UNIT 3 Section Ⅲ Learning About Language—Review useful structures-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义配套教参（人教版2019）

Section Ⅲ　Learning About Language—Review useful structures 复习动词不定式 语法串烧 我的发现 　　The scientists decided (1)to explore the deep ocean (2)in order to find out what exists at the floor of the sea.Their first step (3)to carry out the plan is (4)to send a deep water machine designed specially for the research.The machine (5)to be controlled remotely by scientists at the surface of the sea is in a shape of an egg.They will watch the machine dive deep into the sea.(6)To conduct such a research is a long project that scientists have prepared for several months. (1)to explore不定式作动词decided的宾语。 (2)in order to find out不定式短语作目的状语。 (3)to carry out是不定式短语作定语，修饰step。 (4)to send不定式作表语。 (5)to be controlled不定式的被动形式作定语，修饰The machine。 (6)To conduct不定式作主语。 学生用书第78页 一、动词不定式的形式特点 动词不定式的形式是“to＋动词原形”。其否定是在 to前面加上 not，即“not to ＋动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。 二、动词不定式的时态和语态 语态及意义 时态　　 主动语态 被动语态 意义 一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后 完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，动词不定式的动作正在进行 1.动词不定式的一般时的主动形式为(not) to do，其被动式为(not) to be done，常表示尚未发生或者谓语动词随后发生的动作或状态。 He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看到我。 With a large amount of work remaining to be done，the chief manager couldn't spare time for a long holiday.有大量的工作等着做，总经理腾不出时间去度长假。 2．动词不定式的完成时为(not) to have done，表示动词不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。其被动式为(not) to have been done。 He pretended to have seen it before. 他假装之前看到过它。 Some 25，000 people were reported to have been killed in the worst earthquake ever recorded in that place which occurred late last month. 据报道，大约25 000人死于上个月末该地发生的有史以来最严重的地震。 3．动词不定式的进行时为(not) to be doing，表示在谓语动作发生时，动词不定式的动作也正在进行。 He pretended to be sleeping. 他假装正在睡觉。 三、动词不定式的用法功能 动词不定式可以作主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语、状语。动词不定式强调动作的一次性、具体性。 1．作主语 动词不定式作主语通常表示具体的、一次性的动作；经常可以转换成it形式主语的结构，动词不定式置于句后作真正的主语。 To be invited to the party is really exciting. 被邀请参加聚会真的令人兴奋。 It is really exciting for us to be invited to the party.对我们来说，被邀请参加聚会真的令人兴奋。 2．作宾语 其后通常跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree、pretend、beg、decide、expect、fail、hope、intend、manage、afford、offer、plan、promise、refuse、wish、desire、choose、determine、demand、attempt、want、aim、prepare、hesitate、long、tend等。 He planned to learn English at the age of 40. 他计划四十岁的时候开始学英语。 学生用书第79页 注意： ①不定式作动词的宾语，其后跟补语时，常用it 作形式宾语，而把不定式后置。常见的此类动词有 make、think、feel、consider。 I make it a rule to read English articles every morning.我定下规矩每天早晨读英语文章。 ②动词intend、mean、plan、hope、want、would like/love等后跟不定式的完成时表示“本打算做某事而实际上却没有做”。 I intended to have gone to the party with you last night，but I was too busy then.昨晚我本打算和你一起去参加聚会，但那时我太忙了。 3．作表语 动词不定式作表语用来说明主语的内容，常用作主语的名词有： wish、plan、idea、suggestion、hope、advice、goal、aim等。 His wish is to be a doctor.他的愿望是当一名医生。 4．作宾语补足语 其后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，tell，want，expect等。 We were expecting him to arrive yesterday. 我们一直期待着他昨天到达。 5．作定语 动词不定式作定语，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。 He has nothing to say on this event. 关于这件事情，他没有什么要说的。 注意： 动词不定式作定语必须后置，通常要注意以下几种情况： ①被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语。如果动词不定式当中的动词是不及物动词且和被修饰的名词是逻辑上的被动关系时，动词不定式后应有必要的介词。 He has a large family to support. 他有一大家子人要养。 She has no friends to depend on. 她没有朋友可以依靠。 ②名词或代词前有序数词修饰，其后要用动词不定式作后置定语，且被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑主语。 He is the first student to come and the last to leave.他是第一个来的学生，也是最后一个离开的学生。 6．作状语 动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性，可在句子中作目的、结果、原因状语。 ①作目的状语 动词不定式作目的状语，位于句首时可以用逗号与句子隔开，位于句末时其前则不能用逗号；还可以用in order(not) to do 或 so as(not) to do来表示目的，但so as (not) to do 不能置于句首。 For thousands of years，people have told fables(寓言) to teach a lesson or to pass on wisdom. 几千年来，人们通过讲寓言来传授知识或传递智慧。(2023·全国甲卷) In order to pass the exam，he worked hard. 为了通过考试，他努力学习。 ②作结果状语 动词不定式作结果状语常用于“so＋形容词/副词 as to...如此……至于……，形容词/副词＋enough to...足够……，too...to...太……而不能……”；也可以表达出乎意料的结果，多置于only，never，just等词后面。 Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你把收音机的声音调小一点好吗？ 学生用书第80页 The hall is too small to hold all the guests. 这个大厅太小，以至于不能容纳所有的客人。 He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。 ③作原因状语 动词不定式作原因状语通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词，常见的这类形容词有：happy、glad、lucky、surprised、sorry、angry、anxious、ready、clever、shocked、eager、foolish 等。 They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他的死讯，他们很惊讶。 四、动词不定式前面不带to的情况 1．在固定的词组 had better之后直接跟动词原形。 You'd better not make remarks about things that you don't know at all. 对于你不了解的事情，你最好不要发表评论。 2．在使役动词 let，make，have或感官动词 see，feel watch，notice，hear等后面作宾语补足语时，不带to。 I noticed him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我注意到他在花园里干活了。 3．在引导疑问句的why not之后。“Why not＋不带to的动词不定式？”与“Why don't you do...？”同义，用来表示提出建议或劝告。 Why not go to Hainan for our holidays? ＝Why don't we go to Hainan for our holidays? 我们为什么不去海南度假呢？ 4．动词不定式在help之后作宾语补足语时，可带to也可不带to(两者意思差别不大)。 Could you help me(to) carry those heavy books? 你可以帮我搬一下那些重的书吗？ 五、动词不定式的特殊用法 1．疑问词 what、which、who、when、where、how 及连接词whether 可与动词不定式连用而形成一个短语，这个短语可在句中作句子的主语、宾语或表语等。 When to start has not been decided. 尚未决定何时动身。 We are debating whether to go to the mountains or to the seaside for our summer holidays. 我们正在讨论是去山上还是去海边度过暑假。 2．只能用动词不定式作主语的句式有： it takes/took sb... to do sth 做某事花费某人多长时间 it is up to sb to do sth 由某人决定做某事 3．动词不定式用在 but、except、besides 等后面时，如果这些词前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么后面的不定式不带to，否则要带to。即“有 do无 to”。 She could do nothing but cry. 她什么也做不了，只能哭。 I have no choice but to go.我别无选择，只能离开。 What do you like to do besides sleep? 除了睡觉你还喜欢做什么？ 4．动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义的情况 ①动词不定式to blame 用作表语时，常用主动形式表被动意义。 Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢？ ②某些“主语＋be＋形容词＋to do”结构中，动词不定式与主语有逻辑上的被动关系时，动词不定式可用主动形式表示被动意义。 The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。 学生用书第81页 Your writing is impossible to read.你的字迹没法认。 ③动词不定式用于修饰“there be＋名词”中的名词时，可用主动式，也可用被动式，有时含义相近。 There is too much work to do/to be done. 要做的工作太多了。 ◎巧学活用——补全句子 (1)She was surprised to be asked to lead the project(被要求领导这个项目). (2)They seemed to have forgotten to send the invitation(忘记了发请柬). (3)It's important to have a well-organized plan to succeed(要成功就要有井然有序的计划). (4)The decision to promote him (提拔他)was made unanimously. (5)I need to buy some groceries to make dinner tonight(今晚做饭). 维度一　单句语法填空 1．She was excited to have been selected (select) for the role. 2．He hoped to finish/to have finished (finish)the report before the deadline. 3．They prefer to be informed (inform) rather than to be kept in the dark. 4．It is important to keep the car regularly maintained to ensure (ensure) its longevity. 5．The opportunity to travel (travel) abroad was too good to pass up. 维度二　语法与写作 1．她被指示在签署文件前仔细审阅它。(动词不定式作补语) She was instructed to carefully review the document before signing it． 2．他们希望被允许参加下个月的会议。(动词不定式作宾语) They want to be allowed to attend the conference next month. 3．在当今快节奏的世界中，能够适应新情况是很重要的。(动词不定式作主语) It's important to be able to adapt to new situations in today's fast-paced world. 4．据说他明天将要去巴黎。(动词不定式作表语) It is said that he is to leave for Paris tomorrow． 5．约翰完成作业后，决定和朋友们外出庆祝他的生日。(动词不定式作宾语和状语) After finishing his homework，John decided to go out with his friends to celebrate his birthday． 维度三　语法与语篇 Not that long ago，my first thought at mealtimes was 1.to eat (eat) at a restaurant.I was eager 学生用书第82页 2.to try (try) new restaurants.3.To eat (eat) out was also a social activity，allowing me 4.to enhance (enhance) the relationship with my friends.I often ate out until last month，when I came across a cooking app.There are a variety of recipes in the app 5.to choose (choose) from.They are uploaded by users，and offer detailed instructions so that others can follow them step by step.Most of the recipes include photos or videos，which are very useful for beginners.When I picked a popular recipe and gave it a try，I discovered that it was not that difficult 6.to make (make) a simple and tasty dish.In the past few weeks，I've thrown myself into home cooking，from boiling noodles in the pot to frying steak in the pan.I hardly eat out any more.Not only is cooking at home cheaper，but I can cook exactly what I want.It's healthier too.No wonder people say nothing beats home cooking! Now I am good at cooking a couple of dishes.My plan is 7.to invite (invite) my friends over at the weekend 8.to show (show)them my new-found skills.I hope that they will like my cooking！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$