UNIT 2 Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第三册同步课堂高效讲义配套教参（译林版2020）

Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage 主语从句 [教材示例] 观察黑体部分并体会主语从句的用法 1．That Hubble is based in space allows it to see further than ground­based telescopes，and it allows scientists to learn more about the universe. 2．Whether life on other planets does exist is yet to be proved，but the signs are promising... 3．It is clear that telescopes are crucial tools for space exploration and that developing the required technology will help astronomers all over the world make exciting discoveries. 4．How much we will learn from the telescopes is merely limited by our imagination. [我的发现] 1．当从句陈述一个事实时，我们可以使用 that 来引导一个主语从句。 2．当从句是一个表示是否的问题时，我们可以使用 whether 来引导一个主语从句。 3．当主语从句很长时，可用 it 作形式主语。 4．当从句是表示程度的问题时，我们可以使用 how_much 来引导一个主语从句。 一、主语从句的定义 在主从复合句中充当主语的从句即为主语从句。 What surprised me is that everybody seemed to be very cold to her. 让我吃惊的是每个人似乎对她都很冷淡。 It worried the woman that her son was always playing computer games. 她的儿子一直在玩电脑游戏，这让这个女人很担心。 二、主语从句的连接词及其句法功能 引导词 例词 句法功能 从属 连词 that，whether/if 两者在从句中均不作成分，只起连接作用；that无实义，whether/if表示“是否”。 连接 代词 who，what， which，whoever， whatever等 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。 连接 副词 when，why，where，how等 在从句中作时间、原因、地点、方式状语等成分 That he will win the medal seems unlikely. 他似乎不太可能获得奖牌。 Whether they would support us was still a problem. 他们是否会支持我们仍然是个问题。 What I say and what I think are no business of yours. 我说什么，想什么与你无关。 Who will present the meeting has not been decided yet. 由谁来主持会议还没有决定。 Whatever you do in your spare time should do no harm to others. 无论你在业余时间做什么都不应该伤害其他人。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 When we will have a meeting is an important question. 我们何时举行会议是个重要的问题。 Where I spend my summer is no business of yours. 我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。 [名师点津]　 (1)whether/if引导主语从句时，也可以让it充当形式主语，真正的主语后置；在句首不能用if引导主语从句。 Whether the radiation will be controlled is still unknown. ＝It is still unknown if/whether the radiation will be controlled. 辐射是否会得到控制还不知道。 (2)that引导主语从句时只起连接作用，在句子中不作任何成分，也无任何意义。有时为了平衡句子结构，用it充当形式主语，而将that从句置于后面。that引导主语从句时通常不能省略，尤其是位于句首时。 That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确实是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问，她考试成绩会很好。 (3)what引导主语从句时在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，相当于定语从句中的“先行词＋关系代词”的形式，表示“……的事情(时间、地点、样子等)”。 What(＝The thing that) you did at the meeting yesterday was right. 昨天在会上你做得对。 She made a trip to what (＝the place that) was once a battlefield. 她到以前曾是一个战场的地方去旅游。 (4)who“谁”，表疑问含义；whoever“无论是谁”，表肯定意义，相当于anyone who。 Whoever(＝Anyone who) did the job must be rewarded. 无论谁做了这项工作一定要得到酬谢。 (5)“疑问词＋ever”既能引导主语从句，又能引导让步状语从句。但是“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。 Whenever he is willing to give up his foolish idea is of no interest to me. 无论他什么时候愿意放弃他的愚蠢的想法，我都不感兴趣。(主语从句) No matter when you come，please call me first.(状语从句) 不管你什么时候来，请先给我打个电话。 三、主语从句中用 it 作形式主语的结构 为保持句子平衡，常把主语从句后置，而用形式主语 it 代替。it 作形式主语时常用于以下句型： 句型 说明 It＋系动词＋形容词＋that 从句 常用于此句型的形容词有 important，(un)likely，possible，necessary，natural，wrong等 It＋系动词＋名词＋that 从句 常用于此句型的名词有 fact，idea，honor，question，pity等 It＋be 动词＋过去分词＋that 从句 常用于此句型的分词有 known，proved，said，decided，suggested，thought 等 It＋特殊动词＋that 从句 常用于此句型的动词有 appear，happen，seem，occur 等 It is obvious that he has done what he can to help you. 很明显，他已经尽了最大努力来帮助你。 It is likely that someone gave her a lift，or that she took a taxi. 可能有人开车捎了她一程，要不就是她打了辆出租车。 It’s an honour that we have been invited to the party.很荣幸我们能被邀请参加宴会。 It’s no surprise that he won the first prize in the English­speaking contest. 他在这次英语演讲比赛中获一等得奖并不令人惊奇。 It is said that he has set up several companies of his own.据说，他创办了好几家自己的公司。 It is expected that air quality will become better and better.人们期望空气质量将会变得越来越好。 It happened that he was out when I called on him. 当我拜访他时，他碰巧不在家。 It occurred to me that I had left the door unlocked. 我突然想起来忘记锁门了。 [名师点津]　在“It＋be＋过去分词＋主语从句”结构中，过去分词若为suggested/ordered/required/advised等，主语从句中的谓语用“(should) do”。 It is suggested that the foundation should be set up to collect enough money. 有人建议应建立基金会来筹钱。 四、主语从句中应注意的问题 1．从句的语序要用陈述语序。 Whoever leaves the room last is expected to turn off the lights. 无论谁最后离开房间都要把灯关掉。 2．从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。有时受表语的影响用复数形式。 What you said just now is quite right. 刚刚你说的话很对。 What he wants to read now are some magazines. 现在他想读的是一些杂志。 3．从句的时态一般要取决于主句。 What made people excited was that the solar ship had completed around­the­world trip. 让人们激动的是太阳能船已完成了环游世界的旅行。 核心词汇精研 foundation n.基础，根据；地基；创办；基金会 (教材P21)...how it laid the foundation for future exploration. ……它是如何为未来的探索奠定基础的。 (1)lay the foundation for...　为……打下基础 (2)found vt. 创立，建立；创办 be founded on... 被建立在…… (3)founder n. 创立者，创办者，创建 [佳句背诵]　Four years of university study and life lay the foundation for future business. 大学四年的学习生活为今后的事业奠定基础。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①This theory is built on a foundation (found) of factual knowledge. ②A good relationship has to be founded on trust. ◎能力提升——微写作 ③我们在学校学到的知识将为我们的将来打下基础。 What we are learning at school will lay_the_foundation_for_the_future． 重点句型解构 句型公式：动词不定式作后置定语 (教材P20)In the early 1600s，Galileo was the first to use his telescope to explore the sky and since then，telescopes have continually improved. 在17世纪早期，伽利略是第一个用望远镜探索天空的人，从那以后，望远镜不断改进。 句中的动词不定式短语to use his telescope to explore the sky作后置定语，修饰the first。 (1)英语中序数词是中心词或作定语修饰名词时，后常用动词不定式作后置定语。 (2)除了序数词外，最高级或no，all，any等限定词的中心词也常用动词不定式作后置定语。 (3)chance，wish，ability，courage，need，promise，attempt，time，opportunity，way等名词后常用动词不定式作后置定语 [佳句背诵]　Do you know which is the best route to take to the museum? 你知道去博物馆的最佳路线吗？ ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①She was the first woman to_win_(win) the gold medal in the Olympic Games. ②Where is the best place to_meet (meet)for us tomorrow evening? ③He felt there was no one to_turn (turn) to when he got into trouble. ◎能力提升——微写作 ④我已经放弃了现在的工作，有机会找到另一份工作。 I have given up my present job and have_a_chance_to_get_another_one． 维度一　单词拼写 1．The organization has grown enormously since its foundation (创建)in 2000. 2．He said nothing，merely (只不过)smiled and watched her. 3．Too much time is spent on administration(管理). 4．It’s hoped that the telescope (望远镜)will enable scientists to see deeper into the universe than ever before. 5.In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first satellite to orbit (围绕……运动)the earth. 维度二　单句语法填空 1．The committee is comprised of representatives from both the public and private sectors. 2．Tom is an excellent astronomer (astronomy). 3．The criticisms are_founded(found) on facts as well as on the convincing evidence. 4．It’s crucial that you (should)spend (spend) some time cultivating genuine love with the members of your family. 维度三　语法与写作 1．给我印象最深的是在那段时间里形成的友谊。 What_impresses_me_most is the friendship formed in the period. 2．我母亲告诉我的事深深扎根在我的脑海里。 What_my_mother_had_told_me was deeply rooted in my mind. 3．我们每天去游泳对我们有很多好处。 _That_we_go_swimming_every_day does a lot of good to us. 4．很明显，我们需要更多的实践。 It_is_obvious_that we need more practice. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$