专题1 第2讲 第3节 主旨大意题——高屋建瓴明意旨(Word教参)-【精讲精练】2025年高考英语二轮专题辅导与训练

第3节　主旨大意题——高屋建瓴明意旨 [对应学生用书P17] 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查考生速读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。该题型主要包括标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。 　标题归纳题——活用4技巧 标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强，不改变原文的意义和感情色彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文内容并提炼文章主旨。 常见设问方式 ·Which of the following is the best title of the passage? ·What would/could be the best title for the passage? ·Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？ 技法点拨 　(2024·浙江卷，阅读D) The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow­up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We're not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie­poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information­poor，so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸)with new information.Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Eat Less，Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C．The Later，the Better D．The Marshmallow Test for Grown­ups [解题导引] 第一步　读文章，理清结构 第一段，介绍幼儿园孩子的棉花糖实验，点明话题； 第二段，从幼儿园棉花糖实验类比到成人每天受到电子产品诱惑，引领下文； 第三段，承接上文，通过人类大脑反应机制进一步解释成年人为何过度摄取信息； 第四段，呼吁成年人抵制不良信息的诱惑，做有选择的信息消费者，升华主旨。 第二步　析选项，斟酌判断 A 少吃多读 不符合全文立意 断章取义，理解片面 B 早期人类的苦涩真相 本文提及人类祖先的生存环境和大脑反应机制只是为了介绍后文服务，并非全文主旨。 断章取义，理解片面 C 越晚越好 本文未提及相关内容。 无中生有，生搬硬套 D 成年人面临的棉花糖实验 本文围绕棉花糖实验展开，先从针对孩子的测试引入，再类比到成年人面临的信息轰炸和不良信息带来的诱惑，因此全文着重介绍了成人面临的棉花糖实验。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文 第三步　对比选项，得出答案 [参考答案]　D 　文章大意题——把握主题词、句、段 文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。掌握寻找文章主题的技巧，可以快速确定文章大意。 解题窍门 技法点拨 　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷，阅读C) We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However，most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey，Babylon Micro­Fam (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally，it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital，restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically，it's a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored.Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated，it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil，the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest，users simply replace the plants with a new pre­seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover，having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition，there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office，they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single­use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste，carbon and chemicals in our environment，”said a BMF employee. 31．What does the text mainly talk about? A.BMF's major strengths. B．BMF's general management. C．BMF's global influence. D．BMF's technical standards. [解题导引] 第一步　读文章，概括文意 第一段，介绍BMF缩短了食物到餐桌的运输过程； 第二段至第四段，介绍BMF的创新设计系统及其相关优势； 第五段，介绍BMF员工在生活和工作中践行可持续发展。 第二步　析选项，斟酌判断 A BMF的主要优势 本文第一段介绍BMF缩短了食物到餐桌的运输过程，第二至第四段介绍BMF的创新设计系统及其相关优势，最后一段介绍员工的可持续发展理念，该选项符合文意。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文 B BMF的综合管理。 文中仅简要提及BMF的自动化系统，目的是服务于介绍BMF优点，本选项以偏概全，不符合文意 以偏概全，断章取义 C BMF的全球影响力。 文中未提及相关内容。 无中生有，生搬硬套 D BMF的技术标准。 文中未提及相关内容。 无中生有，生搬硬套 第三步　对比选项，得出答案 [参考答案]　A 　段落大意题——找准段落主题句 段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的提炼和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。 关键点拨 技法点拨 　　考生做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。 　(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷，阅读B) “I am not crazy，” says Dr.William Farber，shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive，it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh.He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture，chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber，a graduate of Colorado State University，started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle—relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture，an ancient Chinese practice，and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So，after studying the techniques for a couple of years，he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack，Tindale says，she was prepared to put him to sleep，but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse，Nappy，“moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. 26．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B．The complexity of veterinarians' work. C．Examples of rare animal diseases. D．The effectiveness of holistic medicine. [解题导引] 第一步　首尾兼顾定段意 本文第三段主要介绍两位主人的宠物经过Farber的治疗后，病情有所好转。通过这两个案例，第三段侧面表达了Farber结合中西医的“整体医学”取得了显著成果。 第二步　析选项，斟酌判断 A 按摩疗法的步骤。原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套 B 兽医工作的复杂性。原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套 C 罕见动物疾病示例。不符合原文文意 偷换概念，歪曲文意 D 整体医学的有效性。精确概括本段核心主旨 涵盖性强，覆盖全段 第三步　对比选项，得出答案 [参考答案]　D [对应学生用书P21] A (2024·福建厦门高三模拟)Kelli Boehle says her son Nik was an amazing and caring person.Nik was diagnosed(诊断) with cancer in 2008 when he was 17.He passed away in 2012.But Nik's kindness and generosity have lived on long after his death. After he was diagnosed and started treatment，Nik was granted (给予) a wish experience from the Make­A­Wish Foundation.“For just this period of time，we didn't think about cancer，”Kelli Boehle said.“All we thought about was enjoying our time together.” In 2009，Nik met another young man Nate，who was also going through cancer treatment.He'd been diagnosed a month after turning 18，and Nik learned he was too old to qualify for a wish.The night before Nik passed away，he asked his mother to help ensure that young adults fighting cancer could have their wishes come true too. “It was like a seed he planted that just wouldn't stop coming into my mind，” she said.In 2012，Kelli Boehle started Nik's Wish.The nonprofit grants wishes to young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 who are battling cancer.Nate was the organization's first wish recipient.“It's meant to bring them joy and know that they're loved and that we're fighting for them，too，”Kelli Boehle said. Recently，19­year­old Jordan Morrow received her wish to attend a Taylor Swift concert as part of a trip to Los Angeles.For Morrow，who has spent the last year battling brain cancer，going to the concert has done more than lift her spirits.“I think it's something to get me through whatever comes my way，”she said.“And I'm thankful for Nik's Wish for that.” In the 11 years since Nik passed away，the organization has granted more than 300 wishes across more than 30 states.In the beginning，Kelli Boehle says she wasn't sure she could be a wish maker and work closely with the young adults.But now，it's her favorite thing to do. [语篇解读]　记叙文。文章讲述了Kelli Boehle创办非盈利机构Nik's Wish，帮助与癌症作斗争的年轻人实现愿望的故事。 1．What is the goal of Nik's Wish? A．To make commercial profits. B．To cure the youth of their cancer. C．To ease young patients of pains. D．To support young adults fighting cancer. 解析　D　细节理解题。根据文章第四段“In 2012，Kelli Boehle started Nik's Wish.The nonprofit grants wishes to young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 who are battling cancer.”可知，这个组织的目标是支持年轻人对抗癌症。故选D。 2．Which word best describes Kelli Boehle? A．Intelligent. B．Selfless. C．Straightforward. D．Ambitious. 解析　B　推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The night before Nik passed away，he asked his mother to help ensure that young adults fighting cancer could have their wishes come true too.”和文章第四段“‘It was like a seed he planted that just wouldn't stop coming into my mind，’ she said.In 2012，Kelli Boehle started Nik's Wish.The nonprofit grants wishes to young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 who are battling cancer.”可知，Kelli Boehle创办非盈利机构，帮助与癌症作斗争的年轻人，由此可推知，她是无私的。故选B。 3．What can we learn from Jordan Morrow's words? A．She survived the deadly disease. B．She was granted more than one wish. C．She was motivated by the organization. D．She lifted people's spirits by performing. 解析　C　推理判断题。根据文章第五段“For Morrow，who has spent the last year battling brain cancer，going to the concert has done more than lift her spirits.‘I think it's something to get me through whatever comes my way，’she said.‘And I'm thankful for Nik's Wish for that.’”可推知，从Jordan Morrow的话中，我们可以知道她受到组织的激励。故选C。 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Pay­It­Forward: A Mother's Last Wish B．Cancer Battles: Stories of Hope and Perseverance C．Nik's Wish: Fulfilling Wishes for Young Cancer Fighters D．Make­A­Wish Foundation: Granting Dreams to Young Adults 解析　C　主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“In 2012，Kelli Boehle started Nik's Wish.The nonprofit grants wishes to young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 who are battling cancer.”可知，文章主要讲述了Kelli Boehle创办非盈利组织Nik's Wish，帮助与癌症作斗争的年轻人实现愿望的故事。故选C。 B (2024·江西南昌联考)Safe Haven for Donkeys (驴) is providing sanctuary for rescued working donkeys in the El Saf region of Egypt. First established in 2000 to help thousands of working donkeys in Israel，the charity Safe Haven for Donkeys has begun working with an Egyptian partner organization，the Bridge Foundation，to provide care to the donkeys in the El Saf region of Egypt. Thousands of donkeys work in the brick kilns (窑) in Egypt，carrying 1.4 to 1.6 tonnes of bricks and moving at an intense pace to prevent unfired bricks from cracking in the heat.Due to lacking expert veterinary (兽医的) care，many of these animals are suffering intense pain from harness wounds，beatings，hoof issues and parasitic diseases spread by flies. Now the cooperation between UK charity Safe Haven for Donkeys and Egyptian community development charity the Bridge Foundation is providing much­needed relief to these animals.The project includes a mobile veterinary clinic which treats common injuries and infections and trains the owners in how to best look after their donkeys. In a press release，Andy Foxcroft，CEO of Safe Haven for Donkeys，said，“Through our work in Israel，we came to know of millions of working animals in Egypt without critical veterinary care.They were suffering a host of preventable and treatable painful conditions.Currently，no other animal welfare charity provides veterinary interventions in these particular kilns.So the skills of this charity are needed to treat sick and injured animals and provide training for owners and local professionals (vets and farriers).The first year is vital as we hope to make a lasting impact by reducing the unnecessary suffering of working animals.Which sadly，is all too common a feature in the brick kilns.” Safe Haven for Donkeys' work，which helps about 10，000 animals a year，is made possible by charitable donations that fund the treatment and training they offer.You can make a donation on its website. [语篇解读]　说明文。文章介绍的是慈善机构Safe Haven for Donkeys为在埃及砖窑劳作的驴提供庇护。 5．What does the underlined word “sanctuary” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Training. B．Shelter. C．Information. D．Food. 解析　B　词句猜测题。根据画线词后面的内容“...for rescued working donkeys in the El Saf region of Egypt”可知，慈善机构Safe Haven for Donkeys为在埃及砖窑劳作的驴提供庇护所。故选B。 6．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The donkeys' tough situations. B．The donkeys' competitive life. C．The popularity of the donkeys. D．The contributions of the donkeys. 解析　A　主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Thousands of donkeys work in the brick kilns (窑) in Egypt，carrying 1.4 to 1.6 tonnes of bricks and moving at an intense pace to prevent unfired bricks from cracking in the heat.”可知，本段主要介绍了那些驴的艰苦生存状况：劳作负重大、缺少兽医照顾并深受剧痛。故选A。 7．What can be included from Andy Foxcroft's words? A．The charity has made a lasting impact on Egypt. B．The owners of the brick kilns need more support C．The charity's involvement in the affair is essential. D．The workers in the brick kilns lack enough training. 解析　C　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Through our work in Israel，we came to know of millions of working animals in Egypt without critical veterinary care.They were suffering a host of preventable and treatable painful conditions.”可知，在埃及很多劳作的动物们缺少兽医的照料，所以慈善机构参与到这次救助中来是非常重要的。故选C。 8．What's the author's purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To raise more funds. B．To set up more charities. C．To focus on donkeys' work. D．To explain animals' treatment. 解析　A　推理判断题。根据最后一段“Safe Haven for Donkeys' work，which helps about 10，000 animals a year，is made possible by charitable donations that fund the treatment and training they offer.You can make a donation on its website.”可知，作者介绍了救助所涉及的费用都是来自捐赠，人们可以通过这个慈善机构的网站进行捐赠，由此可知，作者的目的是筹集更多的资金。故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$