专题4 第3讲 有提示词之词性转换类——着眼3大类型,玩转百变词形(Word教参)-【精讲精练】2025年高考英语二轮专题辅导与训练
2025-02-26
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第三讲 有提示词之词性转换类——着眼三大类型,玩转百变词形
[对应学生用书P77]
考查词性的变化是高考语法填空的一个重点。在解答语法填空中词性变化的相关题目时,一要根据空处在句中所作的成分确定词性:名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等,动词作谓语与非谓语,形容词作表语、定语,副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子;二要根据标志词及语境确定比较等级;三要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语以及主谓一致原则来确定名词的单复数。
[思维导图]——词性转换类宏观解题3大类型
类型一 提示词为名词的词性变化
名词的构词规律是高考的热考点,考生备考时要注意常考词汇的变形,确保书写正确。另外,可数名词的复数形式也是考查的重点,考生要注意可数名词复数形式的一般变形和特殊变形,确保书写正确。
高考语法填空对名词的考查一直比较稳定,以考查名词的构成和复数形式为主。其他关于名词的考点(如名词的所有格)较少涉及,但考生在备考时不可忽视。
解题指导
典例感悟
1.名词变复数
若提示词是可数名词单数,分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变,此时应考虑填名词的复数。若有以下情况考虑名词复数:
(1)有数词或these,those,several,many,all,both,various,numerous等词修饰时用名词复数形式。
(2)名词前有one of时用名词复数形式。
(3)若谓语动词是复数形式,且空处作主语,则空处应填名词复数形式。
1.(2023·浙江卷1月)Thanks to Beijing's long history as the capital of China,almost every hutong has its stories,and some are even associated with historic ________ (event).
2.(2024·云南昆明模拟)While there is no cure for CFS,a wellbalanced diet can play a role of great significance in helping manage symptoms and boost energy ______ (level).
3.(2024·贵州贵阳高三测试)It is one of the few ______(place) where you can get a sense of a past when wildlife controlled our world.
2.名词所有格
提示词与其后的名词是所属关系,应考虑名词的所有格。
(1)单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's。
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词,所有格形式为s'或es'。
4.(2024·长沙雅礼中学检测)Among the Han people,which make up a vast majority of ______ (China) total population,the passage into adulthood is no longer celebrated,except in those very traditional families.
5.(2024·山东威海二模) The largest fish in the ______(season)first catch is believed to be lucky,and will go to the highest bidder at the auction (拍卖).
3.名词变形容词
提示词为名词,如果作定语修饰后面的名词,则一般考查名词变形容词。
熟记名词变形容词的常见后缀:
(1)n.+able→adj. honor→honorable
(2)n.+al→adj. tradition→traditional
(3)n.+ful→adj. colour→colourful
(4)n.+en→adj. wood→wooden
(5)n.+y→adj. wealth→wealthy
6.(2024·河北邯郸三模) Hubei Shennongjia is located in the Shennongjia Forestry District and Badong County in China's Hubei Province,which is on the ecotone (生态过渡带) from the plains and foothill regions of eastern China to the ______ (mountain) region of central China.
7.(2024·山东枣庄模拟) I'm trying to find beauty and transform anonymity and loneliness into something ______ (joy).” she says.
4.名词变动词
提示词为名词,如果作谓语或非谓语,则一般考查名词变动词。
(1)en:danger→endanger
(2)en:strength→strengthen
(3)ize:apology→apologize
8.To avoid knee pain,you can run on soft surfaces,do exercises to ________(strength) your leg muscles,avoid hills and get good running shoes.
1.解析 events 考查名词的单复数。此处表示几乎每一条胡同都有自己的故事,甚至有些还和历史事件有关。event意为“事件”,是可数名词,历史事件肯定不止一件,故填events。
2.解析 levels 考查名词。句意:虽然没有治愈慢性疲劳综合征的方法,但均衡的饮食在帮助控制症状和提高能量水平方面起着非常重要的作用。level是可数名词单数,意思是“等级水平”,横线前没有冠词,这说明level应变成复数,故填levels。
3.解析 places 考查可数名词的单复数。句意:这是少数几个你能感受到野生动物控制我们世界的往事的地方之一。one of后应用名词复数形式。故填places。
4.解析 China's 考查名词所有格。句意:在占中国总人口绝大多数的汉族人中,除了那些非常传统的家庭外,他们不再庆祝成年。此处China与population为所属关系,应用名词所有格形式。故填China's。
5.解析 season's 考查名词所有格。句意:这个季节第一次捕获的最大的鱼被认为是幸运的,它将在拍卖中被出价最高的人买走。此处应用名词所有格作定语,修饰名词“catch”,表示“这个季节的捕获物”。故填season's。
6.解析 mountainous 考查形容词。句意:湖北神农架位于中国湖北省神农架林区和巴东县,位于中国东部平原和丘陵地区到中国中部山区的过渡带上。修饰region应用形容词mountainous。故填mountainous。
7.解析 joyful 考查形容词。句意:我试图找到美,把匿名和孤独变成快乐的东西。由句意及空前的不定代词something可知应填形容词joyful,作定语。故填joyful。
8.解析 strengthen 考查动词。句意:为了避免膝盖疼痛,你可以在柔软的地面上跑步,做一些锻炼来增强你的腿部肌肉,避免爬山,穿一双好的跑鞋。此处to为不定式符号,在句中作目的状语,故填strength的动词形式strengthen。
[图解技巧]
名师点睛
1.名词变复数的规则:
(1)大部分单数可数名词变为复数一般直接加s;如果是以ch,sh,s,x等结尾的单词,则一般加es:trees,bikes,books,buses,watches,boxes,bushes;
(2)辅音字母+y结尾的单词,变y为i再加es;但元音字母+y结尾的单词,则直接加s:babies,families,boys,plays;
(3)以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro,hero),两菜(tomato,potato)加es外,其余一般加s:radios,photos;
(4)以f或fe结尾的单词,通常变f,fe为v再加es:wives,knives,wolves。
2.名词变复数的不规则变化:
(1)man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice;
(2)单复数同形: Chinese,Japanese,people,sheep,deer,fish。
类型二 提示词为形容词或副词的词性变化
形容词用来描述人或事物的性质或特征,在句中可作定语、表语、补足语。形容词的用法是常考考点,难度相对较低,形容词的词性转换和比较等级是备考的重点。副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子,表示程度、方式、评价等,位置灵活。副词用法是常考考点,难度较低,要牢固掌握形容词转化为副词的构成规律。
解题指导
典例感悟
1.形容词、副词的词性转换
(1)分析句子结构发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时,应考虑用派生的副词或名词;
(2)若设空处作定语、表语,则应考虑用形容词形式;
(3)若设空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,则应考虑用副词形式;
(4)若设空处在介词后,则应考虑用名词作宾语。
1.(2024·山东日照高三一模) Holding a pair of short sticks,the performers,with their faces painted,jumped and swung the sticks ________ (skillful) while walking and dancing,all to the sound of drums,gongs,and shouts.
2.(2024·河北石家庄模拟) Hongcun Village,________ (original) built during the Song Dynasty,has a history of more than 800 years.
3.(2024·山东烟台、德州二模) Those who advance to a high level of mastery can perform some actions that are ________ (fair) wonderful.
2.形容词变副词的规则
(1)以e结尾的形容词,一般不去e,直接加ly:immediate→immediately,brave →bravely,polite →politely,wise →wisely。
(2)一些以e结尾的形容词,去e加(l)y:true → truly,simple → simply,gentle → gently,possible → possibly。
(3)“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加ly:happy → happily,easy → easily。
(4)以ic结尾的形容词,加ally:economic → economically,basic → basically。
4.(2024·江苏盐湖高三检测)Jiang's story is one of victory over adversity.More ________ (incredible),she is helping inspire disabled children in her native Hunan Province.
5.(2024·山东烟台高三模拟)Many countries have ______ (true) gained great benefits along the trading process.
6.(2024·山东青岛高三一模)The purchasing excitement is expected to ______(huge) boost consumer confidence and improve the recovery of consumption.
3.形容词、副词转换为比较级、最高级
(1)利用标志词确定比较等级
①句子中有much,far,still,even,rather,a little,a bit,a lot,a great deal,than等标志性词汇时用比较级;
②空格后有表示范围的标志词in,of,among等时用最高级;
③空格前有one of the等修饰词时,用最高级。
(2)利用固定句型
“the+比较级 ...,the+比较级 ...”表示“越……,就越……”。
(3)利用隐含信息判断
句中虽没有标志词,但暗含比较,也需要用比较级或最高级。
7.(2024·河北邯郸高中三模)Based on past experiences,the adaptation period for giant pandas can range from 12 months to 78 months,or even ______ (long).
8.(2024·河北保定三模) The property covers 79,624 hectares and consists of two components,the larger Shennongding/Badong component in the west and the ______ (small) Laojunshan component in the east.
9.(2024·全国甲卷) Yellowstone was the ________ (large) United States national park—2.2 million acres—until WrangellSaint Elias in southern Alaska,which became a national monument in 1978,took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
1.解析 skillfully 考查副词。句意:表演者们手持一对短棍,脸上涂着彩绘,在锣鼓声和呐喊声中,灵巧地跳跃和挥舞着短棍,边走边跳。分析句子结构可知,空处需填副词作状语,修饰动词“jumped and swung”,故填skillfully。
2.解析 originally 考查副词。句意:宏村始建于宋朝,已有800多年的历史。修饰动词built需用副词originally,作状语。故填originally。
3.解析 fairly 考查副词。句意:那些提升到精通水平的人可以做一些相当精彩的动作。由副词修饰形容词可知,此处为副词fairly作状语修饰形容词wonderful,满足句意要求。故填fairly。
4.解析 incredibly 考查副词。句意:更令人难以置信的是,她正在帮助激励家乡湖南省的残疾儿童。分析句子结构可知,此处作状语修饰空后的句子,故填incredibly。
5.解析 truly 考查副词。句意:许多国家在贸易过程中确实获得了巨大利益。此处应用副词作状语,修饰动词gained,故填truly。
6.解析 hugely 考查副词。句意:这种购买热情有望极大地提振消费者信心,促进消费复苏。修饰动词boost,需用副词hugely,作状语。故填hugely。
7.解析 longer 考查形容词比较级。句意:根据以往的经验,大熊猫的适应期从1~2个月到7~8个月不等,甚至更长。much修饰形容词比较级形式。故填longer。
8.解析 smaller 考查比较级。句意:该自然遗产占地79 624公顷,由两部分组成,西部较大的神农顶/巴东部分和东部较小的老君山部分。根据“the larger Shennongding/ Badong component in the west”可知此处存在比较关系,意为“较小的”应用比较级smaller。故填smaller。
9.解析 largest 考查形容词最高级。根据空前的the及句意可知,空处应用形容词最高级,表示“最大的”。
[图解技巧]
类型三 提示词为代词的词性变化
语法填空对代词的考查有两种考查方式:有提示词类和无提示词类。人称代词和物主代词多以有提示词的形式出现。
解题指导
典例感悟
当句子中缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时,可考虑填代词;确定填代词之后,再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。
(1)作主语:人称代词主格(I,we,you,he,she,they,it)、指示代词、不定代词、名词性物主代词;
(2)作宾语:人称代词宾格(me,us,you,him,her,them,it)、名词性物主代词(ours,mine,yours,his,hers,theirs,its)、不定代词;
(3)作表语:人称代词宾格、不定代词或名词性物主代词;
(4)作定语:形容词性物主代词(our,my,your,his,her,their,its);
(5)作宾语、表语或同位语且反射句子的主语,用反身代词(myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,herself,itself,themselves),同时应注意数的变化。
1.(2024·全国甲卷)This area,with________ (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty,must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy — as a national park.
2.(2024·江西南昌高三模拟) “I invite my students to experience the whole process of the performance by ______ (they) and then they appreciate it gradually.” Chen added.
3.(2024·河南郑州高三模拟)As a unique part of traditional Chinese culture,Tang suits are worn by overseas Chinese people during the Spring Festival each year,attracting many foreigners to try ______ (they)out of curiosity.
4.(2024·江苏苏州高三模拟)In the peak seasons,many tourists come to witness the beautiful scenery of the tea farms for ________ (they),while enjoying a cup of tea.
1.解析 its 考查形容词性物主代词。句意:这个地区有着它独特的、令人惊叹的自然美景,必须作为国家公园保护好,以供全国人民欣赏。根据句意并分析句子结构可知,空处修饰后面的beauty,应用形容词性物主代词,故填its。
2.解析 themselves 考查代词。句意:“我邀请我的学生亲自体验表演的全过程,然后他们逐渐欣赏它。”陈补充说。短语by oneself表示“亲自”。故填themselves。
3.解析 them 考查代词。句意:作为中国传统文化的独特组成部分,唐装每年都是海外华人在春节期间穿的,吸引了许多外国人出于好奇而试穿。空处所填词作try的宾语,指代上文的“Tang suits”。故填 them。
4.解析 themselves 考查代词。句意:在旺季,许多游客会亲自来体验茶园的美景,同时品茶。for oneself意为“亲自”,为固定搭配,在句中充当状语,强调亲身经历或感受,故空处填themselves。
[图解技巧]
类型四 提示词为数词的词形转换
数词的主要考查形式:基数词变序数词、数词的固定用法。近五年高考中数词分别在2023 年全国甲卷和2021年新高考Ⅱ卷中考查了一次,且均为基数词变序数词。数词在高考中虽然不像其他词类那么热门,但考生在备考时不可忽视。
解题指导
典例感悟
1.基数词变序数词
(1)一般由基数词加th构成:
six→sixth seven→seventh
ten→tenth hundred→hundredth
(2)以y结尾的基数词,先把y变为ie,再加th:
twenty→twentieth thirty→thirtieth
(3)不规则变化:
one→first two→second
three→third five→fifth
eight→eighth nine→ninth
twelve→twelfth
1.(2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures,and the wellknown Aesop's fables date to the ________ (six) century B.C.
2.(2024·长沙长郡中学三模)To promote the art,Zheng opened a unique wood carving gallery,which is the ______ (one) in Putian run by an individual and free to the public.
3.(2024·重庆高三二模)The show,which opened on Dec.15 in Paris at the same time as the one that opened in Shanghai's Yuyuan Garden,is among events celebrating the ______ (sixty) anniversary of the establishment of ChinaFrance diplomatic relations.
2.年龄、年代表达法
(1)表达“在某人几十多岁”时,用“in one's+整十基数词的复数”,如:in one's fifties 在某人五十多岁时;
(2)表达“在几十年代时”,用“in the+整十基数词的复数”,如:in the thirties 在三十年代。
4.It is known to all that there were two world wars in the ________ (twenty) century,which greatly changed the world situation.
5.There I met a gentleman by the name of Kurien in his late ________ (eighty).
6.Back in the ________ (ninety),he would remain at the zoo for almost three months to stay with the pandas during the breeding season.
1.解析 sixth 考查数词。本空前有定冠词the,后面是名词century,故填序数词sixth。
2.解析 first 考查序数词。句意:为了推广木雕艺术,郑开设了一个独特的木雕画廊,这是莆田第一个由个人经营并免费向公众开放的画廊。定冠词the修饰序数词,空处需填序数词first。故填first。
3.解析 sixtieth 考查序数词。句意:该展览于12月15日在巴黎开幕,与在上海豫园开幕的展览同时开幕,是庆祝中法建交60周年的活动之一。结合句意可知,此处要使用序数词表示第六十周年,故填sixtieth。
4.解析 twentieth 考查数词。这里表示“20世纪”,也就是“第20个世纪”,应用序数词。
5.解析 eighties 考查数词。in one's late eighties 表示“在某人快九十岁时”。
6.解析 nineties 考查数词。in the nineties 意为“在九十年代”。
[对应学生用书P81]
Test 1
(2024·广东湛江阶段练习)An amusement park or theme park is a group of entertaining attractions,rides,and other 1.________ (event) in a location for the enjoyment of 2.________ (vary) people.For many,there's only one good reason to go to an amusement park: the roller coaster.Others,however,are afraid of riding coasters.They even dare not get one step 3.________(close) to a coaster.
Roller coasters often appeal 4.________ kids whose lives are boring,stressful or controlled.5.________ expert says,“The summers 6.______ kids could be kids and float down a river in an inner tube are over.Roller coasters are a way of 7.________ (break) out of routines in which too much is expected of you by others in everyday life.You can let go and scream and shout or do whatever you want.” Attendance at amusement parks 8.________ (show) many adults feel the same way.
9.________(compare) with some adventure sports,such as skateboarding and extreme mountain biking,riding roller coasters is safe.Parents 10.________ (usual) don't mind when kids go on coasters.Roller coasters also bring people together.Riders share the thrill and adventure of surviving what feels like an extreme experience.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是在游乐园的众多娱乐项目中为什么许多人喜欢坐过山车。
1.解析 events 考查名词复数。结合句意及空前的形容词other可知,应填名词的复数形式events,作表语。故填events。
2.解析 various 考查形容词。此处修饰名词people,应用形容词various“不同的”,作定语。故填various。
3.解析 closer 考查形容词。结合上下文尤其是上文的however可知,空处所在句意与上文是一种转折和对比关系,意在突出某些人对于过山车的害怕程度,再由系动词get可知,此处应填形容词的比较级形式,作表语。故填closer。
4.解析 to 考查介词。结合句意及空前的动词appeal可知,应填介词to,构成短语appeal to sb意为“……对于某人来说有吸引力”。故填to。
5.解析 An 考查冠词。expert此处为泛指,且是发音以元音音素开头的单词,应用an,首字母大写。故填An。
6.解析 when 考查定语从句。此处为定语从句,先行词为The summers,关系词在从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词when。故填when。
7.解析 breaking 考查非谓语动词。结合句意及空前的介词of可知,应填动名词的形式,the way of doing sth意为“做……的方式”,of doing sth作后置定语。故填breaking。
8.解析 shows 考查动词时态。分析句子结构及句意可知,空处应填谓语动词的形式,此处为客观陈述且主语为Attendance,应用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式shows。故填shows。
9.解析 Compared 考查非谓语动词。短语be compared with,表示“与……相比”,此处省略be动词,过去分词作状语,首字母大写。故填Compared。
10.解析 usually 考查副词。结合句意可知,空处应填副词usually,作状语,修饰动词mind。故填usually。
Test 2
(2024·江西南昌联考)Imagine a vehicle that can pick you up outside your home,drive to the nearest railway line,and change itself into a train.It may sound like a story from “Thomas the Tank Engine,”1.________ that's exactly what Japan's DMV RoadRail buses have been doing since they 2.________ (launch) on Christmas Day 2021.
With a capacity of 23,the DMV is a dieselpowered (柴油驱动的) bus fitted with a set of retractable (可缩进的) rail wheels 3.________ can be put in place in about 15 seconds.Lighter than a traditional train,the DMV also consumes less fuel and is 4.________ (cheap) to maintain.
5.________ (advertise) as “the world's first operational dualmode vehicle,” it is actually the latest in a long series of similar experiments 6.________ (improve) rural rail services.As far back as the 1930s,similar vehicles 7.________ the DMV were tested in England and West Germany.
Tokushima government hopes that the DMV buses 8.________ (become) a tourist draw in their own right.It also believes that the vehicles could also be useful for reaching isolated communities in the event of natural 9.________ (disaster) such as earthquakes,which can leave sections of roads or railway lines 10.________ (usable).
[语篇解读] 说明文。文章主要介绍了日本车管所公路铁路巴士被宣传为“世界上第一辆可操作的双模式车辆”,实际上是一系列改善农村铁路服务的类似实验中最新的一个。早在20世纪30年代,类似的车辆就在英国和西德进行了测试。
1.解析 but 考查连词。句意:这听起来像是《托马斯小火车》中的故事,但这正是日本车管所公路铁路巴士自2021年圣诞节推出以来一直在做的事情。此处与上一句“It may sound like a story from ‘Thomas the Tank Engine,’”为转折关系,故填but。
2.解析 were launched 考查时态语态。句意:这听起来像是《托马斯小火车》中的故事,但这正是日本车管所公路铁路巴士自2021年圣诞节推出以来一直在做的事情。主语they与谓语launch构成逻辑上的动宾关系,根据后文on Christmas Day 2021可知为一般过去时的被动语态,谓语用复数。故填were launched。
3.解析 which/that 考查定语从句。句意:可容纳23人的DMV是一辆柴油动力巴士,配有一组可伸缩的轨道轮,可以在大约15秒内安装到位。定语从句修饰先行词wheels,关系词在从句作主语,指物,故填关系代词which/that。
4.解析 cheaper 考查比较级。句意:DMV比传统的火车更轻,消耗的燃料更少,维护成本也更低。根据上文“Lighter than a traditional train”可知应用比较级。故填cheaper。
5.解析 Advertised 考查非谓语动词。句意:它被宣传为“世界上第一辆可操作的双模式车辆”,实际上是一系列改善农村铁路服务的类似实验中最新的一个。此处advertise与it构成动宾关系,故用过去分词作状语。故填Advertised。
6.解析 to improve 考查非谓语动词。句意:它被宣传为“世界上第一辆可操作的双模式车辆”,实际上是一系列改善农村铁路服务的类似实验中最新的一个。此处表将来的动作,用不定式作后置定语。故填to improve。
7.解析 to 考查介词。句意:早在20世纪30年代,类似的车辆就在英国和西德进行了测试。短语similar to表示“类似……”。故填to。
8.解析 will become 考查时态。句意:德岛政府希望车辆管理处的巴士能够凭借自己的能力吸引游客。从句表示将来的动作用一般将来时。故填will become。
9.解析 disasters 考查名词的数。句意:它还认为,在发生地震等自然灾害时,这些车辆也可以用于到达偏远社区,这些自然灾害可能会使部分道路或铁路线无法使用。根据后文earthquakes可知disaster应用复数形式。故填disasters。
10.解析 unusable 考查形容词。句意:它还认为,在发生地震等自然灾害时,这些车辆也可以用于到达偏远社区,这些自然灾害可能会使部分道路或铁路线无法使用。此处作宾补,结合句意表示“无法使用的”应用形容词unusable。故填unusable。
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