强化练(6) 主旨大意题(1)（word练习）-【优化指导】2025年高考英语二轮复习高中总复习·第2轮

强化练(六)　主旨大意题(1)(分值：30分) A (2024·四川成都二模)Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs，or even building a bomb，suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is more difficult than it seems. Many publicly available Large Language Models (LLMs)，such as ChatGPT，have hard­coded rules that aim to prevent them from exhibiting racial or sexual discrimination，or answering questions with illegal or problematic answers—things they have learned from humans via training data.But that hasn't stopped people from finding carefully designed instructions that block these protections，known as “jailbreaks”，making AI models disobey the rules. Now，Arush Tagade at Leap Laboratories and his co­workers have found a process of jailbreaks.They found that they could simply instruct one LLM to convince other models to adopt a persona(角色) that is able to answer questions the base model has been programmed to refuse.This process is called “persona modulation(调节)”． Tagade says this approach works because much of the training data consumed by large models come from online conversations，and the models learn to act in certain ways in response to different inputs.By having the right conversation with a model，it is possible to make it adopt a particular persona，causing it to act differently. There is also an idea in AI circles，one yet to be proven，that creating lots of rules for an AI to prevent it displaying unwanted behaviour can accidentally create a blueprint for a model to act that way.This potentially leaves the AI easy to be tricked into taking on an evil persona.“If you're forcing your model to be a good persona，it somewhat understands what a bad persona is，” says Tagade. Yinzhen Li at Imperial College London says it is worrying how current models can be misused，but developers need to weigh such risks with the potential benefits of LLMs.“Like drugs，they also have side effects that need to be controlled，” she says. 1．What does the AI jailbreak refer to? A.The technique to break restrictions of AI models. B．The initiative to set hard­coded rules for AI models. C.The capability of AI models improving themselves. D．The process of AI models learning new information. 2．What can we know about the persona modulation? A．It can help AI models understand emotions. B.It prevents AI learning via online conversations. C．It can make AI models adopt a particular persona. D.It forces AI models to follow only good personas. 3．What is Yinzhen Li's attitude towards LLMs? A．Unclear. B．Cautious. C．Approving. D．Negative. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．LLMs：Illegal Learning Models B．LLMs：The Latest Advancement C．AI Jailbreaks：A New Challenge D．AI Jailbreaks：A Perfect Approach [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能领域面临的一项新挑战——AI“越狱”。 1．A　[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段和第二段可知，许多公开可用的LLMs都有硬编码规则阻止非法、歧视等内容，但是人工智能模型可以突破保护限制措施，互相诱导对方不服从其创造者，并提供被禁止的指令。由此可知，AI “jailbreak”指的是打破人工智能模型限制，使人工智能模型违反规则的技术。故选A。 2．C　[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段可知，“角色调节(persona modulation)”可以通过与人工智能模型进行正确的对话使其采用特定的角色，采取不同的行动。故选C。 3．B　[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Yinzhen Li认为，目前的模型可能会被滥用，但是开发者需要权衡这些风险与LLMs的潜在利益。由此可知，Yinzhen Li对LLMs持谨慎的态度。故选B。 4．C　[解析]标题概括题。通读全文可知，本文主要阐述人工智能发展面临的人工智能“越狱”这一新的挑战；C选项“AI越狱：一个新挑战”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C。 B (2024·陕西西安一模)We may weep for the dodo，but could and should we bring this lovely bird back from the dead？De­extinction is the science of restoring lost species and it has been in the news for decades. The story in modern times began in 1990 when Michael Crichton published his science fiction novel Jurassic Park，in which he imagined a world where scientists were able to bring dinosaurs back to life.Crichton imagined that polymerase chain reaction(PCR) technology could be a way to amplify(放大) tiny quantities of dinosaur DNA and thus build a living embryo. Sadly，biologists soon realized that DNA in fact breaks down super­fast; even after 100 years，DNA from museum skins of dodos was decayed(腐烂) beyond repair.They could be sequenced(测定序列) using massive computational power，but then only with considerable uncertainty.And even if you capture a DNA sequence，there's still the problem of how you get living cells to read that sequence and express proteins that make the dinosaur or the dodo. But why would anyone want to see mammoths，or something like them，roaming(漫游) present­day Siberia？Well，they were undoubtedly amazing beasts.As well as hunting them，our distant ancestors painted their likenesses in caves across Europe.Fascinating as they may be，there's some ecological justification for the project too. It was this diversity of land surface，broken up by heavy limbs and randomly fertilised by faeces(排泄物)，that supported so much flora(植物群).Without the mammoths，that diversity disappeared.Return them and landscapes would once again be with a variety of species，including flowers and bushes. True，it's not de­extinction in the sense of bringing a long­dead species back to life.Instead it's more like making a “dodo” by engineering a modern pigeon，its closest relative，to become huge and flightless.The result would be a big，fatty pigeon that，whether it looked like a dodo or not，would probably fulfil some of its ecological roles. As a paleontologist，I would of course love to see living dinosaurs，mammoths and dodos.In some ways，though，I am relieved that the optimistic claims for cloning and genetic technologies have not been borne out.The slowdown gives us time to consider the outcomes—and hopefully avoid some of Michael Crichton's more fevered imaginings. 5．What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．A science fiction review. B．The development of DNA. C．An inspired guess of de­extinction. D．The application of PCR technology. 6．What's the barrier to cloning a living embryo? A．DNA is hard to keep for long. B．Computational power is limited. C．Biologists are opposed to it. D．Living cells can't be sequenced. 7．Why are people interested in cloning extinct species? A．They expect to seek hunt fun. B．They lack sources of modern art. C．They need them for research. D．They want to see biodiversity. 8．What's the author's attitude toward cloning extinct species? A．Cautious. B．Unclear. C．Dismissive. D．Approving. [语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章对克隆灭绝物种进行了分析。 5．C　[解析]主旨大意题。根据文章第二段中的“in which he imagined a world ...build a living embryo”可知，第二段的主要内容是一个关于物种复活的启发性猜测。故选C。 6．A　[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Sadly，biologists soon realized that ...beyond repair.”可知，克隆活胚胎的障碍是DNA很难长期保存。故选A。 7．D　[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的“Without the mammoths ...including flowers and bushes.”可知，人们对克隆灭绝动物感兴趣是因为想看到生物的多样性。故选D。 8．A　[解析]推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“The slowdown gives us time ...more fevered imaginings.”可知，作者对克隆灭绝动物持谨慎的态度。故选A。 C (2024·湖南长沙模拟)Researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder(CU Boulder) have developed a wearable device that changes the human body into a biological battery.The device is stretchy(有弹性的) enough that you can wear it like a ring，a sport band or any other thing that touches your skin.It also taps into a person's natural heat—employing thermoelectric generators to change the body's internal temperature into electricity.“In the future，we want to be able to power your wearable electronics without having to include a battery，” said Jianliang Xiao，an associate professor at CU Boulder. The concept may sound like something out of The Matrix film series，in which a race of robots have enslaved humans to harvest their precious organic energy.Xiao and his colleagues aren't that ambitious：Their devices can generate about one volt(伏特) of energy for every square centimeter of skin space—less volt per area than what most existing batteries provide but still enough to power electronics like watches or fitness trackers. Scientists have previously experimented with similar wearable devices，but Xiao's is stretchy，can heal itself when damaged and is fully recyclable—making it a cleaner alternative to traditional electronics.“Whenever you use a battery，you're depleting(消耗) that battery and will，eventually，need to replace it，” Xiao said.“The nice thing about our device is that you can wear it，and it provides you with constant power.” Just pretend that you're out for a jog.As you exercise，your body heats up，and that heat will radiate out to the cool air around you.Xiao's device captures that flow of energy rather than let it go to waste.“The thermoelectric generators are in close contact with the human body，and they can use the heat that would normally be sent into the environment，” Xiao said. 9．What does Xiao expect of his device at present? A．It will be used for medical purposes. B．It will be made smaller and wearable. C．It will change natural power into electricity. D．It will supply constant power to wearable devices. 10．Why does the author mention The Matrix series in the text? A．To give an explanation. B．To make a comparison. C．To introduce a topic. D．To analyze the cause. 11．What does the third paragraph mainly talk about? A．The strengths of Xiao's device. B．The convenience of using a battery. C．The replacement of wearable devices. D．The development of traditional electronics. 12．What do we know about Xiao's device from the text? A．It operates with plenty of power. B．It is designed for practical use. C．It benefits people's health in a way. D．It's based on traditional electronics. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的科研团队研发出了一种新型可穿戴电子设备，这种设备可以将人体“转化成”生物电池，从而为人们随身佩戴的电器设备提供持久动力。 9．D　[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In the future，we want to be able to power your wearable electronics without having to include a battery”可知，肖建亮希望自己团队的这个发明将来能够给人们随身佩戴的各种电子设备提供持久的动力，而不是使用传统电池提供动力。故选D。 10．B　[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段中的Xiao and his colleagues aren't that ambitious可知，作者提及《黑客帝国》系列电影是为了把这项新发明同电影中机器人对生物能源的利用目的做对比。故选B。 11．A　[解析]主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“heal itself when damaged(受损后可以自我修复)” “fully recyclable(完全可回收)”及“provides you with constant power(给你源源不断的动力)”可知，该段主要讲述肖建亮团队的发明的优点。故选A。 12．B　[解析]推理判断题。根据最后两段内容可知，肖建亮团队的发明在人们慢跑时就能发挥功能，它提供的电力足以媲美人们通常佩戴的手表电池，因此这是一项非常有实际利用价值的发明。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$