专题14 非谓语动词讲义-2025届中考英语语法全面讲解

非谓语动词全面精讲 目录 一．概述 2 二.动词不定式 2 1.不定式作主语 3 2.不定式作宾语。 3 3.不定式作宾语补足语。 4 4.不定式作定语 4 5.不定式作状语 5 6.特殊结构的不定式 6 动词不定式专项训练 7 三．动名词 8 1.概述 8 2.动名词作宾语 8 3. 动名词可以作表语与现在进行时辨析 9 4.动名词与现在分词区别 9 动名词专项训练 9 四.分词 10 1.概述 10 2.分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等 10 3.动词用法辨析 11 3.几组动词接不定式及动名词辨析： 12 4.动词的过去分词 12 5.过去分词、现在分词、和不定式作宾补的区别: 13 分词的专项训练 13 非谓语动词专项训练 14 一．基础训练 14 二．中考真题训练 14 A.单句填空 14 B.根据下列句子及所给首字母或汉语注释，写出空缺处单词的正确形式。 17 C.语篇型语法填空 19 一．概述 非谓语动词是动词的非谓语形式，在句子中不能单独作谓语。 包括动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词(-ing,-ed)三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。 二.动词不定式 形式：动词不定式基本形式由“to do”构成。它的否定形式“not to do”。有时可以省略to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义。help sb.(to) do sth. make sb. do sth. 功能 例句 说明 主语 To speak English is not easy for us=It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。 作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面。 表语 My work is to clean the room everyday.=To clean the room every day is my work. 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作为主语。 宾语 —What sports does he like to play?他喜欢什么动？ —He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。 只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。 宾补 My mother made me play the piano all the time. 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。 在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略to。 定语 Have you got anything to say? 你有要说的吗？ 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。 状语 I'm sorry to trouble you.（表原因） I went to the library to study English.（表目的） 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。 直接宾语、间接宾语和宾补区别 1、间接宾语指用作宾语的是人，直接宾语则指物，两者都作为某个动词的宾语，因此位置可以互换。 give me the book 间接宾语为“me”，直接宾语为“the book”，都用作“give”的宾语,也可说give the book to me.teach him a lesson 间接“him”，直接“a lesson”，用作“teach”的宾语，也可说teach a lesson to him. 2、宾补即宾语补足语，宾语补足语跟在宾语后面起补充说明的成分，但不用作宾语，与宾语的位置不能互换 give me the book to return it to the library 补充说明的部分是“to return it to the library”：“把书给我,我要拿去还给图书馆.”。“我要拿去还给图书馆”就是补充说明为什么要“把书给我”的理由. make the room clean 1.不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末 其结构为：It+be+adj.（+ for/ of sb.）+动词不定式 如：To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well. It’s important for us to protect the environment. 注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。如： It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好啦。 It's very clever of you to do like that. 你那样做真是太聪明啦。 2.不定式作宾语。 1)及物动词+不定式一般形式： 谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语) [说 明] want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) + to (do) (无) help(帮助) to可以省略 begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大 forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大 [比较] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关) forget to do忘记要做某事 He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) forget doing 忘记做过某事 Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话) 2)在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在后面。 如：I found to learn to ride a bike not very easy .=I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易) 3) 常见的一些不带to的动词不定式 Why not do...=Why don't you do..., had better（not）do..., would rather do,could/would/will you please（not）do... I would rather stay in the room.我宁愿待在房间里。 3.不定式作宾语补足语。 谓 语 动 词(vt.) + 宾语 (人 / 物) +不定式 (作宾语补足语) ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / help(帮) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) +sb. / sth. +to (do) make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / help(帮助) +sb. / sth. + (do) 如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭) I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你见见我的父母) The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时) Now let me hear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴) [注意] help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较： I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况) I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程) 注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有： 一感（feel）、二听（hear, listen to）、三让（let, make, have）、四看（look at, see, watch, notice）。 但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如： My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss. 老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。 4.不定式作定语 不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。 There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。 [A] 记住下面的一些结构： 被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语) 汉 语 意 思 a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙 a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子 give her a book to read 给她一本书读 Is there any (+名词/代词) to (do)? 有…要(做的)吗? It’s time to go. 是走的时间了。/ 该走了。 Do you have any work to do? 你有工作要做吗? I’d like something to eat. 我要点儿吃的。 I have nothing to say. 我没有话要说。 Would you like something to drink? 你要点儿喝的吗？ 5.不定式作状语 [A] 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait等词)的后面。 如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的) I stopped to have a rest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的) [B]放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。 如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩) I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿) [C]有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。 如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的) [注意] stop to do 与stop doing的不同。 如：They stopped to have a look.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语) They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容) 不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。如： The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正告诉学生们做什么。 He didn't know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。 易错总结 1.不定式作宾语 (1)一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，如：would like，like，want，wish，hope，decide，plan，expect等。如： Would you like to see a film this evening?你今晚想去看一场电影吗? (2)在find，think后面接不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。如： I find it easy to read English every day.我发现每天读英语很容易。 (3)常见的一些不带to的动词不定式： why not do…，had better(not) do…，would rather do，could/would/will you please (not) do… I would rather stay at home.我宁愿待在家里。 2.不定式作宾语补足语 不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如： Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露西让他将收音机的音量调低。 tell，ask，want，allow，get，would like，encourage后面常接动词不定式作宾语补足语。如： My mother encourages me to learn Japanese.我母亲鼓励我学日语。 注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有：一感(feel)、一帮(help)、二听(hear，listen to)、三让(let，make，have)、四看(look at，see，watch，notice)。但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如： The boss made them work the whole night.老板让他们工作了一整夜。 3.不定式作定语 (1)不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。 (2)如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。如： There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。 6.特殊结构的不定式 结构 例句 too…to结构 She was too surprised to see how angry her father was. not+不定式 The teacher told the students not to play soccer on the road. 疑问词+不定式 作主语 How to solve the problem is very important. 作宾语 He didn’t know what to say. 作表语 The question is where to find the water. for+名词（代词的宾格）+不定式 It is necessary for us to learn from each other. of+名词（代词的宾格）+不定式 It is very kind of you to help me with my English. 易错总结 1.动词不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，其结构为：It+be+adj.+(for/of sb.)+动词不定式。如： To learn English well is useful. →It is useful to learn English well. It’s important for us to protect the environment. 注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。 It’s very kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好啦。 It’s very clever of you to do like that.你那样做真是太聪明啦。 2.不定式常和疑问词what，which，when，where，how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。如： The teacher is telling the students what to do.老师正告诉学生要做什么。 He didn’t know where to go.他不知道去哪里。(where to go=where he should go) 动词不定式专项训练 1.John will have to run very fast to 　　　(打破)the school 100-metre race record in the sports meeting.  2.Her manners were gracious(亲切的). I was the person who didn’t know what 　　　 (say).   3.There are plenty of things　　　(do)in Pennsylvania.  4.Miss White often has us 　　　(tell)interesting stories in her English class.  5.I’d like you　　　(share) your ideas about pollution.  6.It’s necessary for us　　　 (talk)to our parents when we have problems.  7.I was tired out,so I stopped the car　　　 (have) a short rest.  8.Dr. Luo says all these activities can cause a lot of stress for children. “Kids should have time 　　　(relax) and think for themselves, too.  9.Squirrels always like saving some food before winer comes. But they forget where 　　　(find)it from time to time.  10.“How am I supposed 　　　(live)without you?”Jane said to Dad, tears in eyes.  11.My parents often tell me not 　　　(eat)too much junk food because it􀆳s bad for my health.  12.You should ask Bob 　　　(wash) his own clothes. He is ten years old now.  三．动名词 1.概述 动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。 动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。 功能 例句 说明 主语 Eating too much is bad for your health. 谓语动词用单数形式。 动词宾语 介词宾语 I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜欢打篮球。 Stamps are used for sending letters.邮票是被用来寄信的。 表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或经常性的动作。 表语 His hobby is collecting stamps. =Collecting stamps is his hobby. 多数情况下，动名词作表语可转化成作主语。 定语 She is in the reading room.她在阅览室。 We should improve our teaching methods. 只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。置于所修饰词之前。 2.动名词作宾语 如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修) My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理) 2）remember / forget / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。 如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了) 注意：英语中有一些词后面常跟动名词作宾语。我们初中阶段常见的有：finish, mind, be worth, be busy, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem（in）, spend...（in）, feel like, be used to（习惯于）, give up, keep on, consider, suggest, can't help。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词。 完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy） 继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up） 考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, can't help, feel like） 喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind） 3. 动名词可以作表语与现在进行时辨析 如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来) 4.动名词与现在分词区别 动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如： Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补) 动名词专项训练 1.He went 　　　(野营)with us and taught us how to put up a tent.  2.Paper had already existed(存在) in China, but the process for 　　　(produce) it was difficult and the paper was of low quality.  3.Amy practices 　　　(play) the piano for over two hours every day.  4.I’d like to give my thanks to Alice for 　　　(share)her exciting experiences in Africa.  5.People in ancient times believed that the plant could drive away evil(邪恶的)spirits and prevent them from 　　　(catch)an illness in winter.  6.I enjoy 　　　 (read) Chinese ancient poems aloud to better understand them.  7.—Have you read the book Jane Eyre? —Yes. It’s a famous book and really worth 　　　(read).  8.—China is getting better and better at making high technology products. —That’s right.People around the world can hardly avoid　　　 (buy)products made in China.  9.“On most days after school,” she says, “I take my son to basketball 　　　(train) and my daughter to dancing and piano lessons.  10.Friends are important to everyone;however, some people may have trouble 　　　(keep)their friendships.   11.Are you thinking about　　　(visit)the state?  12.And as soon as the TV program came out more than 30 years ago, Western children became interested in 　　　(read) this story because the clever Monkey King keeps fighting to help the weak and never gives up.  13.But after 　　　(have) three days of hamburgers, sandwiches and potatoes, I thought none could be more delicious than Chinese food, especially my favorite—huoguo.  14.It’s no use 　　　(cry) over spilt milk.  15.After being so afraid of　　　(fall), it was a comfort not to fear it anymore.  16.Suddenly the house began to shake.He stopped　　　 (listen)to music and rushed out.  四.分词 1.概述 包含现在分词（-ing）和过去分词(-ed)。 主要区别：现在分词一般有主动或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词有被动或动作已经完 成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。 2.分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等 1）作定语：分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly.(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊！) Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人) He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气) 2）现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语) 谓语动词(vt.) 宾语 宾语补足语 keep(保持) / see(看到) / hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到) sb./sth. (do)ing 如：Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作) When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子) In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动) 3）现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。 如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸) I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试) 3.动词用法辨析 take、spend、pay、cost的用法： spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型：sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth / (in) doing sth. She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一个晚上看那本小说) take的主语通常是事情,句型：It + (take)+sb.+时间+to do…sth.。 This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job.(做这件事情要花我两天的时间) cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气. How much does a house like this cost? (像这样的房子要花多少钱？) pay的宾语通常是金钱,句型：sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物. I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元从他那儿买了书) 练习：根据句子意思和时态，用spend, take, cost和pay 的正确形式来填空。 1. I ________ two hours on this math problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。 2. The car ________ him around ten thousand US dollars. 这车花去他一万美元左右。 3. They _______________two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。 4. I _______ a lot of money for the new computer. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。 5. It _________ them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。 易错总结 1.英语中一些词后常跟动名词作宾语，初中阶段这类词有：finish(完成),mind(介意),be worth(值得),be busy(忙于),practice(练习),have fun(玩得高兴),feel like(想要),be used to(习惯于),consider(考虑),enjoy(喜欢)。 2.主语+ be + happy(glad, pleased, angry, sorry, careful, ready等)+to do sth.如： I’m glad to see you again.我很高兴再次见到你。 I’m sorry to hear that.听到这个消息我感到遗憾。 3.几组动词接不定式及动名词辨析： (1)stop doing/stop to do stop doing sth.停止做某事 stop to do sth.停止、中断做某事后去做另一件事 (2)forget doing/forget to do forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(事情已做) forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事(事情没做) (3)remember doing/remember to do remember doing sth.记得做过某事(事情已做) remember to do sth.记着去做某事(事情没做) (4)try doing/try to do try doing sth.尝试着去做某事 try to do sth.设法或努力去做某事 (5)go on doing/go on to do go on doing sth.继续不停地做同一件事情 go on to do sth.做完一件事，接着去做另外一件事 (6)allow doing sth./allow sb.to do sth. allow doing sth.允许做某事 allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事 (7)regret doing/regret to do regret doing sth.对做过的事情感到遗憾、后悔(已做) regret to do sth.对要做的事感到遗憾(未做) (8)mean doing/mean to do mean doing sth.意味着做某事 mean to do sth.打算、想做某事 4.动词的过去分词 功能 例句 表语 The door remained locked. 定语 The building built last year is now a department store. 宾语补足语 I heard my name called. 状语 Heated water changes into steam. 英语中过去分词可作宾补(此时的过去分词一般是及物动词)表被动意义或完成意义，有时两者兼而有之。做宾补的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。如： She found the door broken in when she came back.(宾补与宾语有被动的关系，表一种状态) 1.过去分词用在get,have,make 的后面。 注意“have +宾语+过去分词”的两种情况： A)表示“让某人做某事/让某事(被人)做”。如： I have had my bike repaired.我已经请人把我的自行车修好了。 B)表示“遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击/受……影响，蒙受……损失”。如： I had my wallet stolen on a bus last month.上个月在公汽上我的钱包被偷了。 2.“make+宾语+过去分词”,在这种结构中，过去分词的动词必须是表示结果含义的。如： I raised my voice to make myself heard.我提高声音目的是让我自己被听见。 3.过去分词用在感官动词watch,notice,see,hear,listen to,feel,find等后面。如： When we got to school,we saw the door locked.到学校时，我们发现门被锁了。 4.过去分词用在“with +宾语＋宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。如： The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.那个小偷被带了进来，他的手被绑在背后。 5.过去分词、现在分词、和不定式作宾补的区别: 现在分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是主谓关系，其动作与谓语动作同时进行。过去分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是动宾关系，其动作先于谓语动作。不定式作宾补:表一个完成的动作、或表一个很短时间内看到、听到或感觉到的具体动作。如： He didn’t notice me waiting.他没有注意到我正在等。 I heard the song sung in English.我听见这首歌被用英语唱了。 I saw him opening the window.我看见他正在开窗户。 I saw the window opened.我看见窗户被开了。 I saw him open the window.我看见他开了窗户。 I heard her sing the song in English.我听见她用英语唱了这首歌。 分词的专项训练 1.One Thanksgiving, we had lots of food 　　　(leave) over. I thought about the old lady. She might be still hungry.   2.Later, we post the photos onto Weibo or WeChat,　　　(wait)to be “liked”.  3.To protect elephants, we must save the trees and not buy things 　　　(make) of ivory.  4.My bike is broken. I will have it　　　tomorrow morning.  A.fix up B.fixed up C.repairing D.to repair 非谓语动词专项训练 一．基础训练 用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. Jenny saw a wallet ______（lie）on the ground. 2. The heavy snow stopped them from______(go)out for a walk the day before yesterday. 3. Don’t you hear someone ______(sing) in the next room? 4. The little girl really feels like_______(eat)eggs. 5. Keep (try).You are sure to get a good result. 6. Lily finished (read) the book yesterday. 7. Mr Lee made us (laugh) 8. —The children should be told (not break) the traffic rules.—That’s right. 9. He found it hard (catch) up with his classmates ,because all his classmates worked very hard. 10. This is the best way (work) out this problem. 二．中考真题训练 1. （2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题）My little brother suggested ________ for a walk. A. to go B. going C. goes 2. （2024·江苏省扬州市·中考真题）China has made great efforts ________ other countries build high-speed railways. A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped 3. （2024·四川达州市·中考真题）Qiqi hopes ________ medicine in Sichuan University. A. studies B. studying C. to study 4. （2024·天津·中考真题）People may use different body language _________ the same feelings. A. show B. to show C. showed D. shows 5. （2024·云南省·中考真题）Our headmaster will invite a scientist ________ us a speech on space technology. A. give B. given C. giving D. to give 6. （2024·四川凉山·中考真题）______ teenagers’ eyesight, experts advise them to stay away from electronic products. A. Protect B. To protect C. Protecting 7. （2024·四川泸州市·中考真题）______ healthy, we students always do morning exercises every day at school. A. Keep B. To keep C. Keeping D. Keeps 8. （2024·四川自贡市·中考真题）To save energy, don’t forget ________ the light before you leave the room. A. turn off B. turning off C. to turn off 9．（2023·江苏徐州·中考真题）I have decided to go to Beijing and ________ one of my old friends there. A．visiting B．visited C．visits D．visit 10．（2023·黑龙江牡丹江·统考中考真题）________ down air pollution, we should walk or take the bus instead of driving. A．Cut B．To cut C．Cutting 11．（2023·吉林·统考中考真题）We hope ________ a beautiful home by living a low-carbon life (低碳生活). A．build B．building C．to build 12．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）—Shall we go swimming this afternoon? —I would rather ________ at home than ________ swimming. A．stay; going B．stay; go C．to stay; to go 13．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）I saw Lily ________ when I passed her room. A．dance B．dancing C．to dance 14．（2023·湖南株洲·统考中考真题）Today, we must continue working ________ our skies blue, waters clean and lands clear. A．keep B．to keep C．keeping 15．（2023·湖南郴州·统考中考真题）—Are you going to read the book Journey to the West? —Yes. Our teacher expects us ________ such traditional Chinese books. A．read B．reading C．to read 16．（2023·福建·统考中考真题）It’s reported that China plans ________ astronauts to the moon before 2030. A．send B．sending C．to send 17．（2023·江苏宿迁·统考中考真题）—Our school will invite Mr. Wang ________ us a talk on environmental protection next week. —That’s wonderful! A．give B．to give C．giving D．gave 18．（2023·吉林长春·统考中考真题）We expect the world _______ China better after the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou. A．understanding B．to understand C．understood D．understand 19．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）Boys and girls, good luck and wish you ________ good grades in a new year. A．get B．getting C．to get 20．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）We should avoid ________ a noise in the library. A．make B．to make C．making 三．中考模拟训练 A.单句填空 1．[2024邵阳模拟]Instead of ________（eat） burgers and sandwiches so often, she ate salad every other day. 2．[2024湘西州一模]Body confidence is about ____________（accept） our bodies fully and understanding what they can do for us. 3．[2024常德模拟]The boss told John ________（wait） a second, and he called Bobby to go and find anyone selling watermelons in the market. 4．[2024长沙明德模拟]It helped kill their neck and back pain after ________（work） for long hours at home while not requiring much effort, time and space. 5．[2024娄底二模]The 21-year-old girl has been teaching other students ______________（practice） for over three years. 6．[2024长沙长郡二模]After ________（score） a goal, we certainly get a lot of satisfaction. 7．[2024张家界模拟]We need stricter laws ____________（protect） our river. 8．[2024长沙长郡二模]It also encourages young people ____________（achieve） their dreams. 9．[2023岳阳模拟改编]My grandfather used to ______（watch） TV at home after dinner, but now he is used to ______（go） out for a walk. 10．[2023怀化模拟改编]Many people enjoy ________（make） zongzi by themselves on the Dragon Boat Festival. 11．[2023常德模拟改编]After some time, he was pleased ________（find） that the moon was in the bucket. 12．[2023郴州模拟改编]—Are you going to read the book Journey to the West? —Yes. Our teacher expects us ________（read） such traditional Chinese books. 13．[2023邵阳模拟改编]—Is Lucy in the classroom? —Yeah. She is still there watching Mr. Li ________（draw）. 14．[2023张家界模拟改编]Besides, the teenagers enjoyed the festival by making lanterns. They used waste paper and other waste materials ________（make） lanterns. 15．[2023株洲模拟改编]Today, we must continue working ________（keep） our skies blue, waters clear and lands clean. 16．[2022长沙模拟]It took around 120 hours ____________（finish） this 3D-printed house. 17．[2022岳阳模拟改编]Many students practice ________（run） in the morning because of the P.E. exam. 18．[2022郴州模拟改编]Remember ______________（turn off） the light when you leave the classroom. 19．[2022永州模拟]I plan ________（send） a gift to my father tomorrow for Father’s Day. 20．[2022永州模拟]When playing in the hallways students should avoid ________（push） each other. B.根据下列句子及所给首字母或汉语注释，写出空缺处单词的正确形式。 1．[2024湖州一模]Tony's sister enjoys l__________ to music and she often goes to concerts. 2．[2024湖州二模]As the old saying goes, “Eating dumplings on Dongzhi can help k____ the ears from frostbite（冻疮）.” 3．[2024杭州二模]Let your grandparents help you improve your skills, like __________（教） how to fish. 4．[2023绍兴模拟]“Watching them running strong and happy makes me ______（微笑） every time,” said Jerry Wu. 5．[2023舟山模拟改编]And now, 2,000 years later, people around the world come here ________（看） how people lived all those years ago. 6．[2024宁波一模]In front of the school office, there was a long line of students waiting ________（buy） bandanas. 7．[2024宁波一模改编]If people have a healthy lifestyle, they are more likely ________（have） satisfying social lives. 8．[2021衢州改编]There are fewer plants and animals there, and it's more difficult for people ________（live）. 9．[2021丽水模拟]They plan ________（walk） around the whole of Britain, singing for dinner and sleeping anywhere like fields. 10.(2023无锡惠山二模)—How was your trip during the May Day holiday? —Can’t be worse. We were forced 　　　　　(cut) our journey short because of too many people.  11.(2023无锡新吴一模) How proud the parents were 　　　　　(hear) their son had won first prize!  12.(2023镇江八校联考)—Have you heard the news? —Yes. The school radio station announced that our school had put the money 　　　　　(筹募) to buy new instruments for kids.  13.(2023无锡江阴学情检测)We students should pay attention to every detail 　　　　　(avoid) making mistakes.  14.(2023淮安经济开发区一模)My grandpa prefers to wear shoes 　　　　　(make) of cloth. He thinks they are comfortable.  15.(2022无锡锡东片一模) Whenever we kids come over， Auntie Susan stands there and watches us 　　　　　(make) sure we don’t break anything.  16.(2022无锡锡山二模) What did you find 　　　　　(hide) behind the door just now?  17.(2022泰州姜堰一模) You cannot imagine how much difficulty I had 　　　　　(communicate) with him.  18.(2022苏州张家港适应性考试) Jenny’s idea is very creative， so it is worth 　　　　　(考虑).  19.(2022无锡锡山二模) Every minute should be made full use of 　　　　　(improve) your skills.  原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 非谓语动词全面精讲 目录 一．概述 2 二.动词不定式 2 1.不定式作主语 3 2.不定式作宾语。 3 3.不定式作宾语补足语。 4 4.不定式作定语 4 5.不定式作状语 5 6.特殊结构的不定式 6 动词不定式专项训练 7 三．动名词 8 1.概述 8 2.动名词作宾语 8 3. 动名词可以作表语与现在进行时辨析 9 4.动名词与现在分词区别 9 动名词专项训练 9 四.分词 10 1.概述 10 2.分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等 10 3.动词用法辨析 11 3.几组动词接不定式及动名词辨析： 12 4.动词的过去分词 12 5.过去分词、现在分词、和不定式作宾补的区别: 13 分词的专项训练 13 非谓语动词专项训练 14 一．基础训练 14 二．中考真题训练 14 A.单句填空 14 B.根据下列句子及所给首字母或汉语注释，写出空缺处单词的正确形式。 17 C.语篇型语法填空 19 一．概述 非谓语动词是动词的非谓语形式，在句子中不能单独作谓语。 包括动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词(-ing,-ed)三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。 二.动词不定式 形式：动词不定式基本形式由“to do”构成。它的否定形式“not to do”。有时可以省略to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义。help sb.(to) do sth. make sb. do sth. 功能 例句 说明 主语 To speak English is not easy for us=It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。 作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面。 表语 My work is to clean the room everyday.=To clean the room every day is my work. 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作为主语。 宾语 —What sports does he like to play?他喜欢什么动？ —He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。 只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。 宾补 My mother made me play the piano all the time. 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。 在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略to。 定语 Have you got anything to say? 你有要说的吗？ 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。 状语 I'm sorry to trouble you.（表原因） I went to the library to study English.（表目的） 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。 直接宾语、间接宾语和宾补区别 1、间接宾语指用作宾语的是人，直接宾语则指物，两者都作为某个动词的宾语，因此位置可以互换。 give me the book 间接宾语为“me”，直接宾语为“the book”，都用作“give”的宾语,也可说give the book to me.teach him a lesson 间接“him”，直接“a lesson”，用作“teach”的宾语，也可说teach a lesson to him. 2、宾补即宾语补足语，宾语补足语跟在宾语后面起补充说明的成分，但不用作宾语，与宾语的位置不能互换 give me the book to return it to the library 补充说明的部分是“to return it to the library”：“把书给我,我要拿去还给图书馆.”。“我要拿去还给图书馆”就是补充说明为什么要“把书给我”的理由. make the room clean 1.不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末 其结构为：It+be+adj.（+ for/ of sb.）+动词不定式 如：To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well. It’s important for us to protect the environment. 注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。如： It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好啦。 It's very clever of you to do like that. 你那样做真是太聪明啦。 2.不定式作宾语。 1)及物动词+不定式一般形式： 谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语) [说 明] want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) + to (do) (无) help(帮助) to可以省略 begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大 forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大 [比较] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关) forget to do忘记要做某事 He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) forget doing 忘记做过某事 Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话) 2)在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在后面。 如：I found to learn to ride a bike not very easy .=I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易) 3) 常见的一些不带to的动词不定式 Why not do...=Why don't you do..., had better（not）do..., would rather do,could/would/will you please（not）do... I would rather stay in the room.我宁愿待在房间里。 3.不定式作宾语补足语。 谓 语 动 词(vt.) + 宾语 (人 / 物) +不定式 (作宾语补足语) ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / help(帮) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) +sb. / sth. +to (do) make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / help(帮助) +sb. / sth. + (do) 如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭) I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你见见我的父母) The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时) Now let me hear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴) [注意] help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较： I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况) I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程) 注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有： 一感（feel）、二听（hear, listen to）、三让（let, make, have）、四看（look at, see, watch, notice）。 但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如： My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss. 老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。 4.不定式作定语 不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。 There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。 [A] 记住下面的一些结构： 被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语) 汉 语 意 思 a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙 a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子 give her a book to read 给她一本书读 Is there any (+名词/代词) to (do)? 有…要(做的)吗? It’s time to go. 是走的时间了。/ 该走了。 Do you have any work to do? 你有工作要做吗? I’d like something to eat. 我要点儿吃的。 I have nothing to say. 我没有话要说。 Would you like something to drink? 你要点儿喝的吗？ 5.不定式作状语 [A] 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait等词)的后面。 如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的) I stopped to have a rest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的) [B]放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。 如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩) I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿) [C]有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。 如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的) [注意] stop to do 与stop doing的不同。 如：They stopped to have a look.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语) They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容) 不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。如： The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正告诉学生们做什么。 He didn't know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。 易错总结 1.不定式作宾语 (1)一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，如：would like，like，want，wish，hope，decide，plan，expect等。如： Would you like to see a film this evening?你今晚想去看一场电影吗? (2)在find，think后面接不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。如： I find it easy to read English every day.我发现每天读英语很容易。 (3)常见的一些不带to的动词不定式： why not do…，had better(not) do…，would rather do，could/would/will you please (not) do… I would rather stay at home.我宁愿待在家里。 2.不定式作宾语补足语 不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如： Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露西让他将收音机的音量调低。 tell，ask，want，allow，get，would like，encourage后面常接动词不定式作宾语补足语。如： My mother encourages me to learn Japanese.我母亲鼓励我学日语。 注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有：一感(feel)、一帮(help)、二听(hear，listen to)、三让(let，make，have)、四看(look at，see，watch，notice)。但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如： The boss made them work the whole night.老板让他们工作了一整夜。 3.不定式作定语 (1)不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。 (2)如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。如： There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。 6.特殊结构的不定式 结构 例句 too…to结构 She was too surprised to see how angry her father was. not+不定式 The teacher told the students not to play soccer on the road. 疑问词+不定式 作主语 How to solve the problem is very important. 作宾语 He didn’t know what to say. 作表语 The question is where to find the water. for+名词（代词的宾格）+不定式 It is necessary for us to learn from each other. of+名词（代词的宾格）+不定式 It is very kind of you to help me with my English. 易错总结 1.动词不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，其结构为：It+be+adj.+(for/of sb.)+动词不定式。如： To learn English well is useful. →It is useful to learn English well. It’s important for us to protect the environment. 注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。 It’s very kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好啦。 It’s very clever of you to do like that.你那样做真是太聪明啦。 2.不定式常和疑问词what，which，when，where，how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。如： The teacher is telling the students what to do.老师正告诉学生要做什么。 He didn’t know where to go.他不知道去哪里。(where to go=where he should go) 动词不定式专项训练 1.John will have to run very fast to 　　　(打破)the school 100-metre race record in the sports meeting.  答案　break 　句意:John必须在运动会上跑得很快,去打破校100米比赛的纪录。不定式符号to后用动词原形,break the record破纪录,故填break。 2.Her manners were gracious(亲切的). I was the person who didn’t know what 　　　 (say).   答案　to say　句意:我倒是那个不知道该说些什么的人了。特殊疑问词后面跟动词不定式,在句中作宾语。 3.There are plenty of things　　　(do)in Pennsylvania.  答案　to do　句意:在宾夕法尼亚有很多事情要做。此处用动词不定式表示目的。 4.Miss White often has us 　　　(tell)interesting stories in her English class.  答案　tell　句意:Miss White在她的英语课上经常让我们讲有趣的故事。have sb. do sth.要某人做某事。 5.I’d like you　　　(share) your ideas about pollution.  答案　to share　would like sb. to do sth.想要某人做某事。 6.It’s necessary for us　　　 (talk)to our parents when we have problems.  答案　to talk　句意:当我们遇到问题时和父母谈谈对我们来说是必要的。本题考查非谓语动词。由固定句型It is+adj.+for sb.to do sth.“做某事对于某人来说是……的”可知答案为不定式。 7.I was tired out,so I stopped the car　　　 (have) a short rest.  答案　to have　句意:我疲惫不堪,所以我停下车短暂休息了一下。本题考查非谓语动词。to have a short rest在句中作目的状语。 8.Dr. Luo says all these activities can cause a lot of stress for children. “Kids should have time 　　　(relax) and think for themselves, too.  答案　to relax　本题考查非谓语动词。动词不定式to relax...作后置定语,修饰名词time。 9.Squirrels always like saving some food before winer comes. But they forget where 　　　(find)it from time to time.  答案　to find　句意:松鼠总是喜欢在冬天到来前储存食物。但是它们时不时地忘记要到哪里去找到食物。本题考查“疑问词+动词不定式”结构。 10.“How am I supposed 　　　(live)without you?”Jane said to Dad, tears in eyes.  答案　to live　句意:Jane眼中含着眼泪,对爸爸说:“没有你我应该怎样生活啊?”本题考查动词不定式。be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事。 11.My parents often tell me not 　　　(eat)too much junk food because it􀆳s bad for my health.  答案　to eat　句意:我父母经常告诉我不要吃太多的垃圾食品因为这对健康有害。tell sb. not to do sth.告诉某人不要做某事。 12.You should ask Bob 　　　(wash) his own clothes. He is ten years old now.  答案　to wash　句意:你应该让Bob自己洗衣服。他现在十岁了。本题考查非谓语动词。ask sb. to do sth.为固定用法。 三．动名词 1.概述 动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。 动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。 功能 例句 说明 主语 Eating too much is bad for your health. 谓语动词用单数形式。 动词宾语 介词宾语 I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜欢打篮球。 Stamps are used for sending letters.邮票是被用来寄信的。 表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或经常性的动作。 表语 His hobby is collecting stamps. =Collecting stamps is his hobby. 多数情况下，动名词作表语可转化成作主语。 定语 She is in the reading room.她在阅览室。 We should improve our teaching methods. 只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。置于所修饰词之前。 2.动名词作宾语 1）want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。 如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修) My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理) 2）remember / forget / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。 如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了) 注意：英语中有一些词后面常跟动名词作宾语。我们初中阶段常见的有：finish, mind, be worth, be busy, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem（in）, spend...（in）, feel like, be used to（习惯于）, give up, keep on, consider, suggest, can't help。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词。 完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy） 继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up） 考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, can't help, feel like） 喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind） 3. 动名词可以作表语与现在进行时辨析 如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来) 4.动名词与现在分词区别 动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如： Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补) 动名词专项训练 1.He went 　　　(野营)with us and taught us how to put up a tent.  答案　camping 　他和我们一起去野营并教我们如何搭帐篷。go doing sth.去做某事,故填camping。 2.Paper had already existed(存在) in China, but the process for 　　　(produce) it was difficult and the paper was of low quality.  答案　producing　for为介词,后面的动词应用v.-ing形式。produce应去掉不发音的e,加-ing,故答案为producing。 3.Amy practices 　　　(play) the piano for over two hours every day.  答案　playing　句意:Amy每天练习弹钢琴两个多小时。本题考查非谓语动词。practice doing sth.练习做某事。 4.I’d like to give my thanks to Alice for 　　　(share)her exciting experiences in Africa.  答案　sharing　句意:我想感谢Alice,因为她分享了她在非洲激动人心的经历。设空处在介词for后,因此使用动名词形式。 5.People in ancient times believed that the plant could drive away evil(邪恶的)spirits and prevent them from 　　　(catch)an illness in winter.  答案　catching　前面有介词from,所以本空应用动名词形式。 6.I enjoy 　　　 (read) Chinese ancient poems aloud to better understand them.  答案　reading　句意:为了更好地理解中国古诗,我喜欢大声朗读它们。考查非谓语动词。enjoy后动词应该用v.-ing形式,所以本题应填reading。 7.—Have you read the book Jane Eyre? —Yes. It’s a famous book and really worth 　　　(read).  答案　reading　句意:——你读过《简·爱》这本书吗?——读过,它是一本名著,并且它真的值得一读。本题考查非谓语动词。be worth doing值得做某事,固定用法。 8.—China is getting better and better at making high technology products. —That’s right.People around the world can hardly avoid　　　 (buy)products made in China.  答案　buying　句意:——中国在制造高科技产品方面变得越来越好了。——是的,全世界的人几乎都不能避免买到中国制造的产品。本题考查非谓语动词。avoid后加动名词作宾语,由此可知答案为buying。 9.“On most days after school,” she says, “I take my son to basketball 　　　(train) and my daughter to dancing and piano lessons.  答案　training　本题考查名词。train v.培训,training是动词train的动名词形式。basketball training 篮球培训。 10.Friends are important to everyone;however, some people may have trouble 　　　(keep)their friendships.   答案　keeping　考查固定短语。have trouble (in) doing sth.为固定短语,意为“做某事有困难”。 11.Are you thinking about　　　(visit)the state?  答案　visiting　介词about后面接v.-ing,故应填visiting。 12.And as soon as the TV program came out more than 30 years ago, Western children became interested in 　　　(read) this story because the clever Monkey King keeps fighting to help the weak and never gives up.  答案　reading　句意:三十多年前电视节目一上映,西方国家的孩子们对看这个故事很感兴趣,因为聪明的猴王一直为帮助弱者而斗争,从来没有放弃。become interested in+doing, 故正确答案为reading。 13.But after 　　　(have) three days of hamburgers, sandwiches and potatoes, I thought none could be more delicious than Chinese food, especially my favorite—huoguo.  答案　having　句意:但吃了三天的汉堡、三明治和土豆之后,我认为没有比中国的食物更好吃的了,尤其是我的最爱——火锅。after为介词,介词后面加动名词。 14.It’s no use 　　　(cry) over spilt milk.  答案　crying　句意:覆水难收。固定句型It􀆳s no use doing sth. 意为“做某事没有用”,故本题填crying。 15.After being so afraid of　　　(fall), it was a comfort not to fear it anymore.  答案　falling　本题考查非谓语动词。of为介词,后需用动名词形式。 16.Suddenly the house began to shake.He stopped　　　 (listen)to music and rushed out.  答案　listening　句意:突然这座房子开始摇晃,他停止听音乐,冲了出去。stop doing sth.停止做某事。 四.分词 1.概述 包含现在分词（-ing）和过去分词(-ed)。 主要区别：现在分词一般有主动或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词有被动或动作已经完 成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。 2.分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等 1）作定语：分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly.(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊！) Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人) He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气) 2）现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语) 谓语动词(vt.) 宾语 宾语补足语 keep(保持) / see(看到) / hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到) sb./sth. (do)ing 如：Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作) When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子) In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动) 3）现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。 如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸) I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试) 3.动词用法辨析 take、spend、pay、cost的用法： spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型：sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth / (in) doing sth. She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一个晚上看那本小说) take的主语通常是事情,句型：It + (take)+sb.+时间+to do…sth.。 This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job.(做这件事情要花我两天的时间) cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气. How much does a house like this cost? (像这样的房子要花多少钱？) pay的宾语通常是金钱,句型：sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物. I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元从他那儿买了书) 练习：根据句子意思和时态，用spend, take, cost和pay 的正确形式来填空。 1. I ________ two hours on this math problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。 2. The car ________ him around ten thousand US dollars. 这车花去他一万美元左右。 3. They _______________two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。 4. I _______ a lot of money for the new computer. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。 5. It _________ them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。 答案：spend，costs，spend，pay，takes 易错总结 1.英语中一些词后常跟动名词作宾语，初中阶段这类词有：finish(完成),mind(介意),be worth(值得),be busy(忙于),practice(练习),have fun(玩得高兴),feel like(想要),be used to(习惯于),consider(考虑),enjoy(喜欢)。 2.主语+ be + happy(glad, pleased, angry, sorry, careful, ready等)+to do sth.如： I’m glad to see you again.我很高兴再次见到你。 I’m sorry to hear that.听到这个消息我感到遗憾。 3.几组动词接不定式及动名词辨析： (1)stop doing/stop to do stop doing sth.停止做某事 stop to do sth.停止、中断做某事后去做另一件事 (2)forget doing/forget to do forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(事情已做) forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事(事情没做) (3)remember doing/remember to do remember doing sth.记得做过某事(事情已做) remember to do sth.记着去做某事(事情没做) (4)try doing/try to do try doing sth.尝试着去做某事 try to do sth.设法或努力去做某事 (5)go on doing/go on to do go on doing sth.继续不停地做同一件事情 go on to do sth.做完一件事，接着去做另外一件事 (6)allow doing sth./allow sb.to do sth. allow doing sth.允许做某事 allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事 (7)regret doing/regret to do regret doing sth.对做过的事情感到遗憾、后悔(已做) regret to do sth.对要做的事感到遗憾(未做) (8)mean doing/mean to do mean doing sth.意味着做某事 mean to do sth.打算、想做某事 4.动词的过去分词 功能 例句 表语 The door remained locked. 定语 The building built last year is now a department store. 宾语补足语 I heard my name called. 状语 Heated water changes into steam. 英语中过去分词可作宾补(此时的过去分词一般是及物动词)表被动意义或完成意义，有时两者兼而有之。做宾补的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。如： She found the door broken in when she came back.(宾补与宾语有被动的关系，表一种状态) 1.过去分词用在get,have,make 的后面。 注意“have +宾语+过去分词”的两种情况： A)表示“让某人做某事/让某事(被人)做”。如： I have had my bike repaired.我已经请人把我的自行车修好了。 B)表示“遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击/受……影响，蒙受……损失”。如： I had my wallet stolen on a bus last month.上个月在公汽上我的钱包被偷了。 2.“make+宾语+过去分词”,在这种结构中，过去分词的动词必须是表示结果含义的。如： I raised my voice to make myself heard.我提高声音目的是让我自己被听见。 3.过去分词用在感官动词watch,notice,see,hear,listen to,feel,find等后面。如： When we got to school,we saw the door locked.到学校时，我们发现门被锁了。 4.过去分词用在“with +宾语＋宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。如： The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.那个小偷被带了进来，他的手被绑在背后。 5.过去分词、现在分词、和不定式作宾补的区别: 现在分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是主谓关系，其动作与谓语动作同时进行。过去分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是动宾关系，其动作先于谓语动作。不定式作宾补:表一个完成的动作、或表一个很短时间内看到、听到或感觉到的具体动作。如： He didn’t notice me waiting.他没有注意到我正在等。 I heard the song sung in English.我听见这首歌被用英语唱了。 I saw him opening the window.我看见他正在开窗户。 I saw the window opened.我看见窗户被开了。 I saw him open the window.我看见他开了窗户。 I heard her sing the song in English.我听见她用英语唱了这首歌。 分词的专项训练 1.One Thanksgiving, we had lots of food 　　　(leave) over. I thought about the old lady. She might be still hungry.   答案　left　句意:一个感恩节,我们有很多剩下的食物。leave over意为“剩下”,此处为过去分词作后置定语,修饰food,故本空填left。 2.Later, we post the photos onto Weibo or WeChat,　　　(wait)to be “liked”.  答案　waiting　句意:之后,我们把照片上传到微博或微信上,来等待“点赞”。设空处需要用动词的现在分词形式作状语,故答案为waiting。 3.To protect elephants, we must save the trees and not buy things 　　　(make) of ivory.  答案　made　句意:为了保护大象,我们必须保护树木,禁止买象牙制作的东西。make 与things之间为逻辑上的被动关系,此处用过去分词作定语修饰things,因此填made。 4.My bike is broken. I will have it　　　tomorrow morning.  A.fix up B.fixed up C.repairing D.to repair 答案　B　句意:我的自行车坏了,明天早上我让人把它修理一下。本题考查非谓语动词用法。“have sth. done”的结构表示“让某物被……”,故选B。 非谓语动词专项训练 一．基础训练 用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. Jenny saw a wallet ______（lie）on the ground. 2. The heavy snow stopped them from______(go)out for a walk the day before yesterday. 3. Don’t you hear someone ______(sing) in the next room? 4. The little girl really feels like_______(eat)eggs. 5. Keep (try).You are sure to get a good result. 6. Lily finished (read) the book yesterday. 7. Mr Lee made us (laugh) 8. —The children should be told (not break) the traffic rules.—That’s right. 9. He found it hard (catch) up with his classmates ,because all his classmates worked very hard. 10. This is the best way (work) out this problem. 1. lying 2.going 3.singing 4.eating 5.trying 6. reading 7.laugh 8.not to break 9.to catch 10.to work 二．中考真题训练 1. （2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题）My little brother suggested ________ for a walk. A. to go B. going C. goes 【答案】B 【解析】句意：我的小弟弟建议去散步。 考查非谓语动词。suggest doing sth“建议做某事”，固定短语，所以空处用动名词，故选B。 2. （2024·江苏省扬州市·中考真题）China has made great efforts ________ other countries build high-speed railways. A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped 【答案】B 【解析】句意：中国帮助其他国家建设高速铁路做出了巨大努力。 考查非谓语动词。make great efforts to do sth.“努力做某事”，应用动词不定式。故选B。 3. （2024·四川达州市·中考真题）Qiqi hopes ________ medicine in Sichuan University. A. studies B. studying C. to study 【答案】C 【解析】句意：琪琪希望去四川大学学医。 考查非谓语动词。hope to do sth“希望做某事”，故选C。 4. （2024·天津·中考真题）People may use different body language _________ the same feelings. A. show B. to show C. showed D. shows 【答案】B 【解析】句意：人们可能会用不同的肢体语言来表达同样的感受。 考查非谓语动词。use sth to do sth“用某物做某事”，使用动词不定式，故选B。 5. （2024·云南省·中考真题）Our headmaster will invite a scientist ________ us a speech on space technology. A. give B. given C. giving D. to give 【答案】D 【解析】句意：我们的校长将邀请一位科学家为我们做一次关于空间技术的演讲。 考查非谓语动词。invite sb. to do sth.“邀请某人做某事”，动词不定式作宾语补足语。故选D。 6. （2024·四川凉山·中考真题）______ teenagers’ eyesight, experts advise them to stay away from electronic products. A. Protect B. To protect C. Protecting 【答案】B 【解析】句意：为了保护青少年的视力，专家建议他们远离电子产品。 考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，专家建议青少年远离电子产品的目的是保护他们的视力，此处是动词不定式作目的状语。故选B。 7. （2024·四川泸州市·中考真题）______ healthy, we students always do morning exercises every day at school. A. Keep B. To keep C. Keeping D. Keeps 【答案】B 【解析】句意：为了保持健康，我们学生每天在学校总是做早操。 考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，学生们在学校做早操的目的是为了保持健康，此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故选B。 8. （2024·四川自贡市·中考真题）To save energy, don’t forget ________ the light before you leave the room. A. turn off B. turning off C. to turn off 【答案】C 【解析】句意：为了节约能源，离开房间前别忘了关灯。 考查非谓语动词。forget to do忘记要去做某事（未做）；forget doing忘记做过某事（已做）。根据“To save energy, don’t forget ... the light before you leave the room.”可知，别忘记要去关灯，故选C。 9．（2023·江苏徐州·中考真题）I have decided to go to Beijing and ________ one of my old friends there. A．visiting B．visited C．visits D．visit 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我决定去北京看望我在那里的一位老朋友。 考查非谓语动词。decide to do sth.“决定做某事”，空格处应为动词原形，省略了动词不定式符号to，故选D。 10．（2023·黑龙江牡丹江·统考中考真题）________ down air pollution, we should walk or take the bus instead of driving. A．Cut B．To cut C．Cutting 【答案】B 【详解】句意：为了减少空气污染，我们应该步行或乘公共汽车而不是开车。 考查动词形式。根据“we should walk or take the bus instead of driving.”可知，减少空气污染是目的，用动词不定式表目的。故选B。 11．（2023·吉林·统考中考真题）We hope ________ a beautiful home by living a low-carbon life (低碳生活). A．build B．building C．to build 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们希望通过低碳生活来建设一个美丽的家园。 考查非谓语动词。hope to do sth“希望做某事”，动词不定式作宾语，故选C。 12．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）—Shall we go swimming this afternoon? —I would rather ________ at home than ________ swimming. A．stay; going B．stay; go C．to stay; to go 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——今天下午我们去游泳好吗？——我宁愿待在家里也不愿意去游泳。 考查非谓语。would rather do sth than do sth“宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”，即两空都用动词原形。故选B。 13．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）I saw Lily ________ when I passed her room. A．dance B．dancing C．to dance 【答案】B 【详解】句意：当我经过她的房间时，我看到莉莉在跳舞。 考查非谓语动词。see sb. do sth.“看见某人做了某事”；see sb. doing sth.“看见某人正在做某事”。根据“when I passed her room.”可知，此处是指看到莉莉正在跳舞。故选B。 14．（2023·湖南株洲·统考中考真题）Today, we must continue working ________ our skies blue, waters clean and lands clear. A．keep B．to keep C．keeping 【答案】B 【详解】句意：今天，我们必须继续打好蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战。 考查非谓语动词。根据“our skies blue, waters clean and lands clear”可知蓝天、碧水、净土是继续工作的目的，空格处应用动词不定式表目的。故选B。 15．（2023·湖南郴州·统考中考真题）—Are you going to read the book Journey to the West? —Yes. Our teacher expects us ________ such traditional Chinese books. A．read B．reading C．to read 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你打算读《西游记》吗？——是的。我们老师希望我们读这样的中国传统书籍。 考查非谓语动词。expect sb to do sth“期待某人做某事”，所以此处使用动词不定式，故选C。 16．（2023·福建·统考中考真题）It’s reported that China plans ________ astronauts to the moon before 2030. A．send B．sending C．to send 【答案】C 【详解】句意：据报道，中国计划在2030年前将宇航员送上月球。 考查非谓语动词。plan to do sth“计划做某事”，为固定短语，故选C。 17．（2023·江苏宿迁·统考中考真题）—Our school will invite Mr. Wang ________ us a talk on environmental protection next week. —That’s wonderful! A．give B．to give C．giving D．gave 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——下周我们学校将邀请王先生给我们做一个关于环境保护的演讲。——那是精彩的！ 考查非谓语动词。invite sb. to do sth.“邀请某人做某事”。故选B。 18．（2023·吉林长春·统考中考真题）We expect the world _______ China better after the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou. A．understanding B．to understand C．understood D．understand 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我们期待第19届杭州亚运会后，世界更好地了解中国。 考查非谓语动词。expect sb to do sth“期待某人做某事”，此空应填不定式，故选B。 19．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）Boys and girls, good luck and wish you ________ good grades in a new year. A．get B．getting C．to get 【答案】C 【详解】句意：同学们，祝你们好运，并祝你们在新的一年里取得好成绩。 考查非谓语动词。wish sb. to do sth.“希望某人做某事”，动词不定式作宾语补足语。故选C。 20．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）We should avoid ________ a noise in the library. A．make B．to make C．making 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们应该避免在图书馆里制造噪音。 考查动名词作宾语。根据“avoid”可知此处应用动词短语avoid doing sth表示“避免做某事”，因此应用动名词making作宾语。故选C。 三．中考模拟训练 A.单句填空 1．[2024邵阳模拟]Instead of ________（eat） burgers and sandwiches so often, she ate salad every other day. [答案]eating [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。instead of doing sth.代替做某事。 2．[2024湘西州一模]Body confidence is about ____________（accept） our bodies fully and understanding what they can do for us. [答案]accepting [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。句意：身体自信是指充分接受我们的身体，并了解它们能为我们做什么。about为介词，后接动词的-ing形式。 3．[2024常德模拟]The boss told John ________（wait） a second, and he called Bobby to go and find anyone selling watermelons in the market. [答案]to wait [解析]考查动词不定式。此处指老板让约翰稍等片刻。tell sb. to do sth.意为“告诉某人做某事”，故填to wait。 4．[2024长沙明德模拟]It helped kill their neck and back pain after ________（work） for long hours at home while not requiring much effort, time and space. [答案]working [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。设空处前为介词after，后接动词的-ing形式working。故填working。 5．[2024娄底二模]The 21-year-old girl has been teaching other students ______________（practice） for over three years. [答案]to practice [解析]考查动词不定式。此处指这位21岁的女孩已经教其他学生练习了三年多。teach sb. to do sth.教某人做某事。故填to practice。 6．[2024长沙长郡二模]After ________（score） a goal, we certainly get a lot of satisfaction. [答案]scoring [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。句意：在进球之后，我们肯定会感到非常满意。设 空处前为介词after，后接动词的-ing形式scoring。故填scoring。 7．[2024张家界模拟]We need stricter laws ____________（protect） our river. [答案]to protect [解析]考查动词不定式。句意：我们需要更严格的法律来保护我们的河流。不定式表目的，故填to protect。 8．[2024长沙长郡二模]It also encourages young people ____________（achieve） their dreams. [答案]to achieve [解析]考查动词不定式。句意：它还鼓励年轻人实现他们的梦想。encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事。故填to achieve。 9．[2023岳阳模拟改编]My grandfather used to ______（watch） TV at home after dinner, but now he is used to ______（go） out for a walk. [答案]watch；going [解析]考查动词的非谓语形式。句意:我爷爷过去在晚饭后常在家看电视,但是现在他习惯（晚饭后）散步。used to do sth.过去常常做某事；be used to doing sth.习惯做某事。故答案为watch；going。 10．[2023怀化模拟改编]Many people enjoy ________（make） zongzi by themselves on the Dragon Boat Festival. [答案]making [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。句意:许多人喜欢在端午节时自己包粽子。enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事。故填making。 11．[2023常德模拟改编]After some time, he was pleased ________（find） that the moon was in the bucket. [答案]to find [解析]考查动词不定式。be pleased to do sth.很高兴做某事。此处指他很高兴地发现月亮在桶里了。故填to find。 12．[2023郴州模拟改编]—Are you going to read the book Journey to the West? —Yes. Our teacher expects us ________（read） such traditional Chinese books. [答案]to read [解析]考查动词不定式。句意:——你要读《西游记》这本书吗?——是的。我们的老师要求我们阅读这样的中国传统书籍。expect sb. to do sth.要求/期待某人做某事。故填to read。 13．[2023邵阳模拟改编]—Is Lucy in the classroom? —Yeah. She is still there watching Mr. Li ________（draw）. [答案]drawing [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。根据语境可知,露西正在教室看着李先生画画,watch sb. doing sth.看着某人正在做某事。故填drawing。 14．[2023张家界模拟改编]Besides, the teenagers enjoyed the festival by making lanterns. They used waste paper and other waste materials ________（make） lanterns. [答案]to make [解析]考查动词不定式。此处指用废纸和其他废料制作灯笼，应用动词不定式作目的状语，故填to make。 15．[2023株洲模拟改编]Today, we must continue working ________（keep） our skies blue, waters clear and lands clean. [答案]to keep [解析]考查动词不定式。句意：今天，我们必须继续努力，维护我们的蓝天、碧水和净土。设空处应用动词不定式表目的。故填to keep。 16．[2022长沙模拟]It took around 120 hours ____________（finish） this 3D-printed house. [答案]to finish [解析]考查动词不定式。句意：完成这座3D打印的房子花了大约120个小时。“It takes/took+时间段+to do sth.”表示“做某事花费多长时间”，动词不定式作主语，此处It为形式主语。故填to finish。 17．[2022岳阳模拟改编]Many students practice ________（run） in the morning because of the P.E. exam. [答案]running [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。practice doing sth.为固定搭配,意为“练习做某事”,故填running。 18．[2022郴州模拟改编]Remember ______________（turn off） the light when you leave the classroom. [答案]to turn off [解析]考查动词不定式。句意:当你离开教室的时候记得关灯。remember to do sth.记得去做某事。故填to turn off。 19．[2022永州模拟]I plan ________（send） a gift to my father tomorrow for Father’s Day. [答案]to send [解析]考查动词不定式。plan to do sth.计划做某事，为固定搭配，故填to send。 20．[2022永州模拟]When playing in the hallways students should avoid ________（push） each other. [答案]pushing [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。根据句意可知，在走廊玩耍的时候要避免互相推搡。avoid doing sth.避免做某事。故填pushing。 B.根据下列句子及所给首字母或汉语注释，写出空缺处单词的正确形式。 1．[2024湖州一模]Tony's sister enjoys l__________ to music and she often goes to concerts. [答案]listening [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。根据空后的to music可知，此处指listen to music“听音乐”。enjoy doing sth.表示“喜欢做某事”。故填listening。 2．[2024湖州二模]As the old saying goes, “Eating dumplings on Dongzhi can help k____ the ears from frostbite（冻疮）.” [答案]keep [解析]考查动词不定式。固定搭配keep...from...表示“阻止……”；help （to） do sth.表示“帮助做某事”。故填keep。 3．[2024杭州二模]Let your grandparents help you improve your skills, like __________（教） how to fish. [答案]teaching [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。like为介词，其后的动词应为-ing形式。故填teaching。 4．[2023绍兴模拟]“Watching them running strong and happy makes me ______（微笑） every time,” said Jerry Wu. [答案]smile [解析]考查动词不定式。固定搭配make sb. do sth.意为“使某人做某事”,此处为make后跟省略to的动词不定式作宾补。故填smile。 5．[2023舟山模拟改编]And now, 2,000 years later, people around the world come here ________（看） how people lived all those years ago. [答案]to see [解析]考查动词不定式。此处使用动词不定式表目的,故填to see。 6．[2024宁波一模]In front of the school office, there was a long line of students waiting ________（buy） bandanas. [答案]to buy [解析]考查动词不定式。设空处表示目的，应用动词不定式。故填to buy。 7．[2024宁波一模改编]If people have a healthy lifestyle, they are more likely ________（have） satisfying social lives. [答案]to have [解析]考查动词不定式。固定搭配be likely to do表示“很可能……”，故填to have。 8．[2021衢州改编]There are fewer plants and animals there, and it's more difficult for people ________（live）. [答案]to live [解析]考查动词不定式。it's+adj.+for sb.+to do sth.表示“对某人来说做某事是……的”。故填to live。 9．[2021丽水模拟]They plan ________（walk） around the whole of Britain, singing for dinner and sleeping anywhere like fields. [答案]to walk [解析]考查动词不定式。固定搭配plan to do sth.表示“计划做某事”,故填to walk。 10.(2023无锡惠山二模)—How was your trip during the May Day holiday? —Can’t be worse. We were forced 　　　　　(cut) our journey short because of too many people.  答案　to cut　考查动词不定式。根据语境可知，此处表示“由于人太多，我们被迫缩短行程”。be forced to do sth.表示“被迫做某事”，空处需填动词不定式。故填to cut。 11.(2023无锡新吴一模) How proud the parents were 　　　　　(hear) their son had won first prize!  答案　to hear　考查动词不定式。分析句子结构可知，此处是固定短语be proud to do sth.“为做某事感到自豪”，故填to hear。 12.(2023镇江八校联考)—Have you heard the news? —Yes. The school radio station announced that our school had put the money 　　　　　(筹募) to buy new instruments for kids.  答案　raised　考查过去分词。“筹募”用raise来表示，空前的the money与动词raise之间是被动关系，此处用过去分词作后置定语。故填raised。 13.(2023无锡江阴学情检测)We students should pay attention to every detail 　　　　　(avoid) making mistakes.  答案　to avoid　考查动词不定式。avoid表示“避免”，此处要用动词不定式表示目的，即“注意每一个细节是为了避免犯错”。故填to avoid。 14.(2023淮安经济开发区一模)My grandpa prefers to wear shoes 　　　　　(make) of cloth. He thinks they are comfortable.  答案　made　考查过去分词。根据语境可知，此处指更喜欢穿用布制成的鞋，应用过去分词作定语，修饰名词shoes。故填made。 15.(2022无锡锡东片一模) Whenever we kids come over， Auntie Susan stands there and watches us 　　　　　(make) sure we don’t break anything.  答案　to make　考查动词不定式。根据句意可知，苏珊阿姨站在那里看着我们的目的是确保我们没有弄坏任何东西。此处要用动词不定式作目的状语，故答案为to make。 16.(2022无锡锡山二模) What did you find 　　　　　(hide) behind the door just now?  答案　hiding　考查现在分词。句意:你刚才发现门后面躲着什么? find sb./sth. doing sth.指“发现某人/某物正在做某事”，现在分词作宾语补足语。故填hiding。 17.(2022泰州姜堰一模) You cannot imagine how much difficulty I had 　　　　　(communicate) with him.  答案　communicating　考查动名词。have difficulty(in) doing sth.做某事有困难。故填communicating。 18.(2022苏州张家港适应性考试) Jenny’s idea is very creative， so it is worth 　　　　　(考虑).  答案　considering　考查动名词。be worth doing值得做……。根据中文提示可知应用consider，故填considering。 19.(2022无锡锡山二模) Every minute should be made full use of 　　　　　(improve) your skills.  答案　to improve　考查动词不定式。“提高技能”是目的，因此用不定式作目的状语。故填to improve。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$