专题04 完形填空（上）-2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

专题04 完形填空（上） 目录 题型综述 2 解题攻略 2 题型01 利用语义复现解题 3 题型02 利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题 4 题型03 利用逻辑关系解题 6 题型04 利用语境暗示分析法解题 8 题型05 利用固定搭配及词组辨析解题 9 题型06 利用生活常识解题 10 高考练场 11 变式演练 22 · 题型介绍 上海高考英语完形填空不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。历年完形填空选材科学，结构清晰，主题明显，但文章阅读难易度指数(Readability)一般较大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。备选项以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优匹配。命题主要思路：语义优先于语法原则；上下文语境分析原则。 · 命题类型 · 词汇选择题：主要考查名词、动词、形容词和副词等实词在具体语境中的运用。 · 逻辑关系题：考查考生对文章逻辑关系的理解，需要根据上下文的逻辑关系进行选择。 · 语境理解题：要求考生在理解上下文的基础上，选择最合适的词汇。 · 解题思路 · 抓住首句，明确说明对象：首句通常不设空，提供了文章的主题或说明对象，帮助考生快速把握文章的大意。 · 理清段落关系：通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面进行说明的，概括每一段的侧重点，理清各段之间的关系。 · 弄清说明顺序，把握文章脉络：作者在说明过程中会选择合理的说明顺序（如时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等），把握这些顺序有助于理解文章的整体结构。 · 关注语境和逻辑：在选择答案时，要结合上下文的语境和逻辑关系，确保所选词汇使文章意思通顺、逻辑合理。 · 先易后难，逐步推进：先解决那些容易判断的空格，再逐步处理较难的题目，避免在难题上耗费过多时间。 技巧一：利用语义复现解题 【题型诠释】 复现是一种语义衔接手段,它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念,使整篇文章上下连贯,有机地衔接在一起因此,考生可根据文章的具体情况,理解文章的结构和语境利用文章中的语义复现来选择正确的答案。它包括：1.原词复现；2.同义复现；3.反义复现；4.代词复现等。 该类题是完形填空中比较简单的，要仔细阅读，但是这些词可能隐藏的比较深；上文可能暗示下文答案，下文可能暗示上文答案，甚至上下文信息相隔较远，因此要注意集中寻找这些暗示信息。 （2025·上海黄埔一模） To raise your reward sensitivity, begin by planning one activity per day that will make you happy or give you a sense of ____22____. It can be as small as treating yourself to a favorite snack or reading a few pages of a novel. This will make you less likely to ____23____ positive experiences. After you’ve enjoyed that ____24____ moment, 24. A. critical B. daily C. rare D. spare （2025·上海闵行一模） The method was costly and had the unintended 27 of altering the rhinos' behavior, making the collected data unreliable. At the same time, the team was working alongside local 28 . Animal tracking is one of the oldest human skills, and these experts have years of experience in identifying individual animals by their footprints. They could effectively create a true picture of individual rhinos' activities without the use of any invasive （侵入的） techniques. Consequently, the team were interested to know whether the trackers' knowledge could be effectively 29 a computerized technique for monitoring animal movement. 28. A. programmers B. photographers C. trackers D. officials Within each species, each individual has its own unique foot 30 . If an animal is sighted and identified just once, and the characteristics of its footprints are properly photographed and measured, its footprint can be 31 whenever it is sighted again. 30. A. features B. sizes C. colors D. shapes 技巧二：利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题 【题型诠释】 在完形填空中,我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇,它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索,可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。 解答该类问题时，要善于把握与作者的写作态度、感悟色彩相关的词汇，特别是某些形容词、副词。这类题型主观性较强，心理描写较多。属于较难的题目。 解该类题时，注意一要紧扣能够体现文章或段落主旨的关键词，二要计言简练。 （2025·上海徐汇一模） Have you ____24____ talked to your neighbor about this issue? Is it a reasonable time to be playing music? Is your neighbor trying to ____25____ you, or are they just enjoying their evening? Relying on practical wisdom in Aristotle’s case-by-case approach makes a lot of sense for handling ____26____ conflicts. But what about when there’s no one to ____27____ for your anger? Imagine a tornado completely destroys your house while your neighbor’s home is ____28____. 24. A. remotely B. reluctantly C. previously D. ultimately 25. A. upset B. conquer C. imitate D. motivate 26. A. commercial B. domestic C. cultural D. interpersonal 27. A. consult B. blame C. reject D. hide 28. A. discovered B. locked C. untouched D. exploded （2025·上海静安一模） My greatest fear when growing up in a French countryside was that my English mother would speak to me in public in her native tongue loudly. I would feel ____21____ when she used English on the way back from school. Speaking a different language made her, and even me, look strange. 21. A. regretful B. ashamed C. unique D. refreshed 技巧三：利用逻辑关系解题 【题型诠释】 在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。从逻辑关系的高度整体上把握，就会不无惊喜地发现逻辑关系才是征服完形填空的最佳途径。所谓逻辑关系并不缥缈，它就隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。通过逻辑关系的方法，我们可以通过确切、具体的线索，把答案的逻辑意义推测出来，从而在答案中寻找表现了相同逻辑意义的选项。这样做，使得题目的难度大大降低。 这种逻辑关系包括：(1) 句中逻辑关系；(2)句间逻辑关系：往往通过转折、让步、递进、因果等明确的逻辑关系词来体现。当然，句子的逻辑关系也不一定体现在一句话的内部，它还可以渗透到篇章的层面上，在句与句之间表现出来。(3) 段间逻辑关系：这种逻辑关系主要体现在段落之间的衔接上。 （2025·上海徐汇一模） Anger is a complicated emotion. But is it ever morally right to be angry? And if so, when? One of the most foundational understandings of ____21____ comes from the Greek philosopher Aristotle. In his model, there’s a sweet spot for our actions and emotional reactions, and it’s up to you to develop practical wisdom about when you should feel what and how strongly to feel it. ____22____, let’s say you’ re going to sleep early because you have an important meeting tomorrow and your neighbor just started playing loud music. If you can’t sleep, you might ruin your meeting, so feeling angry is definitely ____23____. But how much anger should you feel? And what actions, if any, should you take? 21. A. motion B. passion C. urge D. anger 22. A. In conclusion B. However C. What’s more D. For example 23. A. exceptional B. understandable C. useless D. tragic （2025·上海杨浦一模） If so, maybe it would be great for people to take out their aggression and frustration on human-and animal-like robots that mimic pain. ___31___, they aren’t harming a living being. On the other hand, it could be bad if it makes people insensitive to violence in other contexts. Would a child who grows up kicking a robot dog find it ___32___ to kick a real dog? Unfortunately, desensitization (脱敏) remains a difficult thing to study. 31. A. In addition B. After all C. In a way D. On the contrary 32. A. harder B. funnier C. easier D. worse 技巧四：利用语境暗示分析法解题 【题型诠释】 在句组层次题中,有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文的语境暗示来解题,即根据已知信息,推导出正确答案。完形填空题中虽然也穿插了对语法、短语和词的辨析、句子结构的考查等，但对文章故事情节发展线索的逻辑考查仍是重点。 暗示与上下对应的思维方法，是突破此类完形填空最关键的思维方式。考生在做题时要有全局观念，进行连贯性思维，做题时要把每个空白处的含义与前后句的意思联系起来理解，进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。难选之处前后通常多有暗示，这种暗示多为后面暗示前面。 （2025·上海浦东新区一模） A new exhibition in London also examined the dominance of cute qualities in culture, bringing together art, games and toys. Cuteness “has (24)_________”, says Claire Catterall, the organizer. “It has made its way into almost every element of our lives.” 24. A. taken over B. broken in C. dated back D. fallen apart （2025·上海金山一模） If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work ___23___? This is not an idle question, but a serious one. Discussions about A in particular easily get lost in aypotherical (假设的) debates about wholesale job losses or, worse, the nature of consciousness. 23. A. properly B. purposelessly C. continuously D. unwillingly 技巧五：利用固定搭配法及词组辨析解题 对于这类题型，学生在平时的学习中，要多掌握一些语法现象、多记多背一些固定结构和习惯搭配，并掌握它们的基本用法，这样就能够轻松解题了。 （2025·上海松江一模） Two years later, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) held a conference to seriously discuss “to what extent and in what form the arts and literature can participate. ” The event program listed several arts categories that were ____31____ . 31. A. under control B. under consideration C. in use D. in progress （2025·上海青浦一模） In conclusion, should you watch the Olympic Games if you want to __35__ your diet? Of course, but it might be better to choose the physical activities you find the most difficult to perform — and watch them without moderation. 35. A. put up with B. keep up with C. make up for D. set up for 技巧六：利用生活常识解题 解决此类题型时，应该把自己学到的有关文化背景知识和生活常识灵活运用，注意中西文化的一些差别。但有些没有定论的、或自己没有把握的知识，不能作为判断的依据，这时就要尊重原文的描述。 （2025·上海奉贤一模） The rigid corridors of Welton Academy carried the weight of tradition and conformity (循规蹈矩). John Keating, an English teacher with a (n) ___21___ of mystery and passion, stepped into the academy like a breath of freshness in a dull room. His very presence was a (n) ___22___ to the long-established norms of the school. 21. A. air B. gesture C. mood D. outlook 22. A. threat B. barrier C. challenge D. opportunity （2025·上海浦东新区一模） What do humans perceive to be cute? In the 1940s, Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist, found that people are (25)_________ to babies with big eyes and a small nose, as well as short arms, legs, because they bring joy. So obsessed with these characteristics that cats and dogs may have been (26)_________ to bring out those same features. 25. A. accustomed B. exposed C. introduced D. attracted 26. A. walked B. shaped C. entertained D. monitored （以2023年6月上海高考真题为例，深度解析高考完形填空命题趋势） Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41) ______, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors’ apparent (42)_____ when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43)______ black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44)  ______, either. “Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45)  ______ uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ” Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) ______ working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47)  ______ their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48)  ______ and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”  Technology has helped (49) ______ the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) ______ diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51)  ______ and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52)  ______ level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ” On the other hand, computers can’t (53)  ______ a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54)  ______ quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) ______, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer. 41. A.On the hand B. Afterwords C. As a result D.Above all 42.A. victim B. instance C. transparency D. certainty 43.A. frequently B. generally C.rarely D. mainly 44.A. adored B.transformed C.faded D.adjusted 45.A. limiting B. hitting C.threatening D. assembling 46. A. compared with B. accounted for C. accustomed to D.annoyed at 47.A.cover B.train C.clarify D.broaden 48.A. identify B. cure C.defend D.cause 49.A. enlighten B.redefine C.commit D.guarantee 50. A. accurate B.plain C.serious D.remedial 51.A. challenge B. encounter C.conversation D.dispute 52.A. dangerous B. maximal C.unfavorable D.contrasting 53. A.stuff B.hint C.communicate D. indicate 54.A. conclude B. understand C.assume D. calculate 55. A.however B. therefore C. moreover D.hence 2023年1月春考 For the past five years. I've been examining the pros and cons of reading on-screen versus in print. The _______bottom line is that while digital devices may be fine for reading that we don't intend to (41 ) _______or reread, text that requires what's been called “deep reading”is nearly always better done in print. Readers themselves have a keen sense of what kind of reading is best suited for which (42) _______. My survey research with university students in the United Sates, Germany. and Japan reveals that if costs are the same, about 90 percent ( at least in my sample ) (43 )_______ hard copy for schoolwork. If a text is long, 92 percent would choose hard copy. For (44) _______texts, it's a toss-up. Digital reading also (45 ) _______distraction and invites multitasking. Among American and Japanese subjects, 92 percent reported it was easiest to concentrate when reading in hard copy.(The figure for Germany was 98 percent. ) In this country.26 percent indicated they were (46)________to multitask while reading in print, compared with 85 percent when reading on-screen. Imagine (47)_______with Finnegan's Wake while simultaneously juggling Facebook and booking a vacation fight. You get the point. Several open-ended questions on my survey were particularly (48 )_______. I asked what people liked most ( and least) about reading in each medium. Common (49)_______for what students liked most about reading in print included “I can write on the pages and remember the material easier” and “it's easier to focus.” When asked what they liked least about reading (50 )_______, a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't “real reading,” while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted” or “don't absorb as much.” My all-time favorite reply to the question "What is the one thing you (51 )________about reading in print?" came from an American: "It takes me longer because I read more carefully. " Isn't careful reading what academe was designed to promote? Readings in the humanities tend to be lengthy, intellectually weighty, or both. The (52)_______of digital reading for the humanities is that screens-particularly those on devices with Internet connections-undermine our encounters with meaty texts. These (53 ) ________weren't designed for focused concentration, reading slowly, pausing to argue virtually with the author,or rereading. (54 )_______, they are information and communication machines, best used for searching and skimming-not scrutinizing. Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about challenges to the humanities. We need to think more carefully about students' mounting rejection of long-form reading , now (55 )_________ by digital technologies that further complicate our struggle to engage students in serious text-based inquiry. 41. A. make up B.take on C.hold out D.chew over 42. A.design B. medium C. cover D. content 43.A. prefer B.refer C.offer D.transfer 44. A. lower B. higher C.shorter D. longer 45.A.disarms B.encourages C.encaves D. counteracts 46.A. likely B. orderly C. deadly D. cleanly 47.A.delighting B. satisfying C. struggling D.picnicking 48. A.recommending B. indicating C.recognizing D. revealing 49.A.response B.additions C.solutions D.instruments 50. A. casually B.delicately C. digitally D. instantly 51. A.disadvantage B. dislike C.misjudge D. decolour 52. A.advance B. suspect C.pleasure D. challenge 53. A.vehicles B.services C.devices D. figures 54. A. Accordingly B. Rather C.Thus D. Therefore 55. A.qualified B.terrified C.identified D.intensified （一） （2025年浦东新区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Browse through any social-media feed, and before long a cute video will appear. The supply of these (21)_________ clips, short parts of videos, is huge. On one social media platform there are 65 million videos tagged(贴标签) #cute. The demand is more (22)_________: those videos have been viewed more than 625 billion times. Long dismissed as girlish and silly, cuteness has recently become a subject of serious (23)_________, inspiring scientific research and academic literature, named “Cute Studies”. A new exhibition in London also examined the dominance of cute qualities in culture, bringing together art, games and toys. Cuteness “has (24)_________”, says Claire Catterall, the organizer. “It has made its way into almost every element of our lives.” What do humans perceive to be cute? In the 1940s, Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist, found that people are (25)_________ to babies with big eyes and a small nose, as well as short arms, legs, because they bring joy. So obsessed with these characteristics that cats and dogs may have been (26)_________ to bring out those same features. Cartoon characters have evolved as well. (27)_________, Mickey Mouse’s arms, legs and nose have shrunk while his head and eyes have become larger. It was exactly in the 20th century that cuteness dug in its (28)_________ claw(爪). Walt Disney brought a parade of wide-eyed creatures across the world. Japanese kawaii culture also went global. After the emergence of mass production, cute toys became (29)_________ attainable across the market. Sanrio, the company behind the Hello Kitty brand, (30)_________ this trend, generating $3.8 billion in annual sales by producing products on an unmatched scale. Then, with the Internet, cuteness became (31)_________ on demand. People could share amusing content of their children or favorite animals any time. In 2022, more than 90,000 videos of cats were uploaded to a major social media platform every day. Cuteness has real-world uses. Lovot, a wide-eyed companion robot, responds (32)_________ when hugged. Such an innovation may help relieve (33)_______ among the elderly. Policymakers, too, might employ this power to (34)________ people’s behaviour. Putting images on bins of sea turtles or dolphins trapped in rubbish has been shown to reduce plastic waste. Mr. Kringelbach says that an appreciation for cute things is a(n) (35)_________ in itself, but it also “has the potential to change the world”. So why not use the power of cuteness to create a better, more loving world? 21. A. live B. casual C. adorable D. interactive 22. A. substantial B. urgent C. reasonable D. practical 23. A. commitment B. inquiry C. hazard D. competition 24. A. taken over B. broken in C. dated back D. fallen apart 25. A. accustomed B. exposed C. introduced D. attracted 26. A. walked B. shaped C. entertained D. monitored 27. A. On the contrary B. In addition C. For instance D. In other words 28. A. sharp B. scary C. powerful D. tiny 29. A. occasionally B. potentially C. temporarily D. readily 30. A. took advantage of B. looked forward to C. broke away from D. came up with 31. A. available B. flexible C. digital D. fundamental 32. A. thoroughly B. indifferently C. awkwardly D. positively 33. A. distraction B. duties C. loneliness D. doubts 34. A. redirect B. excuse C. display D. reward 35. A. issue B. delight C. reminder D. feature （二） （2025年闵行一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Effective monitoring of endangered species is key to their survival. Studying the 21 , range, and habits of wild animals is essential to ensure their habitat remains free from development and illegal hunters. Traditional methods of monitoring wild animals, especially large ones, include radio-tagging（无线电标记）. To do this, individual animals must at first be captured so that collars can be 22 . One organization that 23 this technique was WildTrack. In the late 1990s, the team was using radio-collars to monitor black rhinos （犀牛） in Namibia. However, the team soon realized that the chemicals used to immobilize the rhino to fit the collars 24 female fertility. Not only that but also a large proportion of the radio-collars 25 within the first 6 months and had to be replaced. 26 , as animals grew, the collars would tighten, annoying or even hurting them. The method was costly and had the unintended 27 of altering the rhinos' behavior, making the collected data unreliable. At the same time, the team was working alongside local 28 . Animal tracking is one of the oldest human skills, and these experts have years of experience in identifying individual animals by their footprints. They could effectively create a true picture of individual rhinos' activities without the use of any invasive （侵入的） techniques. Consequently, the team were interested to know whether the trackers' knowledge could be effectively 29 a computerized technique for monitoring animal movement. Within each species, each individual has its own unique foot 30 . If an animal is sighted and identified just once, and the characteristics of its footprints are properly photographed and measured, its footprint can be 31 whenever it is sighted again. If that is done repeatedly, conservationists can draw up a 32 of all, or at least a significant proportion of the individuals within the population. After that, conservationists can use it to identify an animal and its movements by its print. The data gathered can be used for a range of 33 , for example, to monitor biodiversity. WildTrack is currently using footprint identification technology in Greece to study the potential effect of a large highway construction through brown bear habitat. Identifying an animal from its footprint is not without its 34 , however, as each time the individual places its foot on the ground, it leaves a slightly different track, according to the ground type, moisture （湿度）, and movement. To account for these 35 , it is necessary to collect multiple tracks from each animal on a range of surfaces. 21. A. flexibility B. diet C. movement D. behavior 22. A. fixed B. updated C. removed D. examined 23. A. opposed B. developed C. promoted D. adopted 24. A. enhanced B. harmed C. tested D. ensured 25. A. lasted B. matched C. failed D. bent 26. A. Therefore B. However C. Likewise D. Moreover 27. A. consequence B. mistake C. cause D. target 28. A. programmers B. photographers C. trackers D. officials 29.A. compared to B. translated into C. integrated into D. classified into 30. A. features B. sizes C. colors D. shapes 31. A. copied B. recognized C. erased D. marked 32. A. budget B. schedule C. blueprint D. database 33. A. purposes B. experiments C. solutions D. services 34. A. limitations B. losses C. challenges D. concerns 35. A. variations B. signs C. factors D. standards （三） （2025年普陀区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B. C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In Indonesia, researchers recently captured a remarkable behavior on video. A wild ape named Rakus, with a deep wound on his cheek, was seen ___ 21___ a kind of leaves, chewing them up, and applying them to his injury. Surprisingly, the wound healed without infection. Studies reveal that these plants have medical properties, which likely ___ 22 ___ his recovery. Rakus's actions demonstrate a deep understanding of botany—a knowledge of plants few humans ___ 23 ___today. Although our collective knowledge of plant science grows, individual ___24 ___ of plants is declining. In modern life, while we still depend on plants for survival, fewer people find it necessary to know much about them___ 25 ___ . Most of us rely on botanists to identify and understand plants, trusting their expertise(专门知识)to ensure our wellbeing. However, the number of professional botanists is shrinking, and this___26 ___ has raised concerns within the field. The National Center for Education Statistics sounded an early alarm in 2015, noting that the number of botany degrees awarded in the United States had fallen below 400. While that number has since ___ 27 ___ slightly, with 489 degrees awarded in 2023, the number of institutions offering botany degrees continues to decline, from 76 in 2002 to 59 in 2023. "Botany Ph. Ds. are disappearing, " says Kathryn Parsley, a biologist who focuses on plants but didn't pursue a botany degree due to limited___28___. Funding shifts are a primary factor leading to botany's decline. The National Science Foundation (NSF), ___29___ , has moved its funding priorities away from traditional botany, ___30 ___ applied sciences with economic potential. This ___31 ___ impacts university funding decisions, leading many schools to reduce or eliminate botany programs. The declining ___32 ___ in botany is further driven by "plant blindness, "a phenomenon where people ignore plants in their environment, failing to recognize their importance. In the United States and the United Kingdom, as botany professors retire, they are often not ___33___ , leaving a gap in plant expertise. This ___34___ could become a pressing issue, particularly in sectors like ecological restoration, where plant identification skills are crucial. While some botanists believe the field is evolving rather than disappearing, the demand for plant knowledge remains critical. Proposed legislation, such as the Botany Bill in the U. S. , seeks to preserve plant expertise. ___35 ___ , the challenge of maintaining essential plant skills persists, highlighting the urgent need to recognize and address the value of botany. 21. A. covering B. absorbing C. harvesting D. skipping 22. A. accounted for B. put off C. took on D. resulted from 23. A. revise B. enhance C. subscribe D. possess 24. A. sampling B. understanding C. occupation D. organization 25. A. personally B. originally C. naturally D. joyfully 26. A. greed B. tradition C. impression D. trend 27. A. endured B. stimulated C. recovered D. discounted 28. A. edition B. availability C. research D. conservation 29. A. for instance B. for sure C. in case D. on the other hand 30. A. channeling B. equipping C. favoring D. blocking 31. A. entry B. combination C. comparison D. shift 32. A. interest B. emergence C. intention D. evidence 33. A. invited B. replaced C. registered D. involved 34. A. launch B. shortage C. motive D. pattern 35. A. Hence B. Moreover C. Meanwhile D. Nevertheless 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 完形填空（上） 目录 题型综述 2 解题攻略 2 题型01 利用语义复现解题 3 题型02 利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题 4 题型03 利用逻辑关系解题 6 题型04 利用语境暗示分析法解题 8 题型05 利用固定搭配及词组辨析解题 9 题型06 利用生活常识解题 10 高考练场 11 变式演练 22 · 题型介绍 上海高考英语完形填空不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。历年完形填空选材科学，结构清晰，主题明显，但文章阅读难易度指数(Readability)一般较大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。备选项以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优匹配。命题主要思路：语义优先于语法原则；上下文语境分析原则。 · 命题类型 · 词汇选择题：主要考查名词、动词、形容词和副词等实词在具体语境中的运用。 · 逻辑关系题：考查考生对文章逻辑关系的理解，需要根据上下文的逻辑关系进行选择。 · 语境理解题：要求考生在理解上下文的基础上，选择最合适的词汇。 · 解题思路 · 抓住首句，明确说明对象：首句通常不设空，提供了文章的主题或说明对象，帮助考生快速把握文章的大意。 · 理清段落关系：通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面进行说明的，概括每一段的侧重点，理清各段之间的关系。 · 弄清说明顺序，把握文章脉络：作者在说明过程中会选择合理的说明顺序（如时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等），把握这些顺序有助于理解文章的整体结构。 · 关注语境和逻辑：在选择答案时，要结合上下文的语境和逻辑关系，确保所选词汇使文章意思通顺、逻辑合理。 · 先易后难，逐步推进：先解决那些容易判断的空格，再逐步处理较难的题目，避免在难题上耗费过多时间。 技巧一：利用语义复现解题 【题型诠释】 复现是一种语义衔接手段,它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念,使整篇文章上下连贯,有机地衔接在一起因此,考生可根据文章的具体情况,理解文章的结构和语境利用文章中的语义复现来选择正确的答案。它包括：1.原词复现；2.同义复现；3.反义复现；4.代词复现等。 该类题是完形填空中比较简单的，要仔细阅读，但是这些词可能隐藏的比较深；上文可能暗示下文答案，下文可能暗示上文答案，甚至上下文信息相隔较远，因此要注意集中寻找这些暗示信息。 （2025·上海黄埔一模） To raise your reward sensitivity, begin by planning one activity per day that will make you happy or give you a sense of ____22____. It can be as small as treating yourself to a favorite snack or reading a few pages of a novel. This will make you less likely to ____23____ positive experiences. After you’ve enjoyed that ____24____ moment, 24. A. critical B. daily C. rare D. spare 【答案】 24. B 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在你享受了那个日常的快乐时刻后，闭上眼睛，大声地回顾你在哪里、什么时候体验到了最大的快乐。A. critical关键的；B. daily日常的；C. rare罕见的；D. spare空闲的。根据上文“To raise your reward sensitivity, begin by planning one activity per day that will make you happy or give you a sense of ______ .”可知，作者建议我们每天一项活动，所以这是日常的快乐时刻。故选B。 （2025·上海闵行一模） The method was costly and had the unintended 27 of altering the rhinos' behavior, making the collected data unreliable. At the same time, the team was working alongside local 28 . Animal tracking is one of the oldest human skills, and these experts have years of experience in identifying individual animals by their footprints. They could effectively create a true picture of individual rhinos' activities without the use of any invasive （侵入的） techniques. Consequently, the team were interested to know whether the trackers' knowledge could be effectively 29 a computerized technique for monitoring animal movement. 28. A. programmers B. photographers C. trackers D. officials 答案： 28. C 28. C：从后文 “Animal tracking is one of the oldest human skills, and these experts have years of experience in identifying individual animals by their footprints.” 可知，这里指的是当地追踪者，“trackers”（追踪者）符合语境，“programmers”（程序员）、“photographers”（摄影师）、“officials”（官员）均不符合能通过脚印识别动物的语境，所以选 C。 Within each species, each individual has its own unique foot 30 . If an animal is sighted and identified just once, and the characteristics of its footprints are properly photographed and measured, its footprint can be 31 whenever it is sighted again. 30. A. features B. sizes C. colors D. shapes 答案： 30. A 30. A：每个动物个体都有自己独特的脚印特征，“features”（特征）符合语境，“sizes”（尺寸）、“colors”（颜色）、“shapes”（形状）都过于片面，“features” 可涵盖这些方面，且下文有同义词characteristics 复现，所以选 A。 技巧二：利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题 【题型诠释】 在完形填空中,我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇,它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索,可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。 解答该类问题时，要善于把握与作者的写作态度、感悟色彩相关的词汇，特别是某些形容词、副词。这类题型主观性较强，心理描写较多。属于较难的题目。 解该类题时，注意一要紧扣能够体现文章或段落主旨的关键词，二要计言简练。 （2025·上海徐汇一模） Have you ____24____ talked to your neighbor about this issue? Is it a reasonable time to be playing music? Is your neighbor trying to ____25____ you, or are they just enjoying their evening? Relying on practical wisdom in Aristotle’s case-by-case approach makes a lot of sense for handling ____26____ conflicts. But what about when there’s no one to ____27____ for your anger? Imagine a tornado completely destroys your house while your neighbor’s home is ____28____. 24. A. remotely B. reluctantly C. previously D. ultimately 25. A. upset B. conquer C. imitate D. motivate 26. A. commercial B. domestic C. cultural D. interpersonal 27. A. consult B. blame C. reject D. hide 28. A. discovered B. locked C. untouched D. exploded 【答案】 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. C 【解析】 【24题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：你之前和你的邻居谈过这个问题吗？A. remotely遥远地；B. reluctantly不情愿地；C. previously以前；D. ultimately最终。根据前文“But how much anger should you feel? And what actions, if any, should you take?To answer these questions, Aristotle would need to know more details.”可知，此处是在讨论具体的细节，即愤怒背后有没有其他具体原因，所以是问之前是否和邻居谈过这个问题，故选C项。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：你的邻居是想惹你生气，还是只是想享受他们的夜晚？A. upset使烦恼；B. conquer征服；C. imitate模仿；D. motivate激励。根据后文“or are they just enjoying their evening?”可知，此处是假设邻居放音乐的行为让你睡不着，所以是问邻居是想惹你生气吗，还是单纯的只是想享受他们的夜晚而忽略了你的感受，故选A项。 【26题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在处理人际冲突时，依赖亚里士多德的具体案例中的实用智慧是非常有道理的。A. commercial商业的；B. domestic家庭的；C. cultural文化的；D. interpersonal人际的。根据前文“let’s say you’ re going to sleep early because you have an important meeting tomorrow and your neighbor just started playing loud music.”可知，此处是讨论邻居之间的冲突，所以是人际冲突，故选D项。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，但是当你的愤怒没有人可以责怪时，又该怎么办呢？A. consult咨询；B. blame责怪；C. reject拒绝；D. hide隐藏。根据后文“Imagine a tornado completely destroys your house while your neighbor’s home is _______.”可知，此处的例子是假设你的愤怒没有人可以责怪的，即邻居的房子完好无损，而你的房子被龙卷风摧毁了，故选B项。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：想象一下，一场龙卷风完全摧毁了你的房子，而你的邻居的房子却毫发无损。A. discovered发现；B. locked锁住；C. untouched未受影响的；D. exploded爆炸。根据前文“Imagine a tornado completely destroys your housewhile your neighbor’s home is ”可知，此处是一种对比，你的房子被龙卷风完全摧毁，而邻居的房子没有受到龙卷风的影响，故选C项。 （2025·上海静安一模） My greatest fear when growing up in a French countryside was that my English mother would speak to me in public in her native tongue loudly. I would feel ____21____ when she used English on the way back from school. Speaking a different language made her, and even me, look strange. 21. A. regretful B. ashamed C. unique D. refreshed 【答案】21. B 【21题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当她在放学回家的路上说英语时，我会感到羞耻。A. regretful后悔的；B. ashamed羞愧的；C. unique独特的；D. refreshed恢复精神的。根据前文“My greatest fear when growing up in a French countryside was that my English mother would speak to me in public in her native tongue loudly.(我在法国农村长大，最大的恐惧是我的英国母亲会在公共场合大声用她的母语对我说话)”可知，作者的母亲会在公共场合大声说英语，作者作为法国人，在公共场合听到母亲说英语会感到羞愧，故选B。 技巧三：利用逻辑关系解题 【题型诠释】 在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。从逻辑关系的高度整体上把握，就会不无惊喜地发现逻辑关系才是征服完形填空的最佳途径。所谓逻辑关系并不缥缈，它就隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。通过逻辑关系的方法，我们可以通过确切、具体的线索，把答案的逻辑意义推测出来，从而在答案中寻找表现了相同逻辑意义的选项。这样做，使得题目的难度大大降低。 这种逻辑关系包括：(1) 句中逻辑关系；(2)句间逻辑关系：往往通过转折、让步、递进、因果等明确的逻辑关系词来体现。当然，句子的逻辑关系也不一定体现在一句话的内部，它还可以渗透到篇章的层面上，在句与句之间表现出来。(3) 段间逻辑关系：这种逻辑关系主要体现在段落之间的衔接上。 （2025·上海徐汇一模） Anger is a complicated emotion. But is it ever morally right to be angry? And if so, when? One of the most foundational understandings of ____21____ comes from the Greek philosopher Aristotle. In his model, there’s a sweet spot for our actions and emotional reactions, and it’s up to you to develop practical wisdom about when you should feel what and how strongly to feel it. ____22____, let’s say you’ re going to sleep early because you have an important meeting tomorrow and your neighbor just started playing loud music. If you can’t sleep, you might ruin your meeting, so feeling angry is definitely ____23____. But how much anger should you feel? And what actions, if any, should you take? 21. A. motion B. passion C. urge D. anger 22. A. In conclusion B. However C. What’s more D. For example 23. A. exceptional B. understandable C. useless D. tragic 【答案】21. D 22. D 23. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了愤怒这一情感的道德正当性及其在不同情境下的合理表达。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：对愤怒最基础的理解之一来自于希腊哲学家亚里士多德。A. motion运动；B. passion激情；C. urge冲动；D. anger愤怒。根据本文的标题“When is anger justified?”可知，本文讨论的是“愤怒”，故选D项。 【22题详解】 考查短语辨析。句意：例如，假设你因为明天有重要的会议所以要早睡，而你的邻居却开始大声放音乐。A. In conclusion总之；B. However然而；C. What’s more而且；D. For example例如。根据后文“let’s say you’ re going to sleep early because you have an important meeting tomorrow and your neighbor just started playing loud music.”可知，此处是举例说明愤怒何时是合理的，故选D项。 【23题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果你睡不着，你可能会毁了你的会议，所以感到愤怒是可以理解的。A. exceptional例外的；B. understandable可以理解的；C. useless无用的；D. tragic悲惨的。根据前文“If you can’t sleep, you might ruin your meeting,”可知，因为睡不着而可能毁了会议，所以感到愤怒是可以理解的，故选B项。 （2025·上海杨浦一模） If so, maybe it would be great for people to take out their aggression and frustration on human-and animal-like robots that mimic pain. ___31___, they aren’t harming a living being. On the other hand, it could be bad if it makes people insensitive to violence in other contexts. Would a child who grows up kicking a robot dog find it ___32___ to kick a real dog? Unfortunately, desensitization (脱敏) remains a difficult thing to study. 31. A. In addition B. After all C. In a way D. On the contrary 32. A. harder B. funnier C. easier D. worse 【答案】31. B 32. C 【解析】 【31题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：毕竟，他们并没有伤害任何生物。A. In addition另外；B. After all毕竟；C. In a way在某种程度上；D. On the contrary相反。根据上文“it would be great for people to take out their aggression and frustration on human-and animal-like robots that mimic pain”和下文“they aren’t harming a living being”可知，此处表示毕竟他们并没有伤害任何生物。故选B。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个踢机器狗长大的孩子会觉得踢真狗更容易吗？A. harder更难的；B. funnier更有趣的；C. easier更容易的；D. worse更糟的。根据下文“Unfortunately, desensitization (脱敏) remains a 技巧四：利用语境暗示分析法解题 【题型诠释】 在句组层次题中,有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文的语境暗示来解题,即根据已知信息,推导出正确答案。完形填空题中虽然也穿插了对语法、短语和词的辨析、句子结构的考查等，但对文章故事情节发展线索的逻辑考查仍是重点。 暗示与上下对应的思维方法，是突破此类完形填空最关键的思维方式。考生在做题时要有全局观念，进行连贯性思维，做题时要把每个空白处的含义与前后句的意思联系起来理解，进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。难选之处前后通常多有暗示，这种暗示多为后面暗示前面。 （2025·上海浦东新区一模） A new exhibition in London also examined the dominance of cute qualities in culture, bringing together art, games and toys. Cuteness “has (24)_________”, says Claire Catterall, the organizer. “It has made its way into almost every element of our lives.” 24. A. taken over B. broken in C. dated back D. fallen apart 答案： 24.A 21.A：根据上文 “A new exhibition in London also examined the dominance of cute qualities in culture”及后文 “It has made its way into almost every element of our lives.” 可知，可爱已经占据了主导地位。“taken over” 意为 “接管，占据主导地位”，符合语境。“broken in” 意为 “闯入，打断”；“dated back” 意为 “追溯到”；“fallen apart” 意为 “破裂，崩溃”，均不符合语境，所以选 A。 （2025·上海金山一模） If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work ___23___? This is not an idle question, but a serious one. Discussions about A in particular easily get lost in aypotherical (假设的) debates about wholesale job losses or, worse, the nature of consciousness. 23. A. properly B. purposelessly C. continuously D. unwillingly 【答案】23. A 【23题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果机器可以在某些工作失败的时候给它们增加意义，那么当它们正常工作的时候呢？A. properly正常地；B. purposelessly无目的地；C. continuously持续不断地；D. unwillingly不情愿地。根据上文“If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail”提到工作失败的时候，由此可知，此处应表示机器正常工作的时候，和上文的fail形成呼应。故选A项。 技巧五：利用固定搭配法及词组辨析解题 对于这类题型，学生在平时的学习中，要多掌握一些语法现象、多记多背一些固定结构和习惯搭配，并掌握它们的基本用法，这样就能够轻松解题了。 （2025·上海松江一模） Two years later, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) held a conference to seriously discuss “to what extent and in what form the arts and literature can participate. ” The event program listed several arts categories that were ____31____ . 31. A. under control B. under consideration C. in use D. in progress 【答案】 31. B 【31题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：活动计划列出了几个正在考虑的艺术类别。A. under control处于控制之下；B. under consideration考虑中；C. in use在使用；D. in progress正在进行中。根据后文“Officials ultimately agreed to add five arts competitions to the Olympics in 1908: literature, painting, sculpture, music and architecture.(官员们最终同意在1908年的奥运会上增加五项艺术比赛：文学、绘画、雕塑、音乐和建筑)”可知，一开始只是考虑几个列出的艺术类别。故选B。 （2025·上海青浦一模） In conclusion, should you watch the Olympic Games if you want to __35__ your diet? Of course, but it might be better to choose the physical activities you find the most difficult to perform — and watch them without moderation. 35. A. put up with B. keep up with C. make up for D. set up for 答案 B 35. B：如果想 “跟上” 自己的饮食计划（即保持饮食规律），是否应该看奥运会呢？“keep up with”（跟上，保持）符合语境，“put up with”（忍受）、“make up for”（弥补）、“set up for”（为…… 做准备）均不符合，所以选 B。 技巧六：利用生活常识解题 解决此类题型时，应该把自己学到的有关文化背景知识和生活常识灵活运用，注意中西文化的一些差别。但有些没有定论的、或自己没有把握的知识，不能作为判断的依据，这时就要尊重原文的描述。 （2025·上海奉贤一模） The rigid corridors of Welton Academy carried the weight of tradition and conformity (循规蹈矩). John Keating, an English teacher with a (n) ___21___ of mystery and passion, stepped into the academy like a breath of freshness in a dull room. His very presence was a (n) ___22___ to the long-established norms of the school. 21. A. air B. gesture C. mood D. outlook 22. A. threat B. barrier C. challenge D. opportunity 【答案】21. A 22. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了在保守的威尔顿学院，一位富有激情与独特气质的英语教师约翰·基廷用一种独特的方式教授学生，给他的学生带来了巨大的影响。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：约翰·基廷是一位充满神秘和激情的英语老师，他走进了学院，就像一股清新的气息进入了沉闷的房间。A. air气质，氛围；B. gesture姿势；C. mood情绪；D. outlook展望。根据下文“mystery and passion”可知应该是带有神秘和激情的氛围，故选A。 【22题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他的出现本身就是对这所学校长期建立的规范的挑战。A. threat威胁；B. barrier障碍；C. challenge挑战；D. opportunity机会。根据下文“He was not one to simply stand at the front of the classroom and lectured about Shakespeare’s poetry or the rules of grammar. (他不是那种简单地站在教室前面讲 授莎士比亚诗歌或语法规则的人)”可知他的教学理念和方式与学校传统的规范不一致，因此他是学校长期建立的规范的挑战。故选C。 （2025·上海浦东新区一模） What do humans perceive to be cute? In the 1940s, Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist, found that people are (25)_________ to babies with big eyes and a small nose, as well as short arms, legs, because they bring joy. So obsessed with these characteristics that cats and dogs may have been (26)_________ to bring out those same features. 25. A. accustomed B. exposed C. introduced D. attracted 26. A. walked B. shaped C. entertained D. monitored 答案： 25.D 26. B 25.D：根据前文 “people are... to babies with big eyes and a small nose” 可知，人们被大眼睛、小鼻子的婴儿所吸引。“attracted” 意为 “被吸引”，符合常识。“accustomed” 意为 “习惯的”；“exposed” 意为 “暴露的”；“introduced” 意为 “被介绍”，均不符合语境，所以选 D。 26.B：根据前文 “So obsessed with these characteristics” 可知，人们对这些可爱的特征如此着迷，以至于猫 和狗可能被塑造出同样的特征。“shaped” 意为 “塑造”，符合语境。“walked” 意为 “走路”；“entertained” 意为 “娱乐”；“monitored” 意为 “监控”，均不符合语境，所以选 B。 （以2023年6月上海高考真题为例，深度解析高考完形填空命题趋势） Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41) ______, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors’ apparent (42)_____ when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43)______ black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44)  ______, either. “Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45)  ______ uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ” Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) ______ working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47)  ______ their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48)  ______ and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”  Technology has helped (49) ______ the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) ______ diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51)  ______ and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52)  ______ level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ” On the other hand, computers can’t (53)  ______ a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54)  ______ quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) ______, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer. 41. A.On the hand B. Afterwords C. As a result D.Above all 42.A. victim B. instance C. transparency D. certainty 43.A. frequently B. generally C.rarely D. mainly 44.A. adored B.transformed C.faded D.adjusted 45.A. limiting B. hitting C.threatening D. assembling 46. A. compared with B. accounted for C. accustomed to D.annoyed at 47.A.cover B.train C.clarify D.broaden 48.A. identify B. cure C.defend D.cause 49.A. enlighten B.redefine C.commit D.guarantee 50. A. accurate B.plain C.serious D.remedial 51.A. challenge B. encounter C.conversation D.dispute 52.A. dangerous B. maximal C.unfavorable D.contrasting 53. A.stuff B.hint C.communicate D. indicate 54.A. conclude B. understand C.assume D. calculate 55. A.however B. therefore C. moreover D.hence 【答案】 41~45. CDCDA 46~50. CDBBA 51~55. ABCDA 【导读】文章讨论了医生在与病人交流时传达自信和确定性的重要性，然而，随着医学和技术进步带来的信息爆炸，专家们开始质疑医生与病人交流时的表面确定性是否对病人造成更多伤害。医学院只是开始教导医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也没有明确。医生并不像数学和几何学那样具备确定性，而是需要不断权衡各种因素来做出决策。技术在一定程度上提供了确定性，但无法像医生那样以安慰人心的方式给出诊断和治疗建议。虽然计算机可以评估肺部结节的癌症风险，但它无法决定如何告知患者肺部有1%的机会变成癌症。因此，医生需要在不确定性中进行决策，并通过人性化的交流方式向患者传递信息。 外刊题源： Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41) As a result, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) certainty when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43) rarely black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) adjusted, either. “Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) limiting uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ” Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) accustomed to working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47) broaden their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) cure and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”  Technology has helped (49)redefine the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) accurate diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51) challenge and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) maximal level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ” On the other hand, computers can’t (53) communicate a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54) calculate quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) however, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer. 【长难句解析】 1.Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty.  【译文】医生是科学家，他们的工作离不开数据、机率和概率。然而长期以来，他们被教导说，与病人打交道时，他们应该传递令人信服的自信和确定性。 operate这里应理解为“工作”; reassuring令人信服的、可靠的。 2.  (41) As a result, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. 【译文】因此，病人期待医生给他们一个清晰的诊断和直接的治疗过程。 3.  But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) certainty when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. 【译文】但是，现在只要轻点鼠标、就能了解到各种病情信息，鉴于此，专家们质疑：与病人沟通时，医生给出的确定性实际上是否弊大于利。 now that因为、鉴于；every…imaginable各种、全部的、所能想到的。 4.With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are(43) rarely black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) adjusted either. 【译文】随着医学和技术进步所带来的信息过载，答案很少非黑即白。医学院正在开始教医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也还没有能适应（这一变化趋势）。 with…brought复合结构“随着/在……”； 5. “Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) limiting uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ” 【译文】"医学总是达不到我们在数学和几何学中发现的那种确定性"，多伦多达拉拉纳公共卫生学院的研究员罗斯-厄普舒尔博士说。"如果你考虑到知识和它的作用，它是关于限制不确定性，而不是创造确定性。" fallen short of达不到、缺少。 6.Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) accustomed to working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on countless factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose a disease, he tells them to (47) broaden their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. 【译文】接受培训的医生就像赌徒一样，需要习惯于在这个领域工作，在这个领域中，他们不断地根据无数的因素来衡量赔率。当Upshur教授医学生如何诊断一种疾病时，他告诉他们要扩大调查范围----提出一个可能性的清单，而不是迅速归纳出一个单一的解决方案。 weigh掂量、权衡；home in on对准、指向。 7.“Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) cure and what the outcomes will be in the long run.” 【译文】"即使你做出了一个你认为是确定的诊断，你通常也不能确定什么是最好的治疗方法，以及从长远来看，结果会是什么。" In the long run长期来看。 8.(9) Technology has helped(49) redefine the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) accurate diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51) challenge and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) maximal level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ” 【译文】技术已经帮助我们重新定义了对确定性的追求。我们正在达到这样一个地步：我们可以把症状清单输入计算机，得到比医生更准确的诊断。哈佛医学院医学教授理查德-施瓦茨坦博士认为这种发展既是挑战也是机遇。他说，一方面，"技术试图把你推到一个最大的确定性水平。做这个测试可以得到99%的确定性：你有这个疾病。" Redefine重新定义；reaching a point where达到某个……的程度。 9. On the other hand, computers can’t (53) communicate a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). 【译文】另一方面，计算机不能以安慰的方式向病人传达诊断或治疗。以早期肺癌的常规筛查测试为例。根据你的年龄、吸烟状况和性别，计算机可以很好地评估发现癌症结节的几率。 a routine screening test定期筛查。 10. It can also (54) calculate quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) however, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer. 【译文】它还可以根据结节的大小和形状，相当精确地计算出发展为实际癌症的风险。然而，它不能做的是决定如何告诉你，你的肺部有一个结节，有1%的机会成为癌症。 developing 患上某种疾病；break the news爆料、告诉实情。 【答案详解】 41.C【解析]此题考查上下文的逻辑关系。上文提到，医生应该给病人一个确定的诊断和治疗方案，而该空后提到，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程。因此，此处能够承接上下文的只有C项，as a result 意为“所以;结果(是)”，故选C。on the hand一方面:afterwords adv.后来;as a result 所以;结果(是):above all最重要的是:尤其是。 42.D【解析]结合上文提及的Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics,odds and probability. Yet they've long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty.可知此处提及的内容与医生在治疗过程中的明确性沟通相关，再结合相关选项，此处与“确定性”能够产生联系的选项只有D项。句意为:“但现在，只要点击几下鼠标，就可以获得关于每一种可以想象的医疗状况的信息，专家们正在询问，医生在与患者沟通时的明显确定性(certainty)是否真的弊大于利”。故选D。victim n.受害者:牺牲品:instance n.例子，实例;情况;transparency n.透明;透明度:透明性: certainty n.确定:必然性。 43.C【解析]结合选项及上下文experts are asking whether doctors' apparent certainty--when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good.可知，专家们也在研究和询问医患沟通明确带来的影响，所以此处最可能表述的是“随着医学和技术进步带来的信息过量，答案很少(rarely)是非黑即白的”。故选C。frequently adv.频繁地，经常:generally adv.笼统地;通常地;普遍地:rarely adv.少有地;罕见地;mainly adv.主要地;大多。44.D【解析]结合上文提及的patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment可知，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程，再结合选项可推知患者的这种观念在短时间不会发生改变。句意为:“医学院才刚刚开始教医生如何应对这种情况，患者的期望也没有调整(adjusted)”，故选D。adore v.喜爱:爱慕;transfer v.(使)转移:(使)调动;fade v.褪去;逐渐消逝:adjust v.适应，调整，校正。 45.A【解析]结合下文和该空后提及的not about creating certainty可推知，该空所填词构成的短语的意思应与creating certainty意思相近，limiting uncertainty符合题意。句意为:“如果你思考知识及其作用，那就是限制(limiting)不确定性，而不是创造确定性”。故选A. limit v.限制:限量:使限于:hit v.打，打击:碰撞:threaten v恐吓:威胁:预示(某事): assemble v.集合，收集:装配，组合:组装。 46.C[解析]结合下文所举的相关例子可推知，接受培训的医生需要在海量信息中作出判断，即当他们诊断疾病时，经常会面对这种情况，所以他们要慢慢习惯这种工作状态。句意为:“像赌徒一样，接受培训的医生需要习惯于(accustomed to)在一个他们不断根据无数因素权衡胜算的领域工作”。故选C.compare with与……比较，跟……相比:account for说明(原因、理由等);在(数量、比例上)占，对…负责:annoy at对愤怒。 47.D【解析]结合该空之后提及的come up with a list of possibilities--rather than quickly home in on a single solution 可推知，文章不提倡快速地回到一个单一的解决方案上，所以此处想要表达的意思为“当Upshur 教医学生如何诊断疾病时，他告诉他们扩大(broaden)调查范围一一列出各种可能性，而不是迅速找到一个单一的解决方案”，故选D。cover v.遮盖:覆盖:撒上:包括:涉及:train v、训练:教育:培养;修整:clarify v、阐明，澄清:净化: broaden v.变宽:扩大.的范围。 48.B【解析]结合上句提及的Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm可知，此处讲述的内容与医疗诊断相关，再分析选项，此处B项能够与上文联系起来。句意为:“即使你做出了你认为可靠的诊断，你通常也不确定什么是最好的治疗(cure)方法，从长远来看会有什么结果?”。故选B。identify v、识别，认出:确定:cure n.药:措施:疗程:defend v.防御:保卫:防守:cause n.原因;理由;事业:诉讼案。 49.B【解析]结合上下文提及的相关内容可知，医生需要慢慢习惯从海量信息中诊断疾病，而信息技术提高了诊断的准确性，这说明准确诊断疾病是医生追求已久的。句意为:“技术帮助重新定义了对确定性的追求”，故选B。enlighten v.启发，阐明:redefine v.再定义: commit v.犯罪:承诺:guarantee v.保证:担保。 50.A[解析]结合上下文提及的Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease.可推知，此处想要表达的是“我们已经到了可以将症状列表输入计算机并得到比医生更准确的(accurate)诊断的地步”，故选A。accurate adj.正确的，精确的:精准的: plain adj.清楚的:坦诚的:单色的:朴素的:serious adj.严重的:严肃的:认真的:庄重的:remedial adj.补教的;纠正的:治疗的;补习的，辅导的。 51.A[解析]结合下文提及的信息技术对于提高诊断准确率的好处和缺点，并结合选项可知，此处句意为:“哈佛医学院医学教授理查德·施瓦茨坦博士认为，这种发展既是一种挑战(challenge)，也是一种机遇”。故选A。challenge n.挑战:(比赛等的)邀请:质疑:encounter n.遭遇，偶遇:(体育)比赛:conversation n.交谈，谈话:dispute n.争论，争端，纠纷。 52.B【解析]结合该空之后提及的Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease可知，将症状信息输入电脑能够99%确定患有某种疾病，即最大程度确定所患疾病。故该空所在句子想要表达的是“技术试图把你推向一个最大的(maximal)确定水平。做这个测试可以获得99%的确定性,你患有这种疾病”。故选B.dangerous adj.危险的;maximal adj.尺寸最大的，最高的，持续时间最长的:unfavorable adj.不利的:相反的;令人不快的;不吉利的:contrasting adj.极不相同的，迥异的。 53.C【解析]结合该段内容以及最后提及的is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a l percent chance of becoming a cancer可推知，计算机虽然能够非常准确第诊断疾病，但其在告知诊断结果方面存在一定缺陷。句意为:“另一方面，计算机无法以令人欣慰的方式向患者传达(communicate)诊断或治疗”。故选C。stuff v.塞满;填塞;hint v.暗示，提示:communicate v.沟通;传递;传染;相通:indicate v.表明，暗示:指示。 54.D【解析]结合上句提及的Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule可知，此处是在说明计算机根据相关信息诊断疾病的准确程度。句意为:“它还可以根据结节的大小和形状非常精确地计算出(calculate)患上实际癌症的风险”。故选D。conclude v.推断出:总结:结束:缔约:understand v.明白，理解:了解:得知:默认;领会:assume v.假设:承担(责任):获得(权利):呈现:calculate v.计算:估算:估计:预料。 55.A[解析]结合该空前后内容，可以发现上文说计算机可以准确诊断疾病，而该空之后则说“计算机不能够准确告知疾病发展”，前后有一定的转折性，故选A。however adv.然而:不管怎样:conj.不管怎样:therefore adv.因此:moreover adv.此外:而且:hence adv.因此，所以。 2023年1月春考 外刊来源： For the past five years. I've been examining the pros and cons of reading on-screen versus in print. The _______bottom line is that while digital devices may be fine for reading that we don't intend to (41 ) _______or reread, text that requires what's been called “deep reading”is nearly always better done in print. Readers themselves have a keen sense of what kind of reading is best suited for which (42) _______. My survey research with university students in the United Sates, Germany. and Japan reveals that if costs are the same, about 90 percent ( at least in my sample ) (43 )_______ hard copy for schoolwork. If a text is long, 92 percent would choose hard copy. For (44) _______texts, it's a toss-up. Digital reading also (45 ) _______distraction and invites multitasking. Among American and Japanese subjects, 92 percent reported it was easiest to concentrate when reading in hard copy.(The figure for Germany was 98 percent. ) In this country.26 percent indicated they were (46)________to multitask while reading in print, compared with 85 percent when reading on-screen. Imagine (47)_______with Finnegan's Wake while simultaneously juggling Facebook and booking a vacation fight. You get the point. Several open-ended questions on my survey were particularly (48 )_______. I asked what people liked most ( and least) about reading in each medium. Common (49)_______for what students liked most about reading in print included “I can write on the pages and remember the material easier” and “it's easier to focus.” When asked what they liked least about reading (50 )_______, a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't “real reading,” while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted” or “don't absorb as much.” My all-time favorite reply to the question "What is the one thing you (51 )________about reading in print?" came from an American: "It takes me longer because I read more carefully. " Isn't careful reading what academe was designed to promote? Readings in the humanities tend to be lengthy, intellectually weighty, or both. The (52)_______of digital reading for the humanities is that screens-particularly those on devices with Internet connections-undermine our encounters with meaty texts. These (53 ) ________weren't designed for focused concentration, reading slowly, pausing to argue virtually with the author,or rereading. (54 )_______, they are information and communication machines, best used for searching and skimming-not scrutinizing. Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about challenges to the humanities. We need to think more carefully about students' mounting rejection of long-form reading , now (55 )_________ by digital technologies that further complicate our struggle to engage students in serious text-based inquiry. 41. A. make up B.take on C.hold out D.chew over 42. A.design B. medium C. cover D. content 43.A. prefer B.refer C.offer D.transfer 44. A. lower B. higher C.shorter D. longer 45.A.disarms B.encourages C.encaves D. counteracts 46.A. likely B. orderly C. deadly D. cleanly 47.A.delighting B. satisfying C. struggling D.picnicking 48. A.recommending B. indicating C.recognizing D. revealing 49.A.response B.additions C.solutions D.instruments 50. A. casually B.delicately C. digitally D. instantly 51. A.disadvantage B. dislike C.misjudge D. decolour 52. A.advance B. suspect C.pleasure D. challenge 53. A.vehicles B.services C.devices D. figures 54. A. Accordingly B. Rather C.Thus D. Therefore 55. A.qualified B.terrified C.identified D.intensified 【答案】41-55 DBACB ACDAC BDCBD 【导读】文章主要是对比了在屏幕上阅读和纸质阅读的利弊。结论是，虽然数字设备适合阅读不需要深入理解或重复阅读的内容，但对于需要进行“深度阅读”的文本来说，纸质阅读几乎总是更好的选择。调查研究显示，大部分学生认为纸质阅读更适合学业，尤其是长篇文本。数字阅读容易分散注意力，容易引发多任务处理，而纸质阅读更利于专注。一些被调查者表示，在纸质阅读时很少分心，而在屏幕上阅读时则经常分心。针对喜欢纸质阅读的原因，调查结果显示，人们喜欢可以在纸张上做笔记、更容易记住材料和更容易集中注意力。对于不喜欢数字阅读的原因，一些被调查者表示数字阅读不是“真正的阅读”，还有人抱怨容易分心或无法吸收足够的信息。最后，文章呼吁教师和学者要关注学生对长篇阅读的拒绝，特别是数字技术进一步加剧了我们在引导学生进行严肃的以文本为基础的研究方面的挑战。 【解析】 41.D【解析]根据该空之后提及的reread(意为“重读，再读”)可推知，此处想要表述的句意为:“虽然数字设备可能适合阅读我们不打算反复阅读(chew over)的内容 需要所谓‘深度阅读’的文本几乎总是在印刷品中做得更好”。故选D.ma take on 承担:hold out 保持;chew over 细嚼;仔细考量。 42.B[解析] 结合该段所举例子和文章提及的相关内容，再根据相关选项分析,可推知本篇文章讲述的内容与阅读媒介相关，即填入 medium 更符合文意，即此句意为:“读者自己对什么样的阅读最适合哪种媒介(medium)有着敏锐的感觉”故选 B。design n. 设计;设计方案; 布局;安排;构思; medium n.介质:方法:媒介;材料，形式;cover n.封皮;覆盖物:掩盖，掩饰; content n.内容:含量。 43.A[解析] 结合该空前后提及的 90%的人选择硬堵贝可推知，在所调查的人中这些人更喜欢使用这种方式，因此结合选项分析，A 项更符合文意。句意为:“我对美国、德国和日本的大学生进行的调查研究表明，如果成本相同，大约90%的人 (至少在我的样本中) 更喜欢 (prefer) 硬拷贝(即打印件) 作业”。故选 A。prefer v.更喜欢;较喜欢; refer v. 参考;指;描述;谈及; offer v. 提供:供应: transfer v.转移(感情): 转让(权力等): 改变(环境)。 44.C【解析]结合上文提及的lf a text is long. 92 percent would choose hard copy可知，上文提及了“对于长文本，人们倾向于硬拷员一，结合选项分析，此处想表述的是一如果文本很长。92%的人会选择硬拷员，对于较短的(shorter)文本，这是一个悬而未决的问题”。故选C。lower adj:下面的，在底部的，低注的:higher adj.高等级的:糖到独高的; shorter adj较相的，更短的; longer adj比较长的; 长期的。 45.B【解析]连词and前后连接并列端分，再根据该空之后提及的invites multitasking可知，数字阅读会导数多任务处理。结合选项分析，B项符合文意。句意为:一数字阅读也促进(encourages)分散注意力，并引发多任务处理”。故选B。disarm v.解除……的武装:裁军:使无害,消除…的杀伤力; encourages v. 促进:激励;:刺激; encaves v.把.搬入洞中: 藏于洞中: counteract v.抵消:抵抗:抵制。 46.[解析]结合该空之后提及的compared with 8.5 percent when reading on-screen可知，此处想要表述的是数字阅读和印刷品阅读对注意力分散的影响，根据上文可知印刷品阅读注意力分散情况相对低一点。句意为:“在这个国家，26%的人表示他们在阅读印刷品时可能会(likely)同时处理多项任务，而在屏幕上阅读时这一比例为85%”。故选 A.likely adj.可能的:有希望的:预料的:adv.可能: 或许;orderly adj.有秩序的:整洁的;有条理的;表现良好的;adv.依次地:有规则地:有条理地;deadly adj.致命的;极度的;彻底的;枯燥的:adv.极其:非常;cleanly adv.干净地;清洁地;干净利落地; adj.爱清洁的;干净的。 47.C【解析]结合上文提及的“多任务处理”可推知此处想要表述的是三个任务同时进行，因此结合相关选项,C项符合文意。句意为:“想象一下，一边在Facebook上玩游戏，一边预订度假航班，一边在《芬尼根守灵记》中苦苦挣扎(struggling)"。故选C。delight v.使高兴:使愉快;使快乐; satisfy v.使满足:使满意:使确信:向……证实:struggle v.斗争;努力;奋斗;争取;抗争: picnick v.野餐。 48.D【解析]根据句意以及句子结构分析，该空处填入形容词，结合相关选项可知，该句话想要表述的是“我的调查中有几个开放式的问题特别有启发性(revealing)”，故选D。recommend v.建议;推荐;介绍;indicating v.表明;显示:暗示:示意:象征;recognizing v.认识;承认;(正式)认可，接受，赞成; revealing adj.有启示作用的;给人启发的。 49.A【解析]结合上文内容可知，这里讲述的内容与调查问卷相关，再结合下文提及的a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't “real reading," while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted” or “don't absorb as much”可知，该空应该与被调查的人的回复有关，因此结合选项分析，该空处想要表述的是:对于学生最喜欢印刷品阅读的内容,常见的回答(responses )包括“我可以在纸上写字，更容易记住材料”和“更容易集中注意力”。故选A。 responses n.响应;反应;回答;答复;additions n.增加;添加;solutions n.溶液:解决办法:答案;instruments n.仪器;仪表;器械:手段:器具。 50.C【解析]该段提及的内容是被调查者关于印刷版阅读和数字阅读的相关反馈，结合该空之后提及的a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't "real reading," while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted" or "don't absorb as much"可知，这里讲述的内容与数字阅读的特点相关，即此处句意为:“当被问及他们最不喜欢数字(digitally)阅读的地方时，一些日本学生表示这不是‘真正的阅读’，而来自这三个国家的受访者则抱怨他们‘分心了’或‘吸收不了那么多’”。故选C。casually adv.随意地:随便地:漫不经心地:delicately adv.合意地;digitally adv.以数字方式;数位地:instantly adv.立即:立刻:马上。 51.B【解析]根据句子结构分析，该空需要填入动词，故可排除A项，再结合上下文内容可知，此处讲述的是关于人们是否喜欢某种阅读媒介的问题。因此此处句意为:“对于‘你不喜欢(dislike)在印刷品中阅读的一件事是什么?’这个问题，我最喜欢的回答来自一位美国人……”。选B。disadvantage n.缺点:不利因素;障碍:dislike vt.不喜欢;厌恶:不喜爱;misjudge vt.判断错误;错看:形成错误认识:decolour v.脱色;漂白。 52.D【解析]根据下文提及的particularly those on devices with Internet connections--undermine our encounters with meaty texts可知此处讲述的是数字阅读的缺点，即此处句意为:“数字阅读对人文学科的挑战(challenge)在于，屏幕--尤其是那些连接互联网的设备上的屏幕会破坏我们与丰富文本的接触”。故选D。advance n.进展;行进;进步:预付款:suspect n.嫌疑犯:嫌疑分子:可疑对象:pleasure n.愉快:欣慰:荣幸:challenge n.挑战:质疑:质询。 53.C【解析]上文提及了数字阅读的缺点，结合相关选项可知，此处与数字阅读联系最为紧密的是C项，即此处表述的是数字阅读设备的缺陷。句意为:“这些设备(devices)并不是为了集中注意力、慢慢阅读、停下来与作者进行虚拟辩论或重读而设计的”。故选C。vehicles n.车辆:手段，工具:交通工具:services n.公共事业:服务性企业;公共服务系统:公共事业机构:devices n,装置:设备;方法:仪器:figures n.位数:算术;数字符号:字码。 54.B【解析]结合该空前后提及的for focused concentration,reading slowly, pausing to argue virtually with the author, or rereading 和 they are information and communication machines, best used for searching and skimming-not scrutinizing可知，该空前后是两种完全相反的观点,因此B项符合文意。句意为:“相反(Rather),它们是信息和通信机器，最好用于搜索和略读，而不是仔细查”。故选B。 Accordingly adv.因此:相应地:所以:照着:Rather adv.相当地:在某种程度上:有点儿，稍微;相反，反而，而是;Thus adv.因此:从而:这样;所以:如此:Therefore adv.因此:所以;因而。 55.D【解析]结合上文提及的We need to think more carefully about students' mounting rejection of long-form reading可知,学生本来就对长格式阅读有排斥感，再结合该空前后内容和相关选项，推知此处想表述的是“我们需要更仔细地考虑学生们对长格式阅读的日益排斥，现在数字技术加剧了(intensified) 这种排斥，使我们在让学生参与严肃的基于文本的探究方面的斗争更加复杂”。故选D。 qualified adj.有资格的;具备……的知识(或技能);具备……的学历(或资历); terrified adj.很害怕;恐惧;;极度惊慌的;identified adj.被识别的;经鉴定的;被认同的:intensified adj.加强的。 （一） （2025年浦东新区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Browse through any social-media feed, and before long a cute video will appear. The supply of these (21)_________ clips, short parts of videos, is huge. On one social media platform there are 65 million videos tagged(贴标签) #cute. The demand is more (22)_________: those videos have been viewed more than 625 billion times. Long dismissed as girlish and silly, cuteness has recently become a subject of serious (23)_________, inspiring scientific research and academic literature, named “Cute Studies”. A new exhibition in London also examined the dominance of cute qualities in culture, bringing together art, games and toys. Cuteness “has (24)_________”, says Claire Catterall, the organizer. “It has made its way into almost every element of our lives.” What do humans perceive to be cute? In the 1940s, Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist, found that people are (25)_________ to babies with big eyes and a small nose, as well as short arms, legs, because they bring joy. So obsessed with these characteristics that cats and dogs may have been (26)_________ to bring out those same features. Cartoon characters have evolved as well. (27)_________, Mickey Mouse’s arms, legs and nose have shrunk while his head and eyes have become larger. It was exactly in the 20th century that cuteness dug in its (28)_________ claw(爪). Walt Disney brought a parade of wide-eyed creatures across the world. Japanese kawaii culture also went global. After the emergence of mass production, cute toys became (29)_________ attainable across the market. Sanrio, the company behind the Hello Kitty brand, (30)_________ this trend, generating $3.8 billion in annual sales by producing products on an unmatched scale. Then, with the Internet, cuteness became (31)_________ on demand. People could share amusing content of their children or favorite animals any time. In 2022, more than 90,000 videos of cats were uploaded to a major social media platform every day. Cuteness has real-world uses. Lovot, a wide-eyed companion robot, responds (32)_________ when hugged. Such an innovation may help relieve (33)_______ among the elderly. Policymakers, too, might employ this power to (34)________ people’s behaviour. Putting images on bins of sea turtles or dolphins trapped in rubbish has been shown to reduce plastic waste. Mr. Kringelbach says that an appreciation for cute things is a(n) (35)_________ in itself, but it also “has the potential to change the world”. So why not use the power of cuteness to create a better, more loving world? 21. A. live B. casual C. adorable D. interactive 22. A. substantial B. urgent C. reasonable D. practical 23. A. commitment B. inquiry C. hazard D. competition 24. A. taken over B. broken in C. dated back D. fallen apart 25. A. accustomed B. exposed C. introduced D. attracted 26. A. walked B. shaped C. entertained D. monitored 27. A. On the contrary B. In addition C. For instance D. In other words 28. A. sharp B. scary C. powerful D. tiny 29. A. occasionally B. potentially C. temporarily D. readily 30. A. took advantage of B. looked forward to C. broke away from D. came up with 31. A. available B. flexible C. digital D. fundamental 32. A. thoroughly B. indifferently C. awkwardly D. positively 33. A. distraction B. duties C. loneliness D. doubts 34. A. redirect B. excuse C. display D. reward 35. A. issue B. delight C. reminder D. feature 参考答案： 21. C 22. A 23. B 24.A 25.D 26. B 27. C 28. D 29.D 30. A 31.A 32. D 33. C 34. A 35. B 【导语】 文章围绕 “可爱” 这一主题展开，主要探讨了可爱文化在现代社会的盛行、其产生的原因、发展历程以及实际应用。 · 可爱内容的供需现状：社交媒体上可爱视频数量庞大，需求可观，“可爱” 已从被轻视转变为严肃研究的主题，伦敦还举办相关展览，组织者称其已融入生活各元素。 · 可爱的标准及影响：20 世纪 40 年代，奥地利动物学家发现人类易被大眼睛、小鼻子等特征的婴儿吸引，受此影响，猫狗及卡通形象也朝着凸显这些可爱特征演变。 · 可爱文化的发展：20 世纪，迪士尼及日本卡哇伊文化推动可爱文化走向全球，大规模生产使可爱玩具在市场上随处可得，三丽鸥公司借此取得巨额销售业绩。互联网的出现让可爱内容按需可得，人们可随时分享可爱瞬间。 · 可爱的现实应用：可爱具有实际用途，如宽眼的陪伴机器人 Lovot 被拥抱时积极回应，有助于缓解老年人孤独；政策制定者利用可爱元素引导人们减少塑料垃圾。文章指出欣赏可爱事物本身是一种乐趣，且有改变世界的潜力，呼吁利用可爱的力量创造美好世界。 答案解析 21. C：根据前文 “a cute video will appear” 以及后文 “those videos have been viewed more than 625 billion times” 可知，这里说的是可爱的视频片段，“adorable” 意为 “可爱的”，符合语境。“live” 意为 “现场的”；“casual” 意为 “随意的”；“interactive” 意为 “互动的”，均不符合此处对可爱视频片段的描述，所以选 C。 22. A：由 “those videos have been viewed more than 625 billion times” 可知，对可爱视频的需求是巨大的。“substantial” 意为 “大量的，可观的”，符合语境。“urgent” 意为 “紧急的”；“reasonable” 意为 “合理的”；“practical” 意为 “实际的”，均不符合需求巨大这一语境，所以选 A。 23. B：根据后文 “inspiring scientific research and academic literature, named ‘Cute Studies’” 可知，可爱已经成为严肃研究的对象。“inquiry” 意为 “探究，调查”，符合语境。“commitment” 意为 “承诺，奉献”；“hazard” 意为 “危险”；“competition” 意为 “竞争”，均不符合语境，所以选 B。 24. A：根据后文 “It has made its way into almost every element of our lives.” 可知，可爱已经占据了主导地位。“taken over” 意为 “接管，占据主导地位”，符合语境。“broken in” 意为 “闯入，打断”；“dated back” 意为 “追溯到”；“fallen apart” 意为 “破裂，崩溃”，均不符合语境，所以选 A。 25. D：根据前文 “people are... to babies with big eyes and a small nose” 可知，人们被大眼睛、小鼻子的婴儿所吸引。“attracted” 意为 “被吸引”，符合语境。“accustomed” 意为 “习惯的”；“exposed” 意为 “暴露的”；“introduced” 意为 “被介绍”，均不符合语境，所以选 D。 26. B：根据前文 “So obsessed with these characteristics” 可知，人们对这些可爱的特征如此着迷，以至于猫和狗可能被塑造出同样的特征。“shaped” 意为 “塑造”，符合语境。“walked” 意为 “走路”；“entertained” 意为 “娱乐”；“monitored” 意为 “监控”，均不符合语境，所以选 B。 27. C：前文说卡通人物也在进化，后文以米老鼠为例说明，“For instance” 意为 “例如”，符合语境。“On the contrary” 意为 “相反”；“In addition” 意为 “此外”；“In other words” 意为 “换句话说”，均不符合语境，所以选 C。 28. D：这里形容爪子，结合前文提到的可爱的特征，“tiny” 意为 “微小的”，与可爱的形象相呼应，符合语境。“sharp” 意为 “锋利的”；“scary” 意为 “可怕的”；“powerful” 意为 “强大的”，均不符合可爱这一主题，所以选 D。 29. D：根据前文 “After the emergence of mass production” 可知，大规模生产后，可爱的玩具在市场上很容易买到。“readily” 意为 “容易地，乐意地”，符合语境。“occasionally” 意为 “偶尔”；“potentially” 意为 “潜在地”；“temporarily” 意为 “暂时地”，均不符合语境，所以选 D。 30. A：根据后文 “generating $3.8 billion in annual sales by producing products on an unmatched scale” 可知，三丽鸥公司利用了这一趋势。“took advantage of” 意为 “利用”，符合语境。“looked forward to” 意为 “期待”；“broke away from” 意为 “脱离”；“came up with” 意为 “想出”，均不符合语境，所以选 A。 31. A：根据后文 “People could share amusing content of their children or favorite animals any time.” 可知，有了互联网，可爱的内容随时可获取。“available” 意为 “可获得的”，符合语境。“flexible” 意为 “灵活的”；“digital” 意为 “数字的”；“fundamental” 意为 “基本的”，均不符合语境，所以选 A。 32. D：根据前文 “Cuteness has real - world uses.” 以及后文 “Such an innovation may help relieve...” 可知，这个陪伴机器人在被拥抱时会积极回应。“positively” 意为 “积极地”，符合语境。“thoroughly” 意为 “彻底地”；“indifferently” 意为 “冷漠地”；“awkwardly” 意为 “尴尬地”，均不符合语境，所以选 D。 33. C：根据前文 “a wide - eyed companion robot” 可知，这种创新可能有助于缓解老年人的孤独感。“loneliness” 意为 “孤独”，符合语境。“distraction” 意为 “分心”；“duties” 意为 “职责”；“doubts” 意为 “怀疑”，均不符合语境，所以选 C。 34. A：根据后文 “Putting images on bins of sea turtles or dolphins trapped in rubbish has been shown to reduce plastic waste.” 可知，政策制定者可以利用可爱的力量来引导人们的行为。“redirect” 意为 “重新引导”，符合语境。“excuse” 意为 “原谅，借口”；“display” 意为 “展示”；“reward” 意为 “奖励”，均不符合语境，所以选 A。 35. B：根据前文 “Cuteness has real - world uses.” 以及后文 “but it also ‘has the potential to change the world’” 可知，对可爱事物的欣赏本身就是一种乐趣。“delight” 意为 “乐趣”，符合语境。“issue” 意为 “问题”；“reminder” 意为 “提醒”；“feature” 意为 “特征”，均不符合语境，所以选 B。 （二） （2025年闵行一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Effective monitoring of endangered species is key to their survival. Studying the 21 , range, and habits of wild animals is essential to ensure their habitat remains free from development and illegal hunters. Traditional methods of monitoring wild animals, especially large ones, include radio-tagging（无线电标记）. To do this, individual animals must at first be captured so that collars can be 22 . One organization that 23 this technique was WildTrack. In the late 1990s, the team was using radio-collars to monitor black rhinos （犀牛） in Namibia. However, the team soon realized that the chemicals used to immobilize the rhino to fit the collars 24 female fertility. Not only that but also a large proportion of the radio-collars 25 within the first 6 months and had to be replaced. 26 , as animals grew, the collars would tighten, annoying or even hurting them. The method was costly and had the unintended 27 of altering the rhinos' behavior, making the collected data unreliable. At the same time, the team was working alongside local 28 . Animal tracking is one of the oldest human skills, and these experts have years of experience in identifying individual animals by their footprints. They could effectively create a true picture of individual rhinos' activities without the use of any invasive （侵入的） techniques. Consequently, the team were interested to know whether the trackers' knowledge could be effectively 29 a computerized technique for monitoring animal movement. Within each species, each individual has its own unique foot 30 . If an animal is sighted and identified just once, and the characteristics of its footprints are properly photographed and measured, its footprint can be 31 whenever it is sighted again. If that is done repeatedly, conservationists can draw up a 32 of all, or at least a significant proportion of the individuals within the population. After that, conservationists can use it to identify an animal and its movements by its print. The data gathered can be used for a range of 33 , for example, to monitor biodiversity. WildTrack is currently using footprint identification technology in Greece to study the potential effect of a large highway construction through brown bear habitat. Identifying an animal from its footprint is not without its 34 , however, as each time the individual places its foot on the ground, it leaves a slightly different track, according to the ground type, moisture （湿度）, and movement. To account for these 35 , it is necessary to collect multiple tracks from each animal on a range of surfaces. 21. A. flexibility B. diet C. movement D. behavior 22. A. fixed B. updated C. removed D. examined 23. A. opposed B. developed C. promoted D. adopted 24. A. enhanced B. harmed C. tested D. ensured 25. A. lasted B. matched C. failed D. bent 26. A. Therefore B. However C. Likewise D. Moreover 27. A. consequence B. mistake C. cause D. target 28. A. programmers B. photographers C. trackers D. officials 29.A. compared to B. translated into C. integrated into D. classified into 30. A. features B. sizes C. colors D. shapes 31. A. copied B. recognized C. erased D. marked 32. A. budget B. schedule C. blueprint D. database 33. A. purposes B. experiments C. solutions D. services 34. A. limitations B. losses C. challenges D. concerns 35. A. variations B. signs C. factors D. standards 答案： 21.C 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. D 27. A 28. C 29. B 30. A 31. B 32. D 33. A 34. C31. 35. A 文章大意 本文主要探讨了濒危物种的监测方法。传统监测野生动物（尤其是大型动物）的方法是无线电标记，但该方法存在诸多弊端，如影响犀牛繁殖能力、设备易损坏需更换、会伤害动物并改变其行为，导致数据不可靠。与此同时，WildTrack 团队发现当地追踪者能通过脚印识别个体动物，且无需侵入性技术。基于此，团队思考能否将追踪者的知识转化为计算机化技术。实际上，每个动物个体的脚印都有独特特征，通过拍照和测量其脚印特征，可建立数据库用于识别动物及其活动，收集的数据能用于多种目的。不过，从脚印识别动物也面临挑战，因为脚印会因地面类型、湿度和动物移动等因素而不同，所以需要从不同表面收集多个脚印以应对这些变化。 答案解析 21. C：文章围绕监测濒危物种展开，研究野生动物的移动、活动范围和习性对保护其栖息地至关重要。“movement”（移动）符合语境，而 “flexibility”（灵活性）、“diet”（饮食）、“behavior”（行为）在文中虽也相关，但结合后文主要讨论通过监测动物移动来保护它们，“movement” 最为合适，所以选 C。 22. A：传统监测方法是无线电标记，首先要捕获动物，目的是安装无线电项圈，“fixed”（安装，固定）符合将项圈固定在动物身上的意思，“updated”（更新）、“removed”（移除）、“examined”（检查）均不符合语境，所以选 A。 23. D：WildTrack 这个组织采用了无线电标记技术，“adopted”（采用，采纳）符合语境，“opposed”（反对）与文意相悖，“developed”（发展）和 “promoted”（推广）在此处不如 “adopted” 准确，所以选 D。 24. B：文中提到给犀牛安装项圈使用的化学物质对雌性犀牛的生育能力产生了不好的影响，“harmed”（损害，伤害）符合语境，“enhanced”（增强）、“tested”（测试）、“ensured”（确保）均不符合对生育能力产生负面影响的描述，所以选 B。 25. C：根据后文 “had to be replaced” 可知，很大一部分无线电项圈在最初 6 个月内就出现故障不能用了，“failed”（失败，此处指设备失灵）符合语境，“lasted”（持续）、“matched”（匹配）、“bent”（弯曲）均不符合设备需要更换所暗示的设备故障的语境，所以选 C。 26. D：前文提到了安装无线电项圈的一些问题，这里进一步说明随着动物长大，项圈会变紧，对动物造成困扰，“Moreover”（此外，而且）用于进一步补充说明问题，“Therefore”（因此）表因果，“However”（然而）表转折，“Likewise”（同样地）不符合此处递进的逻辑，所以选 D。 27. A：这种方法不仅成本高，还产生了改变犀牛行为的意外后果，“consequence”（后果）符合语境，“mistake”（错误）、“cause”（原因）、“target”（目标）均不符合 “改变犀牛行为” 这一结果的描述，所以选 A。 28. C：从后文 “Animal tracking is one of the oldest human skills, and these experts have years of experience in identifying individual animals by their footprints.” 可知，这里指的是当地追踪者，“trackers”（追踪者）符合语境，“programmers”（程序员）、“photographers”（摄影师）、“officials”（官员）均不符合能通过脚印识别动物的语境，所以选 C。 29. B：团队想知道追踪者的知识能否有效地转化为一种用于监测动物移动的计算机化技术，“translated into”（转化为）符合语境，“compared to”（与…… 相比）、“integrated into”（融入）、“classified into”（分类为）均不符合将知识转化为技术的意思，所以选 B。 30. A：每个动物个体都有自己独特的脚印特征，“features”（特征）符合语境，“sizes”（尺寸）、“colors”（颜色）、“shapes”（形状）都过于片面，“features” 可涵盖这些方面，所以选 A。 31. B：如果动物的脚印特征被正确拍摄和测量，那么无论何时再次看到它的脚印就能被识别，“recognized”（识别）符合语境，“copied”（复制）、“erased”（擦除）、“marked”（标记）均不符合通过脚印特征识别动物的语境，所以选 B。 32. D：重复上述操作后，保护主义者可以建立一个所有或至少大部分个体的数据库，“database”（数据库）符合语境，“budget”（预算）、“schedule”（日程安排）、“blueprint”（蓝图）均不符合建立用于识别动物的信息库的语境，所以选 D。 33. A：收集的数据可以用于一系列目的，“purposes”（目的）符合语境，“experiments”（实验）、“solutions”（解决方案）、“services”（服务）在文中没有依据表明数据用于这些方面，所以选 A。 34. C：从脚印识别动物并非没有挑战，后文说明了原因，“challenges”（挑战）符合语境，“limitations”（限制）更侧重于本身的局限性，“losses”（损失）、“concerns”（担忧）不符合后文描述的因脚印变化带来的实际困难这一语境，所以选 C。 35. A：为了应对脚印因地面类型、湿度和移动等因素产生的变化，需要从不同表面收集多个脚印，“variations”（变化）符合语境，“signs”（迹象）、“factors”（因素）、“standards”（标准）均不符合语境，所以选 A。 （三） （2025年普陀区一模） Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B. C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In Indonesia, researchers recently captured a remarkable behavior on video. A wild ape named Rakus, with a deep wound on his cheek, was seen ___ 21___ a kind of leaves, chewing them up, and applying them to his injury. Surprisingly, the wound healed without infection. Studies reveal that these plants have medical properties, which likely ___ 22 ___ his recovery. Rakus's actions demonstrate a deep understanding of botany—a knowledge of plants few humans ___ 23 ___today. Although our collective knowledge of plant science grows, individual ___24 ___ of plants is declining. In modern life, while we still depend on plants for survival, fewer people find it necessary to know much about them___ 25 ___ . Most of us rely on botanists to identify and understand plants, trusting their expertise(专门知识)to ensure our wellbeing. However, the number of professional botanists is shrinking, and this___26 ___ has raised concerns within the field. The National Center for Education Statistics sounded an early alarm in 2015, noting that the number of botany degrees awarded in the United States had fallen below 400. While that number has since ___ 27 ___ slightly, with 489 degrees awarded in 2023, the number of institutions offering botany degrees continues to decline, from 76 in 2002 to 59 in 2023. "Botany Ph. Ds. are disappearing, " says Kathryn Parsley, a biologist who focuses on plants but didn't pursue a botany degree due to limited___28___. Funding shifts are a primary factor leading to botany's decline. The National Science Foundation (NSF), ___29___ , has moved its funding priorities away from traditional botany, ___30 ___ applied sciences with economic potential. This ___31 ___ impacts university funding decisions, leading many schools to reduce or eliminate botany programs. The declining ___32 ___ in botany is further driven by "plant blindness, "a phenomenon where people ignore plants in their environment, failing to recognize their importance. In the United States and the United Kingdom, as botany professors retire, they are often not ___33___ , leaving a gap in plant expertise. This ___34___ could become a pressing issue, particularly in sectors like ecological restoration, where plant identification skills are crucial. While some botanists believe the field is evolving rather than disappearing, the demand for plant knowledge remains critical. Proposed legislation, such as the Botany Bill in the U. S. , seeks to preserve plant expertise. ___35 ___ , the challenge of maintaining essential plant skills persists, highlighting the urgent need to recognize and address the value of botany. 21. A. covering B. absorbing C. harvesting D. skipping 22. A. accounted for B. put off C. took on D. resulted from 23. A. revise B. enhance C. subscribe D. possess 24. A. sampling B. understanding C. occupation D. organization 25. A. personally B. originally C. naturally D. joyfully 26. A. greed B. tradition C. impression D. trend 27. A. endured B. stimulated C. recovered D. discounted 28. A. edition B. availability C. research D. conservation 29. A. for instance B. for sure C. in case D. on the other hand 30. A. channeling B. equipping C. favoring D. blocking 31. A. entry B. combination C. comparison D. shift 32. A. interest B. emergence C. intention D. evidence 33. A. invited B. replaced C. registered D. involved 34. A. launch B. shortage C. motive D. pattern 35. A. Hence B. Moreover C. Meanwhile D. Nevertheless 答案： 21-25 CADBA 26-30 DCBAC 31-35 DABBD 文章大意 文章主要讲述了植物学领域面临的现状。在印度尼西亚，野生猿 Rakus 利用具有药用特性的植物治疗伤口，显示出对植物的深刻了解。然而，尽管人类对植物科学的集体知识在增长，但个体对植物的了解却在下降，专业植物学家数量也在减少。2015 年美国颁发的植物学学位数量下降，尽管 2023 年有所回升，但提供植物学学位的机构数量持续减少。资金转向是导致植物学衰落的主要因素，如美国国家科学基金会将资金优先投向具有经济潜力的应用科学，影响了大学对植物学项目的资金投入。此外，“植物盲” 现象使人们忽视植物重要性，导致植物学领域兴趣降低，植物学教授退休后常无人接替，造成专业知识缺口。尽管有人认为植物学在演变而非消失，且有相关立法试图保护植物学专业知识，但维持植物学关键技能的挑战依然严峻。 答案解析 21. C：根据后文 “chewing them up, and applying them to his injury” 可知，Rakus 是先 “采集” 一种叶子，然后咀嚼并敷在伤口上。“harvesting”（采集，收获）符合语境，“covering”（覆盖）、“absorbing”（吸收）、“skipping”（跳过）均不符合采集叶子这一动作，所以选 C。 22. A：研究表明这些植物具有药用特性，这很可能 “解释了” 他伤口愈合的原因。“accounted for”（解释，说明…… 的原因）符合语境，“put off”（推迟）、“took on”（承担，呈现）、“resulted from”（由…… 导致）均不符合，所以选 A。 23. D：Rakus 的行为展示了对植物学的深刻理解，这种关于植物的知识现在很少有人 “拥有”。“possess”（拥有）符合语境，“revise”（修订）、“enhance”（提高）、“subscribe”（订阅，同意）均不符合，所以选 D。 24. B：前文提到人类对植物科学的集体知识在增长，通过 “although” 转折可知，个体对植物的 “理解” 在下降。“understanding”（理解）符合语境，“sampling”（采样）、“occupation”（职业）、“organization”（组织）均不符合，所以选 B。 25. A：在现代生活中，虽然我们仍依赖植物生存，但很少有人觉得 “个人” 有必要深入了解它们。“personally”（个人地）符合语境，“originally”（最初地）、“naturally”（自然地）、“joyfully”（快乐地）均不符合，所以选 A。 26. D：专业植物学家数量减少这一 “趋势” 在该领域引发了担忧。“trend”（趋势）符合语境，“greed”（贪婪）、“tradition”（传统）、“impression”（印象）均不符合，所以选 D。 27. C：2015 年美国颁发的植物学学位数量降至 400 以下，从 “while” 可知，2023 年数量有所 “恢复”，达到 489 个。“recovered”（恢复）符合语境，“endured”（忍受）、“stimulated”（刺激）、“discounted”（打折）均不符合，所以选 C。 28. B：生物学家 Kathryn Parsley 因可获得的机会有限，没有攻读植物学学位。“availability”（可获得性）符合语境，“edition”（版本）、“research”（研究）、“conservation”（保护）均不符合，所以选 B。 29. A：此处以美国国家科学基金会为例说明资金转向是导致植物学衰落的主要因素，“for instance”（例如）符合语境，“for sure”（肯定地）、“in case”（万一）、“on the other hand”（另一方面）均不符合，所以选 A。 30. C：美国国家科学基金会将资金优先从传统植物学转移开，“青睐” 具有经济潜力的应用科学。“favoring”（青睐，偏爱）符合语境，“channeling”（引导）、“equipping”（装备）、“blocking”（阻碍）均不符合，所以选 C。 31. D：这种资金的 “转移” 影响了大学的资金决策。“shift”（转移）符合语境，前文提到资金优先方向的改变，“entry”（进入）、“combination”（结合）、“comparison”（比较）均不符合，所以选 D。 32. A：“植物盲” 现象进一步导致人们对植物学的 “兴趣” 下降。“interest”（兴趣）符合语境，“emergence”（出现）、“intention”（意图）、“evidence”（证据）均不符合，所以选 A。 33. B：在美国和英国，植物学教授退休后，往往没有被 “接替”，留下了植物专业知识的缺口。“replaced”（接替，取代）符合语境，“invited”（邀请）、“registered”（注册）、“involved”（涉及）均不符合，所以选 B。 34. B：上文提到教授退休后无人接替，这种 “短缺” 可能成为一个紧迫的问题。“shortage”（短缺）符合语境，“launch”（发射，发起）、“motive”（动机）、“pattern”（模式）均不符合，所以选 B。 35. D：虽然有立法试图保护植物学专业知识，但维持植物学关键技能的挑战依然存在，前后为转折关系。“Nevertheless”（然而）符合语境，“Hence”（因此）表因果，“Moreover”（此外）表递进，“Meanwhile”（同时）表并列，均不符合，所以选 D。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$