专题1 第2讲 第1节 细节理解题——据文比对定答案(Word教参)-【精讲精练】2025年高考英语二轮专题辅导与训练

第二讲　怎样“准”解题——掌握答题技巧 第1节　细节理解题——据文比对定答案 [对应学生用书P7] 细节理解题常分为直接信息理解题、间接信息理解题、综合信息题和数字计算题。直接信息理解题较简单，一般在原文中可以直接找到答案。间接信息理解题相对要难些，因为此类题目的正确选项都经过了命题人对原文信息的语义转换，两者存在表达上的差异。综合信息题虽然各个细节信息都能在文章中找到，但学生需要具备一定的概括和归纳能力才能正确作答。 常见设问方式 选项特征 (1)特殊疑问句形式。以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等疑问词引出问题； (2)以“According to ...”开头的提问形式； (3)就文中数字、排序等提问； (4)填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________． 正确特征 干扰选项特征 原词 复现 选项中的某个单词或短语与原文完全一致 扩缩 范围 与文章细节部分吻合，部分相悖 同义 替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换 无中 生有 明显与文章内容不符或没有提及 语言 简化 把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化 偷梁 换柱 符合常识，但不是文章内容 正话 反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达 张冠 李戴 是文章细节，但不符合题干要求或不是要点 　直接信息理解题——搜索定位巧比对 在解答直接信息题时，学生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。 　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷，阅读C)Specifically，it's a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored.Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated，it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil，the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest，users simply replace the plants with a new pre­seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. 29．What information does the convenient app offer? A．Real­time weather changes. B．Current condition of the plants. C．Chemical pollutants in the soil. D．Availability of pre­seeded pods [解题导引] 第一步　找关键词 题干中的关键词为convenient app 第二步　寻信息句 根据关键词定位选段到原文中的信息源Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. 第三步　比对答案 直接得出正确选项。 [参考答案]　B [技法点拨] 　间接信息理解题——语义转换善概括 为了更好地考查学生的语言知识和思维品质，命题人往往会对具体细节信息加以修改或转换，这就需要学生对多处信息进行理解。常见的考查方式有以下2种命题形式： 类型1　原词复现 　(2024·浙江1月卷，阅读D) We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie­poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value —a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat. 33．According to paragraph 3，there is a mismatch between ________． A．the calorie­poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit [解题导引] 第一步　找关键词 题干中的关键词为mismatch。 第二步　寻信息句 定位在本段最后一句话“But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart...we shouldn't eat”。由此句可知，我们获取热量所需付出的成本和努力大大减少，也就是说现在我们能够轻易获取充足的食物了，但是我们的大脑仍然和数千年前一样。 第三步　比对答案 由此可知，因此这两者之间是不匹配的。 [参考答案]　C 类型2　同义替换 　(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷，阅读A) MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam.With over 2，500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations，we make sure there is always a bike available for you.We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety，including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车)，bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡)，bikes with child seats，and children's bikes. 21．What is an advantage of MacBike? A．It gives children a discount. B．It offers many types of bikes. C．It organizes free cycle tours. D．It has over 2，500 rental shops. [解题导引] 第一步　找关键词 题干中的关键词为an advantage of。 第二步　寻信息句 定位在第二段第三句“We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety……and children's bikes”。 第三步　比对答案 a wide variety与选项B中的many types of为同义替换。因此，MacBike公司的一个优势是能提供各种各样的自行车，包括带脚刹的最基本的自行车、带手刹和排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车以及儿童自行车。 [参考答案]　B [技法点拨] 　数字计算题——整合推算巧破解 此类试题要求学生对具体细节信息，尤其是对相关的时间、数量等数字和信息进行分析和理解，利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，但此类试题重点不在于计算，而在于考查学生对具体细节信息的处理能力。 　(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷，阅读A) Prices Hand Brake，Three Gears Foot Brake， No Gears 1 hour 7.50 5.00 3 hours 11.00 7.50 1 day (24 hours) 14.75 9.75 Each additional day 8.00 6.00 22．How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days? A．DC＝ 15.75.　　　　　　 B．DC＝ 19.50. C．DC＝ 22.75. D．DC＝ 29.50. [解题导引] 第一步　找关键词 根据题干中的关键词How much可知，应寻找价格的相关信息。 第二步　寻信息句 定位Prices中的Hand Brake，Three Gears。 第三步　比对答案 有Hand Brake，Three Gears的价格一天14.75欧元，每多一天收8欧元，因此租两天的价格为22.75欧元。 [参考答案]　C [技法点拨] 　综合信息题——归纳概括定答案 为了增加细节理解题的难度，命题人有时候会采用较为概括的方式来进行命题，即一道试题中涉及一段或者几段的某些内容，需要学生进行概括和归纳后才能得出答案。 　(2024·浙江卷，阅读C) On September 7，1991，the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary's southern suburbs.As a result，since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project.Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.But farmers in east­central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights—worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. 8．What does the project aim to do? A.Conserve moisture in the soil. B.Prevent the formation of hailstones. C．Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D．Investigate chemical use in farming. [解题导引] 第一步　通读题干要求的段落，寻找关键词 题干中的关键词为project。 第二步　寻信息句 定位至第一段中所提到的“Alberta Hail Suppression Project”，因此根据第一段中的“Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.”可知，飞机通过向有威胁性的风暴体播撒一种化学物质，使得小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前先变成雨落下。由此可知，这一计划旨在防止冰雹的形成。 第三步　比对答案 A A项虽然出现了文中原词“moisture”，但“moisture”仅出现在后文用于介绍农民的担忧，与该项目目的无关，属于曲解文意。 B B项原文明确说飞机播撒化学物质，使小冰晶在形成冰雹前像雨一样落下。本选项“防止冰雹形成”是对原文的归纳概括，符合文意，故本题选B。 C C项虽然出现了文中原词“hailstorms”，但本文并未提及预防措施，故C选项属于正误参半。 D D项原文中，飞机播撒化学物质，并非检测化学物质使用情况，属于无中生有。 [参考答案]　B [技法点拨] [对应学生用书P10] A (2024·山东威海二模)As a child，I was keen on collecting moths(飞蛾)and butterflies.By adulthood，I could identify about 700 species by sight，recognizing the stripes，dots and colors on their wings and bodies. In 1972，I moved to Australia and continued collecting.But I started to struggle: identifying them quickly became an impossible task.The species there were so different from those at home，and there was no space in my mind to recognize them all. My crisis soon increased.Throughout the 1970s，I led expeditions to Papua New Guinea to collect moths.One night，we could collect more than twice as many as those I had memorized in my childhood.Identifying them felt overwhelming.I gave up and stopped working on moths.But my instinct to identify them never went away. Two decades later，I was in a supermarket and an idea started to develop in my mind: what if a part of DNA could be used to differentiate between species.Just 13 lines on the supermarket barcodes(条形码)were being used to identify products.What if we could identify species in the same way? To test the idea，I began collecting the moths again.Each sample had to donate a leg to science.I believed that COI(a single segment of a rapidly evolving gene)present in almost all animals could be used to tell species.With their legs，we used the PCR method to focus in on their section of COI.One by one，it became clear: every single moth could be sorted using a tiny slice of their genome(基因组)DNA barcoding was 100% successful on its first test. In our study paper，we claimed that we had discovered a reliable，inexpensive and accessible solution to identifying the millions of animal species waiting to be discovered.I believe DNA barcoding is humanity's first shot at finally discovering all life on Earth.This technique has helped conservationists to fight against wildlife crime and monitor the impact of mining on biodiversity.One day，I am confident it will form part of a system to monitor the biosphere the same way we monitor the weather. [语篇解读]　记叙文。主要讲述了作者喜欢收集飞蛾和蝴蝶。到成年时，作者可以通过视觉识别大约700种物种，识别它们翅膀和身体上的条纹、点和颜色。作者相信DNA条形码是人类探索地球上所有生命的第一次尝试。这项技术帮助自然资源保护主义者打击野生动物犯罪，并监测采矿对生物多样性的影响。 1．How did the author recognize moth species in his childhood? A．By turning to books. B．By using lab equipment. C．By obseiving their behavior. D．By distinguishing their appearance. 解析　D　细节理解题。根据第一段“As a child，I was keen on collecting moths(飞蛾)and butterflies.　By adulthood，I could identify about 700 species by sight，recognizing the stripes，dots and colors on their wings and bodies.” 可知，作者小时候是通过区分飞蛾的外表来认识飞蛾种类的。故选D。 2．What does the underlined “My crisis” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．The loss of interest in studying moths. B．The impossibility of recognizing moths. C．The pressure of discovering new moth species. D．The challenge of collecting as many moth samples. 解析　B　词句猜测题。根据第二段中“But I started to struggle: identifying them quickly became an impossible task.The species there were so different from those at home，and there was no space in my mind to recognize them all.”由此可知，此处画线短语My crisis指的是“不可能识别飞蛾”。故选B。 3．What inspired the author to use DNA for species identification? A．The ease of using PCR to focus on COI. B．The simplicity of supermarket barcodes. C．The success of DNA barcoding on moths. D．The availability of COI in almost all animals. 解析　B　细节理解题。根据第四段“Two decades later，I was in a supermarket and an idea started to develop in my mind: what if a part of DNA could be used to differentiate between species.Just 13 lines on the supermarket barcodes(条形码)were being used to identify products.What if we could identify species in the same way？”可知，超市条形码的简单性激发了作者使用DNA进行物种鉴定。故选B。 4．What might DNA barcoding be used for in the future according to the text? A．Protecting wildlife habitats. B．Tracking wildlife population. C．Assisting in monitoring biodiversity. D．Updating weather monitoring systems. 解析　C　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“I believe DNA barcoding is humanity's first shot at finally discovering all life on Earth.This technique has helped conservationists to fight against wildlife crime and monitor the impact of mining on biodiversity.”可知，DNA条形码将来可能用于协助监测生物多样性。故选C。 B (2024·山西太原模拟)Pick up any packaged processed food，and there's a decent chance that one of its listed ingredients will be “natural flavor”．The ingredient sounds good，particularly in contrast to “artificial flavor”．But what exactly does natural flavor mean? It refers to extracts (提取物) got from natural sources like plants，meat or seafood.When consumers see “natural flavor” on a label，they are unlikely to assume that someone is squeezing the juice from oranges into their bottle.They know even though natural flavor must come from natural sources，it needn't all come from the plant or meat.For example，orange flavor might contain not only orange extract，but also extracts from bark and grass.Nor is the common belief true that ingredients extracted from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made. So if flavors like orange are needed，why not just use oranges? The answer comes down to “availability，cost and sustainability”，according to flavor chemist Gary Reineccius of the University of Minnesota.“If you're going to use all your grapes on grape soda，” Reineccius says，“you don't have any grapes for wine­making; the products are going to be exorbitant;besides，what do you do with the by­products you create after you've squeezed all the juice out of the grape？” Actually，while chemists make natural flavors by extracting chemicals from natural ingredients，artificial flavors are made by creating the same chemicals artificially.The reason why companies bother to use natural flavors rather than artificial flavors is simple: marketing.“Many of these products have health titles，” says Platkin，professor from Hunter College.“Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavors are healthier，though they're nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavors.Natural flavors may involve more forest clear­cutting and carbon emissions from transport than flavors created in the lab.” Platkin suggests getting more transparent labeling on packaging that describes exactly what the natural or artificial flavors are，so consumers are not misled into buying one product over another because of “natural flavors”．Reineccius also offers some simple guidance: “Don't buy anything because it says ‘natural flavors’．Buy it because you like it.” [语篇解读]　说明文。文章主要说明了天然风味的来源，使用天然风味的原因，及天然风味和人造风味的相似。 5．Which is a misunderstanding about the “natural flavor” juice according to paragraph 1? A．It comes from 100% original fruit. B．It is nothing but advertising tricks. C．It certainly contains extracts made in the lab. D．It is absolutely safer than juice with artificial flavors. 解析　D　细节理解题。根据第一段“Nor is the common belief true that ingredients extracted from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made.”可知，D选项“‘天然风味’果汁绝对比添加人工香料的果汁安全”属于误解，故选D。 6．What does the underlined word “exorbitant” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Popular. B．Expensive. C．Durable. D．Innovative. 解析　B　词句猜测题。根据第二段“‘If you're going to use all your grapes on grape soda，’ Reineccius says，‘you don't have any grapes for wine­making; the products are going to be exorbitant’”可知，如果葡萄汽水百分百由葡萄制成，这个产品会变得昂贵，故画线词exorbitant意思是“昂贵的”。故选B。 7．Why do companies use natural flavors in their products? A．To cut the costs. B．To promote the sales. C．To advocate a healthy diet. D．To avoid food safety issues. 解析　B　细节理解题　根据第三段“The reason why companies bother to use natural flavors rather than artificial flavors is simple: marketing.”可知，公司在他们的产品中使用天然香料是为了营销，故选B 。 8．What can we conclude from the text? A．Gary and Platkin hold opposite perspectives. B．Natural flavors are more environmentally­friendly. C．Customers are misled for ignoring labels on packaging. D．Natural and artificial flavors are more alike than you think. 解析　D　推理判断题。根据第三段“Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavors are healthier，though they're nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavors.”可知，天然风味和人工风味比你想象的更相似。故选D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$