Unit 1 Nature in the balance【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高一英语单元速记•巧练（译林版2020必修第三册）

Unit 1 Nature in the balance 【速记清单】 单元重点单词短语句型语法 考点词汇 1. harm n. & vt. 伤害，损害→harmful adj.有害的→harmless adj.无害的 [教材原句]The human race has done much harm.人类已经造成了很多危害。 (1)do harm to对……有害 do more harm than good弊大于利 mean (sb.) no harm没有恶意 (2)be harmful to对……有害 (3)be harmless to对……无害 2. variety n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体→vary vi.相异；变化→various adj.各种各样的 [教材原句]The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife.雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。 (1)a variety of＝varieties of各种各样的 (2)vary in在……方面不同 vary with随……而变化 vary according to根据……而变化 vary from...to...从……到……变化 3. mass n. 团，块，堆；大量，一大群adj.大批的，广泛的 [教材原句]Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor. 在那之上，大量落叶散落在昏暗的雨林地面上。 (1)mass production批量生产 the mass market大众市场 the mass media大众传媒 (2)a mass of/masses of大量的 the mass of...……中的大多数 the masses群众 [名师点津] a mass of/masses of后可接可数名词复数或不可数名词，“a mass of/masses of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数要与of后的名词保持一致。 4. survive vi. 生存，存活 vt. 幸存，幸免于难→survival n．生存；幸存→ survivor n．生还者，幸存者 [教材原句] While a significant number of jaguars survive here, they are only one element of this forest's food chain.尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们只是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。 (1)survive on靠……生存 survive sb. by...比某人多活…… 5. in turn相应地，转而；依次 [教材原句]These frogs, in turn, feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit.相应地，这些青蛙以昆虫为食，而昆虫则吃树叶和水果。 take turns轮流 take turns to do sth.＝take turns in doing sth.轮流做某事 It's one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事了。 by turns轮流，交替 take a turn for the worse/better 情况恶化/好转 6. break down使分解(为)，使变化(成)；发生故障；失败 [教材原句]When a jaguar dies, a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.当美洲豹死后，一小群微生物帮助分解它的尸体，并将营养物质返还给土壤。 break out 疾病、战争、火灾等突然开始；爆发 break in强行进入；插话，打断 break into强行闯入；突然开始笑、哭等 break through突围；突破 break up解散；关系破裂 break off折断；断开；中断 7. due to因为，由于(due adj. 到期的；预期的) [教材原句]Over the past 50 years，about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming.在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，17%的雨林已经消失了。 be due to do sth.预计要做某事 be due to sb应支付/归于某人 be due for sth预定做某事；应得到某物 [名师点津]due to“由于，因为”，常作表语，也可作状语,但一般不能放于句首。表示“由于,因为”的其他常见短语:①thanks to;②because of;③owing to。 8. impact n. 影响，作用；撞击，冲撞 vi. & vt. 有影响；冲击 [教材原句]As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ 随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？ (1)have/make an impact on对……有影响 have no impact on对……没有影响 (2)impact on/upon (对……)产生影响 (3)have an effect/influence on对……有影响 have no effect on对……没有影响 (4)make a difference (to) (对……)有影响 make no difference (to)(对……)没有影响，没有作用 9. damage vt. & n. 损坏，破坏，损害，伤害 [教材原句]As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ 随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题: 我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？ damage one's health损害某人的健康 do/cause damage to...对……造成损害 【易混辨析】damage/ destroy/ ruin damage 指损害人或物而使之失去价值、功能或正常的外观,但这种破坏具有可修复性。它可以用作动词,也可以用作名词 destroy 常指彻底的、不能或很难修复的破坏、毁坏,程度较深;也可以指希望、计划等破灭。只能用作动词,名词为destruction ruin 指以自然力或人为力量破坏,使其“荒废,毁坏”以致无法恢复原状,强调该物的使用价值发生了问题。可以作名词,也可以作动词。常用短语是in ruins,表示“破败不堪” 10. profit n. 利润，收益；好处 vi. & vt. 获益，得到好处 [教材原句]People tend to connect factories with pictures of clouds of dirty smoke and irresponsible businessmen eager to make huge profits.人们往往将工厂与黑烟滚滚的照片和急于牟取暴利的不负责任的商人联系起来。 (1)a big/huge profit 巨额利润 a quick profit暴利 a good profit可观的利润 a healthy/handsome/tidy profit一大笔利润 a small/modest profit微薄的利润 make/turn/earn a profit赚取利润 (2)profit by/from从……中受益；靠……获利 (3)profitable adj.赢利的；有利润的 11. defence n. 辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守 [教材原句]In defence of the factories, however, I'd like to point out that we also try to control the amount of pollution we produce. 不过，为工厂说句公道话，我想指出的是我们也在努力控制所产生的污染量。 (1)in defence of为保卫……；为……作辩护 in one's defence为某人辩护 a defence against对……的防御物 flood defences防洪设施 (2)defend vi.& vt.保护，防护；防卫 defend... against/from...保卫……免受…… 12. consequence n. 结果，后果；重要性 (1)as a consequence ＝ in consequence＝ as a result结果，因此 as a consequence of ＝ in consequence of＝ as a result of作为……的结果 take/suffer/face the consequences (of sth.)承担/遭受/面临(某事的)后果 of little/no consequence不重要的，无足轻重的 (2)consequent adj.随之发生的 consequently adv.结果，因此 13. get rid of摆脱，丢弃，扔掉 [教材原句]The smog in the air has coloured the sky a smoky grey; it's also given me a cough that I can't get rid of. 空气中的雾霾把天空染成了烟灰色，还让我患上了咳嗽，老是不好。 rid v.摆脱；除去 be rid of摆脱 rid oneself of...使自己从……中解脱 14. come up with 想出，想到 [教材原句]All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems. 对于如何解决这些问题，他们都提出了创造性的想法。 15. call for (公开)要求；需要 [教材原句]Some call for the application of modern technology,and others a change of lifestyle. 有人呼吁应用现代技术,也有人呼吁改变生活方式。 16. spring to mind 突然记起(或想到) [教材原句]When you think of a fearsome hunter, images of lions and sharks may spring to mind. 当你想到可怕的猎人时，狮子和鲨鱼的形象可能会浮现在脑海中。 make up one's mind下定决心 change one's mind改变主意 将……记在心中 fix one's mind on/upon...全神贯注于…… 17. application n. 应用,运用;申请 →apply v. 申请，运用→applicant n. 申请人) [教材原句]Some call for the application of modern technology, and others a change of lifestyle. 一些人呼吁应用现代技术，另一些人呼吁改变生活方式。 apply (to sb) for sth(向某人)申请某物 apply to do sth申请做某事 apply to适用于 apply sth to sth把某物应用/涂抹于…… apply oneself to致力于/集中精力于……(to为介词) 18. protest vi. 反对,抗议 vt. 反对;坚持声称;申辩 n. 反对,抗议 [教材原句]Mr Smith protested against heavy industry.史密斯先生抗议重工业。 (1)protest about/against/at... =make a protest against...对……提出抗议 (2)without protest 心甘情愿地 under protest 不情愿地,极不乐意地 考点句型 1 倍数关系 .[教材原文]With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.亚马孙雨林面积约为600万平方千米，面积超过中国国土面积的一半。 英语里常见的倍数表达法: 倍数+ [名师点津] (1)表示“两倍”时用twice或double,三倍或三倍以上用“基数词+times”表达。 (2)此句型中倍数也可以用分数、百分数、half等其他程度状语来表达。 2.介词+关系代词的定语从句 [教材原文]The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6,400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. 亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长接近6 400千米，比长江还长约100千米。 使用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时需注意以下几点: (1)在“介词+关系代词”结构中，关系代词只用whom (先行词指人)，which (先行词指物)和whose (表示所属关系)。 (2)“介词+关系代词”可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 (3)在限制性定语从句中，介词放在关系代词之前时，关系代词不能省略；但若介词后置，则可用that代替which，who代替whom，也可省略关系代词。 (4)介词的确定要遵循“一先、二动、三意义”的原则。“一先”即根据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；“二动”即根据定语从句中动词或形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；“三意义”即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。 3.介词+谓语+主语的完全倒装句 [教材原文]Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor. 往上是阴暗森林地表厚实的落叶层。 有时为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，可用全部倒装结构。构成全部倒装结构的条件: •表示地点或方位的副词here，there，up，down，out，in，away；表示时间的副词now，then; 表语以及表示地点的介词短语位于句首。 •谓语动词通常是表示姿势的不及物动词(如crouch，hang，lie，sit，stand等)和表示行动的不及物动词(如come，die，go，run，live，rise等)。 注意: 句子的主语是名词时主谓需要倒装，如果句子的主语是代词，则主谓不倒装。 4.even though 引导从句 [教材原文]We've been taking various measures, including the use of new technologies, to reduce pollution in the production process, even though these measures raise our production costs. 我们一直在采取各种措施，包括使用新技术来减少生产过程中的污染，即便这些措施增加了我们的生产成本。 (1)even though＝even if even if you don't succeed即使你不成功 even if it rains tomorrow即使明天下雨 (2)as though/if意为“似乎，好像”，引导表语从句或方式状语从句。 [名师点津]even if/though引导让步状语从句，主句如果用一般将来时，则从句用一般现在时表示将来。 单元语法 省略 1.状语从句中的省略 在when, while, if, as if, though, although, as, until, once, whether, unless等连接的状语从句中，若从句中的主语与主句主语一致且谓语中含有be动词，常省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。 2. 定语从句中的省略 ① 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词whom, which, that可省略； ② 修饰way的关系词that/in which可以省略。 3. 宾语从句中的省略 及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。 4.动词不定式的省略 ① 使役动词make, let, have和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, hear等后面作宾补的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略； ② 介词but, except (除了)前有实义动词do的具体形式时，后面的不定式不带to； ③ 省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留原形的have或be。 一. 单词拼写 1．It was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many (种类) of dialects and characters. 【答案】varieties 【详解】考查名词。句意：那是一个人们在地理上被划分的时代，导致了各种各样的方言和文字。设空处使用名词作宾语，根据汉语提示，表示“种类”用variety。空前many修饰可数名词复数形式，所以需要填其复数形式varieties。故填varieties。 2．They have formed an organization to protect endangered (物种). 【答案】species 【详解】考查名词。句意：他们成立了一个组织来保护濒危物种。根据中文提示，应该考虑填入名词species作宾语，这里需要注意它是单复数同形，所以无需再变复数。故答案是species。 3．She s the earthquake that damaged the city, but lost her entire family. 【答案】survived/urvived 【详解】考查动词。句意：她在破坏城市的地震中幸存下来，但失去了整个家庭。分析句子可知，句中缺少谓语动词。根据首字母提示及句意，用动词survive，表示“幸存”之意。根据句中时态可知，用一般过去时。故填survived。 4．In 2019, the Mekong River experienced its lowest water level since records began because of (干旱). 【答案】drought 【详解】考查名词。句意：2019年，湄公河经历了有记录以来最低水位，因为干旱。根据汉语提示“干旱”可知，本空应填名词drought，作because of的宾语。故填drought。 5．The concert hall has also introduced a new (官方的) website. 【答案】official 【详解】考查形容词。句意：音乐厅还推出了一个新的官方网站。根据“官方的”可知，应用形容词official，作前置定语，修饰名词website。故填official。 6．His (申请) for membership of the organization was turned down. 【答案】application 【详解】考查名词。句意：他加入该组织的申请被拒绝了。根据汉语提示可知应用名词application，作主语，结合后文was可知为单数。故填application。 7．In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be (回收) for later use. 【答案】recycled 【详解】考查被动语态。句意：在太空中，宇航员收集所有的脏水，以便它们能被回收以供后续使用。根据汉语提示“回收”可知应用动词 recycle，且此处 it 指代 dirty water，与 recycle 构成被动关系，结合空前的 can be 可知应用被动语态，此处使用了含有情态动词的被动语态，所以空白处填过去分词 recycled。故填 recycled。 8．The problems of traffic jam will not d (消失) in a hurry. 【答案】disappear/isappear 【详解】考查动词。句意：交通堵塞的问题不会很快消失。根据汉语意思提示可知，此处为动词disappear“消失”，满足句意要求，结合空前will not情态动词可知，为动词原形。故填disappear。 9．Famous companies should care more about quality than (利润). 【答案】profit 【详解】考查名词。句意：知名公司应该更关心质量而不是利润。“利润”作介词about的宾语，用名词profit，不可数名词。故填profit。 10．Life isn’t about how to (幸存); it’s about learning to dance in the rain. 【答案】survive 【详解】考查动词。句意：生活不在于如何生存，而在于学会在雨中起舞。根据汉语提示及句意可知，此处使用动词survive，how to后接动词原形。故填survive。 二. 选词填空 Safe and sound in case run out of keep one’s head break out at large roll call 1．She was able to and not panic. 2．Her friends came to help her when the war . 3．All I am hoping for is that he will come home . 4．We had to stand in the snow every morning for . 5．You probably won’t need to call — but take my number, just . 6．My car broke down on the way to the beach because it had gas. 7．We will take the opinion of the public into consideration. 【答案】1．keep her head 2．broke out 3．safe and sound 4．roll call 5．in case 6．run out of 7．at large 【解析】1．考查动词短语和非谓语动词。句意：她能保持镇静，没有惊慌失措。根据“not panic”可推知，此处表示她保持镇静，空处用动词短语keep one’s head，主语是She，one’s变为her。句中用了固定短语be able to do sth.，空处为不定式，keep用原形。故填keep her head。 2．考查动词短语和时态。句意：战争爆发时，她的朋友赶来帮助她。根据“Her friends came to help her”和“the war”可推知，此处表示战争爆发了，空处用动词短语break out。句子的时态为一般过去时，空处break用过去式broke。故填broke out。 3．考查形容词短语。句意：我所希望的就是他能平安回家。根据“he will come home”可推知，此处表示希望他平安回家，空处用形容词短语safe and sound，意为“安然无恙”，作从句的状语。故填safe and sound。 4．考查名词短语。句意：我们每天早上都得站在雪地里点名。根据“We had to stand in the snow every morning”可推知，此处表示必须站在雪地里点名，空处用名词短语roll call，作for的宾语。故填roll call。 5．考查介词短语。句意：你可能不需要打电话，但记下我的号码，以防万一。根据“won’t need to call”和“take my number”可推知，此处记下号码是为了以防万一，空处用介词短语in case，作状语。故填in case。 6．考查动词短语和时态。句意：我的车在去海滩的路上出故障了，因为没油了。根据“My car broke down”可推知，此处指车子的故障是因为油用完了，空处用动词短语run out of。because引导的原因状语从句时态为过去完成时，空处run用过去分词run。故填run out of。 7．考查介词短语。句意：我们将详尽地考虑公众的意见。分析句子可知，空处作状语，介词短语at large“详尽”符合句意。故填at large。 三. 用所给词的适当形式填空 1．Scientists can look at a person’s brain while it is doing things and figure out which parts of the brain are working at (variety) times. 【答案】various 【详解】考查形容词。句意：当大脑在做事情的时候科学家可以看到一个人的大脑并且在大多数时间能弄清楚大脑的哪些部分正在工作。设空处后是名词times，需要形容词修饰，故将variety变形容词various意为“各种各样的”。故填various。 2．The new network will enable data (process) more speedily. 【答案】to be processed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：新的网络将使数据处理得更快。根据空前的enable data可知，固定短语enable sb./ sth. to do sth.，意为“使某人/ 某物能够做某事”，process与data之间为被动关系，需用不定式的被动式to be processed，意为“被处理”。故填to be processed。 3．UNESO runs a programme that prevents world cultural heritage sites around the world from (disappear). 【答案】disappearing 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：联合国教科文组织开展了一个项目，防止世界各地的世界文化遗产消失。短语prevent sb./sth. from doing意为“防止某人/某物做某事”，空处应用disappear“消失”的动名词形式，作from的宾语。故填disappearing。 4．To prevent (far) damage, the place was closed to tourists in 1998, 23 years after it was discovered. 【答案】further 【详解】考查形容词。句意：为了防止进一步的破坏，这个地方在被发现23年后的1998年对游客关闭了。名词damage前用形容词修饰。根据句意，用形容词further，表示“进一步的”。故填further。 5．She was the last (survive) member of the family in the earthquake. 【答案】surviving 【详解】考查形容词。句意：她是地震中最后一个幸存的家庭成员。此处为形容词surviving“幸存的”修饰member，作定语。故填surviving。 6．He remains a (tower) f figure in China as a famous doctor as well as a kind medical professor. 【答案】towering 【详解】考查形容词。句意：他是一位著名的医生，也是一位善良的医学教授，在中国仍然是一位杰出的人物。修饰名词figure应用形容词towering，作定语。故填towering。 7．Why do I measure the (long) of the landmark inside instead of outside? (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】length 【详解】考查名词。句意：为什么要测量地标的内部长度而不是外部长度？定冠词the后面接名词，所给词long的名词形式是length，为抽象名词，作动词measure的宾语。故填length。 8．Alcohol can damage the liver if (consume) in large quantities. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】consumed 【详解】考查状语从句的省略。句意：如果大量饮酒，酒精会损害肝脏。设空处构成状语从句的省略结构，此处需要将条件状语从句补全为if alcohol is consumed in large quantities，主句与从句主语一致，从句中的主语及be动词可省略，因此使用过去分词consumed。故填consumed。 9．Today, as we learn more about sharks, more people than ever want to protect them from (extinct) 【答案】extinction 【详解】考查名词。句意：今天，随着我们对鲨鱼的了解越来越多，比以往任何时候都多的人想要保护它们免受灭绝。根据空格前的介词from可知，空格处应该用不可数名词extinction作宾语。故填extinction。 10．Further information is available on the (apply) forms. 【答案】application 【详解】考查名词。句意：更多详细信息可在申请表上找到。空处应用名词application“申请”在句中作定语，修饰名词forms。故填application。 四. 完成句子 1. 尽管我承认他的优点，但我也发现了他的不足。(while引导让步状语从句) __________________，I can see his shortcomings. 2.每克脂肪比每克糖的热量大两倍还多。 Every gram of fat has ______________of a gram of sugar. 3.这个决定是个沉重的打击，他一直没有从中完全恢复过来。 The decision was a bitter blow,___________________________. 4.我不会参加那个音乐会，除非被邀请。 I won't attend the concert . 5.尽管我们生活在一个高科技时代，但仍然无法准确预测天气。 _____________________, it's still impossible to predict the weather accurately. 6.出席会议的是史密斯教授以及很多其他的名人。 ________________________Professor Smith，and many other celebrities. 答案:1. While I admit his good points 2. more than twice the calories 3.from which he never quite recovered 4.unless invited 5. Even though we live in a high­tech age 6. Present at the meeting were ( 8 / 12 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 1 Nature in the balance 【速记清单】 单元重点单词短语句型语法 考点词汇 1. harm n. & vt. 伤害，损害→harmful adj.有害的→harmless adj.无害的 [教材原句]The human race has done much harm.人类已经造成了很多危害。 (1)do harm to对……有害 do more harm than good弊大于利 mean (sb.) no harm没有恶意 (2)be harmful to对……有害 (3)be harmless to对……无害 2. variety n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体→vary vi.相异；变化→various adj.各种各样的 [教材原句]The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife.雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。 (1)a variety of＝varieties of各种各样的 (2)vary in在……方面不同 vary with随……而变化 vary according to根据……而变化 vary from...to...从……到……变化 3. mass n. 团，块，堆；大量，一大群adj.大批的，广泛的 [教材原句]Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor. 在那之上，大量落叶散落在昏暗的雨林地面上。 (1)mass production批量生产 the mass market大众市场 the mass media大众传媒 (2)a mass of/masses of大量的 the mass of...……中的大多数 the masses群众 [名师点津] a mass of/masses of后可接可数名词复数或不可数名词，“a mass of/masses of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数要与of后的名词保持一致。 4. survive vi. 生存，存活 vt. 幸存，幸免于难→survival n．生存；幸存→ survivor n．生还者，幸存者 [教材原句] While a significant number of jaguars survive here, they are only one element of this forest's food chain.尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们只是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。 (1)survive on靠……生存 survive sb. by...比某人多活…… 5. in turn相应地，转而；依次 [教材原句]These frogs, in turn, feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit.相应地，这些青蛙以昆虫为食，而昆虫则吃树叶和水果。 take turns轮流 take turns to do sth.＝take turns in doing sth.轮流做某事 It's one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事了。 by turns轮流，交替 take a turn for the worse/better 情况恶化/好转 6. break down使分解(为)，使变化(成)；发生故障；失败 [教材原句]When a jaguar dies, a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.当美洲豹死后，一小群微生物帮助分解它的尸体，并将营养物质返还给土壤。 break out 疾病、战争、火灾等突然开始；爆发 break in强行进入；插话，打断 break into强行闯入；突然开始笑、哭等 break through突围；突破 break up解散；关系破裂 break off折断；断开；中断 7. due to因为，由于(due adj. 到期的；预期的) [教材原句]Over the past 50 years，about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming.在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，17%的雨林已经消失了。 be due to do sth.预计要做某事 be due to sb应支付/归于某人 be due for sth预定做某事；应得到某物 [名师点津]due to“由于，因为”，常作表语，也可作状语,但一般不能放于句首。表示“由于,因为”的其他常见短语:①thanks to;②because of;③owing to。 8. impact n. 影响，作用；撞击，冲撞 vi. & vt. 有影响；冲击 [教材原句]As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ 随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？ (1)have/make an impact on对……有影响 have no impact on对……没有影响 (2)impact on/upon (对……)产生影响 (3)have an effect/influence on对……有影响 have no effect on对……没有影响 (4)make a difference (to) (对……)有影响 make no difference (to)(对……)没有影响，没有作用 9. damage vt. & n. 损坏，破坏，损害，伤害 [教材原句]As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ 随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题: 我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？ damage one's health损害某人的健康 do/cause damage to...对……造成损害 【易混辨析】damage/ destroy/ ruin damage 指损害人或物而使之失去价值、功能或正常的外观,但这种破坏具有可修复性。它可以用作动词,也可以用作名词 destroy 常指彻底的、不能或很难修复的破坏、毁坏,程度较深;也可以指希望、计划等破灭。只能用作动词,名词为destruction ruin 指以自然力或人为力量破坏,使其“荒废,毁坏”以致无法恢复原状,强调该物的使用价值发生了问题。可以作名词,也可以作动词。常用短语是in ruins,表示“破败不堪” 10. profit n. 利润，收益；好处 vi. & vt. 获益，得到好处 [教材原句]People tend to connect factories with pictures of clouds of dirty smoke and irresponsible businessmen eager to make huge profits.人们往往将工厂与黑烟滚滚的照片和急于牟取暴利的不负责任的商人联系起来。 (1)a big/huge profit 巨额利润 a quick profit暴利 a good profit可观的利润 a healthy/handsome/tidy profit一大笔利润 a small/modest profit微薄的利润 make/turn/earn a profit赚取利润 (2)profit by/from从……中受益；靠……获利 (3)profitable adj.赢利的；有利润的 11. defence n. 辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守 [教材原句]In defence of the factories, however, I'd like to point out that we also try to control the amount of pollution we produce. 不过，为工厂说句公道话，我想指出的是我们也在努力控制所产生的污染量。 (1)in defence of为保卫……；为……作辩护 in one's defence为某人辩护 a defence against对……的防御物 flood defences防洪设施 (2)defend vi.& vt.保护，防护；防卫 defend... against/from...保卫……免受…… 12. consequence n. 结果，后果；重要性 (1)as a consequence ＝ in consequence＝ as a result结果，因此 as a consequence of ＝ in consequence of＝ as a result of作为……的结果 take/suffer/face the consequences (of sth.)承担/遭受/面临(某事的)后果 of little/no consequence不重要的，无足轻重的 (2)consequent adj.随之发生的 consequently adv.结果，因此 13. get rid of摆脱，丢弃，扔掉 [教材原句]The smog in the air has coloured the sky a smoky grey; it's also given me a cough that I can't get rid of. 空气中的雾霾把天空染成了烟灰色，还让我患上了咳嗽，老是不好。 rid v.摆脱；除去 be rid of摆脱 rid oneself of...使自己从……中解脱 14. come up with 想出，想到 [教材原句]All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems. 对于如何解决这些问题，他们都提出了创造性的想法。 15. call for (公开)要求；需要 [教材原句]Some call for the application of modern technology,and others a change of lifestyle. 有人呼吁应用现代技术,也有人呼吁改变生活方式。 16. spring to mind 突然记起(或想到) [教材原句]When you think of a fearsome hunter, images of lions and sharks may spring to mind. 当你想到可怕的猎人时，狮子和鲨鱼的形象可能会浮现在脑海中。 make up one's mind下定决心 change one's mind改变主意 将……记在心中 fix one's mind on/upon...全神贯注于…… 17. application n. 应用,运用;申请 →apply v. 申请，运用→applicant n. 申请人) [教材原句]Some call for the application of modern technology, and others a change of lifestyle. 一些人呼吁应用现代技术，另一些人呼吁改变生活方式。 apply (to sb) for sth(向某人)申请某物 apply to do sth申请做某事 apply to适用于 apply sth to sth把某物应用/涂抹于…… apply oneself to致力于/集中精力于……(to为介词) 18. protest vi. 反对,抗议 vt. 反对;坚持声称;申辩 n. 反对,抗议 [教材原句]Mr Smith protested against heavy industry.史密斯先生抗议重工业。 (1)protest about/against/at... =make a protest against...对……提出抗议 (2)without protest 心甘情愿地 under protest 不情愿地,极不乐意地 考点句型 1 倍数关系 .[教材原文]With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.亚马孙雨林面积约为600万平方千米，面积超过中国国土面积的一半。 英语里常见的倍数表达法: 倍数+ [名师点津] (1)表示“两倍”时用twice或double,三倍或三倍以上用“基数词+times”表达。 (2)此句型中倍数也可以用分数、百分数、half等其他程度状语来表达。 2.介词+关系代词的定语从句 [教材原文]The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6,400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. 亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长接近6 400千米，比长江还长约100千米。 使用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时需注意以下几点: (1)在“介词+关系代词”结构中，关系代词只用whom (先行词指人)，which (先行词指物)和whose (表示所属关系)。 (2)“介词+关系代词”可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 (3)在限制性定语从句中，介词放在关系代词之前时，关系代词不能省略；但若介词后置，则可用that代替which，who代替whom，也可省略关系代词。 (4)介词的确定要遵循“一先、二动、三意义”的原则。“一先”即根据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；“二动”即根据定语从句中动词或形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；“三意义”即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。 3.介词+谓语+主语的完全倒装句 [教材原文]Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor. 往上是阴暗森林地表厚实的落叶层。 有时为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，可用全部倒装结构。构成全部倒装结构的条件: •表示地点或方位的副词here，there，up，down，out，in，away；表示时间的副词now，then; 表语以及表示地点的介词短语位于句首。 •谓语动词通常是表示姿势的不及物动词(如crouch，hang，lie，sit，stand等)和表示行动的不及物动词(如come，die，go，run，live，rise等)。 注意: 句子的主语是名词时主谓需要倒装，如果句子的主语是代词，则主谓不倒装。 4.even though 引导从句 [教材原文]We've been taking various measures, including the use of new technologies, to reduce pollution in the production process, even though these measures raise our production costs. 我们一直在采取各种措施，包括使用新技术来减少生产过程中的污染，即便这些措施增加了我们的生产成本。 (1)even though＝even if even if you don't succeed即使你不成功 even if it rains tomorrow即使明天下雨 (2)as though/if意为“似乎，好像”，引导表语从句或方式状语从句。 [名师点津]even if/though引导让步状语从句，主句如果用一般将来时，则从句用一般现在时表示将来。 单元语法 省略 1.状语从句中的省略 在when, while, if, as if, though, although, as, until, once, whether, unless等连接的状语从句中，若从句中的主语与主句主语一致且谓语中含有be动词，常省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。 2. 定语从句中的省略 ① 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词whom, which, that可省略； ② 修饰way的关系词that/in which可以省略。 3. 宾语从句中的省略 及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。 4.动词不定式的省略 ① 使役动词make, let, have和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, hear等后面作宾补的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略； ② 介词but, except (除了)前有实义动词do的具体形式时，后面的不定式不带to； ③ 省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留原形的have或be。 一. 单词拼写 1．It was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many (种类) of dialects and characters. 2．They have formed an organization to protect endangered (物种). 3．She s the earthquake that damaged the city, but lost her entire family. 4．In 2019, the Mekong River experienced its lowest water level since records began because of (干旱). 5．The concert hall has also introduced a new (官方的) website. 6．His (申请) for membership of the organization was turned down. 7．In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be (回收) for later use. 8．The problems of traffic jam will not d (消失) in a hurry. 9．Famous companies should care more about quality than (利润). 10．Life isn’t about how to (幸存); it’s about learning to dance in the rain. 二. 选词填空 Safe and sound in case run out of keep one’s head break out at large roll call 1．She was able to and not panic. 2．Her friends came to help her when the war . 3．All I am hoping for is that he will come home . 4．We had to stand in the snow every morning for . 5．You probably won’t need to call — but take my number, just . 6．My car broke down on the way to the beach because it had gas. 7．We will take the opinion of the public into consideration. 三. 用所给词的适当形式填空 1．Scientists can look at a person’s brain while it is doing things and figure out which parts of the brain are working at (variety) times. 2．The new network will enable data (process) more speedily. 3．UNESO runs a programme that prevents world cultural heritage sites around the world from (disappear). 4．To prevent (far) damage, the place was closed to tourists in 1998, 23 years after it was discovered. 5．She was the last (survive) member of the family in the earthquake. 6．He remains a (tower) f figure in China as a famous doctor as well as a kind medical professor. 7．Why do I measure the (long) of the landmark inside instead of outside? (所给词的适当形式填空) 8．Alcohol can damage the liver if (consume) in large quantities. (所给词的适当形式填空) 9．Today, as we learn more about sharks, more people than ever want to protect them from (extinct) 10．Further information is available on the (apply) forms. 四. 完成句子 1. 尽管我承认他的优点，但我也发现了他的不足。(while引导让步状语从句) __________________，I can see his shortcomings. 2.每克脂肪比每克糖的热量大两倍还多。 Every gram of fat has ______________of a gram of sugar. 3.这个决定是个沉重的打击，他一直没有从中完全恢复过来。 The decision was a bitter blow,___________________________. 4.我不会参加那个音乐会，除非被邀请。 I won't attend the concert . 5.尽管我们生活在一个高科技时代，但仍然无法准确预测天气。 _____________________, it's still impossible to predict the weather accurately. 6.出席会议的是史密斯教授以及很多其他的名人。 ________________________Professor Smith，and many other celebrities. ( 8 / 9 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$