UNIT 12 Section Ⅱ Lesson 1 Scientific Breakthroughs-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义配套教参（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1 Step One：Pre-reading Look at the pictures and answer the following questions. What do you think are the most important inventions or discoveries of the 20th century? Why? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (The answers may vary. ) Step Two：While-reading Ⅰ．Read for the main idea What’s the main idea of the text? A．The development in exploring the space. B．The medical discoveries of the 20th century. C．The most famous pioneers of the 20th century. D．The most important discoveries of the 20th century. 答案：D Ⅱ．Match the main idea with each part Part 1(Para. 1) A．Significance of thesebreakthroughs. Part 2(Paras. 2～6) B．The introduction to amazing discoveries. Part 3(Para. 7) C．Examples of a few pioneers. 答案：Parts 1—3　BCA 学生用书第92页 Ⅲ．Read for the structure Ⅳ. Read for details 1．What’s the main idea of the first paragraph? A．People have made amazing discoveries in medicine，communications and transport. B．It is hard to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century. C．Scientists have found how to split the atom. D．It is possible to choose a few pioneers of the 20th century. 2．How did Einstein think of the equation “E＝mc2”？ A．When he was working. B．His assistant helped him. C．His dream inspired him. D．When he was rocking his one year old baby，he was inspired. 3．After Alexander Fleming double-checked，he realised that ________. A．penicillin was in fact the natural form of the blue mould B．penicillin was useless to help to save the lives of people C．he made the greatest breakthrough of the century D．penicillin could be used to kill bacteria 4．What’s the original purpose of designing the first computer? A．To do some difficult experiments. B．To improve the accuracy of the missiles. C．To help people make mathematics calculations. D．To replace the missiles becoming a new weapon. 5．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A．Education. B．History. C．Science. D．Entertainment. 答案：1－5 BDDBC Step Three：Post-reading Ⅰ．难句解构 1． 尝试翻译　我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发射至轨道。同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。 2． 尝试翻译　经过反复检查，他发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。 Ⅱ．佳句仿写 1．教材佳句　Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery. “Nature made penicillin，” he said, “I just found it. ” (语言描写) 学生用书第93页 学后仿写　看到我困惑的表情，他解释说，“我要提醒我要小心。” On seeing my confused look, he explained，“I will remind me to be cautious. ” 2．教材佳句　Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology，whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place. (虚拟语气) 学后仿写　没有较强的团队精神，我们就不会高效地完成我们的任务。 Without a strong teamwork spirit，we wouldn’t complete our tasks very efficiently. Ⅲ．品质升华 1．What do you think of the innovation？Do you think the innovation is very important？(Critical Thinking批判性思维) Innovation is the soul of a nation’s progress and the inexhaustible driving force for a country’s prosperity. The rich achievements of human civilization in modern times are mainly attributable to scientific discoveries，technological innovation and continuous progress in engineering technology，as well as to the advanced productive forces formed through the application of science and technology in production practice. It benefits from the great liberation of people’s ideas. 2．Which discovery or invention mentioned in the passage has been the most important so far？Why？(Creative Thinking创造性思维) The World Wide Web. Because it enables computers all over the world to communicate with each other. Nowadays，life without the Internet for most people is unimaginable. ◎ ①scientific/ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/ adj. 科学(上)的 ②not to mention更不必说；且不说 ③range from… to… 在……范围内变化 ④microscope/ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp/n. 显微镜 ⑤donate/dəʊˈneɪt/vi. & vt. 捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献 donation/dəʊˈneɪʃ(ə)n/n. 捐赠物，捐赠 ⑥with the introduction of… 随着……的引入 ⑦correspond/ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/vi. 通信 correspondence/kɒrəˈspɒndəns/n. 信件，信函；通信 ⑧instant/ˈɪnstənt/adj. 立刻的，马上的 ⑨launch/lɔːntʃ/vt. 发射；发动，发起，开始从事 ⑩satellite/ˈsætəlaɪt/n. 人造卫星；卫星 ⑪orbit/ˈɔːbɪt/n. 轨道 vi. & vt. 沿轨道运行 ⑫split/splɪt/vi. & vt. 分割，把……分开；分成(不同部分) ⑬particle/ˈpɑːtɪkəl/n. 粒子，质点 ⑭single out挑出；挑选 ⑮premier/ˈpremiə/adj. 最好的；最重要的 ⑯outspoken/aʊtˈspəʊkən/adj. 坦率的，直言不讳的 ⑰subsequently/ˈsʌbsəkwəntli/adv. 后来，随后 ⑱relativity/ˌreləˈtɪvəti/n. 相对性 ⑲constant/ˈkɒnstənt/adj. 恒久不变的；持续不断的，经常发生的n. 常量，恒量 ⑳finding/ˈfaɪndɪŋ/n. 研究的结果；发现 ㉑biologist/baɪˈɒlədʒɪst/n. 生物学家 ㉒double-checked vt. 将……仔细检查，复核 ㉓mould/məʊld/n. 霉，霉菌 ㉔penicillin/ˌpenɪˈsɪlɪn/n. 青霉素，盘尼西林 ㉕perceive/pəˈsiːv/vt. 察觉，注意到，发觉 ㉖mass-produced adj. 大量生产的，大批生产的 ㉗million/ˈmɪljən/num. 百万 ㉘humble/ˈhʌmbəl/adj. 谦虚的，谦卑的 ㉙outcome/ˈaʊtkʌm/n. 结果，后果 ㉚navy/ˈneɪvi/n. 海军 ㉛accuracy/ˈækjərəsi/n. 准确性；精准度；正确，准确 ㉜missile/ˈmɪsaɪl/n. 导弹，飞弹 ㉝turn to求助于 ㉞physicist/fɪzɪsɪst/n. 物理学家 ㉟deal with处理；涉及；做生意 ㊱joint/dʒɔɪnt/adj. 联合的，共同的，共有的 ㊲nothing like一点儿也不像 ㊳tube/tjuːb/n. 圆管，管子；电视显像管，阴极射线管 ㊴circuit/ˈsɜːkɪt/n. 电路，线路；环形道路 ㊵go out送出；熄灭；过时 ㊶efficiently/ɪˈfɪʃəntli/adv. 有效率地，高效能地 ㊷propose/prəˈpəʊz/vt. 提出(某观点、方法等) ㊸unimaginable/ˌʌnɪˈmædʒɪnəbl/adj. 不可思议的；难以想象的 ㊹be dedicated to doing致力于做 ㊺quality/ˈkwɒləti/n. 质量；品质，特质 quantity/ˈkwɒntəti/n. 数量 ㊻in the chain of在……链中 ◎ SCIENTIFIC① BREAKTHROUGHS If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century，you would have a real problem on your hands. [1] In just 100 years，the world has changed completely. Amazing discoveries were made in medicine，communications and transport，not to mention② our knowledge of the world and space. Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes④ to③ staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated⑤ ones. Communications changed with the introduction of⑥ mobile phones，and the way we correspond⑦ went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant⑧ messages. We started flying around the world，launching⑨ satellites⑩ into orbit⑪ and，at the same time，scientists figured out how to split⑫ the atom，previously thought to be the smallest particle⑬ of matter in the universe[2]. [1]此处If引导虚拟条件状语从句，意为“如果”。 [2]此处含有“疑问词＋to do sth”的结构，在句中作宾语；动词-ed形式短语作后置定语，修饰the atom。 学生用书第94页 Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery，it is possible to single out⑭ a few pioneers of the 20th century. Here are some of them. One of the 20th century’s premier⑮ scientists was Albert Einstein. In the summer of 1905，this outspoken⑯ young man was rocking his one-year-old baby when[3] he was suddenly inspired. Subsequently⑰，“E＝mc2” was born. It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy[4]. Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity⑱” that not even time，mass or length are constant⑲—they change according to our experience of them. [3]此处be doing sth when… 是固定句式，意为“正在做某事，这时(突然)……”。 [4]此处how引导宾语从句，作showed的宾语。 In 1928，another important finding⑳ was made by biologist㉑ Alexander Fleming. Before he went on holiday，Fleming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory. When he came back，he noticed something strange. He double-checked㉒ and saw a blue mould㉓ in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed[5]. This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin㉔，which Fleming perceived㉕ could be used to kill bacteria[6]. A few years later，penicillin was being mass-produced㉖ and helping to save the lives of millions㉗. Fleming remained humble㉘ about the amazing outcome㉙ of his discovery. “Nature made penicillin，”he said，“I just found it. ” [5]around which引导定语从句，修饰先行词 dish。 [6]which引导非限制性定语从句。which指代penicillin，作从句的主语。 During World War Ⅱ，when Fleming’s discovery was first helping to cure people，the US Navy㉚ was looking for ways of improving the accuracy㉛ of their missiles㉜. The navy turned to㉝ Eckert，an engineer，and Mauchly，a physicist㉞，to deal with㉟ the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint㊱ effort. Although they only finished after the war in 1946，it did not matter. This huge machine was the world’s first computer，but it was nothing like㊲ our computers today. It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and weighed over 30，000 kilograms. With 18，000 tubes㊳，thousands of circuits㊴ and 6，000 switches，it used so much energy that when it was turned on，the lights in the local town went out㊵！[7] 学生用书第95页 [7]so… that… “如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。该结果状语从句中又包含了一个when引导的时间状语从句。 With the development of computers，people expected to get more things done[8]efficiently㊶. During the Cold War，a “huge network” of computers was proposed㊷ by two American scientists. With computers talking to one another[9]，it would enable government leaders to communicate with each other. By the end of the 1960s，some mini-networks were established，but only a few computers could connect to them. In 1990，Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web，which enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other. Nowadays，life without the Internet for most people is unimaginable㊸. [8]get more things done为“get sth done”结构，意为“使某事被做”。 [9]此处为with复合结构，其中动词-ing形式短语作补语，补充说明computers的内容。 These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to㊹ improving the quality㊺ of human life on Earth. Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”，with all the different countries linked in the chain of㊻ common interests. There is no doubt about[10] it. Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology，whether lucky or planned[11]，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place. [10]There is no doubt about/that… “毫无疑问……” [11]“whether lucky or planned”是一个省略句，补全为whether it was lucky or it was planned。 学生用书第96页 ◎ 科学突破 如果必须在20世纪重大发现中选出最重要的一项，这可不是件容易的事。在仅仅100年中，世界就完全变样了。医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术，用捐赠的器官做器官移植。移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式从写信到发电子邮件和发送即时信息。我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发射至轨道。同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。 尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。例如以下几位： 20世纪最杰出的科学家，爱因斯坦是其中之一。1905年夏天，这个坦率的年轻人给他一岁的孩子晃动摇篮时，这时他突然受到启发。于是，“E＝mc2”诞生了。它证明了一小块物质可以产生巨大的能量。爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的，它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。 1928年，另一项重要的发现由生物学家亚历山大·弗莱明发现的。在去度假之前，弗莱明在实验室里放了一个培养细菌的器皿。回来时，他注意到器皿里有点儿奇怪。经过反复检查，他发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素，弗莱明认为它可以用来杀死细菌。数年后，青霉素开始大量生产，帮助挽救了数百万人的生命。弗莱明对他这一惊人的发现态度谦虚，他说：“是大自然制造了青霉素，我只是发现了它。” 第二次世界大战期间，正当弗莱明的发现首次用来帮助治愈人们时，美国海军正在寻找提高导弹精度的方法。海军求助于工程师埃克特和物理学家莫克利来处理这个问题，两人共同努力制造一台机器来完成这项工作。尽管他们直到1946年战争结束后才完成，但这并不重要。这台巨大的机器是世界上第一台计算机，但是与今天的计算机完全不同。它长100英尺，高10英尺，重30 000多公斤。它有18 000个显像管，数千条电路和6 000个开关，耗电量异常巨大，以致于当它启动的时候，当地所有的灯都熄灭了！ 随着计算机的发展，人们期望能有效地完成更多的事情。冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“庞大网络”。计算机能互换信息，可使政府领导人相互沟通。到20世纪60年代末，一些小型网络已经被建立起来了，但只有少数计算机可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·博纳·李发明了万维网，使世界各地的计算机能够相互通信。如今，对大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是难以想象的。 这些20世纪的先驱都致力于改善地球上人类的生活质量。不同国家在共同利益链中相互联系，使得这个星球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。毫无疑问，如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。 学生用书第97页 ◎阅读单词——识记 1．an outspoken leader 一个直言不讳的领导 2．perceive a change in his behaviour 注意到他举止有些改变 3．a joint account 联合账户 4．a nuclear physicist 核物理学家 5．the main findings 主要研究结果 6．an evolutionary biologist 一位进化生物学家 ◎核心单词——练通 1．launch an attack 发起攻击 2．split neatly into two groups 恰巧分成两类 3．remain humble 保持谦虚 4．the final outcome 最终结果 ◎拓展单词——用活 1．scientific adj. 科学(上)的→science n．科学；学科；理科→scientist n．科学家 2．donate vi. & vt. 捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献→donation n．赠送，捐赠物；捐赠→donor n．捐赠者；捐赠机构；献血者 3．correspond vi. 通信→correspondence n．通信；信件；相关 4．instant adj. 立刻的，马上的→instantly adv. 立即地；马上地；即刻地 conj. 一……就…… 5．subsequently adv. 后来，随后→subsequent adj. 随后的 6．relativity n．相对性→relate vt. 叙述；使有联系→relative adj. 相对的；有关系的；相关联的 n．亲戚；同类事物→relation n．关系；联系；交往；亲属→relationship n．关系 7．constant adj. 恒久不变的；持续不断的，经常发生的 n．常量，恒量→constantly adv. 不断地；时常地 8．accuracy n．准确性；精准度；正确，准确→accurate adj. 精确的→accurately adv. 精确地，准确地 9．efficiently adv. 有效率地，高效能地→efficient adj. 效率高的；有能力的→efficiency n．效率；效能；功效 10．propose vt. 提出(某观点、方法等)→proposal n．提议，建议；求婚 1．规律：动词去e后＋al变成名词 propose vt. 提出(某观点、方法等)＋al→proposal n．提议，建议；求婚 例如：arrival n．到达；抵达 revival n．复兴，再生 survival n．生存，幸存approval n．批准；同意，赞成 2．规律：形容词去te后＋cy变成名词 accurate adj. 准确的，正确的＋cy→accuracy n．准确性；精准度；正确，准确 例如：delicacy n．娇嫩，脆弱 privacy n．隐私 ◎重点短语——再现 第一组　汉译英 1．挑出；挑选　　 single out 2．随着……的引进 with the introduction of… 3．处理；涉及；做生意 deal with 4．打开；依靠；以……为主题 turn on 5．奉献；从事于；献身于 be dedicated to 第二组　英译汉 6．figure out 算出；弄明白 学生用书第98页 7．not to mention 更不用说，且不说 8．range from… to… 在……范围内变化 9．turn to 转向；变成； 求助于；致力于；开始行动 10．nothing like 没有什么能比得上；一点也不像 ◎典型句式——默背 1．句型公式　be doing… when… 正在做……，这时(突然)…… 教材原句　In the summer of 1905，this outspoken young man was rocking his one-year-old baby when(正在摇着他一岁大的孩子，这时) he was suddenly inspired. 2．句型公式　“介词＋which”引导的定语从句 教材原句　He double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed(霉菌周围的细菌已经被消灭了). 3．句型公式　含蓄条件句 教材原句　Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology(如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破)，whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place. Ⅰ．核心词汇练全 donate vi. & vt. 捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献 (教材原句)Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones. 医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术，用捐赠的器官做器官移植。 (1)donate sth to sb 向某人捐献某物 (2)donation n． 捐赠；捐赠物；赠送 give/make a donation to… 向……捐赠 (3)donor n． 捐赠者；捐赠机构；献血者 (4)donated adj. 捐赠的 单句语法填空/应用文写作之活动介绍 ①The donor refused to tell his name after donating a large sum of money. (donate) ②We can make a donation to the foundation and help the children in remote villages out of trouble. ③为了帮助学生更好地学习中文，我们学校决定向你们的中文课捐赠一些书。 To assist the students in learning Chinese better，our school has decided to donate some books to your Chinese class. correspond vi. 通信 (教材原句)Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones，and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages. 学生用书第99页 移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式从写信到发电子邮件和发送即时信息。 (1)correspond with sb　　 和某人通信 correspond to/with sth 与某物相一致 (2)correspondence n． 相似；信件；通信联系 in correspondence with 与……一致；与……有通信联系 单句语法填空/应用文写作之建议信 ①What she just said isn’t in correspondence (correspond) with the views of the majority. ②When corresponding with your foreign friends, you should give them your detailed address. ③其次，你必须言行一致， 那么，你会发现和你的同学交朋友很容易。 Furthermore，what you say must correspond with what you do and then you can find it easy to make friends with your classmates. instant adj. 立刻的，马上的 (教材原句)Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones，and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages. 移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式从写信到发电子邮件和发送即时信息。 (1)in an instant　 立即，瞬间 the instant 一……就……，用作连词相当于immediately，directly， the minute，the moment，as soon as (2)instantly adv. 立即地 conj. 一……就…… 单句语法填空/一句多译 ①The beauty of this camera is that the photo is ready instantly (instant). ②In an instant，he took off his coat and jumped into the water. ③他一进房间，我就知道他没有成功，因为他双手掩面，摇了摇头。 →The instant he entered the room，I knew that he had not been successful, because he buried his face into his hands and shook his head. (instant) →I knew that he had not been successful instantly he entered the room，because he buried his face into his hands and shook his head. (instantly) propose vt. 提出(某观点、方法等) (教材原句)During the Cold War，a “huge network” of computers was proposed by two American scientists. 冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“庞大网络”。 (1)propose doing/to do sth 建议做某事 propose that sb (should) do sth 建议/提议某人做某事 It is proposed that… 有人建议/提议…… (2)proposal n． 提议，建议 make a proposal 提出建议 单句语法填空/一句多译 ①We would be grateful if you could give approval to our proposal(propose). ②His proposal that the system (should) be changed (change) was rejected，because it was unreasonable. ③我们建议跳出固有的思维模式来解决这一严峻的问题。 →We propose solving the harsh problem by thinking outside the box. (propose doing) →We propose that we (should) think outside the box to solve the harsh problem. (propose that) 学生用书第100页 Ⅱ．典型句式讲透 句型公式：含蓄虚拟条件句 (教材原句)Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology，whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place. 如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。 (1)本句为without引导的含蓄虚拟条件句。 (2)有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中没有条件句，其内容暗含在短语或上下文中，这种句子叫作含蓄条件句。常见的介词短语有without… “没有……”；but for… “要不是……”；常用连词有or/otherwise“否则/要不然”等。 单句语法填空/读后续写之动作描写 ①Without my English teacher’s encouragement and assistance, I would have given(give) up studying English. ②They set off for the destination too late; otherwise they wouldn’t have been stuck (stick) in the storm. ③But for the timely help of the PLA man that day, you would/could/might have been killed (kill) in the car crash. ④如果没有你的帮助， 我不能解决这个问题。 I couldn’t have solved the problem without your help. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$