UNIT 9 Section Ⅴ Lesson 3 Epidemics Explained-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第三册同步课堂高效讲义配套教参（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅴ　Lesson 3 Step One：Pre­reading Look at the pictures and answer the following question. What epidemics do you know about? There_have_been_many_epidemics_in_human_history，such_as_cholera，SARS，Ebola_and others.Here_is_a_brief_introduction_to_the_two_epidemics_I_know_about.Severe_Acute_Respiratory_Syndrome_(SARS)_is_a_viral_respiratory_illness_that_was_recognized_as_a_global_threat_in_March_2003，after_first_appearing_in_southern_China_in_November_2002.Ebola_Virus Disease_(EVD)_is_a_deadly_disease_with_occasional_outbreaks_that_occur_mostly_on_the_African_continent.EVD_most_commonly_affects_people_and_non­human_primates.It_is_caused_by_an_infection_with_a_group_of_viruses_within_the_genus_Ebola_virus. Step Two：While­reading Ⅰ.Read for the main idea What's the main idea of the text? A．The definition and research of epidemic diseases. B．Human future when facing the changeable diseases. C．The features of epidemic diseases and the ways to solve epidemic diseases. D．The causes of epidemic diseases by introducing some epidemic diseases in human history. 答案：D Ⅱ.Match the main idea with each part 　 A．Epidemics that have occurred in human history. B．The definition and features of an epidemic. C．A global collaboration to find a cure for the epidemic. 答案：Parts.1－3　BAC 学生用书第104页 Ⅲ.Read for the structure Ⅳ.Read for details 1．Which of the following is NOT the feature of an epidemic? A．It spreads rapidly. B．A large number of people are affected. C．It can be caused by different factors. D．A large number of people will die. 2．What's the main idea of the second paragraph? A．The low baseline of epidemic. B．The classifications of an epidemic. C．The epidemic is different from the common flu. D．A few cases will also be classified as an epidemic. 3．What's the reason why the Spanish Flu was the most severe epidemic? A．People travelled and moved than ever before. B．People didn't think it could cause a threat at first. C.It broke out near the end of World War Ⅱ. D．All of above. 4．What can we learn from the text? A．People should realize the effects of epidemics. B．Governments worldwide have realized the disease. C.Countries should work together to solve epidemics. D.People should know the epidemics that have occurred. 答案：1－4　DBAC Step Three：Post­reading Ⅰ.难句解构 1. 尝试翻译　它们可能由不同因素引起，例如病毒被传播到某个地区，或者人们生活方式的改变，比如说某一地区居住的人增多，从而增加了人们接触病毒或细菌的可能性。 2. 尝试翻译　许多人担心它可能会成为下一场全球流行病，尤其当科学家们仔细研究了1918年西班牙流感死亡者尸体的组织样本，证明禽流感是该病毒的现代变异版本。 Ⅱ.佳句仿写 1．教材佳句　An epidemic is the name given to an infectious disease that rapidly spreads to a large number of people within a short period of time—usually two weeks or less.(下定义) 学生用书第105页 学后仿写　科学是通过观察、实验和分析来对自然世界进行系统的研究。 Science is the_systematic_study_of_the_natural_world through observation，experimentation，and analysis. 2．教材佳句　Initially，many people believed that such epidemics no longer posed a threat until very recently when SARS became a cause for concern.(观点表达) 学后仿写　他认为人们可以通过努力工作让梦想成真。 He_believes_that people can make his dream come true by working hard. Ⅲ.品质升华 1．What are the main features of an epidemic? Give at least two examples to illustrate your points.(Critical Thinking批判性思维) Spread_rapidly_and_infectious.For_example，bird_flu_first_in_1997_and_the_Black_Death in_the_1330s. 2．What should different countries do to prevent outbreaks of epidemics in the future? Why？(Creative Thinking创造性思维) Countries_will_need_to_work_together_to_do_this_because_teamwork_among_nations_across_the_globe_can_save_lives. …………………………………………………………………………………◎ ①factor /'fæktə/n.因素， 要素 the key/crucial/deciding factor关键的/至关重要的/决定性的因素 ②carry vt. 熟词生义　传播，传染 ③come/get into contact with...接触……；遇到……；与……联系 ④bacteria/bæk'tɪəriə/ n．细菌 ⑤officially/ə'fɪʃəli/adv.官方地，正式地 official adj.正式的，官方的，官方授权的 ⑥a rare disease罕见疾病 rare /reə/adj.稀有的，罕见的，不常发生的 [反义] common adj.常见的 ⑦baseline/'beIslaIn/ n．(医学或科学中的)基线，准线 ►The experiment is meant only to provide a baseline for other studies.这个实验只是为其他研究提供研究基准。 ⑧case n．病例，病案；病人，伤员 ⑨as opposed to(表示对比)而，相对于 ⑩widespread /'waIdspred/ adj.分布广的，广泛流传的 ⑪press reports 新闻报道 press n．报章杂志，报刊， 印刷媒体 ⑫draw parallels between...and...在……和……之间找到相似点 parallel /'pærəlel/n.(不同地点或不同时间的两事物之间的)联系，相似adj.平行的 ⑬depressing/dɪ'presɪ/ adj.令人沮丧的，让人忧愁的 ⑭go into detail(s)详细叙述，逐一说明 ⑮tissue samples 组织样本 tissue n. (人、动植物细胞的)组织 sample /'sɑːmpəl/n.样本，样品 vt.品尝，尝试；对……做抽样调查 ⑯adaptation n．经过适应的结果 ⑰ on record 记录在案的；有记录的 ⑱estimate that...估计…… estimate /'estɪmeɪt/vt. 估计，估算 ⑲ up to 达到(某数量、程度等)，至多 有；能胜任；正在干 ⑳visible symptom明显的症状 visible/'vIzəbəl/ adj.看得见的 [反义] invisible adj.看不见的 symptom /'sImptəm/n.症状；征兆，症候 ㉑strike (struck，struck)vt.& vi.(灾难、疾病)侵袭，爆发 ㉒bury /'beri/ vt.埋葬，安葬；埋藏 bury...in...把……埋到……里 bury oneself in sth 专心致志于某事 bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面 ㉓initially adv.开始，最初， 起初 initial adj.最初的，开始的 ㉔pose a threat 构成威胁 pose /pəʊz/ vt.造成，引起，产生(问题、危险、困难等) n．(为画像、拍照等而摆的)姿势，姿态 pose a challenge/danger/risk构成 挑战/危险/风险 ㉕steadily /'stedəli/adv.稳定地 steady adj.稳步的，持续的，匀速的 ㉖outbreak/'aʊtbreIk/n.(战争或疾病)爆发，突然发生 [构词法] outbreak为“副词＋动词”构成的名词。此类名词还有：income (收入)，outcome (结果)等。 ㉗do trials on...做关于……的实验 trial /'traIəl/n. 试验；审判，审理 trial and error反复试验，不断摸索 ㉘underline /ˌʌndə'laIn/ vt. 强调，使突出；在……之下画线 [近义] highlight vt. 突出，强调 ㉙thorough/'θʌrə/ adj.彻底的，全面的，详尽的 a thorough investigation/search 彻底的调查/搜寻 ㉚systematic /ˌsIstə'mætIk/ adj.系统化的，有条理的 a systematic approach to solving the problem 系统解决问题的办法 ㉛teamwork n．协同工作，配合 ◎………………………………………………………………………………… An epidemic is the name given to an infectious disease that rapidly spreads to a large number of people within a short period of time—usually two weeks or less.Epidemics have been happening for as long as there have been people living on Earth. They can be caused by several different factors①，such as a virus being carried② into an area，or changes in the way people live，like more people living in an area，which increases the chances of them coming into contact with③ a virus or bacteria④.[1] [1]本句中的“being carried into an area”是动词­ing形式的被动形式，表示动作正在进行，且表被动，修饰名词a virus，在句中作后置定语；people live 为定语从句，修饰先行词 way；“them coming into contact with a virus or bacteria”为动词­ing形式的复合结构作介词of的宾语。 Each disease can only officially⑤ be classified as an epidemic once a certain number of deaths have occurred from the disease.The number of deaths is different for every disease.So a very rare disease⑥ will have a low baseline⑦ and just a few cases⑧of it in one place will be classified as an 学生用书第106页 epidemic；as opposed to⑨ more common diseases，such as the flu，that have a higher baseline.The common cold is a widespread⑩ virus that affects millions of people，but it is not seen as being a serious enough condition to deserve the classification of an epidemic. With recent press reports⑪drawing parallels between bird flu and⑫ killer epidemics of the past[2]，Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing⑬ history of epidemics for clues about how we can create a more positive future without epidemics. [2]“With recent press reports drawing...past”是“with＋宾语＋动词­ing形式”结构，在句中作状语。 press reports 和动词 draw 是逻辑上的主谓关系，因此 draw 用动词­ing形式。　　 Since bird flu first appeared in 1997，it has taken more than a hundred lives.Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic，especially as scientists who have gone into detail⑭ studying tissue samples⑮ from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu have proved that bird flu is a modern adaptation⑯ of that virus[3]. [3]“as scientists...that virus”是as 引导的时间状语从句；“who have gone...Spanish Flu”为 who 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 scientists，其中的“who died of ...Flu”为 who 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 people；“that bird flu is ...virus”是 that 引导的宾语从句，作动词 proved 的宾语。 One of the earliest epidemics on record⑰ happened between about 500 and 550 CE.Scientists now estimate that⑱ up to ⑲ 50% of the area's population died from the epidemic，making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.[4] Then，in the 1330s，this epidemic returned，this time in Asia.It spread rapidly to Europe and became known as “The Black Death” because one visible symptom⑳ was black spots on the body. [4] estimate 后跟 that 引导的宾语从句，其中动词­ing形式短语 making it one of ...Roman Empire 作结果状语。 making it one of...Roman Empire 为“make＋ 宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，意为“使……成为……”。 学生用书第107页 Centuries later，the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918，also called the Spanish Flu，struck㉑ near the end of World War Ⅰ.Families who had only just got through the war now had to bury㉒ their loved ones who had died of the disease.[5]As a result of the war，more people were travelling and moving perhaps than ever before in history and this caused the epidemic to spread worldwide.Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months[6]，the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most severe epidemic in history.More people died of the flu than died in the war.Initially㉓，many people believed that such epidemics no longer posed a threat㉔ until very recently when SARS became a cause for concern. [5]本句是一个复合句。句中who引导了两个定语从句，分别修饰先行词Families和loved ones，且who在定语从句中都作主语，不可省略。 [6]画线部分为动词­ing形式的完成时态作原因状语，表示该动作发生在主语谓语动词动作之前。 The SARS epidemic began in 2002 with a case of lung disease in Guangdong Province.It spread to Canada，Vietnam and Singapore and lasted until 2003.SARS was examined by scientists，who were confused by this new disease and wanted to learn more about it and its causes.Infection rates went up steadily㉕，and in the course of the outbreak㉖，about 8，000 people were infected over nine months.Since the end of the SARS epidemic，scientists have been doing trials on㉗ treatments to prevent any future outbreaks. Then，from 2013 to 2016，there was the most widespread outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa，which resulted in a major loss of life in a number of west African countries.[7]11，310 deaths were officially recorded，but the actual number of deaths is probably much higher.The virus was extremely infectious and the survival rate was as low as 30% in some areas，indicating that very few people got over it. 学生用书第108页 [7]本句是一个复合句。which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代前面的一整句话。且which在从句中作主语。 Despite，or perhaps because of，the epidemics the world has faced in recent years，governments worldwide have underlined㉘ the fact that they want thorough㉙ and systematic㉚ medical research on epidemics to get at the causes and come up with cures as soon as possible. [8] Countries will need to work together to do this because teamwork㉛ among nations across the globe can save lives. [8] “Despite...recent years”在句中作状语，其中 the world...years 为定语从句，修饰先行词the epidemics；that they...possible 为同位语从句，解释说明 fact 的内容。动词不定式短语 to get at...possible 在句中作目的状语。 …………………………………………………………………………………◎ 流行病是指在短时间内(通常是两周或更短)迅速在大规模人群中传播的传染性疾病。自地球上有人类生活以来，流行病就一直存在。它们可能由不同因素引起，例如病毒被传播到某个地区，或者人们生活方式的改变，比如说某一地区居住的人增多，从而增加了人们接触病毒或细菌的可能性。 只有致死病例达到一定数量，某种疾病才会被正式定性为流行病。每种疾病的死亡数量各不相同。罕见疾病的基线很低，即使某地区只出现少数病例，也会被认定为是流行病；与此相反，更为常见的疾病的基线较高，如流感。普通感冒由一种广泛传播的病毒引起，可感染数百万人，但它并没严重到可以被称为流行病。 最近有新闻报道将禽流感和过去致命的流行病做对比时，吉姆·史密斯研究了有时令人沮丧的流行病史，以寻找创造一个没有流行病的更美好的未来的线索。 禽流感自1997年首次出现以来，已经夺去了一百多人的生命。许多人担心它可能会成为下一场全球流行病，尤其当科学家们仔细研究了1918年西班牙流感死亡者尸体的组织样本，证明禽流感是该病毒的现代变异版本。 人类有记载的最早的流行病之一大约发生在公元500年至550年之间。现今科学家估计，发病区域多达50%的人口死于这一流行病，成为罗马帝国衰落的一个主要原因。接着，14世纪30年代，这一流行病卷土重来，这次发生在亚洲，并迅速传播到欧洲。由于患者身上会出现明显的黑斑症状，这种流行病被称为“黑死病”。 几个世纪后，第一次世界大战快结束时爆发了1918年大流感，又称西班牙流感。刚刚熬过战争的人们现在不得不埋葬他们死于该疾病的亲人。战争引发的人口流动前所未有，从而导致这一流行病蔓延到全世界。西班牙流 学生用书第109页 感在18个月内造成5千万人死亡，成为历史上最严重的流行病。死于该病的人比死于战争的人还要多。最初，很多人以为这种流行病不会再对人类构成威胁，直至最近非典出现，再次引起担忧。 非典疫情始于2002年广东省的一例肺部疾病，后蔓延到加拿大、越南和新加坡，并一直持续到2003年。科学家对这种新型疾病感到困惑，想要了解该病与致病原因的更多信息，因此对SARS病毒进行检测。非典的感染率不断上升，在爆发期，9个月内感染了约8 000人。非典疫情结束后，科学家们一直在试验各种治疗手段，以防止未来疫情再次爆发。 随后，2013年到2016年间，西非爆发了最大规模传染病——埃博拉病毒性疾病，这导致西非多个国家的很多人丧命。官方统计的死亡人数为11 310人，但实际死亡人数可能要更高。该病毒传染性极强，一些地区的存活率低至30%，也就是说很少有人能康复。 尽管，或者说是由于，近年来全球爆发了流行病，世界各国政府都已经强调，要对流行病进行彻底和系统的医学研究，以便尽快找出原因并找到治疗方法。这需要各个国家的共同努力，因为全球各国之间的团队合作能够拯救生命。 ◎阅读单词——识记 1．a national epidemic　　　　　 全国性的流行病 2．bacteria growth 细菌生长 3．parallel lines 平行线 4．tissue samples 组织样本 5．lung disease 肺病 6．do trials 做试验 7．the outbreak of war 战争的爆发 8．flu symptoms 流感症状 ◎核心单词——练通 1．a widespread virus 一种广泛传播的病毒 2．the crucial factor 至关重要的因素 3．be buried in cemetery 被安葬在墓地 4．pose a threat 造成威胁 5．a fair trial 公正的审判 6．①underline the fact 强调事实 ②underline the title 在题目下画线 ◎拓展单词——用活 1．variation n．变化物，变体；差异，变动→various adj.各种各样的，不同种类的→variety n．种类→vary v．变化；使多样化 2．officially adv.官方地，正式地→official adj.官方的，正式的；公务的n.要员；官员；高级职员 3．classify vt.将……分类；把……归入一类→classification n．归类，分类，分级 4．rare adj.稀有的，罕见的，不常发生的→rarely adv.很少，难得 5．opposed adj.与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物→oppose vt.反对；抵制；阻挠→opposite prep.在……对面 adj.对面的；相反的→opposition n．(强烈的)反对，反抗 6．depressing adj.令人沮丧的，让人忧愁的→depress vt.使沮丧；使忧愁→depressed adj.沮丧的；意志消沉的→depression n．沮丧，消沉 7．estimate vt.估计，估算→estimation n．估计；评价 8．visible adj.看得见的→invisible adj.看不见的 9．steadily adv.稳定地→steady adj.稳定的 学生用书第110页 10.actual adj.实际的，真实的→actually adv.实际上；事实上；的确 11．thorough adj.彻底的，全面的，详尽的→thoroughly adv.彻底地，非常，完全 12．systematic adj.系统化的，有条理的→systematically adv.有系统地；有组织地→system n．制度，体制；系统；方法 13．globe n．地球，世界；地球仪→global adj.全球的；全世界的→globally adv.全球地；综合地 1．规律：名词后跟­ify变成动词 class n．种类＋­ify→classify vt.将……分类；把……归入一类 例如：beautify v．美化　simplify v．简化 2．规律：形容词后跟­ly变成副词 actual adj.实际的，真实的＋­ly→actually adv.实际上；事实上；的确 例如：thoroughly adv.彻底地，非常，完全globally adv.全球地；综合地　　 ◎重点短语——再现 第一组　汉译英 1．被归类为……　　　　　　　 be_classified_as 2．渡过，熬过(困难或不快的时期) get_through 3．克服；从(不快或疾病中)恢复过来 get_over 4．提出；想出；赶上 come_up_with 5．达到(某数量、程度等)，至多有；能胜任；正在干 up_to 6．接触……；遇到……；与……联系 come/get_into_contact_with... 第二组　英译汉 7．as opposed to　　　 与……截然相反；而不是 8．draw parallels between...and... 在……和……之间找到相似点 9．go into detail(s) 详细叙述，逐一说明 10．on record 记录在案的；公开发表的 11．in the course of 在……过程中；在……期间 12．pose a threat 造成威胁 ◎典型句式——默背 1．句型公式　with复合结构 教材原句　With_recent_press_reports_drawing_parallels_between_bird_flu_and_killer epidemics_of_the_past (最近有新闻报道将禽流感和过去致命的流行病作对比)，Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues about how we can create a more positive future without epidemics. 2．句型公式　动词­ing形式(短语)作结果状语 教材原句　Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area's population died from the epidemic，making_it_one_of_the_main_causes_of_the_fall_of_the_Roman_Empire(成为罗马帝国衰落的一个主要原因). 3．句型公式　(1)动词­ing形式(短语)的完成式作状语 (2)“sb/sth be believed to do...”＝“It is believed that...”意为“人们认为/相信……” 教材原句　Having_killed_up_to_50_million_people (造成5千万人死亡) in 18 months，the Spanish Flu is_believed_to_have_been_the_most_severe_epidemic_in_history(被认为是历史上最严重的流行病). 学生用书第111页 Ⅰ.核心词汇练全 variation n．变化物，变体；差异，变动 (教材原句)A new epidemic can be a different variation of a virus that people caught in the past. 一种新的流行病可能是人们过去感染的一种病毒的不同变种。 (1)vary vi.&vt.　　　　　 变化；改变 vary from...to... 从……到……不等 vary with 随……而变化 vary in 在……方面不同/有差异 (2)variety n. 多样化，变化；种类，品种 a variety of/varieties of 各种各样的 (3)various adj. 各种各样的，多方面 单句语法填空/应用文写作之倡议书 ①The prices of some goods vary with the season，as is often the case. ②These bags are made of varieties(vary)of materials that can be easily treated when they become rubbish. ③我们应该参加各种各样的活动以强身健体和开阔视野。 →We should take part in a_variety/varieties_of_activities to build up our body and broaden our horizons.(variety) →We are supposed to take part in various_activities，which can build up our body and broaden our horizons.(various) classify vt.将……分类；把……归入一类 (教材原句)Each disease can only officially be classified as an epidemic once a certain number of deaths have occurred from the disease. 只有致死病例达到一定数量，某种疾病才会被正式定性为流行病。 (1)classify...into...　　 把……分成……类 classify...as...　 把……划分为……；把……列为…… (2)classification n. 归类，分类，分 单句语法填空/应用文写作之学校生活 ①The movie had some funny parts，but I wouldn't classify it as a comedy. ②The book gives a detailed explanation of the origin，the processing skills and the classification(classify) of tea. ③最近，我们为贵校购买了大约150本书，按内容可分为三类。 Recently，we've bought about 150 books for your school.The books can_be_classified_into three categories by content. 学生用书第112页 opposed adj.与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物 (教材原句)...as opposed to more common diseases，such as the flu，that have a higher baseline. ……与此相反，更为常见的疾病的基线较高，如流感。 (1)be opposed to　　　　 反对……；与……对立 as opposed to 与……截然相反；而不是 (2)oppose (doing) sth 反对(做)某事 oppose sb's doing sth 反对某人做某 温馨提示　(be) opposed to结构中，to为介词，其后跟动词时，要用动词­ing形式。 佳句　Some experts，as we can see from the cartoon，approve of it while other senior school students are opposed to it.从这幅漫画中我们可以看出，一些专家赞成，而其他高中生则反对。 单句语法填空/句式升级 ①Her parents opposed her (she) going abroad. ②All the kind people in the country oppose giving (give) military aid to that country. ③The mayor is strongly opposed to building (build) a new hall，which may cost a lot of money. ④The government postponed the new proposal because a lot of people were against to it. →With_a_lot_of_people_opposed_to/opposing_the_new_proposal，the government postponed it.(with复合结构) bury vt.埋葬，安葬；埋藏 (教材原句)Families who had only just got through the war now had to bury their loved ones who had died of the disease.刚刚熬过战争的人们现在不得不埋葬他们死于该疾病的亲人。 bury vt.　　　　　　　　　　　 遮盖；使专心 bury oneself in 埋头于；专心于 be buried in 专心于；被埋葬在…… bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩 温馨提示　表示“专心于”的其他表达：be absorbed in；be lost in；be devoted to/devote oneself to；concentrate on；focus on等。 单句语法填空/应用文写作之传统文化 ①She sat there and said nothing，buried(bury) in thought. ②Burying (bury) his face in his hands，he tried to control his weeping. ③He walked slowly along the canal，his hand buried(bury) in his pocket. ④一旦你沉浸在唐诗中，你就会被神奇的汉语所吸引。 →Once you_bury_yourself_in_Tang_poems，you'll be charmed by the wonderful Chinese language. →Once you_are_buried_in_Tang_poems，you'll be charmed by the wonderful Chinese language. 学生用书第113页 一、一词多义——factor A．n.因素，要素　B．n.系数　C．n.倍数 1．The wind­chill factor will make it seem colder.__B__ 2．Obesity is a major risk factor in many diseases.__A__ 3．The real wage of the average worker has increased by a factor of over ten in the last 70 years.__C__ 二、熟词生义 1．Waiter，I specifically asked for this steak rare.adj.半熟的 2．The gang entered the building posing as workmen.v.佯装，冒充　　 Ⅱ.典型句式讲透 句型公式：with 复合结构 (教材原句)With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past，Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics...最近有新闻报道将禽流感和过去致命的流行病做对比时，吉姆·史密斯研究了有时令人沮丧的流行病史…… 句中With recent press reports drawing parallels...是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”组成的with复合结构，在句中作状语，with复合结构也可以作定语。 单句语法填空/读后续写之细节描写 ①With a lot of homework to_do (do)，I can't go skating with you. ②With tears of gratitude rolling(roll) down his cheeks，Peter said thankfully，“You've saved me today.I couldn't thank you enough.” ③埃莉吓傻了，嘴巴张得大大的。 Elli was stunned there，with_her_mouth_widely_open． ④只穿着一件衬衫的那个孩子冻得直发抖。 The child with_only_a_shirt_on is trembling with cold. 句型公式：动词­ing形式(短语)作结果状语 (教材原句)Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area's population died from the epidemic，making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire. 现今科学家估计，发病区域多达50%的人口死于这一流行病，成为罗马帝国衰落的一个主要原因。 学生用书第114页 句中making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire是动词­ing形式短语作结果状语。 (1)动词­ing形式短语作结果状语表示自然而然的结果，有时其前可加thus表示强调； (2)动词不定式短语作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，其前常加only表示强调 单句语法填空/应用文写作之建议信 ①For the sake of convenience，people use plastic in their daily life，leaving(leave)large amount of waste. ②Yesterday I went to see my good friend，only to_learn(learn)that she had gone abroad a week before. ③我相信这段经历也会对你有益，使你的交换生生活更加丰富多彩和有意义。 I believe the experience will also be beneficial to you，making_your_life_as_an_exchange student_more_colourful_and_rewarding． 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$