第03讲 选择性必修三Unit 3 Back to the past 教材知识新课预习-【寒假自学课】2025年高二英语寒假提升精品讲义（译林版2020）

第03讲 Unit 3 Back to the past(选择必修三) 模块一 思维导图串知识 模块二 基础知识全梳理(吃透教材) 模块三 教材习题学解题 模块四 核心考点精准练 模块五 小试牛刀过关测 语言能力：理解和掌握表语从句的用法及功能，把握历史文章的语篇结构和语言特征； 文化意识：了解历史事件，反思历史，珍爱和平，树立人类命运共同体意识； 思维品质：能运用事实来阐释观点，提高思维能力； 学习能力：通过观察、比较和总结等手段，概括语篇的文体、语言和结构的特点。 单元知识点 单元词汇 1. on behalf of 代表(或代替)；为帮助，为了 [教材原句]Between 1405 and 1433，on behalf of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He made a total of seven voyages. 1405年到1433年期间，郑和代表明朝总共进行了七次航行。 (1)on behalf of 只能用作状语，表示“代表/代替某人” (2)represent用来表示“代表某人/某个团体/政府等”“某种标志代表什么”“某物(书、雕塑等)表现的是什么”和“把某人/物描绘成什么” (3)stand for 往往用来表示“(字母、数字、符号等)代表/象征什么” 2. load vt. & vi.装上，装入 n. 负载；承载量；大量 [教材原句]His ships were loaded with china, silk, tea and other treasures as gifts for foreign rulers, and the fleet paid friendly visits to more than 30 countries and regions. 他的船满载瓷器、丝绸、茶叶和其他奇珍异宝作为馈赠异邦君王的礼品，船队还对30多个国家和地区进行了友好访问。 (1)load...with... 用……装载…… (2)take a load off one's mind 打消某人的顾虑 (3)loads of＝a load of 许多；大量(修饰可数或不可数名词) [联想发散] load 装载 unload 卸下 pack 把……打包 unpack 打开(包裹等)取出 cover 覆盖；遮蔽 uncover 打开……的盖子 fold 折叠；对折 unfold 打开；展开 3. strengthen vt. & vi. 加强，增强 [教材原句]Zheng He's efforts helped develop and strengthen harmonious relations with these countries and regions, exposing foreign people to Chinese culture, and allowing the Chinese to better understand overseas lands. 郑和的努力有助于发展和巩固中国与这些国家和地区的和睦关系，促进中国文化的对外传播，也增进中国对海外诸邦的了解。 (1)strength n. [C]长处；强项；[U]力量；体力 build up one's strength/body 强身健体 with all one's strength 用尽全力 strengths and weaknesses 优点和缺点 (2)strong adj. 强壮的 4. dismiss vt. 不予考虑，对……不屑一提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散 [教材原句]For many years, some historians dismissed the records of these voyages as legends. 多年来，一些历史学家把这些航海记录当作传说而不予理会。 dismiss...as... 因认为……而不予以考虑 dismiss...from one's mind 从头脑中摒除……，不再考虑…… dismiss sb.from sth. 解除某人……职务 dismiss sb.for sth. 因某事解雇某人 5. acknowledge vt. 承认(权威、地位)；承认(属实)；(公开)感谢 [教材原句]Zheng He's accomplishments are now widely acknowledged，and he is remembered as one of China's most influential explorers. 郑和的成就现在受到广泛认可，他也作为中国最具影响力的探险家之一被世人铭记。 (1)acknowledge...to be/as... 承认……是/为…… acknowledge doing/having done sth. 承认做了某事 It is (widely) acknowledged that... 人们(普遍)认为…… (2)acknowledgement n. 承认；感谢；收件复函 in acknowledgement of 为感谢…… [名师点津]acknowledge 表示“承认做了某事”，其后可接动名词，也可接that从句，但通常不接不定式。 6. insist vi. & vt.坚决要求，坚持；坚持说 [教材原句]Columbus insisted on searching for a direct sea route to the East Indies by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean. 哥伦布决心横渡大西洋，开辟一条直通东印度群岛的航线。 insist on doing sth. 执意继续做 insist on/upon sth. 坚决要求 insist that... 坚持认为……；坚决要求…… [名师点津]insist that... (1)作“强调；坚持认为”时，从句用陈述语气； (2)作“坚持要求，坚决主张”时，后跟宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词要用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 7. panic n. 惊慌；恐慌vi. & vt. (使)惊慌，(使)惊慌失措 [教材原句]The men on board were in panic. 船上的人们都陷入了恐慌。 (1)in panic 惊慌失措地 get into a panic 陷入恐慌 (2)panic...into doing sth. 使……惊慌地做某事 [名师点津]注意panic的过去式和过去分词都是panicked。 8. convince vt. 使确信，使相信；说服，劝说 [教材原句]Columbus called the natives living on the islands Indians because he was convinced that he was in the East Indies. 哥伦布深信来到了东印度群岛，便将生活在岛上的土著人称为印第安人。 (1)convince sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事 convince sb.of sth. 使某人相信某事 convince sb.that... 使某人相信…… (2)convinced adj. 确信的；坚信不疑的 be convinced of sth. 确信；坚信；深信 be convinced that... 相信…… (3)convincing adj. 令人信服的；有说服力的 9. astonish vt. 使十分惊讶，使吃惊 [教材原句]The records show that the visitors were astonished by how rich and technologically advanced the Ming Dynasty was. 记录表明，来访者对明朝如此富有和技术上如此先进感到很震惊。 (1)It astonishes sb.that... 令某人惊讶的是…… (2)astonishing adj. 令人惊讶的 (3)astonished adj. 感到惊讶的 be astonished at/by sth. 因/对某事感到惊讶 be astonished to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶 (4)astonishment n. 惊讶；惊异 to one's astonishment令某人吃惊的是 in astonishment 惊讶地，惊奇地 10. abandon vt. 放弃；遗弃；抛弃；中止；使放纵；使听任n. 放任；放纵 [教材原句]After receiving the order to abandon ship, Louis saved more men from the water, dragging them into the lifeboat.在接到弃船的命令后，路易又从水里救上来更多的人，将他们拖到救生艇上。 (1)abandon oneself to... 沉湎于……；纵情于…… abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事 (2)with abandon 尽情地；放纵地 (3)abandoned adj. 被遗弃的；放纵的 be abandoned to 沉湎于…… 11. confusion n. 困惑，混乱 [教材原句]In the chaos and confusion after the attack, the US Navy sent a message to his family that Louis had been killed in the attack. 在袭击之后的混乱中，美国海军给他的家人送去消息，称路易已经在袭击中遇害。 (1)in confusion 困惑地，困窘地；乱七八糟，处于混乱状态 (2)confuse vt. 使糊涂，使迷惑，打乱，混淆 confuse...with... 把……和……混淆 (3)confused adj. 糊涂的，迷惑的 be/get confused about... 对……感到疑惑 (4)confusing adj. 难以理解的；使人困惑的 单元句型 1. with的宾语补足语 [教材原句]A fleet of over 200 ships navigated the blue seas, with almost 28,000 people on board, which was a splendid scene. 一支由200多艘船只组成的船队在蓝色的大海上航行，船上有近2.8万人，场面十分壮观。 [名师点津] (1)在with复合结构中，现在分词作宾语补足语时强调动作正在进行，且宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。 (2)及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时表示被动与完成，且宾语补足语与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系；不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时，只表示动作已完成。 (3)动词不定式作宾语补足语时表示一个还未发生的动作。 2. 现在分词作状语 [教材原句]Zheng He's efforts helped develop and strengthen harmonious relations with these countries and regions, exposing foreign people to Chinese culture, and allowing the Chinese to better understand overseas lands. 郑和的努力有助于发展和巩固中国与这些国家和地区的和睦关系，促进中国文化的对外传播，也增进中国对海外诸邦的了解。 (1)现在分词(短语)作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句。 (2)现在分词作状语时，句子主语是现在分词动作的执行者，主语与现在分词是主动关系。 (3)现在分词(短语)作状语，含有一般式(doing)、完成式(having done)以及完成被动式(having been done)。 (4)一般情况下，现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语；如果作状语的分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，分词就要带上自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。 (2)现在分词(短语)充当结果状语时，常指自然而然的结果，不定式(短语)也可充当结果状语，常指出乎意料的结果。 【巩固练习】 I.根据句意或所给提示词用适当形式填空。 1. C________ to popular belief, animals do not often attack humans. 2. I tried to c________ him to change his mind, but he wouldn’t listen.　 3. He is widely a________ to be one of the greatest scientists in the world. 4. The ground shook so v________ that the little girl was extremely terrified. 5. They said goodbye to him as he got a________ the train at the railway station. 6. He grabbed her arm and ________(硬拽) her out of the room. 7. Computers can be used to ________(使便利) language learning. 8. The different parts of the picture form a ________(和谐的) whole. 9. Carly’s parents are ________(祈祷) that the operation will succeed. 10. He just laughed and ________(不予考虑) my proposal as unrealistic. II.根据句意选择方框中所给短语并用适当形式填空。 on behalf of　 insist on　 be loaded with in chaos contrary to　 allow for　 regardless of 1. The volunteers aim to help victims of disasters ________________ their race or nationality.   2. When arranging our work, we should ________________ unforeseen circumstances.   3. ________________ the Students’ Union, I’m writing to invite you to give us a speech on Chinese history.   4. If your diet ________________ vegetables, fruits, whole grains and beans, you’ll be getting a lot of fiber.   5. She ________________ being present at all the interviews although she was not herself.   Ⅲ.完成句子 1. We should adopt a positive attitude towards life so we should stand up bravely ________________________. 我们应该对生活采取积极的态度，所以我们要勇敢地从跌倒之处站起来。 2. ________________________ our honour be saved！(部分倒装) 只有这样才能保住我们的荣誉！ 3. ________________________, we visited the splendid statue. 在当地导游的带领下，我们参观了这座宏伟的雕像。 4. The old lady stood by the door, ________________________.(现在分词作状语) 那位老妇人站在门口，朝外面看着，感到很忧伤。 5. The play ________________________ was a big success.(过去分词作定语) 老师们表演的戏剧很成功。 单元语法 表语从句 考点1 that引导的表语从句 that引导表语从句时仅起连接作用，无任何意义，在从句中不作任何成分，但不可省略。如果主句的主语是表示建议、命令等的名词(如advice，suggestion，proposal，order等)，那么表语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 考点2 whether引导的表语从句 whether引导表语从句时起连接作用，意为“是否”，但在从句中不作任何成分。注意：if 不能引导表语从句。 考点3 连接代词引导的表语从句 连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which等引导表语从句时，除了在句子中起连接作用外，还在从句中作成分。 考点4 连接副词引导的表语从句 连接副词where, when, why, how 等引导表语从句时，除在句中起连接作用外，还在从句中充当地点、时间、原因、方式等状语，本身有词义。 考点5 as if/as though引导的表语从句 as if/as though引导的表语从句常置于系动词look, seem，sound，be，become，feel等后面。 考点6 表语从句的特殊句式 1. This/That/It is/was because...这/那是因为…… 句中because引导表语从句，this/that/it表示结果，从句表示原因。 2. This/That/It is/was why...这/那就是……的原因。 句中why引导表语从句，this/that/it表示原因，从句表示结果。 3. The reason why...is/was that...……的原因是…… 句中why引导的定语从句修饰先行词reason，that引导表语从句。 【巩固练习】 (1)This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. (2)The trouble is ________ I am anxious to find my microscope, but it is nowhere to be found. (3)Peter showed me that what matters is ________ you convey your own passion. (4)What the doctors really doubt is ________ the infection disease can be brought under control. (5)The reason ________ he felt frustrated was ________ he didn’t attain his goal. (6)My suggestion is ________ we should try our best to make our dreams become a reality. (7)The key is ________ I can find a vegetable oil rich in essential fatty acids. (8)The doctor’s advice is ________ you should build up your strength. (9)The question is ________ will come to help us overcome the difficulty. (10)—Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game? —Oh, that’s ________ makes me feel frustrated. 单元写作 写一篇介绍历史书籍的文章 本单元的写作任务是介绍一篇历史书籍的文章。介绍历史书籍,首先要介绍书的内容,其次是写作特点、书的作用和影响以及你对书的评价和看法。总之,要从不同角度让读者对书籍有个全面的了解。 典题分析 　假定你是李华,你的留学生朋友Tom喜欢中国历史,请你给他写封信,介绍《上下五千年》这本通俗历史书。 内容如下: 1.写信目的; 2.简单介绍一下这本书; 3.表达希望。 注意:词数80左右。 【语篇解读】 体裁：应用文推荐信 时态：一般现在时为主 人称：第三人称为主 框架：第一段：说明写信的目的 第二段：具体介绍历史书籍。 第三段：表达希望。 【参考范文】 Dear Tom, Learning that you show great interest in Chinese history, I’d like to recommend Five Thousand Years to you, which is a popular history book about Chinese history. 　　It is written in simple Chinese and the figures and events in it are vividly portrayed.This book is very suitable for you to learn about Chinese history and I’m sure it will help you have a good command of Chinese history. I hope this book can be of great help for you to learn more about Chinese history as well as Chinese people. Yours, Li Hua [写作迁移] 假定你叫李华。你的英国笔友Peter发来邮件，请你帮忙找一本介绍秦始皇的书籍，以便于他写有关中国历史人物的论文。请回复一封邮件，内容包括： 1. 已找到并邮寄书籍； 2. 注意归还时间。 参考词汇：秦始皇Emperor Qin Shi Huang 注意: 1. 词数100左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 考点1 on behalf of 代表(或代替)；为帮助，为了 1. A: The president can’t be here today, so I’m going to speak on behalf of him. (句型转换) B: The president can’t be here today, so I’m going to speak ________________. 2. I am so honored. I am here to give a speech on behalf of our school. (将句子合并成一句) ________________________________________________________________ 考点2 load vt. & vi. 装上，装入 n. 负载；承载量；大量 1. His ships ________(load) with china, silk, tea and other treasures as gifts for foreign rulers, and the fleet paid friendly visits ________ more than 30 countries and regions. (所给词的适当形式填空) 2. He took over the union when it was loaded ________ debts. 3. ________(load) with so much homework, many students come to be tired of school. 考点3 strengthen vt. & vi. 加强，增强 1. We look forward to ________(strength) our already close cooperation with you. 2. ________(strength) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media. 3. Sleeping ________(strength) knowledge that is lost during the day and prevents it from being lost further. 考点4 dismiss vt. 不予考虑，对……不屑一提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散 1. He sat there while I made the case for his ________(dismiss). 2. I did not sleep much. A feeling of unreality could not ________(dismiss)from my mind. 3. But the problem should not ________(dismiss)out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. 4. Our English teacher, having explained to us how to design a project, allowed us a whole week’s preparation and then ________(dismiss) the class. 考点5 acknowledge vt. 承认(权威、地位)；承认(属实)；(公开)感谢 1. He acknowledged ________(defeat) publicly by his friend in the game, which made us surprised. 2. It ________(acknowledge) that it is human activity that has caused global warming. 3. It is universally ________(acknowledge) that our natural resources are destroyed seriously. 4. It’s generally ________(acknowledge) that education shouldn’t be measured only by examination results. 5. Messi is acknowledged to be the best football player in the world. (句型转换) ________ ________ ________ that Messi is the best football player in the world. 6. People acknowledge that the film is instructive and full of emotion. (同义转换) ________ ________ ________ ________   the film is instructive and full of emotion. 考点6 insist vi. & vt. 坚决要求，坚持；坚持说 1. I wanted to walk to the station, but he insisted on ________(drive) me there. 2. I insisted that a doctor ________(send) for immediately. 3. He insist on ________(give) them another two days. 4. He insisted that he ________(do) nothing wrong and he not ________(punish). 5. He insisted that I (should) go with him. (句型转换) He insisted ________ ________ ________ with him. 考点7 convince vt. 使确信，使相信；说服，劝说 1. I ________(convince) that through tireless efforts, you will make rapid progress. 2. It is ________(convince) that emojis have become more and more popular in modern world. 3. We have been trying to convince him ________(tackle) the problem in this way in the past few days. 4. It is really hard for the public ________(convince) of the necessity and immediacy of social reforms. 考点8 astonish vt. 使十分惊讶，使吃惊 1. To our ________(astonish), she managed to solve the extremely difficult math problem in just a few minutes. 2. They were ________(astonish) at the extraordinary beauty of the picture. 3. From the ________ look on his face I can see how ________ it is as one has ever thought of this before. (astonish) 4. It astonished us that they had reached the North Pole. (同义句转换) →________________________, they had reached the North Pole. 5. It astonished us that he made such a thoughtless mistake. (同义句转换) ＝________ ________ ________, he made such a thoughtless mistake. 6. We were astonished that the temple was still in its original condition. ________ ________ ________ was that the temple was still in its original condition. (用主语从句) ________ ________ ________ that the temple was still in its original condition. (用It做形式主语) 考点9 confusion n. 困惑，混乱 1. I don’t know exactly on which day father’s day falls, the day changes, I feel totally ________(confuse). 2. If you are________(confuse) about this math problem, you can turn to Tom for help. 3. The ________ problem made all people present at the meeting ________. (confuse) 4. She was a little ________(confuse) and asked him once again what he had seen. 考点10 现在分词作状语 1. A terrible fire broke out last night, ________(leave) many buildings seriously damaged. 2. Jean, ________(not know) where to f ind the magazine, asked her mother where it was. 3. ________(not f ind) the missing boy, they had to stay there for another two weeks. 4. After he finished all his homework, he went to bed. (用动词-ing形式改写句子) ________________________, he went to bed. 5. If you are more patient, you can expect a happy ending. (用动词-ing形式改写句子) ________________________, you can expect a happy ending. 考点11 表语从句 1. Jane attends Opportunities Academy, a program for young adults with disabilities. This was ________ they learned about how to care about others. (用适当的词填空) 2. What worries the patient is ________ the medical treatment might have side effects on his digestive system. 3. What John Snow suspected was ________ the water pump was to blame. 4. The problem is ________ method we should adopt to solve this complex problem. 一、阅读理解 Exploration of the past, when purposefully directed, improves our grasp on our condition today, whether the focus is on the individual or on the social context more generally. In fact, history offers the most comprehensive opportunity available to evaluate the human experience and determine the trends that are currently shaping our lives. This approach requires a few preparations, before engaging in the main tasks of exploring some of the key opportunities. First, many people already see history as a source of both enlightenment and pleasure. They read biographies, or other accounts of the past, or probe their own family experience to provide better understanding of their own lives. Their goals may be improvement of identity: how history helps illustrate the experiences of social groups; or a delight in exploring some of the achievements of the past that enhance appreciation of the present — the glories of the Renaissance, perhaps, or the successful struggles for fuller recognition of human rights, or the wisdom of the Founding Fathers; or examination of past challenges that were ultimately overcome, which offers some balance to contemporary gloom-and-doom. Whatever the particular pleasures, including history as part of the enjoyment of life inspires a host of readers, a wealth of local history societies, and the strong interest of many retiree learning groups in highlighting the history offerings available. Second, urging history as a contributor to well-being requires recognition that the most conventional exposure to the study of the past — the school classroom — is not always a pleasant memory, despite the real enthusiasm that good history teachers continue to generate. The history that contributes to human flourishing is not an accumulation of facts to be memorized or an emphasis on the wars, kings, and presidencies. For some, using the real opportunity to gain new opinions on the human condition involves giving history, a somewhat different kind of history — a second chance. 1. What determines the trends in our lives according to Paragraph 1? A. Exploration. B. History. C. Improvement. D. Accumulation. 2. What does the underlined word “probe” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. To explore. B. To evaluate. C. To gain. D. To illustrate. 3. Who are most likely to be encouraged when taking history as part of the joy of life? A. Founding Fathers. B. Social contributors. C. Local history societies. D. Retired historians. 4. What is the real opportunity mentioned in the last paragraph? A. Urge history to contribute. B. Generate enthusiastic teachers. C. Memorize historical facts. D. See history with new eyes. 二、七选五 The history of the school bus can date back to 1886 when the Wayne Works company made horse-drawn carriages (四轮马车) known as “ school wagons” or “kid hacks” in Indiana. 1 In the early 1900s, the car industry was beginning to develop fast. 2 The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines. But the design remained mostly the same as that of the previous ones, with students sitting along the walls of the bus while facing inside. In 1927, a man built the first bus that primarily used steel. Before long, Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body with safety glass windows. 3 This led to a turning point in the history of the school bus in 1939, when a conference was organised at Manhattan College to develop school bus standards. Many new national standards were created, determining everything from seating designs to the famous yellow color that school buses still sport today. The reason why the color was chosen was simple. 4 The color is especially easy to see in the early morning and evening light when school buses usually operate. 5 For example, a variety of changes have been made to enable the school bus to not only be safer but also have better fuel(燃料) economy, be easier to drive, etc. The most creative approach among all of these is probably a kind of stop signal arm that warns traffic of a stop in progress, which states began to require in the early 1950s. A. Horses were easy to control. B. Not all chose to paint their buses yellow. C. Yellow is quite eye-catching to human beings. D. Before then, many children simply walked to school. E. Now, school buses have had many more improvements. F. Still, parents were increasingly concerned for children’s safety. G. This gave Wayne Works a great opportunity to improve its carriages. 三、完形填空 History’s first empire rose out of a hot, dry landscape, without rainfall for crops, without trees or stones for building. In spite of all this, its people built the world’s first cities, with monumental architecture and large populations — and they built them 1 out of mud. Sumer 2 the southern part of modern Iraq in the region called Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia means “between two rivers” — the Tigris and the Euphrates. Around 5000 BCE, early Sumerians used channels and dams to 3 river water and farm large areas of previously 4 land. Agricultural communities like this were slowly 5 in Mesopotamia. But Sumerians were the first to take the 6 step. Using 7 made from river mud, they began to build multi-storied homes and temples. Those clay bricks gave rise to the world’s first 8 , like Uruk, Ur, and Eridu, probably around 4500 BCE. The Sumerians created the first 9 system, designed to teach the ability of writing. In the schools, people studied from dawn to dusk, from 10 well into adulthood. They 11 accounting, mathematics, and copied works of literature. But by the third millennium(千年) BCE, Sumer was no longer the 12 empire around, or even in Mesopotamia. Waves of nomadic(游牧) tribes poured into the 13 from the north and east. In 2300 BCE, the Sumerian Empire was conquered and 14 . Afterward, Sumer disappeared back into the desert dirt, not to be 15 until the 19th century. 1. A. permanently B. quickly C. patiently D. entirely 2. A. occupied B. destroyed C. lost D. attacked 3. A. separate B. interrupt C. redirect D. freeze 4. A. dry B. royal C. awesome D. rich 5. A. wearing down B. springing up C. rising up D. breaking down 6. A. next B. last C. slow D. same 7. A. equipment B. basins C. walls D. bricks 8. A. emperors B. universities C. cities D. palaces 9. A. law B. school C. construction D. labour 10. A. society B. childhood C. community D. parenthood 11. A. invented B. dismissed C. learned D. preserved 12. A. only B. safe C. weak D. reliable 13. A. region B. center C. river D. farm 14. A. strengthened B. saved C. surrounded D. overturned 15. A. rebuilt B. relocated C. rediscovered D. reunited 四、语法填空 With a history of more than 5000 years, the Chinese nation has created a splendid Chinese civilization and made outstanding 1 (contribute) to mankind. After the Opium War, China sank into the dark situation of internal turmoil(混乱) and foreign invasion, 2 suffered deeply from the experience of constant wars and disintegrated country. At the critical moment, the Chinese activists found 3 solution to China’s problems from the scientific truth of Marxism-Leninism. 4 August 1921, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China was transferred from Shanghai to Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, and concluded 5 (success) on a boat in the South Lake. A great party 6 (name) the Communist Party of China was born on a small boat. Since then, the Communist Party of China 7 (lead) the boat of the revolution so that the Chinese revolution took on a new look. 8 the red boat represents and reveals is the height of the times, the direction of development, and the light of progress. Over the past 100 years, the “Red Boat Spirit” has always been encouraging the Communist Party of China 9 (walk) in the forefront of times, be the 10 (courage) sailor and lead the course, constantly achieving one victory after another in revolution, construction and reform. 五、写作 1.应用文写作 假定你叫李华，你与班上来自英国的交换生Mike约定周日去购买他喜欢的中国历史书籍，但你临时有事 不能赴约。请你给他写一封邮件说明情况，内容包括： 1.表示你的歉意； 2. 解释失约原因； 3.重新约定时间。 注意：1.词数100左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 读后续写 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 I love digging in the back garden. Sometimes, I’d dig for pottery and stuff, but I’ve always wanted to find a fossil(化石). I like finding out about the past. At school, my favourite subject is history. I’ve been watching Andy’s Prehistoric Adventures since I was three. I knew I had a good chance of finding a fossil, because my house was built on a muddy, limestone substrate(石灰岩基质), in Walsall, which means millions of years ago, my garden wasn’t my garden at all—it was a coral reef(珊瑚礁). On 22 March, it was a sunny day. I came back from school. I asked Dad if I could dig in my favourite spot by the yellow bush near our house, where we had planted potatoes and onions, but he told me not to, because he’d just moved a tree there and it was establishing roots. I went to the back garden instead, taking Dad’s old brown wooden garden tools. I dug a big hole, about a foot deep, which didn’t take very long, where I found a ball of mud with something pointy sticking out the top. I ran into the kitchen screaming. I was so excited. I knew it was a fossil. At first, I thought it might be a deer’s tooth or a goat’s claw. When Dad washed the mud off, we saw that it had lots of bumpy, wavy lines; we both thought it looked like one of the sea anemones, from the fish tank in his office, but with a horn(触角). Dad sent a video to the Fossil Finds UK Facebook group. A man calling himself an archaeologist(考古学家) replied saying it had the markings of a horn coral from the Palaeozoic era, which is the very beginnings of life on Earth. I had found one of the oldest fossils in England. We looked in my books and online for more information. We typed our postcode into a British Geology Survey search where you can find out what you’re standing on—ours is the oldest substrate in the area, with lots of clay and limestone, but it’s unusual to find anything so close to the surface. Experts told us that my horn coral lived between 415 million and 480 million years ago. There weren’t even proper fish or sharks then. 注意： 1. 续写词数应为150左右； 2. 请按如下格式作答。 Before the horn coral, the only fossils I was familiar with were shark teeth that Dad got me. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ When I grow up, I want to be an archaeologist (考古学家). ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 14 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第03讲 Unit 3 Back to the past(选择必修三) 模块一 思维导图串知识 模块二 基础知识全梳理(吃透教材) 模块三 教材习题学解题 模块四 核心考点精准练 模块五 小试牛刀过关测 语言能力：理解和掌握表语从句的用法及功能，把握历史文章的语篇结构和语言特征； 文化意识：了解历史事件，反思历史，珍爱和平，树立人类命运共同体意识； 思维品质：能运用事实来阐释观点，提高思维能力； 学习能力：通过观察、比较和总结等手段，概括语篇的文体、语言和结构的特点。 单元知识点 单元词汇 1. on behalf of 代表(或代替)；为帮助，为了 [教材原句]Between 1405 and 1433，on behalf of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He made a total of seven voyages. 1405年到1433年期间，郑和代表明朝总共进行了七次航行。 (1)on behalf of 只能用作状语，表示“代表/代替某人” (2)represent用来表示“代表某人/某个团体/政府等”“某种标志代表什么”“某物(书、雕塑等)表现的是什么”和“把某人/物描绘成什么” (3)stand for 往往用来表示“(字母、数字、符号等)代表/象征什么” 2. load vt. & vi.装上，装入 n. 负载；承载量；大量 [教材原句]His ships were loaded with china, silk, tea and other treasures as gifts for foreign rulers, and the fleet paid friendly visits to more than 30 countries and regions. 他的船满载瓷器、丝绸、茶叶和其他奇珍异宝作为馈赠异邦君王的礼品，船队还对30多个国家和地区进行了友好访问。 (1)load...with... 用……装载…… (2)take a load off one's mind 打消某人的顾虑 (3)loads of＝a load of 许多；大量(修饰可数或不可数名词) [联想发散] load 装载 unload 卸下 pack 把……打包 unpack 打开(包裹等)取出 cover 覆盖；遮蔽 uncover 打开……的盖子 fold 折叠；对折 unfold 打开；展开 3. strengthen vt. & vi. 加强，增强 [教材原句]Zheng He's efforts helped develop and strengthen harmonious relations with these countries and regions, exposing foreign people to Chinese culture, and allowing the Chinese to better understand overseas lands. 郑和的努力有助于发展和巩固中国与这些国家和地区的和睦关系，促进中国文化的对外传播，也增进中国对海外诸邦的了解。 (1)strength n. [C]长处；强项；[U]力量；体力 build up one's strength/body 强身健体 with all one's strength 用尽全力 strengths and weaknesses 优点和缺点 (2)strong adj. 强壮的 4. dismiss vt. 不予考虑，对……不屑一提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散 [教材原句]For many years, some historians dismissed the records of these voyages as legends. 多年来，一些历史学家把这些航海记录当作传说而不予理会。 dismiss...as... 因认为……而不予以考虑 dismiss...from one's mind 从头脑中摒除……，不再考虑…… dismiss sb.from sth. 解除某人……职务 dismiss sb.for sth. 因某事解雇某人 5. acknowledge vt. 承认(权威、地位)；承认(属实)；(公开)感谢 [教材原句]Zheng He's accomplishments are now widely acknowledged，and he is remembered as one of China's most influential explorers. 郑和的成就现在受到广泛认可，他也作为中国最具影响力的探险家之一被世人铭记。 (1)acknowledge...to be/as... 承认……是/为…… acknowledge doing/having done sth. 承认做了某事 It is (widely) acknowledged that... 人们(普遍)认为…… (2)acknowledgement n. 承认；感谢；收件复函 in acknowledgement of 为感谢…… [名师点津]acknowledge 表示“承认做了某事”，其后可接动名词，也可接that从句，但通常不接不定式。 6. insist vi. & vt.坚决要求，坚持；坚持说 [教材原句]Columbus insisted on searching for a direct sea route to the East Indies by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean. 哥伦布决心横渡大西洋，开辟一条直通东印度群岛的航线。 insist on doing sth. 执意继续做 insist on/upon sth. 坚决要求 insist that... 坚持认为……；坚决要求…… [名师点津]insist that... (1)作“强调；坚持认为”时，从句用陈述语气； (2)作“坚持要求，坚决主张”时，后跟宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词要用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 7. panic n. 惊慌；恐慌vi. & vt. (使)惊慌，(使)惊慌失措 [教材原句]The men on board were in panic. 船上的人们都陷入了恐慌。 (1)in panic 惊慌失措地 get into a panic 陷入恐慌 (2)panic...into doing sth. 使……惊慌地做某事 [名师点津]注意panic的过去式和过去分词都是panicked。 8. convince vt. 使确信，使相信；说服，劝说 [教材原句]Columbus called the natives living on the islands Indians because he was convinced that he was in the East Indies. 哥伦布深信来到了东印度群岛，便将生活在岛上的土著人称为印第安人。 (1)convince sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事 convince sb.of sth. 使某人相信某事 convince sb.that... 使某人相信…… (2)convinced adj. 确信的；坚信不疑的 be convinced of sth. 确信；坚信；深信 be convinced that... 相信…… (3)convincing adj. 令人信服的；有说服力的 9. astonish vt. 使十分惊讶，使吃惊 [教材原句]The records show that the visitors were astonished by how rich and technologically advanced the Ming Dynasty was. 记录表明，来访者对明朝如此富有和技术上如此先进感到很震惊。 (1)It astonishes sb.that... 令某人惊讶的是…… (2)astonishing adj. 令人惊讶的 (3)astonished adj. 感到惊讶的 be astonished at/by sth. 因/对某事感到惊讶 be astonished to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶 (4)astonishment n. 惊讶；惊异 to one's astonishment令某人吃惊的是 in astonishment 惊讶地，惊奇地 10. abandon vt. 放弃；遗弃；抛弃；中止；使放纵；使听任n. 放任；放纵 [教材原句]After receiving the order to abandon ship, Louis saved more men from the water, dragging them into the lifeboat.在接到弃船的命令后，路易又从水里救上来更多的人，将他们拖到救生艇上。 (1)abandon oneself to... 沉湎于……；纵情于…… abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事 (2)with abandon 尽情地；放纵地 (3)abandoned adj. 被遗弃的；放纵的 be abandoned to 沉湎于…… 11. confusion n. 困惑，混乱 [教材原句]In the chaos and confusion after the attack, the US Navy sent a message to his family that Louis had been killed in the attack. 在袭击之后的混乱中，美国海军给他的家人送去消息，称路易已经在袭击中遇害。 (1)in confusion 困惑地，困窘地；乱七八糟，处于混乱状态 (2)confuse vt. 使糊涂，使迷惑，打乱，混淆 confuse...with... 把……和……混淆 (3)confused adj. 糊涂的，迷惑的 be/get confused about... 对……感到疑惑 (4)confusing adj. 难以理解的；使人困惑的 单元句型 1. with的宾语补足语 [教材原句]A fleet of over 200 ships navigated the blue seas, with almost 28,000 people on board, which was a splendid scene. 一支由200多艘船只组成的船队在蓝色的大海上航行，船上有近2.8万人，场面十分壮观。 [名师点津] (1)在with复合结构中，现在分词作宾语补足语时强调动作正在进行，且宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。 (2)及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时表示被动与完成，且宾语补足语与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系；不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时，只表示动作已完成。 (3)动词不定式作宾语补足语时表示一个还未发生的动作。 2. 现在分词作状语 [教材原句]Zheng He's efforts helped develop and strengthen harmonious relations with these countries and regions, exposing foreign people to Chinese culture, and allowing the Chinese to better understand overseas lands. 郑和的努力有助于发展和巩固中国与这些国家和地区的和睦关系，促进中国文化的对外传播，也增进中国对海外诸邦的了解。 (1)现在分词(短语)作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句。 (2)现在分词作状语时，句子主语是现在分词动作的执行者，主语与现在分词是主动关系。 (3)现在分词(短语)作状语，含有一般式(doing)、完成式(having done)以及完成被动式(having been done)。 (4)一般情况下，现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语；如果作状语的分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，分词就要带上自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。 (2)现在分词(短语)充当结果状语时，常指自然而然的结果，不定式(短语)也可充当结果状语，常指出乎意料的结果。 【巩固练习】 I.根据句意或所给提示词用适当形式填空。 1. C________ to popular belief, animals do not often attack humans. 2. I tried to c________ him to change his mind, but he wouldn’t listen.　 3. He is widely a________ to be one of the greatest scientists in the world. 4. The ground shook so v________ that the little girl was extremely terrified. 5. They said goodbye to him as he got a________ the train at the railway station. 6. He grabbed her arm and ________(硬拽) her out of the room. 7. Computers can be used to ________(使便利) language learning. 8. The different parts of the picture form a ________(和谐的) whole. 9. Carly’s parents are ________(祈祷) that the operation will succeed. 10. He just laughed and ________(不予考虑) my proposal as unrealistic. 【答案】 1.Contrary　 2. convince　 3. acknowledged　 4. violently 5. aboard　 6. dragged　 7. facilitate　 8. harmonious 9. praying　 10. dismissed II.根据句意选择方框中所给短语并用适当形式填空。 on behalf of　 insist on　 be loaded with in chaos contrary to　 allow for　 regardless of 1. The volunteers aim to help victims of disasters ________________ their race or nationality.   2. When arranging our work, we should ________________ unforeseen circumstances.   3. ________________ the Students’ Union, I’m writing to invite you to give us a speech on Chinese history.   4. If your diet ________________ vegetables, fruits, whole grains and beans, you’ll be getting a lot of fiber.   5. She ________________ being present at all the interviews although she was not herself.   【答案】 1.regardless of 2. allow for 3. On behalf of 4. is loaded with 5. insisted on Ⅲ.完成句子 1. We should adopt a positive attitude towards life so we should stand up bravely ________________________. 我们应该对生活采取积极的态度，所以我们要勇敢地从跌倒之处站起来。 2. ________________________ our honour be saved！(部分倒装) 只有这样才能保住我们的荣誉！ 3. ________________________, we visited the splendid statue. 在当地导游的带领下，我们参观了这座宏伟的雕像。 4. The old lady stood by the door, ________________________.(现在分词作状语) 那位老妇人站在门口，朝外面看着，感到很忧伤。 5. The play ________________________ was a big success.(过去分词作定语) 老师们表演的戏剧很成功。 【答案】 1. where we fall down 2. Only in this way can 3. With a local guide guiding us 4. looking outside and feeling sad 5. put on by the teacher 单元语法 表语从句 考点1 that引导的表语从句 that引导表语从句时仅起连接作用，无任何意义，在从句中不作任何成分，但不可省略。如果主句的主语是表示建议、命令等的名词(如advice，suggestion，proposal，order等)，那么表语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 考点2 whether引导的表语从句 whether引导表语从句时起连接作用，意为“是否”，但在从句中不作任何成分。注意：if 不能引导表语从句。 考点3 连接代词引导的表语从句 连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which等引导表语从句时，除了在句子中起连接作用外，还在从句中作成分。 考点4 连接副词引导的表语从句 连接副词where, when, why, how 等引导表语从句时，除在句中起连接作用外，还在从句中充当地点、时间、原因、方式等状语，本身有词义。 考点5 as if/as though引导的表语从句 as if/as though引导的表语从句常置于系动词look, seem，sound，be，become，feel等后面。 考点6 表语从句的特殊句式 1. This/That/It is/was because...这/那是因为…… 句中because引导表语从句，this/that/it表示结果，从句表示原因。 2. This/That/It is/was why...这/那就是……的原因。 句中why引导表语从句，this/that/it表示原因，从句表示结果。 3. The reason why...is/was that...……的原因是…… 句中why引导的定语从句修饰先行词reason，that引导表语从句。 【巩固练习】 (1)This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. (2)The trouble is ________ I am anxious to find my microscope, but it is nowhere to be found. (3)Peter showed me that what matters is ________ you convey your own passion. (4)What the doctors really doubt is ________ the infection disease can be brought under control. (5)The reason ________ he felt frustrated was ________ he didn’t attain his goal. (6)My suggestion is ________ we should try our best to make our dreams become a reality. (7)The key is ________ I can find a vegetable oil rich in essential fatty acids. (8)The doctor’s advice is ________ you should build up your strength. (9)The question is ________ will come to help us overcome the difficulty. (10)—Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game? —Oh, that’s ________ makes me feel frustrated. 【答案】 (1) what (2) that (3) how (4) whether (5) why, that (6) that (7) where/whether/how (8) that (9) who (10) what 单元写作 写一篇介绍历史书籍的文章 本单元的写作任务是介绍一篇历史书籍的文章。介绍历史书籍,首先要介绍书的内容,其次是写作特点、书的作用和影响以及你对书的评价和看法。总之,要从不同角度让读者对书籍有个全面的了解。 典题分析 　假定你是李华,你的留学生朋友Tom喜欢中国历史,请你给他写封信,介绍《上下五千年》这本通俗历史书。 内容如下: 1.写信目的; 2.简单介绍一下这本书; 3.表达希望。 注意:词数80左右。 【语篇解读】 体裁：应用文推荐信 时态：一般现在时为主 人称：第三人称为主 框架：第一段：说明写信的目的 第二段：具体介绍历史书籍。 第三段：表达希望。 【参考范文】 Dear Tom, Learning that you show great interest in Chinese history, I’d like to recommend Five Thousand Years to you, which is a popular history book about Chinese history. 　　It is written in simple Chinese and the figures and events in it are vividly portrayed.This book is very suitable for you to learn about Chinese history and I’m sure it will help you have a good command of Chinese history. I hope this book can be of great help for you to learn more about Chinese history as well as Chinese people. Yours, Li Hua [写作迁移] 假定你叫李华。你的英国笔友Peter发来邮件，请你帮忙找一本介绍秦始皇的书籍，以便于他写有关中国历史人物的论文。请回复一封邮件，内容包括： 1. 已找到并邮寄书籍； 2. 注意归还时间。 参考词汇：秦始皇Emperor Qin Shi Huang 注意: 1. 词数100左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Dear Peter, How’s everything going? In your last email, you asked me to help you find a history book about Emperor Qin Shi Huang so that you can refer to it when writing your paper which is related to Chinese historical figures. Now I have found such a book in the school library. In order for you to receive the book as early as possible, I’ve sent it to you by airmail. So note your package from China. One thing I should remind you of is that you can keep this book for three months and that is due on September 30. So please send it back to me before the date. May you write a high-quality paper! Yours, Li Hua 【语篇解读】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给英国笔友Peter写封信，内容包括：1. 已找到并邮寄书籍；2. 注意归还时间。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 包裹：package → parcel 以便：so that → in order that 参考：refer to → consult 一瞬间：be related to → be connected with 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：In order for you to receive the book as early as possible, I’ve sent it to you by airmail. 拓展句：In order that you might receive the book as soon as possible, I have sent it to you by airmail. 【点睛】 [高分句型1]In your last email, you asked me to help you find a history book about Emperor Qin Shi Huang so that you can refer to it when writing your paper which is related to Chinese historical figures. (运用了which引导的限制性定语从句) [高分句型2]One thing I should remind you of is that you can keep this book for three months and that is due on September 30. (运用了that引导的定语从句，省略了引导词that和that引导的表语从句) 考点1 on behalf of 代表(或代替)；为帮助，为了 1. A: The president can’t be here today, so I’m going to speak on behalf of him. (句型转换) B: The president can’t be here today, so I’m going to speak ________________. 【答案】on his behalf 【详解】考查介词短语。句意：总统今天不能来，所以我来代表他发言。根据原句可知，此题考查on behalf of sb，意为“代表某人”，可替换为on one’s behalf。原题中on behalf of后为him，故用形容词性物主代词his，on one’s behalf作状语。故填为on his behalf。 2. I am so honored. I am here to give a speech on behalf of our school. (将句子合并成一句) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】I am so honored to be here to give a speech on behalf of our school. 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我很荣幸能在这里代表我们学校发表演讲。原句为两个简单句，可以用动词不定式作原因状语来把两句话并列为一句话，即“I am so honored to be here”，后面的动词不定式不变。故答案为I am so honored to be here to give a speech on behalf of our school. 考点2 load vt. & vi. 装上，装入 n. 负载；承载量；大量 1. His ships ________(load) with china, silk, tea and other treasures as gifts for foreign rulers, and the fleet paid friendly visits ________ more than 30 countries and regions. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】were loaded; to 【详解】考查动词时态语态和介词。句意：他的船队载满瓷器、丝绸、茶叶和其它宝物，作为礼物献给外国领导人，并对30多个国家和地区进行了友好访问。load作谓语，与主语ships是被动关系，由下文的paid可知用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是复数，故空一填were loaded；pay visits to“访问”是固定搭配，故空二填to。故填①were loaded②to。 2. He took over the union when it was loaded ________ debts. 【答案】with 【详解】考查介词。句意：他在工会负债累累的时候接管了它。be loaded with是固定短语，意为“被装满……”，因此空格处是介词with，此处表示工会负债累累，故填with。 3. ________(load) with so much homework, many students come to be tired of school. 【答案】Loaded 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：由于有这么多的作业，许多学生都对学校感到厌倦了。分析句子结构，可知load在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语构成被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。句首单词首字母要大写,所以填Loaded。 考点3 strengthen vt. & vi. 加强，增强 1. We look forward to ________(strength) our already close cooperation with you. 【答案】strengthening 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们期待着加强与您已经密切的合作。空格后面是名词短语 our already close cooperation，作宾语，所以空格处需要动词形式，空格前面是介词to，后面用动名词作宾语。故填strengthening。 2. ________(strength) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media. 【答案】To strengthen 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：为加强与年轻人的联系，活动包括多项在社交媒体上进行的公众推广活动。表示“加强”应用动词strengthen，此处作目的状语应用不定式，首字母大写。故填To strengthen。 3. Sleeping ________(strength) knowledge that is lost during the day and prevents it from being lost further. 【答案】strengthens 【详解】考查动词时态及主谓一致。句意：睡眠能强化白天丢失的知识，并防止其进一步丢失。分析句子可知，空处作句子的谓语，应用动词strengthen，意为“强化”，结合prevents可知，时态为一般现在时，且strengthen也应用第三人称单数形式。故填strengthens。 考点4 dismiss vt. 不予考虑，对……不屑一提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散 1. He sat there while I made the case for his ________(dismiss). 【答案】dismissal 【详解】考查名词。句意：我解雇他的时候，他就坐在那儿。此处应用名词dismissal作宾语，不可数，故填dismissal。 2. I did not sleep much. A feeling of unreality could not ________(dismiss)from my mind. 【答案】be dismissed 【详解】考查语态。句意：我睡得不多。一种不真实的感觉无法从我的脑海中消失。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，主语A feeling of unreality和动词dismiss为被动关系，所以为动词的被动语态，结合空前could为情态动词，故填be dismissed。 3. But the problem should not ________(dismiss)out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. 【答案】be dismissed 【详解】考查被动语态。句意：但不应该像一些人工智能研究人员所做的那样，直接忽视这个问题。the problem与dismiss之间是被动关系，用被动语态，should是情态动词，空格处是be done，故填be dismissed。 4. Our English teacher, having explained to us how to design a project, allowed us a whole week’s preparation and then ________(dismiss) the class. 【答案】dismissed 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：我们的英语老师和我们解释了怎么设计一个项目后，给我们一周的准备时间，然后下课了。根据空前的allowed以及and then可知，空处应使用一般过去时，构成并列句。且dismiss与所修饰词Our English teacher之间是主动关系，应使用一般过去时的主动语态。故填dismissed。 考点5 acknowledge vt. 承认(权威、地位)；承认(属实)；(公开)感谢 1. He acknowledged ________(defeat) publicly by his friend in the game, which made us surprised. 【答案】being defeated 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他公开承认在比赛中被他的朋友打败了，这让我们很惊讶。句子使用固定短语acknowledge doing sth.意为“承认做过某事”，且defeat“打败”和其逻辑主语He之间是被动关系，需用动名词的被动形式作宾语，故填being defeated。 2. It ________(acknowledge) that it is human activity that has caused global warming. 【答案】is acknowledged 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：众所周知，是人类活动导致了全球变暖。此处考查固定句型 It is + 过去分词 + that...，表示 “人们公认……；据认为……”，acknowledge 与 It 之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态形式，结合语境可知用一般现在时的被动语态。故填is acknowledged。 3. It is universally ________(acknowledge) that our natural resources are destroyed seriously. 【答案】acknowledged 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：众所周知，我们的自然资源被严重破坏。it is acknowledged that...是固定句型，意为“众所周知……”，it是形式主语，that引导主语从句，acknowledge和it是被动关系，故用过去分词形式，与空前的is构成一般现在时的被动语态。故填acknowledged。 4. It’s generally ________(acknowledge) that education shouldn’t be measured only by examination results. 【答案】acknowledged 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：人们普遍认为，教育不应该只以考试成绩来衡量。这里考查it is acknowledged that表“人们普遍认为”，为固定句型，其中that后引导主语从句。故填acknowledged。 5. Messi is acknowledged to be the best football player in the world. (句型转换) ________ ________ ________ that Messi is the best football player in the world. 【答案】It is acknowledged 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：梅西被公认为是世界上最好的足球运动员。此处可用it is acknowledged that...句型替换，it作形式主语，that从句为真正主语。故填It is acknowledged。 6. People acknowledge that the film is instructive and full of emotion. (同义转换) ________ ________ ________ ________   the film is instructive and full of emotion. 【答案】It is acknowledged that 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：人们承认这部电影很有教育意义，而且充满感情。对比两个句子可知，“People acknowledge that”可替换为“It is acknowledged that”句型，it是形式主语，that引导主语从句，与acknowledge是被动关系，用被动语态，时态为一般现在时，故填It is acknowledged that。 考点6 insist vi. & vt. 坚决要求，坚持；坚持说 1. I wanted to walk to the station, but he insisted on ________(drive) me there. 【答案】driving 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我想步行去车站，但他坚持要开车送我去。作介词on的宾语，应用动名词形式。故填driving。 2. I insisted that a doctor ________(send) for immediately. 【答案】(should) be sent 【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：我坚持要求马上去请医生。设空处为从句谓语，根据主句的insisted“坚持要求”可知本句是虚拟语气，从句为用(should)+动词原形，从句主语和谓语是被动关系，应用被动语态，故填(should) be sent。 3. He insist on ________(give) them another two days. 【答案】giving 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他坚持再给他们两天时间。insist on doing sth.是固定搭配，表示“坚持做某事”，用动名词形式giving作宾语。故填giving。 4. He insisted that he ________(do) nothing wrong and he not ________(punish). 【答案】had done; be punished 【详解】考查过去完成时态和虚拟语气。句意：他坚持认为他没有做错什么，并且坚持要求自己不应受到惩罚。这里谓语动词insisted后跟that引导的两个宾语从句。一个从句，insisted作“坚持说、坚决认为”，从句用陈述语气，因insisted是过去式，“是否做错事”是“过去的过去”发生的事情，因此用do的过去完成式had done；第二个从句是insisted作“坚决要求、一定要”，其宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即insisted that he (should) not be punished，该句式结构中should可以省略，这里主语是被惩罚，因此用被动语态be punished。因此两个空格答案分别为had done和be punished。 【点睛】since作连词引导时间状语从句的用法： 一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如： He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here. 自从他们离开这里，我们就一直很想念他们。 二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如： I haven’t heard any noise since I slept. sleep为持续性动词，sleep的动作结束时，即“醒来”时,这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。 John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher. 约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约，他不当教师已经三年了. How long is it since you lived in Shanghai? 你离开(没住在)上海多久了? It is half a month since he was a League member. 他退团(不当团员)半个月了。 It’s been quite some time since I was last in London. 我离开伦敦已很长时间了。 比较： He has written to me frequently since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来，他屡次给我写信。(从句谓语为状态动词) He has written to me frequently since I fell ill. 自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信.(从句谓语为终止性动词) 三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时，则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻)，其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如： I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there. 这里has lived表示动作的持续性，时间的起点应从：“开始居住”时算起。因此此句可理解为“自从他(开始)住在那儿起，我就一直没收到他的来信”。 Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year. 自从我们自己有了汽车，我们每年都去野营。 试比较：1. Since I’ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters. 自从我到这所学校，我们已换了三个校长了。 Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters. 自从我离开这所学校，他们已换了三个校长了。 2. He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自从我生病以来，他从未来看过我。 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来，他从未来看过我。 由此可见，since引导的从句持续动词的一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的意思恰好相反。换言之，前者以肯定的语法形式反映着否定的逻辑内容，而后者的形式与内容是一致的。 至于It is +一段时间+since…的句型与It has been +一段时间+since…意思相同。前者是规范说法，后者是口语说法。 应注意的是，在这种结构中，since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义，下面两句都错了： It is a long time since he didn’t study English. It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me. 正确的说法为： It’s a long time since he studied English. 他好久没学英语了。 You haven’t come to see me for two months. 你有两个月没来看我了。 5. He insisted that I (should) go with him. (句型转换) He insisted ________ ________ ________ with him. 【答案】on my going 【详解】考查短语。句意：他坚持要我和他一起去。根据提示可知，本句考查insist that sb. (should) do sth.坚持某人应该做某事，该结构可替换为insist on one's doing sth. 根据句意，故填on my going。 考点7 convince vt. 使确信，使相信；说服，劝说 1. I ________(convince) that through tireless efforts, you will make rapid progress. 【答案】am convinced 【详解】考查动词时态语态。句意：我相信通过不懈的努力，你将取得快速进步。空处为句子谓语，convince为及物动词，含义为“使确信”，主语I与convince构成被动关系。be convinced that…表示“确信……”。根据句意，句子应为一般现在时被动语态。故填am convinced。 2. It is ________(convince) that emojis have become more and more popular in modern world. 【答案】convincing 【详解】考查形容词。句意：令人信服的是，表情符号在现代世界中变得越来越流行。此处为形容词作表语It 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that 从句，再结合空前的is ，convince的形容词convincing，意为“令人信服的”符合句意。故填convincing。 3. We have been trying to convince him ________(tackle) the problem in this way in the past few days. 【答案】to tackle 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在过去的几天里，我们一直试图用这种方法说服他解决这个问题。convince sb to do sth为固定搭配，意为“说服某人做某事”。故填to tackle。 4. It is really hard for the public ________(convince) of the necessity and immediacy of social reforms. 【答案】to be convinced 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：让公众信服社会改革的必要性和紧迫性确实很难。句子是It is adj for sb to do的结构，含义为“对某人来说做某事是怎样的”，空处用动词convince的不定式形式作真主语。convince为及物动词，使信服。“the public”和动词“convince”构成被动关系，应用不定式的被动语态，表示“使公众信服”。故填to be convinced。 考点8 astonish vt. 使十分惊讶，使吃惊 1. To our ________(astonish), she managed to solve the extremely difficult math problem in just a few minutes. 【答案】astonishment 【详解】考查名词。句意：令我们惊讶的是，她在短短几分钟内就解决了那道极其困难的数学题。根据空格前的to our可知，空格处应该用名词astonishment作介词to的宾语，to one’s astonishment“令某人惊讶的是”是固定短语。故填astonishment。 2. They were ________(astonish) at the extraordinary beauty of the picture. 【答案】astonished 【详解】考查形容词。句意：他们对这幅画的非凡之美感到惊讶。作表语，修饰人应用形容词astonished，故填astonished。 3. From the ________ look on his face I can see how ________ it is as one has ever thought of this before. (astonish) 【答案】astonished; astonishing 【详解】考查词形转换。句意：从他脸上惊讶的表情我可以看出，以前从来没有人想过这个问题，这是多么令人惊讶。第一空作定语修饰表情，意为“吃惊的，惊讶的”，故填astonished；第二空修饰物，表示“令人惊讶的”，故填astonishing。 4. It astonished us that they had reached the North Pole. (同义句转换) →________________________, they had reached the North Pole. 【答案】To our astonishment 【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：使我们感到惊讶的是，他们到达了北极。根据句意，空处应填“使我们感到惊讶的是”，可以使用固定短语to one’s astonishment，表示“令某人惊讶的是”，使用形容词性物主代词our表示“我们的”，to置于句首，首字母大写。故填To our astonishment。 5. It astonished us that he made such a thoughtless mistake. (同义句转换) ＝________ ________ ________, he made such a thoughtless mistake. 【答案】To our astonishment 【详解】考查介词短语。句意：令我们惊讶的是，他犯了这样一个轻率的错误。分析句子结构可知，横线处填入的应是句子的状语，可用介词短语。两句对比，后一句缺少的是“让我们吃惊”的含义，可以用介词短语to one’s astonishment意为“令人某人惊讶的是”，由于是“我们”，应用our。故填to our astonishment。 6. We were astonished that the temple was still in its original condition. ________ ________ ________ was that the temple was still in its original condition. (用主语从句) ________ ________ ________ that the temple was still in its original condition. (用It做形式主语) 【答案】What astonished us; It astonished us 【详解】考查主语从句和it形式主语。句意：我们很惊讶，这座寺庙仍然处于原来的状态。第一句主语从句，使我们惊讶的是后面的事情，所以用what引导，谓语使惊讶，英文“astonish”，根据主句可知从句一般过去时，宾语我们，英文“us”，表达为What astonished us；第二句用it作形式主语代替后面的that从句，谓语使惊讶，英文“astonish”，根据从句可知主句一般过去时，宾语我们，英文“us”，表达为It astonished us；故填What；astonished；us；It；astonished；us。 考点9 confusion n. 困惑，混乱 1. I don’t know exactly on which day father’s day falls, the day changes, I feel totally ________(confuse). 【答案】confused 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我不知道父亲节到底是哪一天，日子变了，我感到很困惑。此处为形容词作表语，形容人的感受用-ed结尾形容词confused，主语是 I，表示“感到困惑的”。故填confused。 2. If you are________(confuse) about this math problem, you can turn to Tom for help. 【答案】confused 【详解】考查形容词。句意：如果你对这道数学题感到困惑，可以向汤姆求助。空处用形容词作表语。主语为指人的you，这里应用confused，意为“困惑的”。故填confused。 3. The ________ problem made all people present at the meeting ________. (confuse) 【答案】confusing; confused 【详解】考查-ing和-ed结尾形容词的辨析。句意：这个令人困惑的问题让所有在场的人都感到困惑。confuse是个动词，意思是“使迷惑”，修饰problem，应该是表示令人困惑的，用confusing作定语；在场的人应该是“感到困惑的”，表示人的感受，应用confused作宾语补足语。故答案是①confusing ②confused。 4. She was a little ________(confuse) and asked him once again what he had seen. 【答案】confused 【详解】考查形容词作表语。句意：她有点困惑，于是又问了他一次他看到了什么。confuse是个动词，意思是“使……迷惑，困惑”，这里需要一个形容词来修饰主语的状态，应该使用confused，意思是“感到困惑”，符合题意。故答案是confused。 考点10 现在分词作状语 1. A terrible fire broke out last night, ________(leave) many buildings seriously damaged. 【答案】leaving 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：昨晚发生了一场可怕的火灾，许多建筑物严重受损。此处非谓语动词leave与fire构成逻辑主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填leaving。 2. Jean, ________(not know) where to f ind the magazine, asked her mother where it was. 【答案】not knowing 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：珍不知道到哪里去找杂志，就问她妈妈在哪里。本句已有谓语动词asked，所以know用非谓语形式，和逻辑主语Jean之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语，根据提示词可知，用现在分词的否定形式。故填not knowing。 3. ________(not f ind) the missing boy, they had to stay there for another two weeks. 【答案】Not having found 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：由于没有找到失踪的男孩，他们不得不在那里再待两个星期。空处作状语，they与find之间为主动关系，且状语动作发生在主句之前，用现在分词的完成式的否定形式。故填Not having found。 4. After he finished all his homework, he went to bed. (用动词-ing形式改写句子) ________________________, he went to bed. 【答案】Having finished all his homework 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他做完所有的作业后就上床睡觉了。原句中After“在……之后”引导时间状语从句，finish“完成”的行为结束后，谓语行为才发生，且he既是从句的主语也是主句的主语，和finish之间是主动关系，因此可将从句改写为现在分词完成式having done的形式，作时间状语，句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Having finished all his homework。 5. If you are more patient, you can expect a happy ending. (用动词-ing形式改写句子) ________________________, you can expect a happy ending. 【答案】Being more patient 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：耐心一点，你就能期待一个圆满的结局。根据句意以及句型转换要求“用动词-ing形式改写句子”可知，可以把“If you are more patient”变成条件状语，动词be和主语you之间是逻辑上的主动关系，应使用现在分词，位于句首，首字母应大写。故答案是Being more patient。 考点11 表语从句 1. Jane attends Opportunities Academy, a program for young adults with disabilities. This was ________ they learned about how to care about others. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：简参加了“机遇学院”项目，这是一个为有残疾的年轻成年人设立的项目。在这里，他们学习了如何关心他人。空处位于系动词was后引导表语从句，结合句意可知，从句中缺少地点状语，表示在Opportunities Academy这个项目中，应用where引导从句。故填where。 2. What worries the patient is ________ the medical treatment might have side effects on his digestive system. 【答案】that 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：让病人担心的是，这种治疗可能会对他的消化系统产生副作用。横线前面有is，说明这是一个表语从句。从句中句子成分完整，且意思完整，应该填入that。故填that。 3. What John Snow suspected was ________ the water pump was to blame. 【答案】that 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：约翰·斯诺怀疑是水泵出了问题。引导表语从句，从句不缺少成分，句意完整，故用that。故填that。 4. The problem is ________ method we should adopt to solve this complex problem. 【答案】what 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：问题是我们应该采用什么方法来解决这个复杂的问题。分析句子结构可知，“is”后是表语从句，从句缺少定语，修饰名词method，表示“什么”，故用连接代词what引导。故填what。 一、阅读理解 Exploration of the past, when purposefully directed, improves our grasp on our condition today, whether the focus is on the individual or on the social context more generally. In fact, history offers the most comprehensive opportunity available to evaluate the human experience and determine the trends that are currently shaping our lives. This approach requires a few preparations, before engaging in the main tasks of exploring some of the key opportunities. First, many people already see history as a source of both enlightenment and pleasure. They read biographies, or other accounts of the past, or probe their own family experience to provide better understanding of their own lives. Their goals may be improvement of identity: how history helps illustrate the experiences of social groups; or a delight in exploring some of the achievements of the past that enhance appreciation of the present — the glories of the Renaissance, perhaps, or the successful struggles for fuller recognition of human rights, or the wisdom of the Founding Fathers; or examination of past challenges that were ultimately overcome, which offers some balance to contemporary gloom-and-doom. Whatever the particular pleasures, including history as part of the enjoyment of life inspires a host of readers, a wealth of local history societies, and the strong interest of many retiree learning groups in highlighting the history offerings available. Second, urging history as a contributor to well-being requires recognition that the most conventional exposure to the study of the past — the school classroom — is not always a pleasant memory, despite the real enthusiasm that good history teachers continue to generate. The history that contributes to human flourishing is not an accumulation of facts to be memorized or an emphasis on the wars, kings, and presidencies. For some, using the real opportunity to gain new opinions on the human condition involves giving history, a somewhat different kind of history — a second chance. 1. What determines the trends in our lives according to Paragraph 1? A. Exploration. B. History. C. Improvement. D. Accumulation. 2. What does the underlined word “probe” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. To explore. B. To evaluate. C. To gain. D. To illustrate. 3. Who are most likely to be encouraged when taking history as part of the joy of life? A. Founding Fathers. B. Social contributors. C. Local history societies. D. Retired historians. 4. What is the real opportunity mentioned in the last paragraph? A. Urge history to contribute. B. Generate enthusiastic teachers. C. Memorize historical facts. D. See history with new eyes. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了历史在个人和社会层面如何帮助我们更好地理解现状，并强调了将历史视为乐趣和启迪的重要性，同时也指出了传统历史教育方式的局限性。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“In fact, history offers the most comprehensive opportunity available to evaluate the human experience and determine the trends that are currently shaping our lives. (事实上，历史提供了最全面的机会来评估人类的经验，并决定目前正在塑造我们生活的趋势)”可知，历史决定了我们生活的趋势。故选B项。 2. 词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“First, many people already see history as a source of both enlightenment and pleasure. They read biographies, or other accounts of the past (首先，许多人已经将历史视为启蒙和快乐的源泉。他们阅读传记或其他关于过去的叙述)”和下文“to provide better understanding of their own lives (让他们更好地了解自己的生活)”可知，这里介绍人们从历史中获得启蒙和快乐的方式，能让人们更好地了解自己的生活的应该是探索自己的家庭经历，画线词意思应该是“探索，探究”。故选A项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Whatever the particular pleasures, including history as part of the enjoyment of life inspires a host of readers, a wealth of local history societies, and the strong interest of many retiree learning groups in highlighting the history offerings available. (不管是什么特别的乐趣，把历史作为生活乐趣的一部分，都会激发大量的读者、很多地方历史学会，以及许多退休人员学习团体对突出现有的历史作品的强烈兴趣)”可知，当地历史学会是受到把历史作为生活乐趣这一理念的鼓励的人群。故选C项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The history that contributes to human flourishing is not an accumulation of facts to be memorized or an emphasis on the wars, kings, and presidencies. For some, using the real opportunity to gain new opinions on the human condition involves giving history, a somewhat different kind of history — a second chance. (有助于人类繁荣的历史不是需要记忆的事实的积累，也不是对战争、国王和总统的强调。对一些人来说，利用真正的机会获得关于人类状况的新观点，意味着给历史，一种有些不同的历史——第二次机会)”可知，这里讨论了历史可以以不同的方式看待的观点，它不仅仅是要记住的事实的集合，而且是一种获得对人类状况的新视角的方式。由此可知，真正的机会是用新的眼光看待历史。故选D项。 二、七选五 The history of the school bus can date back to 1886 when the Wayne Works company made horse-drawn carriages (四轮马车) known as “ school wagons” or “kid hacks” in Indiana. 1 In the early 1900s, the car industry was beginning to develop fast. 2 The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines. But the design remained mostly the same as that of the previous ones, with students sitting along the walls of the bus while facing inside. In 1927, a man built the first bus that primarily used steel. Before long, Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body with safety glass windows. 3 This led to a turning point in the history of the school bus in 1939, when a conference was organised at Manhattan College to develop school bus standards. Many new national standards were created, determining everything from seating designs to the famous yellow color that school buses still sport today. The reason why the color was chosen was simple. 4 The color is especially easy to see in the early morning and evening light when school buses usually operate. 5 For example, a variety of changes have been made to enable the school bus to not only be safer but also have better fuel(燃料) economy, be easier to drive, etc. The most creative approach among all of these is probably a kind of stop signal arm that warns traffic of a stop in progress, which states began to require in the early 1950s. A. Horses were easy to control. B. Not all chose to paint their buses yellow. C. Yellow is quite eye-catching to human beings. D. Before then, many children simply walked to school. E. Now, school buses have had many more improvements. F. Still, parents were increasingly concerned for children’s safety. G. This gave Wayne Works a great opportunity to improve its carriages. 【答案】1. D 2. G 3. F 4. C 5. E 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了校车的起源以及其发展的过程。 1. 根据上文“The history of the school bus can date back to 1886 when the Wayne Works company made horse-drawn carriages(四轮马车) known as “ school wagons” or “kid hacks” in Indiana.”(校车的历史可以追溯到1886年，当时Wayne Works公司在印第安纳州制造了被称为“学校马车”或“儿童马车”的马车。)可知，讲的是校车的历史。结合选项D项Before then, many children simply walked to school.(在此之前，许多孩子只是步行上学。)可知，承接上文内容，说明校车未出现之前孩子们是如何上学的，上下文紧密连接，符合语境。故选D项。 2. 根据上文“In the early 1900s, the car industry was beginning to develop fast.”(20世纪初，汽车工业开始迅速发展。)以及下文“The company managed to make its carriages powered by engines.”(该公司设法使其马车由发动机驱动。)由此可知，空格处应讨论汽车工业的快速发展给Wayne Works公司带来的影响。结合选项G项This gave Wayne Works a great opportunity to improve its carriages.(这给了韦恩工厂一个改进车厢的好机会。)可知，起到上下文的承上启下作用，G项中的“improve its carriages”与下文中的“make its carriages powered by engines”相照应。故选G项。 3. 根据上文“Before long, Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body with safety glass windows.”(不久，韦恩·沃克推出了第一辆全钢车身和安全玻璃窗的校车。)提到推出了第一辆校车。以及下文“This led to a turning point in the history of the school bus in 1939, when a conference was organised at Manhattan College to develop school bus standards.”(这导致了1939年校车历史上的一个转折点，当时在曼哈顿学院组织了一次会议来制定校车标准。)提到曼哈顿学院组织了一次会议来制定校车标准。由此可知，空格处内容应和校车的安全问题有关，结合选项F项Still, parents were increasingly concerned for children’s safety.(尽管如此，家长们还是越来越担心孩子的安全。)符合此推断，上下文语意连贯，符合语境。故选F项。 4. 根据上文“The reason why the color was chosen was simple.”(选择这种颜色的原因很简单。)可知，空格处内容应为解释选择该颜色其原因。结合选项C项Yellow is quite eye-catching to human beings.(黄色对人类来说是非常引人注目的。)符合此推断，为对上文内容的语意递进，上下文紧密连接。故选C项。 5. 由空格处位于段首可知，应为本段的主旨句。根据下文“For example, a variety of changes have been made to enable the school bus to not only be safer but also have better fuel(燃料) economy, be easier to drive, etc. The most creative approach among all of these is probably a kind of stop signal arm that warns traffic of a stop in progress, which states began to require in the early 1950s.”(例如，已经做出了各种改变，使校车不仅更安全，而且有更好的燃油经济性，更容易驾驶，等等。在所有这些方法中，最有创意的可能是一种停车信号臂，它可以警告正在进行中的车辆，这是各州在20世纪50年代初开始要求的。)可知，本段主要讲的是列举了对校车的一系列的改进。结合选项E项Now, school buses have had many more improvements.(现在，校车有了更多的改进。)意思一致，为总结该段内容。故选E项。 三、完形填空 History’s first empire rose out of a hot, dry landscape, without rainfall for crops, without trees or stones for building. In spite of all this, its people built the world’s first cities, with monumental architecture and large populations — and they built them 1 out of mud. Sumer 2 the southern part of modern Iraq in the region called Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia means “between two rivers” — the Tigris and the Euphrates. Around 5000 BCE, early Sumerians used channels and dams to 3 river water and farm large areas of previously 4 land. Agricultural communities like this were slowly 5 in Mesopotamia. But Sumerians were the first to take the 6 step. Using 7 made from river mud, they began to build multi-storied homes and temples. Those clay bricks gave rise to the world’s first 8 , like Uruk, Ur, and Eridu, probably around 4500 BCE. The Sumerians created the first 9 system, designed to teach the ability of writing. In the schools, people studied from dawn to dusk, from 10 well into adulthood. They 11 accounting, mathematics, and copied works of literature. But by the third millennium(千年) BCE, Sumer was no longer the 12 empire around, or even in Mesopotamia. Waves of nomadic(游牧) tribes poured into the 13 from the north and east. In 2300 BCE, the Sumerian Empire was conquered and 14 . Afterward, Sumer disappeared back into the desert dirt, not to be 15 until the 19th century. 1. A. permanently B. quickly C. patiently D. entirely 2. A. occupied B. destroyed C. lost D. attacked 3. A. separate B. interrupt C. redirect D. freeze 4. A. dry B. royal C. awesome D. rich 5. A. wearing down B. springing up C. rising up D. breaking down 6. A. next B. last C. slow D. same 7. A. equipment B. basins C. walls D. bricks 8. A. emperors B. universities C. cities D. palaces 9. A. law B. school C. construction D. labour 10. A. society B. childhood C. community D. parenthood 11. A. invented B. dismissed C. learned D. preserved 12. A. only B. safe C. weak D. reliable 13. A. region B. center C. river D. farm 14. A. strengthened B. saved C. surrounded D. overturned 15. A. rebuilt B. relocated C. rediscovered D. reunited 【答案】 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. C 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了历史上第一个帝国——苏美尔文明的兴起和衰落。文章讲述了苏美尔人如何在干旱的环境中，通过智慧和技术建立了世界上第一批城市，并创造了书写系统。然而，随着游牧部落的入侵，苏美尔帝国最终崩溃并被遗忘，直到19世纪才被重新发现。 1. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，它的人民还是建造了世界上第一批城市，拥有宏伟的建筑和庞大的人口——而且他们完全是用泥土建造的。A. permanently永久地；B. quickly快速地；C. patiently耐心地；D. entirely完全地。根据上文“without trees or stones for building”可知，没有树木和石头来建造房屋，所以他们的建筑完全是用泥土建造的。故选D项。 2. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：苏美尔占据了现在伊拉克南部的美索不达米亚地区。A. occupied占据；B. destroyed摧毁；C. lost丢失；D. attacked攻击。根据下文“the southern part of modern Iraq in the region called Mesopotamia”可知，苏美尔文明占据了美索不达米亚地区，这是它的发源地。故选A项。 3. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：大约在公元前5000年，早期的苏美尔人使用渠道和水坝来改变河水的方向，并在以前干旱的土地上种植大片土地。A. separate分开；B. interrupt打断；C. redirect重新定向，使改方向；D. freeze冻结。根据上文“used channels and dams”和下文“farm large areas of previously ___4___ land”可推知，苏美尔人用渠道和水坝来改变河水的方向，达到灌溉和种植的目的。故选C项。 4. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：大约在公元前5000年，早期的苏美尔人使用渠道和水坝来改变河水的方向，并在以前干旱的土地上种植大片土地。A. dry干旱的；B. royal王室的；C. awesome令人敬畏的；D. rich富有的，丰富的。根据第一段中“History’s first empire rose out of a hot, dry landscape, without rainfall for crops”可知，这原本是一片缺水干旱的土地，苏美尔人通过改变河水的方向对其进行了改造。故选A项。 5. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：像这样的农业社区在美索不达米亚慢慢出现。A. wearing down磨损；B. springing up突然生长或出现；C. rising up上升；D. breaking down崩溃，出故障。根据上文可知，苏美尔人用渠道和水坝来改变河水的方向，进而改造美索不达米亚平原，让其适合种植，所以很多的农业社区在美索不达米亚慢慢出现。故选B项。 6. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但苏美尔人率先迈出了下一步。A. next下一个；B. last最后的；C. slow慢的；D. same相同的。根据下文“Using ___7___ made from river mud, they began to build multi-storied homes and temples.”可知，苏美尔人开始修建多层住宅和寺庙，他们迈出了建造城市的下一步。故选A项。 7. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们开始用河泥做砖，建造多层房屋和寺庙。A. equipment设备；B. basins盆地；C. walls墙壁；D. bricks砖块。根据下文“from river mud”和“Those clay bricks”可知，他们把河泥做成砖块。故选D项。 8. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些粘土砖造就了世界上最早的城市，如乌鲁克、乌尔和埃利都，大约在公元前4500年左右。A. emperors皇帝；B. universities大学；C. cities城市；D. palaces宫殿。根据下文“Uruk, Ur, and Eridu”可知，苏美尔人用粘土砖建造了很多城市。故选C项。 9. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：苏美尔人创造了第一个学校系统，旨在教授书写能力。A. law法律；B. school学校；C. construction建设；D. labour劳动。根据下文“designed to teach the ability of writing”可知，他们创造了学校系统，用于教授书写。故选B项。 10. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在学校里，人们从早到晚学习，从童年一直学习到成年。A. society社会；B. childhood童年；C. community社区；D. parenthood为人父母。结合下文“into adulthood”和常识可推知，教育是从童年到成年。故选B项。 11. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们学习会计、数学，并抄写文学作品。A. invented发明；B. dismissed解雇；C. learned学习；D. preserved保存。下文“accounting, mathematics, and copied works of literature”是学习的内容。故选C项。 12. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但到了公元前三千年，苏美尔不再是周边地区，甚至是美索不达米亚地区唯一的帝国。A. only仅有的；B. safe安全的；C. weak虚弱的；D. reliable可靠的。根据“Waves of nomadic (游牧) tribes poured into the ___13___ from the north and east. In 2300 BCE, the Sumerian Empire was conquered”可知，苏美尔周边出现了挑战者，它不再是唯一帝国。故选A项。 13. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一波又一波的游牧部落从北部和东部涌入该地区。A. region地区；B. center中心；C. river河流；D. farm农场。根据下文“from the north and east”可知，游牧部落从不同方向涌入美索不达米亚地区。故选A项。 14. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：公元前2300年，苏美尔帝国被征服并推翻。A. strengthened加强；B. saved拯救；C. surrounded包围；D. overturned推翻。根据上文“the Sumerian Empire was conquered”和下文“Sumer disappeared back into the desert dirt”可知，苏美尔帝国被征服和推翻了。故选D项。 15. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：之后，苏美尔消失在沙漠的泥土中，直到19世纪才被重新发现。A. rebuilt重建；B. relocated重新安置；C. rediscovered重新发现；D. reunited重新团聚。根据下文“until the 19th century”可知，苏美尔文明只到19世纪才被重新发现。故选C项。 四、语法填空 With a history of more than 5000 years, the Chinese nation has created a splendid Chinese civilization and made outstanding 1 (contribute) to mankind. After the Opium War, China sank into the dark situation of internal turmoil(混乱) and foreign invasion, 2 suffered deeply from the experience of constant wars and disintegrated country. At the critical moment, the Chinese activists found 3 solution to China’s problems from the scientific truth of Marxism-Leninism. 4 August 1921, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China was transferred from Shanghai to Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, and concluded 5 (success) on a boat in the South Lake. A great party 6 (name) the Communist Party of China was born on a small boat. Since then, the Communist Party of China 7 (lead) the boat of the revolution so that the Chinese revolution took on a new look. 8 the red boat represents and reveals is the height of the times, the direction of development, and the light of progress. Over the past 100 years, the “Red Boat Spirit” has always been encouraging the Communist Party of China 9 (walk) in the forefront of times, be the 10 (courage) sailor and lead the course, constantly achieving one victory after another in revolution, construction and reform. 【答案】 1. contributions 2. and 3. a 4. In 5. successfully 6. named 7. has led/has been leading 8. What 9. to walk 10. courageous 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了中华民族创造了灿烂的中华文明，在近代陷入困境后，中国共产党应运而生，并领导中国革命走向新面貌。同时，文章也强调了“红船精神”对中国共产党的激励作用。 1. 考查名词复数。句意：中华民族有着5000多年的历史，创造了灿烂的中华文明，对人类作出了杰出的贡献。make contributions to是固定短语，意为“对……作出贡献”，contribution是可数名词，意为“贡献”，复数形式表示泛指。故填contributions。 2. 考查连词。句意：鸦片战争后，中国陷入内乱和外敌入侵的黑暗境地，并深受战争不断、国家分裂之苦。“sank into”和“suffered”是并列谓语动词，用并列连词and连接。故填and。 3. 考查冠词。句意：在关键时刻，中国活动家从马列主义的科学真理中找到了一个解决中国问题的方法。可数名词solution在句中表示“一个方法”，泛指，且solution是发音以辅音音素开头的单词，应用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。 4. 考查介词。句意：1921年8月，中国共产党第一次全国代表大会从上海转移到浙江省嘉兴市，在南湖的一艘船上成功闭幕。“in+年份/月份”是固定用法，表示“在某个年份或月份”；句首单词首字母大写。故填In。 5. 考查副词。句意：1921年8月，中国共产党第一次全国代表大会从上海转移到浙江省嘉兴市，在南湖的一艘船上成功闭幕。提示词修饰动词concluded，用副词successfully作状语，意为“成功地”。故填successfully。 6. 考查非谓语动词。句意：一个名叫中国共产党的伟大政党在一条小船上诞生了。“(name) the Communist Party of China”作后置定语，name(命名，给……取名)是非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语party之间是被动关系，应用过去分词表被动。故填named。 7. 考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：从那时起，中国共产党就领导着革命的航船，使中国革命焕然一新。lead(领导)是主句谓语动词，与主语the Communist Party of China之间是主动关系，结合时间状语since then可知，句中描述从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作，且可能继续持续下去，可用现在完成时态或现在完成进行时态，主语the Communist Party of China是专有名词，助动词用has。故填has led/has been leading。 8. 考查主语从句。句意：红船所代表和揭示的是时代的高度、发展的方向和进步的光芒。“_____ the red boat represents and reveals”是主语从句，从句中缺少宾语，表示“什么”，应用连接代词what引导该从句；句首单词首字母大写。故填What。 9. 考查非谓语动词。句意：在过去的100年里，“红船精神”一直激励着中国共产党走在时代前列，成为勇敢的水手，引领航程，在革命、建设和改革中不断取得一个又一个胜利。encourage sb. to do sth.是固定短语，意为“鼓励某人做某事”，用不定式to walk作宾语补足语。故填to walk。 10. 考查形容词。句意：在过去的100年里，“红船精神”一直激励着中国共产党走在时代前列，成为勇敢的水手，引领航程，在革命、建设和改革中不断取得一个又一个胜利。提示词修饰名词sailor，用形容词courageous作定语，意为“勇敢的”。故填courageous。 五、写作 1.应用文写作 假定你叫李华，你与班上来自英国的交换生Mike约定周日去购买他喜欢的中国历史书籍，但你临时有事 不能赴约。请你给他写一封邮件说明情况，内容包括： 1.表示你的歉意； 2. 解释失约原因； 3.重新约定时间。 注意：1.词数100左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Dear Mike, Deeply sorry for not being able to go to the bookstore with you for your favorite books related to the Chinese history this Sunday, I'm writing in an effort to make a change to our plan. Just now I was informed to attend an important voluntary activity that is to be held on the very day. So I really feel it a pity that I can't accompany you to the bookstore. Would it be possible for us to go there another time? How about next Sunday morning? If so, we'll have enough time to make a choice about which books to be bought. Please let me know your decision as soon as possible. Yours, Li Hua 【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文。本篇要求考生给交换生Mike写一封致歉信，并约定下次去买中国历史书籍的时间。 【详解】体裁：应用文 时态：根据提示，时态应以一般现在时和一般过去时为主 结构：总分总 要求： 1.表示你的歉意 2. 解释失约原因 3.重新约定时间 第二步：列提纲(重点词组) feel sorry for/ be related to/ make an effort to do sth./ inform sb of sth./ accompany/ the reason for/ promise to do sth. 第三步：连词成句 1. I am very sorry that I am unable to go to the bookstore with you for your favorite books related to the Chinese history this Sunday. 2. So I'm writing in an effort to make a change to our plan. 3. Just now I was informed to attend an important voluntary activity to be held on the very day. 4. It is a pity that I can't accompany you to the bookstore. 5. Would it be possible for us to go there another time? 6. What about next Sunday morning? 7. If so, we'll have enough time to make a choice. 8. Please let me know your decision as soon as possible. 第四步：连句成篇(加入衔接词或从句) 表示并列的连词：and/but/or/so… 状语从句连词：because/ if/ though/ although… 定语从句连词：which/ that/ when/ where… 第五步：修改润色(加入高级词汇或短语) 【点睛】范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了一些主从复合句，例如：So I really feel it a pity that I can't accompany you to the bookstore.中that引导同位语从句；Just now I was informed to attend an important voluntary activity that is to be held on the very day.中that引导定语从句。 读后续写 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 I love digging in the back garden. Sometimes, I’d dig for pottery and stuff, but I’ve always wanted to find a fossil(化石). I like finding out about the past. At school, my favourite subject is history. I’ve been watching Andy’s Prehistoric Adventures since I was three. I knew I had a good chance of finding a fossil, because my house was built on a muddy, limestone substrate(石灰岩基质), in Walsall, which means millions of years ago, my garden wasn’t my garden at all—it was a coral reef(珊瑚礁). On 22 March, it was a sunny day. I came back from school. I asked Dad if I could dig in my favourite spot by the yellow bush near our house, where we had planted potatoes and onions, but he told me not to, because he’d just moved a tree there and it was establishing roots. I went to the back garden instead, taking Dad’s old brown wooden garden tools. I dug a big hole, about a foot deep, which didn’t take very long, where I found a ball of mud with something pointy sticking out the top. I ran into the kitchen screaming. I was so excited. I knew it was a fossil. At first, I thought it might be a deer’s tooth or a goat’s claw. When Dad washed the mud off, we saw that it had lots of bumpy, wavy lines; we both thought it looked like one of the sea anemones, from the fish tank in his office, but with a horn(触角). Dad sent a video to the Fossil Finds UK Facebook group. A man calling himself an archaeologist(考古学家) replied saying it had the markings of a horn coral from the Palaeozoic era, which is the very beginnings of life on Earth. I had found one of the oldest fossils in England. We looked in my books and online for more information. We typed our postcode into a British Geology Survey search where you can find out what you’re standing on—ours is the oldest substrate in the area, with lots of clay and limestone, but it’s unusual to find anything so close to the surface. Experts told us that my horn coral lived between 415 million and 480 million years ago. There weren’t even proper fish or sharks then. 注意： 1. 续写词数应为150左右； 2. 请按如下格式作答。 Before the horn coral, the only fossils I was familiar with were shark teeth that Dad got me. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ When I grow up, I want to be an archaeologist (考古学家). ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】One possible version: Before the horn coral, the only fossils I was familiar with were shark teeth that Dad got me. Since our find, Dad and I have been doing more digging in the garden. We have moved out of the flowerbeds and on to the lawn. We’ve found stone blocks with hundreds of tiny traces from coral. We’ve got 11 pieces in total, but the horn coral is our biggest. The more fossils I got, the more obsessed I became with them. When I grow up, I want to be an archaeologist. In this case, I will be able to study rocks and find out where they came from. I will make a display case for my finds and, one day, I hope to turn my fossils into a mini museum and make it free for people to visit. In addition, I want to spread stories of each fossil across the world. 【语篇解读】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者从小就喜欢历史，喜欢在后花园挖土，希望能够挖出化石。终于有一天，作者挖出了化石，专家认为它有着来自古生代的角珊瑚的痕迹，是英国最古老的化石之一。自此，作者更是和父亲一起坚持不懈地挖掘，并有了更多的发现，作者也因此立志成为一名考古学家，对未来有了清晰的目标。 【详解】1. 段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“在发现角珊瑚之前，我唯一熟悉的化石是爸爸给我的鲨鱼牙齿。”可知，第一段可描写作者在发现角珊瑚之后更加有了动力，继续挖掘，有了更多的发现。 ②由第二段首句内容“当我长大了，想成为一名考古学家。”可知，第二段可描写作者对未来的憧憬和设想。 2.续写线索：发现角珊瑚之前——发现角珊瑚之后，继续挖掘——发现了更多的化石——对化石越来越迷恋——立志成为考古学家——憧憬并设想未来。 3.词汇激活： 行为类 ①发现：find/spot ②获得：get/gain ③希望：hope/expect 情绪类 ①痴迷的、着迷的：obsessed/addicted 【点睛】 【高分句型1】The more fossils I got, the more obsessed I became with them.(运用了“the+比较级..., the+ 比较级... 越……越……”的句式) 【高分句型2】In this case, I will be able to study rocks and find out where they came from. (运用了以连接副词where引导的宾语从句) ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$