话题14 生活百科-【一战成名新中考】2025山东中考英语（鲁教版）·一轮复习·话题读写进阶训练优质课件PPT（讲册）

英语 1 2 第一部分 话题读写精讲练 范畴三 人与自然 话题14 生活百科 3 【教材单元链接】 人教 鲁教 八（下）U7世界的事实 八（下）U9有趣的地方 九（全）U6 茶、篮球的发展史 九（全）U8神秘的事物 八（上）U5世界的事实 八（上）U7有趣的地方 九（全）U3神秘的事物 4 Passage 1（2024广安） There is a small thing we use every day. We usually put . .1. . in the bathroom. If we don't use it, we might have tooth problems. Can you guess what it is? Yes, it's the toothbrush. But do you know . .2. . about its history? Before toothbrushes appeared, the ancient Chinese people . .3. . their teeth with some small tree branches（树枝）. About 800 years ago, people . .4. . a kind of toothbrushes with pig hair and bamboo. It might be the world's earliest form of toothbrushes. 5 As time went by, the form of toothbrushes . .5. .. For example, people didn't use pig hair to make toothbrushes . .6. . it was too hard. They began to use horse-tail hair which was much softer. Imagine that you travel back to hundreds of years ago and brush your teeth . .7. .. It sounds fantastic, doesn't it? Around the 15th century, the Chinese toothbrush found its way into Europe. It became . .8. . among local people soon. The . .9. . of toothbrushes was not as famous as that of paper-making, but it was very useless in daily life. Today we get into the good . .10. . of brushing teeth. We should thank the ancient Chinese for it. 1.( ) A. them B. they C. it D. its 2.( ) A. something B. anything C. somewhere D. anywhere 3.( ) A. cleaned B. broke C. took D. protected 4.( ) A. did B. repaired C. made D. showed 5.( ) A. appeared B. touched C. discovered D. changed 【解析】根据下文内容可知，人们不再用猪毛制作牙刷，可见牙刷的形式 发生了变化。 √ √ √ √ √ 7 6.( ) A. because B. so C. or D. but 7.( ) A. angrily B. hardly C. comfortably D. badly 8.( ) A. popular B. different C. strange D. boring 9.( ) A. action B. pollution C. tradition D. invention 【解析】根据下文内容可知，是牙刷的发明不如造纸出名。 10.( ) A. task B. habit C. result D. fact 【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了牙刷的发明过程和发展 历史。 √ √ √ √ √ 8 课标高频词句 1.a kind of______ 2.as time goes by______________ 3.brush one's teeth______ 4.find its way into______ 5.as famous as________________ 6.get into______ 一种 随着时间流逝 刷牙 传入 和……一样出名 养成 9 拓展提升练 1.文章出处In which part of a magazine can we probably read this passage? ___ A. Nature. B. Culture. C. Fashion. D. Health. 【解析】文章出处题。根据文章内容可知，本文主要讲述牙刷的发明过程 和发展历史，因此本文应在杂志的文化专题可以找到。 √ 10 2.Do you think toothbrushes are useful in your life? Why? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _________ Yes, I think they're useful. Because brushing my teeth every day can keep my mouth and teeth healthy. （开放性试题,答案不唯一,言之有理即可） Passage 2（2024济南） In the early 1900s, Austrian scientist Karl Von Frisch discovered the “waggle dance” of honey bees. They dance to communicate where to find food, showing an advanced form of communication. His discovery suggested that bees seem to “think” much like humans. Bees can count up to four and even use knowledge learned in one situation in new ones. This amazing ability they have is similar to that of a few mammals （like dolphins, rats, and some monkeys）—metacognition（元认知）. 12 Studying bees' brains is challenging, but scientists have found ways. One such scientist is Clint Perry from Queen Mary University of London. He designed experiments（实验） where bees chose between two spots, one above and one below a black bar. If they landed above, they got a sweet drink; below, a terrible one. Perry made the test easier or harder by moving the landing spots farther from or closer to the black bar. Perry found that bees avoided difficult tests and tried when it was easy, suggesting they can judge（判断） their chances of “passing”. This ability to make decisions according to their chances of success before is similar to how humans choose whether to take a test. However, Perry admits we can't be sure if bees are truly judging by their own knowledge or just avoiding an unpleasant taste. Although there is much uncertainty, the discovery of metacognition in bees opens up new possibilities. It suggests that bees' tiny brains may be quite capable（有能力的）. It could be that skills such as simple math and navigation take far less actual brainpower than we thought. While bees aren't as smart as mammals in memory and language, studying their brains could help us understand how our own brains process information. We may also have to rethink how we view the rest of the insect world. There are an awful lot of small insects flying around in the garden and crawling underground. Who knows what those tiny minds might be capable of? 1.Why do bees do the “waggle dance”? ___ A. To count numbers. B. To show their amazing dancing skills. C. To relax themselves. D. To communicate the location of food. √ 16 2.What may Clint Perry's experiments suggest about bees? ___ A. They are more intelligent than monkeys. B. They prefer sweet drinks to terrible ones. C. They can judge their chances of success in a task. D. They have excellent memory and language skills. √ 17 3.What is the value of studying bees' brains? ___ A. It helps us study human brains. B. It reminds us to protect animals. C. It improves our own math abilities. D. It shows bees are our good friends. √ 18 4.Why does the writer end the text with a question? ___ A. To add information about bees. B. To get readers interested in insects. C. To show doubts about the research. D. To express opinions about animal testing. 【解析】推理判断题。结合上文对于蜜蜂的测试，发现它们可能可以像人 类一样进行思考，作者在最后一段联想到其他昆虫，并提出疑问“谁知道 那些小脑袋能做出什么来呢？”，引起读者的思考——其他昆虫是否也有 自己的思想，同时引起读者对昆虫的兴趣。 √ 19 5.What is the text mainly about? ___ A. Bees' special communication skills. B. How bees process important information. C. The interesting “waggle dance” of bees. D. Bees' surprising abilities and intelligence. 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了科学家们对于蜜蜂 的研究，发现它们可能会像人类一样思考，它们拥有惊人的能力和智慧。 【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家通过实验发现蜜 蜂可能会像人类一样思考，做出明智的选择。 √ 20 课标高频词句 1.count up to______________ 2.be similar to________ 3.an awful lot of ________ 数到某个数字 类似于 大量的 21 Passage 3 How did people tell the time before clocks were invented? At first, the ancient people looked up at the sun and could tell it was the middle of the day when the sun was directly overhead in the sky. 1.___ E A. Each number stands for an hour of the day. B. Water dripped（滴落） slowly from one bowl into another. C. The sand falls from the top of the sand-glasses to the bottom. D. They can tell the time through the moonlight. E. They also knew when it was morning or evening. F. Sand-glasses can measure long amounts of the time. G. This would let people tell what time it was. 22 Later, the Egyptians used sticks. These sticks measured （测量） time during the day. The sun shone on the tall stick and the stick made a shadow（阴影）. As the sun moved across the sky, the position of the shadow changed. 2.___ Over time, the Chinese first used sundials（日晷） instead of G A. Each number stands for an hour of the day. B. Water dripped（滴落） slowly from one bowl into another. C. The sand falls from the top of the sand-glasses to the bottom. D. They can tell the time through the moonlight. E. They also knew when it was morning or evening. F. Sand-glasses can measure long amounts of the time. G. This would let people tell what time it was. shadow sticks. The sundial has a type of shadow stick on it. As the sun shines on it, a shadow appears on the numbers. 3.___ But sundials don't work at night or on a cloudy day! There are no shadows unless the sun is out. Water clocks used water to measure time at night. 4.___ The A B A. Each number stands for an hour of the day. B. Water dripped（滴落） slowly from one bowl into another. C. The sand falls from the top of the sand-glasses to the bottom. D. They can tell the time through the moonlight. E. They also knew when it was morning or evening. F. Sand-glasses can measure long amounts of the time. G. This would let people tell what time it was. level of the water in the bowls showed the time. People also used sand-glasses. You may have seen one. Some games still use sand-glasses. 5.___ It measures short amounts of the time. The more sand falls, the more time has passed. When the sand has finished falling, you have to turn the sand-glasses over. C A. Each number stands for an hour of the day. B. Water dripped（滴落） slowly from one bowl into another. C. The sand falls from the top of the sand-glasses to the bottom. D. They can tell the time through the moonlight. E. They also knew when it was morning or evening. F. Sand-glasses can measure long amounts of the time. G. This would let people tell what time it was. 1.___ E 【解析】根据上文可知，此处在说人们通过看太阳可以辨别时间。E项 “他们也知道什么时候是早晨，什么时候是晚上。”符合情境。 2.___ G 【解析】根据上文可知，随着太阳在天空中移动，影子的位置也发生了变 化。G项“这样人们就能知道时间了。”符合情境。 3.___ A 【解析】根据上文可知，当阳光照在上面时，数字上出现了阴影，此处谈 论的是在阳光照射下影子和数字的关系。A项“每个数字代表一天中的一 个小时。”符合情境。 26 4.___ B 【解析】根据上文可知，此处谈到了用水辨别时间的方法。B项“水慢慢 地从一个碗滴到另一个碗里。”符合情境。 5.___ C 【解析】根据上文可知，此处谈到的是人们使用沙漏来辨别时间，C项 “沙子从沙漏的顶部落到底部。”符合情境。 【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在钟表发明之前，人们 是怎样看时间的。 27 课标高频词句 1.look up at________________ 2.the middle of ____________ 3.instead of________ 4.stand for______ 抬头看；向上看 ……的中间 而不是 代表 28 Passage 4 Roman（罗马的） numbers are the number system with hundreds of years' history. They were created by the Romans with seven letters: I, V, X, L, C, D and M. Their meanings are as follows. Letter I V X L C D M Value 1 5 10 50 100 500 1,000 29 Hand signals（手势） may tell us how Roman numbers were invented. “I”, a single line, is one finger, and “V” means five fingers. “X” is two hands showing two fives with thumbs（拇指） crossed, like the shape “X”. 30 Roman numbers are read from left to right. The order of the letters is important. There are two main rules. If a letter comes before a letter of greater value, you use subtraction （减）. For example, IV is 4 and XC is 90. If one or more letters come after a letter of greater value, you add them. For example, XII is 12; CXIII means 113. 31 Roman numbers have played an important part in Roman times. People used them in everyday business, engineering and math. People in Europe kept using them until the 15th century. Later, people realized the Arabic（阿拉伯的） numbers were easier when they had to calculate （计算） larger numbers. Also, zero was not in the Roman number system. It was a big problem in math. 32 However, Roman numbers are still used on watches and clocks to show people the time. In the names of streets and buildings, you can also see them. Subjects like chemistry and music might still use them. Besides, they are used to refer to kings and queens, such as Queen Elizabeth II. While they are not the main number system in modern math, they are still around us. 33 1.根据文章内容回答问题。 【解析】根据表格中每个字母对应的数字以及第六段内容可知，L代表50， X代表10，V代表5，相加在一起就是65。故填65。 ①What is very important when you read a Roman number? ____________________________________ The order of the letters is important. ②What's the value of “LXV”? ____ 65. 34 2.根据上下文,写出画线单词“It”指代的内容。 __________________________________________ Zero was not in the Roman number system. 【解析】代词指代题。根据倒数第二段最后两句可知，零不在罗马数字系 统中。这是数学中的一个大问题。It指代零不在罗马数字系统中这件事。 35 3.根据文章最后一段填空,每空不超过三个单词。 Although people have used Arabic numbers instead of Roman numbers, Roman numbers ①_____________. We can still see them everywhere, such as on watches and clocks, in the names of ②___________________ ________, in the ③____________________ books. Also, they are used in the kings' and ④________ names. are still used streets and buildings chemistry and music queens' 【解析】根据最后一段第三句可知，化学和音乐等科目可能仍在使用罗马 数字。 【主旨大意】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍罗马数字的相关知识。 36 课标高频词句 1.hundreds of years' history ______________ 2.play an important part in____________________ 3.refer to______ 数百年的历史 在……中起重要作用 指代 37 Passage 5 For thousands of years, rice has been the main part of the Chinese diet. All over the country today, most people begin their day with a bowl of rice porridge in 1.____ morning. In fact, for many people, especially those in Southern China, no meal is complete without rice. These corns 2._______（real） have had a great influence on human lives across history and the world. Rice spread from China 3.___ other parts of the world long ago. It is said that more than two thousand years ago, Xu Fu 4._________ （send） by Emperor Qin Shihuang to search for the secret of long life. He took rice and 5._________（bring） it to the islands of Japan. the really to was sent brought 38 When rice reached Thailand, the country's rich soil and water allowed the plant 6._________（grow） well. Today, Thailand is famous for 7.____（it） own rice. Rice is so important to the Thai people that the 8._________（mean） of “to eat a meal” in the Thai language is “to eat rice”. When rice was introduced to Europe, it took root（生根发芽） in many 9.__________（country） along the Mediterranean coast（地中海沿 岸）. It has become a main part of local food. Dishes such as Italian risotto 10._____ Spanish paella have become symbols of these countries' food. And they are now popular around the world. to grow its meaning countries and 39 1.____ 2._______ 3.___ 4._________ 5._________ 6._________ 7.____ the really to was sent brought to grow its 【解析】泰国以自己的大米而闻名。横线后是名词短语，此处填形容词性 物主代词。 40 8._________ meaning 【解析】句意：米饭对泰国人来说是如此重要，以至于在泰语中“吃饭”的 意思是“吃米饭”。此处缺少名词，后面的内容是单数，故填名词单数形式。 9.__________ 10._____ countries and 【解析】句意：意大利烩饭、西班牙海鲜饭等菜肴已经成为这些国家食物 的象征。根据上文的“Dishes such as”可知此处列举了两道菜肴，是并列 关系。 41 【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了稻米在中国饮食中的重要 性，以及稻米如何从中国传播到世界各地，对各地饮食文化产生了深远影响。 42 课标高频词句 1.have a great influence on… ____________________ 2.search for ______ 3.be famous for… ______________ 4.so… that… ____________________ 5.become a main part of… ____________________ 对……有很大的影响 寻找 以……而闻名 如此……以至于…… 成为……的主要部分 43 拓展提升练 1.The text mainly tells us ___. A. how to grow rice B. the importance of rice C. delicious food in other countries D. the difficulty of growing rice 2.Why can rice grow well in Thailand? ________________________________________ Because Thailand has rich soil and water. √ 44 3.Dishes such as Italian risotto and Spanish paella have become symbols of these countries' food. （such as） 在公共场合大声说话是不礼貌的，比如在地铁上或电影院里。 仿写：__________________________________________________________ ________________________ It's impolite to talk too loudly in public, such as on the subway or in the cinema. 45 $$