11 UNIT 2 Understanding each other Period 4 单元语法讲练-【名师导航】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步讲义(译林版2020)

Period 4　 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage) 1．preference n．偏爱；偏爱的事物 (1)give(a) preference to... 给……以优惠；优待…… have a preference for 喜爱；偏好…… (2)prefer vt． 较喜欢；喜欢……多于…… prefer sb．to do sth． 宁愿某人做某事；更喜欢某人做某事 prefer that... 更喜欢/希望……，宁愿…… prefer doing sth．to doing sth． 和做某事相比更喜欢做某事 prefer to do sth．rather than do... 更喜欢做某事而不愿做…… [即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Some people eat with their eyes，so they prefer to order (order) what looks nice． ②I have this theory that most people prefer being at work to being (be) at home． ③我喜欢跑步，所以我参加了越野跑比赛。 I have a preference for running so I took part in the cross-country running race． 2．embarrassed adj．窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的 (1)be embarrassed about/at　 对……感到尴尬 (2)embarrassing adj． 令人害羞的，使人难堪的 (3)embarrassment n． 困窘；尴尬 to one's embarrassment 令某人尴尬的是 (4)embarrass vt． 使窘迫；使尴尬 embarrass sb．with... 因……使某人尴尬 [即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译 ①She was embarrassed(embarrass) when they kept telling her how clever she was． ②It can be embarrassing(embarrass) for children to tell complete strangers about such incidents． ③让他难堪的是，他对正发生的事情一无所知。 a．What embarrassed him was that he had no idea of what was going on．(embarrass) b．He was embarrassed that he had no idea of what was going on．(embarrassed) c．To his embarrassment，he had no idea of what was going on．(embarrassment) 3．intention n．意图，计划 (1)have no intention of doing sth． 　　　　　　　　 无意做某事 with the intention of 抱有……目的 without intention 无意地；不是故意地 (2)intend vt．& vi． 打算；计划；想要 intend doing/to do sth． 打算做某事 intend sb．to do sth． 想要某人做某事 (3)intended adj． 为……打算(或设计)的；打算的；计划的 be intended for 专门为……准备/设计的 be intended to do sth． 旨在做某事 [即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①You know I have no intention of being(be) awkward and obstreperous． ②These garments are intended for professional sports people． ③我写信想告诉你这个暑假我打算参加书写训练班。 I'm writing to tell you that I intend to join a Handwriting Training Class this summer holiday． 4．correspond vi．类似于；相一致，符合；通信 (1)correspond to/ with　　 与……相符合/一致 correspond with 和……通信 (2)correspondence n． 通信；相关；来往信件 in correspondence with 与……通信 [即学即练]　单句语法填空/句型转换 ①The written record of the conversation doesn't correspond to/with what was actually said． ②The editor welcomes correspondence(correspond) from readers on any subject． ③You can make better relationships with others only when what you do corresponds with what you say． →Only when what you do corresponds with what you say can you make better relationships with others．(部分倒装) 5．tolerate vt．容许，允许；忍受，容忍；能经受 (1)tolerate/stand/bear (sb．) doing sth． 　　　　　　　 容忍∕忍受(某人)做某事 (2)tolerant adj． 宽容的；容忍的 be tolerant of/to/towards 对……宽容 tolerable adj． 可以接受的；可忍受的 (3)tolerance n． 宽容；忍受；忍耐力 [即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子 ①He can't tolerate people smoking(smoke) while they are talking． ②He has a very tolerant(tolerate) attitude towards other religions． ③大多数的中国父母不能容忍他们的孩子在就餐时用筷子敲碗。 Most Chinese parents won't tolerate their children knocking bowls with chopsticks when having a dinner． [名师点津]　表示“容忍；忍受”的动词(短词)还有：bear，stand，put up with等。 复习定语从句 一、定语从句概述 充当定语的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又被称为形容词性从句。 二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义；非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整，这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。 People who take physical exercise live longer． 进行体育锻炼的人长寿。 His daughter，who is in Boston now，is coming home next week． 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回家。 三、关系词的基本用法 引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词两类。关系词在定语从句中起连接作用，同时代替先行词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语成分。 1．关系代词 关系词 先行词 关系代词在从句 中充当的成分 who 指人 主语、宾语 whom 指人 宾语 whose 指人或物 定语 that 指人或物 主语、宾语、表语、状语 which 指物或整个主句 主语、宾语、表语 as 指人或物或整个主句 主语、宾语、表语 He seemed a foreigner，as/which in fact he was． 他好像是个外国人，实际上他就是。 I hate the way that she always criticizes me． 我讨厌她一贯批评我的方式。 [即时训练1]　用适当的关系代词填空 ①Can you still remember the time that/which we spent together in our childhood? ②They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience in caring for these animals． ③He was not sick，as/which some of the other passengers were． 2．关系副词 关系词 先行词 关系副词在从句 中充当的成分 when 表示时间的名词 时间状语 where 表示地点的名词 地点状语 why 表示原因的名词 原因状语 We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before． 我们生活在一个比以往更容易获得更多信息的时代。 Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other． 古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。 Can you tell me the reason why you are late again? 你能告诉我你又迟到了的原因吗？ [名师点津]　当先行词为situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词where引导。 [即时训练2]　用适当的关系副词填空 ①At the China Art Festival，there are different stands where artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors． ②We shall remember the days when we studied together． ③The reason why she was late was not convincing． ④We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true． 四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 构成 句法功能 用法指津 介词(短语)＋关系代词 状语 关系代词只能用which或whom，且不能省略 介词＋关系代词＋名词 状语 关系代词常用which或whose 名词(代词)＋介词＋关系代词 主语 可转化为“whose＋名词”结构 数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词 主语 数词还可以用some，many，most，each等不定代词替换 The poor man has no house in which he can live． 那个穷人没房子住。 Recently，I bought an ancient vase，the price of which was very reasonable． 最近，我买了一个古董花瓶，它的价格很合理。 [即时训练3]　单句语法填空 ①John Milton wrote a book，the title of which is known by everybody but the contents by few． ②The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen． ③There are about 400 students in our grade，most of whom are from the same area． ④William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from which we can learn without repeating them． 五、关系代词that与which的用法区别 只用that的情况 先行词是all，few，little，much，something，anything，nothing等不定代词时 先行词被the only，the very，the same等修饰时 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 先行词既有人又有物时 只用which的情况 引导非限制性定语从句时 关系代词指物，且前有介词时 The Reader attracts so many audiences，which means that it becomes more and more popular in China． 《读者》吸引了这么多的读者，这意味着它在中国变得越来越受欢迎。 He talked about the people and the place that he had visited in that country． 他谈到了他在那个国家所见到的人和所参观的地方。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was the Elephant Trunk Hill． 在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 This is the office in which I used to work． 这就是我过去工作过的办公室。 六、关系代词which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 which as 位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中。 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等。从句谓语常用被动。 意思上 “这一点” “正如……，正像……的那样” The award-winning book was written by a teenager，which was，indeed，beyond all expectations． 这本获奖的书是一个十几岁的孩子写的，这确实出乎所有人的意料。 As is known to us all，failure usually results from laziness while diligence can bring success for us． 众所周知，失败通常源于懒惰，而勤奋可以带来成功。 [即时训练4]　单句语法填空 ①Most importantly，Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification，which he showed in New York City． ②When the time came to make the final decision for a course，I decided to apply for the one that reflected my interest． ③As is often the case，a small child will feel unhappy and even can't stop crying the first time he or she goes to kindergarten． ④The present time is the best gift that you can give to yourself． 短文语境填空 Though I can't remember everything 1．that happened during the time 2．when I was in university，I still remember some people and things 3．that were related to my best friend，4．who used to be monitor in our class．If you want to know who is the lady that I referred to in my diary，I can tell you it's her，Miss Brown．Here is a story 5．that/which makes me remember Miss Brown until now． One afternoon，she and I arrived in New York，6．where we would spend our summer holiday together．We went to the biggest bookstore in 7．which there were different kinds of books to be sold．There，she persuaded me to buy a grammar book 8．that/which could offer me knowledge of grammar and a dictionary 9．that/which I could look up the new words in． Miss Brown also bought the same books 10．as I did．Just when we left the bookstore and were ready to go back to our university，a big man stopped us and robbed me of my necklace．Miss Brown tried her best to help me and lost one of her fingers． 第二篇课文(Extended reading) ①tofu n．豆腐 ②come as no surprise 不足为奇 ③bacon n．咸猪肉，熏猪肉 ④tank n．坦克；(贮放液体或气体的)罐 ⑤golf n．高尔夫球运动 ⑥come about产生，发生 ⑦interact vi．沟通；相互作用；交流 ⑧native tongue母语 ⑨phenomenon n．现象 ⑩globalization n．全球化 ⑪integrate vt．& vi．(使)合并；(使)加入 ⑫bilingual adj．会说两种语言的；用两种语言(写)的 ⑬unknowingly adv．未意识到地，不知不觉地，无意中 ⑭kung fu n．功夫 ⑮oppose vt．反对，抵制；与……对垒 ⑯intervention n．干涉行为，干预 ⑰pure adj．纯净的；完全的 ⑱tribe n．部落 ⑲reject vt．拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用；排斥，排异 ⑳pessimistic adj．悲观的，悲观主义的 be pessimistic about对于……感到悲观 ㉑be based on以……为基础/根据 ㉒Germanic adj．日耳曼语的；德国的 ㉓restriction n．限制，约束 ㉔linguist n．语言学家；通晓数国语言的人 ㉕isolated adj．孤立的；单独的；偏远的 ㉖for better or for worse不管是好是坏，不管结果如何 ㉗tendency n．趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好 ㉘go out of style过时 Borrowed words “The restaurant's fried tofu① is delicious．” Is there anything special about this sentence? Well，all the words except “the” and “is” are borrowed from other languages! This comes as no surprise②，given that English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages，including Latin，Greek，French and Chinese[1]．However，English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages—borrowed words can be found in almost all languages．For example，English words that are borrowed into the Chinese language[2] include “bacon③”，“tank④” and “golf⑤ ”． [1]given that引导原因状语从句，given that意为“考虑到，鉴于”。 [2]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词English words。 Word borrowing comes about⑥ when two cultures with different languages interact⑦．This tends to happen when there is no suitable word for an object or idea in the native tongue⑧．This phenomenon⑨ has been occurring for thousands of years．In the current age of globalization⑩，when communications technology brings different cultures closer together，words are even more likely to be borrowed straight from the source language at a faster pace than ever before，especially those related to technological developments，such as “email” and “Internet”． Though borrowing words has become faster，the process is still complex，and it takes time before new words are integrated⑪ into everyday speech．At first，the borrowed word is only used by bilingual⑫ speakers．It then spreads to people who do not know the original language[3]，and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak，almost unknowingly⑬．An example of this is the word “kung fu⑭”，which refers to Chinese martial arts[4]．This word comes from Chinese gongfu．Over time，the sounds that are difficult to pronounce[5] have been replaced with more familiar ones．The longer a borrowed word has been in use，the more it sounds and even looks like the native language．[6] [3]who引导定语从句，修饰先行词people。 [4]which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the word “kung fu”。 [5]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the sounds。 [6]本句为“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”句型。 Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided[7]，but some language communities oppose⑮ adopting words from other cultures．There are countries that make interventions⑯ to keep their native language pure⑰ in order to defend their identity．The French specifically have an official organization that creates new words[8] in order to avoid borrowed words．Some languages have an extremely small number of speakers，such as the Native American Navajo language，used only by the members of the tribe⑱[9]．Under this circumstance，it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject⑲ outside influences． [7]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词an outcome of language development。 [8]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词an official organization。 [9]过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰名词the Native American Navajo language。 While some communities are pessimistic⑳ about the exchange between languages，there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words．[10] English，especially，is based on㉑ a mix of Latin，Greek and Germanic㉒ languages．The English-speaking community does not hesitate about absorbing foreign words into its daily vocabulary．In fact，there have never been any formal academic restrictions㉓ on new borrowed words．Borrowing words allows the language to continue to develop，enabling the community to have a more efficient language which makes it possible for them to share their experiences with new-found ease[11]． It is also through those words that novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly．[12] [10]本句为主从复合句。句中While引导让步状语从句，While意为“尽管，虽然”；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词other communities。 [11]动词-ing形式短语作结果状语，表示“自然而然”的结果，其中which引导定语从句，修饰先行词a more efficient language，定语从句中it作形式宾语，真正的宾语为动词不定式短语to share...ease。 [12]本句为强调句型，强调through those words。 According to the linguist㉔ Edward Sapir，“It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated㉕ language...” For better or for worse㉖ ，the tendency㉗ to borrow words has never gone out of style㉘．The more international and globalized the world becomes，the more language characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures．[13] 外来词 “The restaurant's fried tofu is delicious．(这家餐馆的炸豆腐真美味。)”这句话有什么特别的地方吗？嗯，除了“the”和“is”之外，所有的单词都是从其他语言借来的！这并不奇怪，鉴于英语的外来词来自300多种不同的语言，包括拉丁语、希腊语、法语和汉语。然而，英语并不是唯一一种从其他语言引入外来词的语言——几乎所有语言中都可以找到外来词。例如，汉语中也有来源于英语的外来词，包括“培根(bacon)”、“坦克(tank)”和“高尔夫(golf)”。 当不同语言的两种文化相互交流时，外来词就产生了。当母语中没有合适的词来表达某个物体或某种想法时，这种情况就会发生。这一现象已经延续了数千年。在如今的全球化时代中，当通信技术使不同的文化更加紧密地联系在一起时，词汇甚至更有可能以前所未有的速度直接从原语言中被借用，特别是那些与技术发展相关的词汇，如“电子邮件(email)”和“互联网(Internet)”。 虽然借词已变得更快，但是过程仍然复杂，新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。起初，只有双语者使用外来词，然后外来词传播到不懂原语言的人中，这些人会在不知不觉中改变外来词的发音，使之更加适应他们的语言习惯。“kung fu”这个词就是一个例子，它指的是中国武术。这个词来源于中文的功夫(gongfu)。随着时间的推移，难以发音的部分被更为熟悉的发音取代了。外来词使用的时间越长，听起来甚至看起来就越像本地语言。 虽然外来词是语言发展几乎难以避免的结果，但是一些语言群体反对从其他文化中吸收词汇。有些国家会采取干预措施，保证本国语言的纯粹性，以捍卫其身份认同。法国人专门有一个创造新词的官方组织，以避免外来词。有些语言只有非常少的使用者，例如美洲原住民的纳瓦霍语，只有这个部落的成员使用。在这种情况下，拒绝外来语的影响关系到本地语的生存问题。 尽管有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，但是也有其他群体对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。尤其是英语，它是基于拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语的混合体。英语群体毫不犹豫地将外来词吸收到日常词汇中。事实上，对新的外来词从来没有任何严格的学术限制。借用外来词使语言得以继续发展，使其群体拥有一种更为有效的语言，该语言让他们能够以新发现的轻松状态分享他们的经历。也正是通过那些词，新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷、迅速。 语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔认为，“很难找到一种完全孤立的语言……”。不管怎样，借用外来词的趋势从未过时。世界越是国际化和全球化，不同民族和文化之间就会共享更多的语言特征。 11 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$