专题1 第2讲 第4节 词句猜测题——“义”有“境”生莫忘记(Word教参)-【精讲精练】2025年高考英语二轮专题辅导与训练

第4节　词句猜测题——“义”有“境”生莫忘记 [对应学生用书P23] 词句猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个单词、短语或句子的能力。猜测词句能力的高低，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得理想的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。词句猜测题主要包括词义(包括单词或短语)猜测题、代词指代题和句意猜测题。 题型特点 设问方式 　　词义猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇上下文等理解生词的能力。主要通过以下两点进行考查： 1．要求根据阅读材料，结合学生应有的常识和经验判断生词、词组或熟词在特定语境中的含义以及一些句子的意思； 2．代词指代题也是词义猜测题的常考类型。 ①What does the underlined word“...”in paragraph ...mean? ②What does the underlined word “...”in paragraph ...refer to? ③Which of the following words can replace the word “...” in paragraph ...? ④What does the underlined sentence in paragraph ...suggest？ 方法1　利用逻辑关系猜测词义 有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的单词或短语的意义。 1．转折关系 　(2024·全国甲卷，阅读B) Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit，but cats take this behavior up a notch．Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物).Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you.These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time.So just go along with it! 26．Which best explains the phrase “take ...up a notch” in paragraph 3? A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better. [解题思路]　利用转折关系猜测词义。根据转折连词“but”可知前后半句形成转折关系。画线处前半句强调狗以其令人印象深刻的取物习惯闻名，该段倒数第二句表明猫会用带来捡到的物品向主人表达爱意。结合上下文语境和前后文之间的转折关系，可推测画线处表明猫的取物能力更强。 [参考答案]　D 2．对比关系 有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或会出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，学生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。 　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷，阅读D) Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives，we all need to take action to deal with our AI­powered future，and this is where AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革). In the wrong hands，such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码)that powers AI but，thankfully，Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic，making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which，by the close，will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design，AI is already super­smart and will become more capable，moving from the current generation of“narrow­AI”to Artificial General Intelligence.From there，Campbell says，will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now —several decades before these developments are expected to take place.She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence，or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it.She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction­level event for humanity.We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking，followed by global regulation，will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all，and if you only read one book on the subject，this is it. 32．What does the phrase“In the wrong hands”in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．If read by someone poorly educated. B．If reviewed by someone ill­intentioned. C．If written by someone less competent. D．If translated by someone unacademic. [解题思路]　利用对比关系猜测词义。画线部分后强调Campbell的专业经验和能力，由此可推测画线短语指如果换一个能力不如Campbell的人来写这本书。 [参考答案]　C 3．类比关系 作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性(共同特征)，它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇有similarly，like，also，just as，as well等。 　(2023·全国乙卷，阅读D) In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides，there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted，especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made：a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact (联系 ) between literate and non­literate societies such as these，all our first­hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects. 34．What does the underlined word “conversation” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society. [解题思路]　利用类比关系猜测词义。根据文章第三段中的“a history told through things gives them back a voice(实物能还原历史事实)”和“all our first­hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.(我们所有的第一手描述无法避免地会被歪曲，它只是对话的一半。如果我们想找到另一半，就不能只解读文字，还要解读实物。)”可知，作者将历史类比成一场对话，对话的一半是文字，另一半是实物。故此处conversation指代的是历史。 [参考答案]　B 4．递进关系 递进关系是指后一句须以前一句为基点、并在程度或范围上比前一句有更进一层的语义关系。 递进前后的内容表达意思相近、感情色彩一致，但递进词后的内容往往比之前的内容程度要更重，即 “前轻后重，倾向一致，语义相近”。考生可根据递进关系的这一特点，结合上下文语境，推测画线词应与其前后感情色彩，保持一致。 　(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷，阅读C) When reading texts of several hundred words or more，learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine_through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction－such as drawing inferences from a text. 28．What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain. C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice. [解题思路]　利用递进关系猜测词义。本段第一句说明有纸化学习在阅读多字文本时更容易成功，且有实验证明了这一发现。结合上下文语境，划线处前后形成递进关系，应进一步强调优质化阅读的好处，结合此逻辑关系分析四个选项，A(似乎不可能持久)、B(似乎难以解释)、C(变得随时可用)均与前文意思不一致，D(容易引起注意)能表现纸质化阅读的好处尤其明显，符合文意。 [参考答案]　D [图解技巧] [关键点拨] 阅读理解语篇是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据逻辑关系可以粗略地推断出生词词义，对猜测词义帮助较大的逻辑关系有反义、同义和因果等。答题时要留意逻辑关系词，分析句子间的逻辑关系。 方法2　利用解释关系猜测词义 　(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷，阅读C) “It's good to have a different focus.People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them.I'm enjoying the creative activities，and it feels great to have done something useful.” There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East，and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson，extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street，one of the first to embark_on the project，said：“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” 30．What do the underlined words “embark on”mean in paragraph 7? A.Improve. B．Oppose. C．Begin. D．Evaluate. [解题思路]　“one of the first to embark on the project”与主语Wendy Wilson为同位语，根据“embark on”前面的“one of the first”及其后面的“Residents really welcome the idea of...to people here.”可知，此处指Wendy Wilson是最早发起这个项目的人之一。 [参考答案]　C [图解技巧] [关键点拨] 在做阅读理解题目时，利用语法关系猜测词义是一种快速有效的方法之一。答题时要关注定义、解释、举例、定语从句、同位语从句等语法手段，以及表示解释性的标点符号。 方法3　利用构词法猜测词义 很多情况下，我们在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧。 　(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷，阅读C) The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you. To do so，I divided the book into two parts.In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter．This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Clear­up. B．Add­on. C．Check­in. D．Take­over. [解题思路]　观察单词declutter含有前缀de­，前缀de­来自拉丁语，意为“away from”，这个前缀有“除去”“取消”“离开”以及“否定”“非”等意思。 结合语境，根据画线词后面的“step away from”可推测出词义，画线词表示“清除，清理”。 [参考答案]　A [图解技巧] [关键点拨] 利用构词法不用阅读上下文便能够猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且具有双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以建议考生在做题时，遇到可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。 方法4　利用上下文语境猜测词义 典例对于词汇或短语的理解，离不开特定的语境。因此，毫无疑问上下文语境是进行词义猜测最重要的线索。 　(2023·全国甲卷，阅读B) Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do­it­yourself).Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd.From the age of six，Terri，now 26，accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays.A day's work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money.She says：“I'm sure I wasn't much of a help to start with.But when Derek built our family house about eight years ago，I was heavily involved (参与)，painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house.It took weeks and it was backbreaking work，but I know he was proud of my skills.” 24．Which is closest in meaning to“a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A．An artist. B．A winner. C．A specialist. D．A pioneer. [解题思路]　根据选段中的“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.”可知，泰瑞·博尔顿擅长搭架子和拼装家具，她自己能做的工作从不付钱给别人做。据此可知，她是自我动手方面的专家，故画线部分意为“专家”。 [参考答案]　C [图解技巧] [关键点拨] 有些词义猜测题无法使用以上方法解题时，考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。 方法5　就近原则判指代词词义 　(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷，阅读C) An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer.It would work like this：An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity.The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted，emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands­free driving laws. “We need something on the books that can change people's behavior，” said Félix W．Ortiz，who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand­held devices by drivers.“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law，”he said，“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.” 30．What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to? A．Advice. B．Data. C．Tests. D．Laws. [解题思路]　根据画线词所在句可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“‘If the Textalyzer bill becomes...hands on the cell phone.’”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。只有受到法律的约束，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。 [参考答案]　D [图解技巧] [关键点拨] 代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词或指示代词的指代对象。解答这类题目的时候，可以利用就近原则，结合语境找出语意相关的名词、词组或句子等。 [对应学生用书P28] A (2024·黑龙江哈尔滨高三模拟)My family and I had set out on a day trip from Shillong to Cherrapunji，a town known for being one of the wettest places on Earth.However，after we had been stuck in traffic for more than four hours，one of my sisters proposed going back to the city as a last attempt to save whatever remained of the day.A quick online search revealed other must­visit spots around Shillong.Most were familiar，but one caught our attention—Nartiang with its mysterious monoliths (独石碑).The photo showed tall stones piled together in a strange formation，appealing to us to explore further despite the lack of details provided. That is how I found myself standing in the shadow of the huge monoliths of Nartiang，which is home to the thickest and largest collection in the region.Curious to uncover their history，I approached Maryo Symblai，a village elder I met later that day，who told me the story of the monoliths that has been orally passed down over generations.She said，“Back in the day，Nartiang didn't have a bazaar (集市) and the nearest one was at Raliang.On one such bazaar，a giant named Mar Phalyngki was caught in heavy rain on his way back.He requested to borrow an umbrella from the Raliang chief's youngest daughter，but she wanted to test his legendary strength instead.‘Why don't you go lift that huge stone in the bazaar and use it as an umbrella？’ she said dismissively.Emboldened by her challenge，he just did that，but before reaching Nartiang，he placed it in a forest when the rain had stopped.” “There is a certain overlap of ancient story and memory in the case of the Nartiang monoliths.The locals' account of how the place came to be is based on ancient stories or folk customs.But they also remember it because it served their ancestors as a weekly marketplace，a memorial，and a place for political gatherings.That is how oral history works.It mixes fact and fiction into collective memory”，said Dr.Reeju Ray，a local writer. Today，even though the traditional customs and more confirmed historical accounts offer some insight into the site，the mystery(奥秘)of the stone giants lasts. [语篇解读]　记叙文。文章主要讲述作者探索Nartiang巨石的故事。 1．Why did the author and his family come to visit the monoliths of Nartiang? A．It was in their original trip plan. B．They had to choose it as an alternative. C．It was the only remaining place to visit. D．An elder villager gave them the suggestion. 解析　B　细节理解题。由文章第一段可知，作者因为交通被困，所以改变原来旅游路线，不得已选择参观Nartiang及其神秘的巨石。故选B。 2．Which does the underlined word “Emboldened” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Threatened. B．Moved. C．Stimulated. D．Frightened. 解析　C　词句猜测题。由文章第二段可推测，这里指在女孩的话语的“刺激”下，巨人搬了石头。所以猜测Emboldened意为“被刺激”。故选C。 3．Why are Dr.Reeju Ray's words mentioned? A．To inform what the monoliths served as. B．To illustrate how the mysterious story came into being. C．To introduce the feature of Nartiang monoliths. D.To deny the overlap of ancient story and memory. 解析　B　推理判断题。由文章第三段可知，文中提到了Dr.Reeju Ray的话是为了说明这个神秘的故事是如何产生的。故选B。 4．What is the best title for the text? A．A Trip to the Monoliths B．The Mystery of Shillong C．The Formation of the Monoliths D．A Disappointing Travel Experience 解析　A　主旨大意题。由文章第一段以及下文可知，文章主要讲作者探索Nartiang巨石的故事，所以A项A Trip to the Monoliths(巨石之旅)作为文章标题，与本文主题相符合。故选A。 B (2024·安徽“江南十校”联考)Fashion designers have a big say in what's considered beautiful.They pick who's in their shows and ads，shaping what's celebrated as beauty.But this power also means responsibility — it can be used to leave people out or lift them up. When I was young，fashion was my world.I pored over various fashion magazines at my local bookstore，desiring to be tall，thin，and have long，shiny hair to fit the ideal.I wanted to be like those models，so I stopped eating.It was a tough time; my eating disorder consumed me.It took years to break free from its control，allowing me to focus on my true passions. For so long，the fashion industry has worked hard to set an ideal of beauty that celebrates thin，young，white，and able­bodied models as the ideal.It's impossible not to be exposed to images of models that have been photoshopped to where there's not a single spot in sight.This idea is everywhere，and it hurts people.Shockingly，around 91% of women are unhappy with their appearance.It's sad that teens grow up in a society where they deny themselves. There's progress — models and musicians promote body positivity.However，the pressure to meet unrealistic standards remains.Changing these standards involves bravely celebrating diverse beauty.True inclusivity goes beyond appearances.It requires diverse decision­makers，photographers，and casting directors cooperating.Young designers often overlook this crucial aspect.Hiring plus­size or transgender photographers，diverse casting directors，or makeup artists who understand the importance of accommodating to various skin tones，is vital for an overall approach. We aimed to redefine the “bikini body” standards.However，the goal isn't for the consumer's body to change but for clothes to accommodate all sizes.We need more fashion for everyone，no matter their size or where they shop.It's our responsibility as designers to challenge this narrow beauty definition.My hope is for future teens to escape the pressures I faced，developing a fashion industry celebrating diverse identities. [语篇解读]　议论文。文章通过对时尚标准的讨论，表达了人们应该打破传统观念，建立多样性的时尚标准的观点。 5．What does the underlined phrase “pored over” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Classified carefully. B．Read attentively. C．Compared thoroughly. D．Recommended sincerely. 解析　B　词义猜测题。根据上一句“When I was young，fashion was my world.”和画线词所在句“I pored over various fashion magazines at my local bookstore，”可知，作者对时尚非常着迷，所以在书店应该是仔细阅读了各类时尚杂志，了解关于时尚的信息，“pored over”应该表示“仔细阅读”。故选B。 6．What is the impact of the initial beauty ideals set by the fashion industry? A．Causing self­denial. B．Generating individuality. C．Focusing on true passions. D．Contributing to self­confidence. 解析　A　细节理解题。根据第三段“This idea is everywhere，and it hurts people.Shockingly，around 91% of women are unhappy with their appearance.It's sad that teens grow up in a society where they deny themselves.” 可知，时尚界设立美的标准致使多数女性不满意自己的容貌，从而否定自己。故选A。 7．What can be inferred about true inclusivity? A．It encourages personal effort. B．It satisfies traditional standards. C．It focuses on physical appearances. D．It calls for diversity and cooperation. 解析　D　推理判断题。根据第四段“True inclusivity goes beyond appearances.It requires diverse decision­makers，photographers，and casting directors cooperating.” 可知，真正的包容是要求有多样性和合作的，它呼吁不同时尚行业的从业者们进行合作。故选D。 8．Which of the following will the author probably agree with? A．Customers will change their body shapes. B．Future teens will redefine fashion standards. C．Fashion should celebrate everyone's uniqueness. D．“Bikini body” standards should be strengthened. 解析　C　推理判断题。根据最后一段“We need more fashion for everyone，no matter their size or where they shop.”和“My hope is for future teens to escape the pressures I faced，developing a fashion industry celebrating diverse identities.”可知，作者有可能会赞同：时尚界应该崇尚个人的独特性。故选C。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$