 推荐,托付commend:
remind 提醒,使想起mind:
remain保持,残存main:
represent代表,描绘present:
return 返回,回转,复发turn :
rebuild 重建,恢复build:
misunderstand误解understand:
mistrust不信任trust:
misbehave (使)行为无礼貌behave:
miscalculate 误算calculate:
miscall误称call:
mistake 错误take:
anti-tank反坦克的 tank:
anti-social危害社会的 social:
ex-president前总统president:
preheat预热 heat:
prepare预备 pare:
preview预习view:
post-war战后的 war:
postgraduate研究生graduate:
forecast预报cast:
foresee预见 see:
self-control自我控制 control:
self-important自大的 important:
supermarket超市 market:
superman超人 man:
subdivide再分 divide:
subway地下铁道way:
interact相互作用 act:
interconnection相互连接 connection:
transport运输 port:
translate翻译 late:
ultraviolet紫外线的 violet:
ultrasonic超声的 sonic:
semi-final半决赛 final:
semiconductor半导体 conductor:
vice-premier副总理 premier:
vice-chairman副主席 chairman:
uniform制服 form:
unilateral单方面的 lateral:
bicycle自行车 cycle:
bimonthly双月的 monthly:
multinational多国的 national:
multistage多级 stage:
automation自动化 mat:
automobile汽车 mobile:
二.合成法
由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法称为合成法compounding。合成词之间有的要用连字符连接,有的直接连接在一起。
一合成名词,例如:
hardware硬件 hard: ware:
network网络 net: work:
output产量 out: put:
typewriter打字机 type: writer:
weekend周末week: end:
by-product副产品 by: product:
well-being福利well: being:
well-dressed衣着考究的 dressed:
二合成形容词,例如:
duty-free免税 duty: free:
far-reaching深远的far: reaching:
air-tight密封的 air: tight:
large-scale大规模的large: scale:
first-rate第一流的 first: rate:
face to face面对面的 face:
all-round全面的 all: round:
state-owned国有的 state: owned:
三合成动词,例如:
overthrow推翻 over: throw:
undergo经历under: go:
heat-treat热加工heat: treat:
white-wash粉刷white: wash:
uphold支持up: hold:
counteroffer还价counter: offer:
三.转换法
在词行不变的情况下,一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性,称为转换conversion。
转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系,但有时差异也很大。例如:
dream v. 做梦 n. :
look v. 看 n. :
back n. 后背 v. :
air n 空气 v. :
better a. 较好 v. :
care v.照顾 n.:
picture n画 v:
water n水 v :
典型例题
1. There is more and more _________on the Earth.
A. pollute B. polluted C. pollutions D. pollution
2. There are many_________ watching World Cup.
A. Germany B. Germen C. Germans D. Germanies
3. Miss Li, I didn’t hear the conversation clearly, can you_____ (play) it?
4. You have made so many mistakes because of your ________(careful)
5. He has many hobbies, for example, collecting ________ (usual )things which we can’t see often.
6. Travelling to Iceland is an ________ (enjoy) experience.
跟踪训练
1. 根据词的适当形式填空。
1. Lucy is ______________ (friend) to Lily.
2.______________ (sudden), two women tourists and a man began arguing.
3. Look, two_____________ (Japan) are taking about posters.
4. What do you _____________ (usual) do?
5. It is _____________(sun )today. We can fly kites.
6. The Earth will be more beautiful if there is less_____________ (pollute)
7. Are you _____________after having a _____________trip. (tire)
8. He said to his mother_____________ (happy) that he won first prize.
9. UFO _____________ (appear) in a short time, so you can’t see it now.
10. Your hat is _____________(usual),that’s why everyone looks at you.
二.根据句意进行适当词的填空。
1. You can enjoy _____________ (nature) beauty in Yu Garden.
2. Eating Zongzi is a _____________ (tradition) custom习俗 in China.
3. With the ______________( develop) of science, China becomes stronger.
4. Did you have an _____________ (enjoy )experience经历 in Ireland?
5.“Don’t cry”, mother said to this girl_____________(gentle)
6. The boy is sitting in his seat ____________. (quiet )
7. He runs more ____________ (quick )than his classmate.
8. It is raining _____________(heavy). You must drive carefully.
9. My classmate looks_____________, for he failed in the English test. (happy)
10. Many animals are so ______________ to us. (help)
11. The famous ___________ can speak 3 languages. (science)
12. Some ____________ are interested in Chinese food. (Germany )
13. The weather report says it is _____________. (cloud)
14. He is a ___________ scientist. He comes from ______________. (America)
15. He enjoys his _____________(colour) life very much.
1、 根据要求进行填空。
1. It’s so ____________(believe) that he finish his homework in a short time.
2. You shouldn’t speak to your grandfather_____________(polite)
3. Do you know the secret of his _____________(succeed)?
4. There was a joyful_____________(express) on his face.
5. Human beings are facing many _____________(environment) problems.
6. I don’t know which __________ (direct) is correct.
7. The lady changed her mind two days _____________(late).
8. Changjiang River is_____________(length) than any other river in China.
9. In general, great man have a gift of _____________(curious).
10. There is an _____________(introduce) about the new building in this magazine.
11. Mary is my _______ sister and she is 2 years _________ than I . (old )
12. "It is never too late to learn" is a Chinese ____________.(say)
13. Don't believe her. I can __________ say that she did not tell us the __________. (true)
14. How______________ he has got the first prize. (luck)
15. We are going to have a ___________ about this problem.(discuss)
16. Don't take it away. It is an ___________ test paper. (correct)
17. Of all the boxes, the one in the corner is the ________________. (heavy)
18. I am not used to the weather here. It is ____________. (change )
19. We want to have a talk with your ________________. (manage)
20. Is it ____________to collect stamps? (use)
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