UNIT 10 Section Ⅱ Lesson 1 How Closely Connected Are We-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义配套教参（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1 Step One：Pre-reading Look at the pictures and answer the following questions. 1．How many social media platforms do you have? There are two, respectively Wechat and QQ. 2．How many contacts do you have on social media? Too many, but mainly some friends who can often study together. 3．How many people do you regularly communicate with? About 10 or so. Step Two：While-reading Ⅰ．Read for the main idea What’s the main idea of the text? A．Explain the number of people’s connections. B．Analyse the causes of the“Six Degrees of Separation”． C．Describe the features of the“Six Degrees of Separation”． D．Introduce people’s connections by the“Six Degrees of Separation”． 答案：D Ⅱ．Match the main idea with each part Part 1(Para. 1)　　A．Development of the theory Part 2(Paras. 2－6) B．Emphasis of the theory Part 3(Para. 7) C．Introduction of the theory 答案：Parts 1－3　CAB 学生用书第6页 Ⅲ. Read for the structure Ⅳ. Read for details 1．How is the text mainly organized? A．By giving a definition. B．By giving examples. C．By the order of time. D．By comparison. 2．What can we know about the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory? A．The concept of friendship results from it. B．It was mentioned in the 1930s by Frigyes Karinthy. C．It was first appeared in the book named Everything Is Different. D．It points out one person can be connected through no more than five persons. 3．How many methods are used to test the theory? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Two. 4．What can we learn about Stanley Milgram’s method? A．Its samples are chosen randomly. B．Packages are sent between acquaintances. C．Parcels arrive at the targets very quickly. D．It enlightens the phrase“Six Degrees of Separation”． 5．What’s unique about an experiment at the University of Milan? A．It needs five stages to be connected. B．It has only recently been carried out. C．It focuses on the social media users. D．It involves the largest number of people. 答案：1－5　CDBDC Step Three：Post-reading Ⅰ．难句解构 1． 尝试翻译　研究表明，普通人只与7至15个人经常保持联系，而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5到10个和我们最亲近的人身上。 2． 尝试翻译　匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在 1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书，书中介绍了朋友关系网的概念，许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到了他的思想的影响。 Ⅱ．佳句仿写 1．教材佳句　“Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people. (下定义) 学生用书第7页 学后仿写　文化庆祝活动通常是指庆祝某一特定民族或地方的传统的活动。 A cultural celebration usually refers to an event where the traditions of a particular people or place are celebrated. 2．教材佳句　For example, the Oscar-winning film Babel is based on the concept of “Six Degrees of Separation”. (举例) 学后仿写　露西和琳达有很多共同之处。例如，他们都喜欢潜水。 Lucy and Linda have a lot in common. For example, they both like diving. Ⅲ. 品质升华 1．Why do you think people study how people are connected？(Critical Thinking批判性思维) Connections are an important part of our lives. Good interpersonal connections can relieve psychological pressure and promote mental health. But for bad interpersonal connections，it is easy to let people have psychological barriers. 2．Why did Milgram and Columbia University both label their experiments “small-world”？(Creative Thinking创造性思维) Because they chose a random sample of people and asked them to send packages to a stranger who only knew his name，job and general location. ◎ ①in fact 事实上，实际上 ②refer to参考，查阅；提到，提及；指的是 ③theory/ˈθɪəri/n. 学说，理论 ④chain/tʃeɪn/n. 一连串，一系列；链子，链条 a chain of一系列，一连串(人或事) ⑤no more than只是；仅仅；不超过 not more than不超过；至多；不比……更…… ⑥network/ˈnetwɜːk/n. 人际关系网，联络网；网络，网状系统 ⑦impression/ɪmˈpreʃən/n. 印象，感想 impress v．使钦佩，使留下深刻印象 impressive adj. 给人印象深刻的，令人钦佩的 ⑧In the 1950s为“in the＋年代的复数”，表示“在……世纪……年代”。 ⑨mathematically adv. 算术地，数学上地 ⑩sociologist/ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒist/n. 社会学家 ⑪random/ˈrændəm/adj. 随机的，随意的 at random随便地；任意地 randomly adv. 随机地；任意地 ⑫in the middle of在……中间 ⑬location n．地点，位置；外景拍摄地 locate v．确定……的位置 be located in 位于；坐落于 ⑭personally adv. 就个人而言；亲自 person n．人 in person 亲自 personal adj. 个人的，私人的 ⑮deliver v．投递，运送；接生 delivery n．递送；传达 ⑯amazingly adv. 令人惊讶地；惊奇地 amaze v．使惊奇，使惊愕 amazed adj. 惊奇的，惊讶的 amazing adj. 令人惊愕的 amazement n．惊诧，惊奇 ⑰release/rɪˈliːs/vt. & n．发表，发布；释放 ⑱bimonthly/baɪˈmʌnθli/adj. 两月一次的；一月两次的 ⑲phrase/freɪz/n. 成语，习语；警句 ⑳recreate vt. 再创造；再现 ㉑confirm v．确定，确认；证实，证明 ㉒analyse vt. 分析(等于analyze) analysis n．分析，分析结果 ◎ HOW CLOSELY CONNECTED ARE WE? Research shows the average person only has regular communication with between seven and fifteen people，and that most of our communication is in fact① with five to ten people who are closest to us. [1]However，perhaps we are closer to the rest of the world than we think. “Six Degrees of Separation”refers to② the theory③ that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain④ of no more than⑤ five other people. [1]本句为主从复合句。句中“the average person… people”为省略了引导词that的宾语从句；and后的that也引导宾语从句；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词five to ten people。 学生用书第8页 The concept was first talked about as long ago as the 1920s. The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929，in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks⑥ and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions⑦ of social networks. [2] [2]本句为主从复合句。“called Everything Is Different”为动词-ed形式短语作后置定语；in which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a book。 In the 1950s⑧，an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically⑨；but after twenty years，they still had not had any success. In 1967，an American sociologist⑩ called Stanley Milgram tried using a new method to test the theory，which he called the “small-world problem”．He chose a random⑪ sample of people in the middle of⑫ America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts. The people sending the packages only knew the name，job and general location⑬ of the stranger. Milgram told them to send the package to a person they knew personally⑭ who they thought might know the target stranger. Once the parcel had been received by this person，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered⑮ to the correct person. Amazingly⑯，it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered，and once released⑰[3]，the results were published in the bimonthly⑱ magazine Psychology Today. It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”．[4] [3]句中it作形式主语，动词不定式短语“to get the parcels delivered”作真正的主语；once released为状语从句的省略形式。 [4]本句为强调句。其结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who… ”。 In the last few decades，the theory and the phrase⑲ have appeared again. Its name was used as the title of a play and then a film. Then，more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast. For example，the Oscar-winning film Babel is based on the concept of “Six Degrees of Separation”．The lives of all the characters were closely connected，although they did not know each other and lived thousands of miles apart. The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”，as almost all the characters had randomly met each other，or had met someone the other characters knew，before they were all in the same plane crash. In the mid-1990s，two college students in the United States invented a game. The idea of the game was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon，a famous American actor and musician，through no more than six links. Soon the game was being played in universities across the United States. 学生用书第9页 In 2001，Columbia University tried to recreate⑳ Milgram’s experiment on the Internet. This became known as the “Columbia Small-world Project”．The experiment involved 24，163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries. [5]The results confirmed㉑ that the average number of links in the chain was six. [5]句中“with 18 target people in 13 different countries”为“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的复合结构。 Most recently，an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan analysed㉒ the relationship between 721 million social media users and found that 92 percent were connected by only four stages，or five degrees of separation. So，think about it for a minute：How might you be connected to the driver of the bus you regularly take or the person who delivers your parcels? ◎ 我们之间的联系有多紧密？ 研究表明，普通人只与7至15个人经常保持联系，而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5到10个和我们最亲近的人身上。不过，也许我们与世界上其他人的联系比想象中的更紧密。“六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外五个人的联结，与一个陌生人联系起来。 这个概念早在20世纪20年代就被提出。匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书，书中介绍了朋友关系网的概念，许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到了他的思想的影响。 20世纪50年代，两位科学家试图用数学方法证明该理论，但20年过去了，他们仍未成功。1967年，美国社会学家斯坦利·米尔格兰姆试图用新的方法来验证这一理论，他称之为“小世界问题”。米尔格兰姆在美国中部随机挑选了一部分人作为样本，让他们给马萨诸塞州的一位陌生人寄包裹。这些寄送包裹的人只知道这位陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。米尔格兰姆告诉这些人先把包裹寄给认为有可能认识目标收件人的熟人。一旦此人收到包裹，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到该包裹被送到目标收件人手中。令人惊讶的是，只需要5至7个人就能把包裹送到。研究结果一经公布，便被发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。 在过去的几十年里，这一理论和说法又再次出现。它的名字被用作戏剧标题和电影名称。随后，更多基于这一理论的影视节目相继被拍摄、播出。例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。影片中所有人物彼此不认识、相隔千里，但他们的生活都是紧密相连的。电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论，剧中失事飞机上几乎所有人物此前都曾偶遇，或曾遇见其他人物认识的人。20世纪90年代中期，美国两名大学生发明了一款游戏。这款游戏的玩法是用不超过六个联结将任意一个演员与美国著名演员、音乐家凯文·贝肯联系起来。这款游戏很快在美国的大学里流行起来。 学生用书第10页 2001年，哥伦比亚大学尝试在互联网上重现米尔格兰姆的实验，该实验被称为“哥伦比亚小世界项目”。这项实验涉及24 163个电子邮件链接，覆盖了来自13个不同国家的18个目标人物。实验结果证实，联络串上的连接平均数量是6个。 最新的是2011年米兰大学的一项实验，该实验分析了7.21亿社交媒体用户之间的关系，发现92%的用户只需通过四个阶段(即五度分隔)，就可建立联系。 所以，思考一下这个问题：你与你经常乘坐的公交车司机或给你送包裹的人可能存在怎样的联系？ ◎阅读单词——识记 1．a bicycle chain 自行车链条 2．a network of friends 朋友网 3．a memorable phrase 易记的警句 4．a famous sociologist 著名社会学家 ◎核心单词——练通 1．a bimonthly magazine 一本双月刊杂志 2．to release a prisoner 释放囚犯 3．the theory and practice of language teaching 语言教学理论与实践 ◎拓展单词——用活 1．intervention n．干涉，干预→intervene vt. 干涉，干预 2．disagreement n．意见不合，分歧，争论→disagree vi. 不同意 3．encouragement n．鼓励，鼓舞；起激励作用的事物→encourage vt. 鼓励，怂恿；激励；支持 4．envy n．羡慕，忌妒；vt. 羡慕，妒忌→envious adj. 羡慕的，妒忌的 5．disturb vt. 干扰，打扰，使中断→disturbing adj. 令人烦心的，引起烦恼的→disturbed adj. 烦恼的；不安的→disturbance n．干扰；骚扰；心神不安 6．apologise vi. 道歉，谢罪→apology n．道歉，谢罪 7．theory n．学说，理论→theoretical adj. 理论的 8．impression n．印象，感想→impress vt. 使钦佩；给……留下深刻印象→impressive adj. 令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的 9．random adj. 随机的，随意的→randomly adv. 随便地，任意地；无目的地 1．规律：动词后跟-ive变成形容词 impress vt. 使钦佩；给……留下深刻印象＋-ive→impressive adj. 令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的 例如：productive adj. 多产的 effective adj. 有效的 creative adj. 有创造力的 attractive adj. 引人入胜的 2．规律：动词后跟-ment变成名词 disagree vi. 不同意＋-ment→disagreement n．意见不合，分歧，争论 例如：encouragement n．鼓励，鼓舞；起激励作用的事物 appointment n．预约，约定； 任命 ◎重点短语——再现 第一组　汉译英 1．事实上，实际上 in fact 2．闲待，厮混 hang out 3．与……相处融洽；……进展顺利 get on well with… 4．处理；涉及 deal with 5．代替；而不是…… instead of 6．根据；以……为基础；建立在……基础上 be based on 学生用书第11页 第二组　英译汉 7．come up 发生；升起；发芽；被提出 8．sort out 挑选出；分类 9．go over to 朝 …… 走去 10．refer to 参考，查阅；提到，提及；指的是 11．a chain of 一系列，一连串(人或事) 12．no more than 只是；仅仅；不超过 13．the number of… ……的数目 ◎典型句式——默背 1．句型公式　状语从句的省略 教材原句　… and once released(一经公布)，the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today. 2．句型公式　强调句型 教材原句　It was this research that(正是这项研究) inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”． 3．句型公式　with复合结构 教材原句　The experiment involved 24，163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries(覆盖了来自13个不同国家的18个目标人物). Ⅰ．核心词汇练全 impression n．印象，感想 (教材原句)… and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks. ……许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到了他的思想的影响。 (1)leave/make/create an impression on/upon … 　给……留下印象 (2)impress vt. 使(人)印象深刻 be impressed by/at/with … 对……印象深刻 impress sth on/upon sb 使铭记，使意识到(……的重要性) (3)impressive adj. 给人印象深刻的，有感染力的 单句语法填空/应用文写作之校园介绍 ①The teacher impressed the importance of English on/upon me. ②The teachers were most impressed by/at/with your performance in the exam. ③Mr. Smith, a professor from America, will make an impressive (impress) speech in the hall tonight. ④让我印象最深刻的是校园的美景和同学们的友善。 →What impressed me most was the beautiful scenery of the campus and the friendliness of my classmates. (主语从句；impress) →The scenery of the campus was beautiful，and my classmates were friendly，which left/made/created a deep impression on/upon me. (定语从句；impression) →I was deeply impressed by the beautiful scenery of the campus and the friendliness of my classmates. (be impressed by… ) random adj. 随机的，随意的 (教材原句) He chose a random sample of people in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts. 学生用书第12页 他在美国中部随机挑选了一部分人作为样本，让他们给马萨诸塞州的一位陌生人寄包裹。 (1)at random　　　 随便地，随意地 (2)randomly adv. 随便地，任意地；无目的地 单句语法填空/应用文写作之活动介绍 ①They throw out all of these behaviors randomly(random). ②When the teacher came in，she opened her book at random and started reading. ③这些学生被随机分成两组。 →These students were randomly divided into two groups. →These students were divided into two groups at random. release vt. & n．发表，发布；释放 (教材原句)Amazingly, it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered, and once released，the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today. 令人惊讶的是，只需要5至7个人就能把包裹送到。研究结果一经公布，便被发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。 release sb/sth from sth 从……释放/放出/放走…… 单句语法填空/读后续写之动作描写 ①Firefighters took two hours to release the driver from the wreckage. ②菲尔感觉到老师的存在，立刻松开了他的手。 Immediately, sensing the teacher’s presence, Phil released his hands. Ⅱ．典型句式讲透 句型公式：强调句型 (教材原句)It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”． 正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。 (1)强调句的构成：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who … ，当被强调的部分为主语时，句子的谓语动词与被强调的主语保持一致。 (2)强调句的一般疑问句：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who … ? (3)强调句的特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that/who … ? (4)对“not … until … ”进行强调时，应使用句型“It is/was not until … that … ”。当not until … 置于句首时，句子要倒装。 单句语法填空/句式升级 ①When was it that the People’s Republic of China was founded? ②It was on the farm where we first worked together that we met each other for the first time. ③It was the culture，rather than the language，that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment. ④He didn’t realize the importance of good health until he got seriously ill. →It was not until he got seriously ill that he realized the importance of good health. (强调句) →Not until he got seriously ill did he realize the importance of good health. (倒装句) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$