04 UNIT 1 Nature in the balance Period 4 课时学案 单元语法讲练-【名师导航】2024-2025学年高中英语必修第三册同步讲义(译林版2020)

Period 4　 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage) 1．come up with 想出，想到 (1)come up　 走近；出现；发生；上来 (2)come up to　 达到；符合；比得上 (3)come up against　 碰到；遭遇到……的反对 (4)put forward　 提出 [即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①I'm afraid something urgent has come up. ②Their trip to France didn't come up to expectations. ③It's here that we come up against the difference of approach. ④盯住这些家伙，你永远不知道他们会想出什么来。 Keep your eye on these jokers，you never know what they will come up with． 2．application n．应用，运用；申请 (1)a letter of application　 申请信 an application form　 申请表 app (application)　 应用软件 (2)apply v.　 应用；申请；手压，脚踩 applicant n.　 申请者 apply (to sb.) for sth.　 (向某人)申请某物 apply for a university/job　 申请大学/工作 apply to do sth.　 申请做某事 apply oneself to (doing) sth.　 致力于(做)某事 apply...to...　 把……运用到…… [即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①We should apply theories to practice. ②We had relatively few applications (apply) for the job. ③Pressure applied (application) to the wound will stop the bleeding. ④审核你的申请需要一周时间。 It will take a week for your application to be processed/to process your application． 3．organization n．组织，团体；组织工作；安排；条理 (1)organize vt.　 组织；安排 organize a meeting/party/trip　 组织会议/聚会/旅行 (2)organized adj.　 有组织的；有条理的 organizer n.　 组织者 [即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①She performs an important role in our organization (organize). ②She has been involved in the war against organized (organize) crime. ③Ask the organizer (organize) or someone who attended last year's event. ④没有你们机构的帮助，我们不能做这件事。 We can't do it without the help of your organization． 4．track vt.& vi.跟踪，追踪n．足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；跑道；路线 (1)track down　 追踪到 (2)railway tracks　 铁路轨道 be on the right/wrong track　 思路对头/不对头 [即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①The police failed to track the killer down． ②The research project involves tracking (track) the careers of 400 graduates. ③He tracked (track) down his cousin and uncle，and the latter was sick. ④这不是正确答案，但你的思路是正确的。 That's not the right answer，but you are on the right track． 省略 省略是英语中非常重要的语法现象，其中状语从句中的省略、定语从句中的省略、不定式中的省略是重点。省略的目的是避免重复，突出关键词语，并使上下文紧密连接。 [观察例句] 补全下列句子中省略的内容 ①You can watch it online if you want to (watch it). ②Work hard when (you are) young，or you'll regret. ③Some call for the application of modern technology，and others (call for) a change of lifestyle. ④(Have you) Got any ideas? ⑤(It/That) Sounds great! [归纳用法] 一、简单句中句子成分的省略 1．省略主语 (You) Don't leave me alone. 不要把我一个人留在这儿。 2．省略主语和谓语 —Which book do you want? ——你想要哪一本书？ —(I want) The one on the desk. ——书桌上的那本。 二、并列句中句子成分的省略 1．省略相同的主语和谓语动词 In 1975，the number of students in our school was about five hundred，and in 1981，(the number of students in our school was) over two thousand. 在一九七五年，我们学校的学生人数大约是五百，在一九八一年是两千多。 2．省略相同的谓语 Some of us study English；others (study) French. 我们中的一些人学习英语；另一些人学习法语。 3．省略相同的表语 He isn't a member of the club，but his friend Bob is (a member of the club). 他不是这家俱乐部的成员，但是他的朋友鲍勃是。 4．省略相同的谓语和宾语 Bob hasn't written his report，but he will soon (write his report). 鲍勃还没有写报告，但是他马上要写。 5．省略相同的谓语和状语 John will sing in the party，and Mary won't (sing in the party). 约翰愿意在晚会上唱歌，玛丽不愿意。 [即时训练1]——补全下列句子中省略的内容 ①Louis was the winner in 1980 and Simon (was the winner) in 1981． ②(He/She) Doesn't look very well today. ③(I) Hope to hear from you soon. ④All bodies consist of molecules，and molecules (consist) of atoms. 三、复合句中的省略 1．宾语从句中引导词的省略 (1)及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。 The scientist has told us (that) the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. 科学家告诉我们地球的大气层确实在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。 I believe (that) beauty comes from within. 我相信美丽来自内心。 (2)when，where，how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。 She wants to learn English well，yet she doesn't know how (she can learn it well). 她想学好英语，但她不知道怎样才能学好。 2．定语从句中的省略 (1)在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom，which，that可省略(但whom，which紧跟在介词后时不能省略)。 The man (who/whom/that) you want to meet has come. 你要见的人来了。 (2)修饰way的关系词that/in which作方式状语时可以省略；注意，如果that/which作主语或宾语时则不省略。 Do you know the way (that/in which) work is measured? 你知道衡量工作的方式吗？ 3．状语从句中的省略 (1)时间状语从句中的省略 When (she was) very young，she began to learn to play the violin. 她很小的时候就开始学习拉小提琴。 (2)条件状语从句中的省略 条件状语从句的省略形式为if necessary，if possible，if true等。另外unless，as long as等词或短语后也可用省略形式。 He will come if (he is) asked. 如果叫他来，他就来。 If (it is) necessary，ring me at two o'clock. 如果有必要，两点给我打电话。 (3)结果状语从句中的省略 so that，so...that，such...that引导结果状语从句时，有时可省略that. I am so busy (that) I have no time to write a letter. 我是那么忙，写信的时间都没有。 There was such a lot of rain (that) we couldn't go out. 雨那么大，我们没法出去。 (4)让步状语从句中的省略 He is a good man，though sometimes (he is) rather dull. 他是个好人，尽管有时很无聊。 (5)比较状语从句中的省略 as，than等引出的比较状语从句通常省略谓语。 I know you better than he (does). 我比他更了解你。 He is as quick in answering as his sister (is). 他回答得和他妹妹一样快。 (6)方式状语从句中的省略 as if/as though后还可加形容词/副词/介词短语/动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式/动词不定式。 She talked as if (she was) absent-minded. 她谈话似乎心不在焉。 [即时训练2]——补全下列句子中省略的内容/单句语法填空 ①I felt worried when (I was) watching the documentary. ②It is so cold that you can't go outside unless (you are) fully covered in thick clothes. ③Everything went on worse than expected (expect)，for she couldn't remember anything. ④When coming (come) to life，she found herself in the hospital. 四、动词不定式中的省略 1．当动词不定式作宾语时，为避免重复上文已出现的内容，to后常省略该内容。如果to后面有be，be 则通常保留。 He says he's going to leave the big city，but I wonder whether he really wants to (leave the big city). 他说要离开这个大城市，但是我不知道他是否真想这么做。 —Aren't you the manager? ——难道你不是经理吗？ —No，and I don't want to be (the manager). ——不是，我也不想当。 2．当动词不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，为避免重复上文已出现的内容，to后常省略该内容。 If I forget to ring up Mr Smith，would you remind me to (ring up Mr Smith)? 如果我忘了给史密斯先生打电话，请提醒我好吗？ Why didn't you come at eight? You were told to (come at eight). 为什么没有在八点来到呢？告诉过你的。 3．当不定式在be going to，be able to，have to，ought to，used to后作复合谓语时，to后常省略上文已出现的内容。 They don't go shopping as much as they used to (go shopping). 他们不像过去那样经常去购物了。 注意：省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留have或be. He didn't come，but he ought to have (come). 他没来，但他应该来。 —Are you a teacher? ——你是老师吗？ —No，but I used to be (a teacher). ——不是，但我过去是。 [即时训练3]——单句语法填空 ①I cannot watch the documentary this weekend，though I would like to． ②I would mend your radio，but I don't know how to． 补全下列片段中的省略内容 1．Some books are to be tasted，others are to be swallowed，and some few are to be chewed and digested. 2．Reading makes a full man，conference makes a ready man，and writing makes an exact man. 3．I kept quiet because Mary gets very embarrassed if anyone mentions John's name.I don't know why Mary gets very embarrassed if anyone mentions John's name． 第二篇课文(Extended reading) ①matter vi.要紧，有关系 ②studio n．录制室；演播室 ③had significant environmental costs付出了高昂的环境代价 拓展：significant adj.数量巨大的，显著的 ④smog n．雾霾，烟雾 拓展：smog是由smoke和fog两个词各取一部分缩合而成的一个新词。 ⑤colour vt.给……染色 ⑥irresponsible adj.不负责任的 ⑦make huge profits牟取暴利 ⑧in defence of为……作解释或辩护 ⑨the amount of pollution污染量 ⑩taking various measures采取各种措施 ⑪draw your attention to请您关注…… ⑫has a major role to play in在……起到重要作用。也可表示为play a major role in... ⑬achieve a balance达到平衡 ⑭observe v．遵守 ⑮in an environ-mentally friendly way以环保的方式，以有利于环境的方式 ⑯a community-wide effort全社会共同努力 ⑰the bike-sharing system共享单车系统 ⑱one and the same意为“同一个(人或物)”，表示强调。 ⑲inseparable adj.(与某事物)不可分离的，分不开的；形影不离的 ⑳build a human community with a shared future构建人类命运共同体 News that Matters①：pollution in Norgate HOST：Good evening and welcome to News that Matters.Our topic today is pollution in Norgate.Joining us in the studio②tonight are James Smith，a local resident；Vincent Brown，senior manager of a local factory；and Julie Archer，chief of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee.[1]Welcome. [1]Joining...是被前置的谓语部分，搭配连系动词are，其主语是are后面的所有内容。 Norgate's rapid development has had significant environmental costs③.Mr Smith，you've lived in this city for over 20 years.How would you describe the effects of pollution over that time? SMITH：It's been awful，really.When I first moved here，the air was fresh，the grass green and the water clear[2].Then heavy industry factories moved in，and things became entirely different.I don't enjoy outdoor activities any more.The river is dirty and smelly.The smog④ in the air has coloured⑤ the sky a smoky grey；it's also given me a cough that I can't get rid of.For health and safety reasons alone，heavy industry has to go. [2]此处承前省略了was。 HOST：Mr Smith protested against heavy industry.Mr Brown，would you like to respond? BROWN：Well，I'm sorry you feel that way，Mr Smith.People tend to connect factories with pictures of clouds of dirty smoke and irresponsible⑥ businessmen eager to make huge profits⑦.In defence of⑧the factories，however，I'd like to point out that we also try to control the amount of pollution⑨ we produce.[3]I think I speak for all factory managers when I say we're deeply concerned about the environment.We've been taking various measures⑩，including the use of new technologies，to reduce pollution in the production process，even though these measures raise our production costs.I'd also like to draw your attention to⑪ the economic benefits factories have brought to Norgate[4].We've created many jobs for local residents and helped the city's economy grow. [3]that引导宾语从句；we produce是定语从句，修饰the amount of pollution，省略了引导词that或which。 [4]此处为定语从句，修饰the economic benefits，省略了引导词that/which。 HOST：Thank you，Mr Brown.With pollution levels on the rise，the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee is searching for ways to fight the problem.Mrs Archer，what are your thoughts on how to deal with pollution? ARCHER：Well，our committee has a major role to play in⑫ maintaining air and water quality.We have to achieve a balance ⑬between environmental protection and economic development.We've made environmental policies for businesses to observe⑭，like strict clean-up requirements.We also work hand in hand with other branches of government to ensure that development strategies are followed in an environmentally friendly way⑮.However，fighting pollution isn't just a task for factories and the government.It has to be a community-wide effort⑯，and everyone can help by following the golden rule：reduce，reuse and recycle.For example，you can save energy by taking the bus or the subway，or using the bike-sharing system⑰. HOST：Thank you，Mrs Archer，and thanks again to all of our guests.A former UN official once said，“Saving our planet，lifting people out of poverty，advancing economic growth ...these are one and the same⑱ fight.” The fortunes of our environment and our economy are inseparable⑲.It's our duty to protect the environment while we aim for economic development.It's our duty to leave a better，cleaner and healthier planet to our children.It's our duty to build a human community with a shared future⑳. 《焦点新闻》：诺盖特市的污染 主持人：晚上好，欢迎收看《焦点新闻》。我们今天的话题是诺盖特市的污染。今晚来到我们演播室的有本地居民詹姆斯·史密斯、本地一家工厂的高管文森特·布朗，还有诺盖特环境保护委员会的负责人朱莉·阿彻。欢迎你们。 诺盖特市的高速发展付出了高昂的环境代价。史密斯先生，您已经在这座城市生活了二十多年。您能说说这二十年间污染造成的影响吗？ 史密斯：非常糟糕，真的。我刚搬来时，这里空气清新、草绿水清。后来重工业工厂迁来了，情况变得截然不同了。我再也不喜欢户外活动了。河水又脏又臭。空气中的雾霾把天空染成了烟灰色，还让我患上了咳嗽，老是不好。单是出于健康和安全的原因，重工业也必须迁走。 主持人：史密斯先生反对重工业。布朗先生，您想作出回应吗？ 布朗：好吧，对于您那样的感受我很抱歉，史密斯先生。一提到工厂，人们总是将其与浓烟滚滚的画面和急于牟取暴利、不负责任的商人形象联系在一起。不过，为工厂说句公道话，我想指出的是我们也在努力控制所产生的污染量。我们对环境问题深感担忧，我想，我是代表所有的工厂负责人说的这句话。我们一直在采取各种各样的措施，包括新科技手段的运用，来减少生产过程中产生的污染，尽管这些措施会增加我们的生产成本。我还希望您能注意到，这些工厂给诺盖特市带来的经济效益。我们为当地居民创造了许多就业岗位，并对这座城市的经济增长起到了助推作用。 主持人：谢谢您，布朗先生。鉴于污染程度不断加重，诺盖特环境保护委员会正在设法应对这个问题。阿彻女士，您对处理污染问题有何见解？ 阿彻：是的，我们委员会在维护空气质量和水质量方面发挥着重要作用。我们必须在环境保护与经济发展之间求得平衡。我们已经制定了供各行业遵守的环境政策，比如严格的净化要求。我们也与其他政府部门携手，确保以一种环境友好的方式贯彻发展战略。然而，与污染作斗争不仅仅是工厂与政府的任务，全社会必须共同努力，每个人都遵循减少使用、重复使用和循环利用的指导原则，就能尽一份力。打个比方，您可以乘坐公交车、地铁，或者使用共享单车来节约能源。 主持人：谢谢您，阿彻女士，再次感谢我们所有的嘉宾。一位联合国前官员曾经说过：“拯救地球，使人们摆脱贫困，促进经济增长……这些就是同一场战斗。”我们的环境与经济的命运休戚与共。在追求经济发展的同时保护环境，这是我们的责任。将一个更美好、更清洁、更健康的星球留给我们的后人，这是我们的责任。构建人类命运共同体，这是我们的责任。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$