专题06 阅读理解C篇（上海十六区一模） -【好题汇编】2025年高考英语一模试题分类汇编（上海专用）

专题06 阅读理解C篇 编者按：2025年上海十六区高三一模收集齐全，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2025年浦东新区一模） In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also services, experiences, information, and cultural products. Consumption today is a central organizing principle of social life. Sociologists recognize that many aspects of our daily lives are structured by consumption. In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption. This transition began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information. As a consequence, most of us spend our days consuming rather than producing goods. On any given day, one might travel to work by car; work in an office that requires electricity, gas, oil, water, paper, and a host of consumer electronics and digital goods; purchase a tea, coffee, or soda; go out to a restaurant; pick up dry cleaning; purchase health and hygiene products at a drug store; use purchased groceries to prepare dinner, and then spend the evening watching television, enjoying social media, or reading a book. Who can break free from it? Consumption has taken on great importance in the relationships we develop with others. We often organize visits with others around the act of consuming, whether that be sitting down to eat a home-cooked meal as a family, or meeting friends for a shopping excursion at the mall. In addition, we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others through the practice of gift-giving. Sociologists also see consumption as an important part of the process of forming and expressing both individual and group identities. In Subculture: The Meaning of Style, sociologist Dick Hebdige observed that identity is often expressed through fashion choices. This happens because we choose consumer goods that we feel say something about who we are. Our consumer choices are often meant to reflect our values and lifestyle, and in doing so, send visual signals to others about the kind of person we are. So, from the sociological perspective, there’s much more to consumption than meets the eye. In fact, there’s so much to study about consumption that there’s a whole subfield dedicated to it: the sociology of consumption. 43. What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century? A. A shift to local production. B. A growth of overseas consumption. C. A focus on retail and services. D. A decline in the value of consumption. 44. The author presents a person’s daily life in paragraph 3 in order to _____________. A. encourage people to spend more time working than consuming B. show the variety of consumer products available on the market C. suggest that producing goods is no longer part of modern life D. highlight the constant presence of consumption in people’s life 45. What can be inferred about consumption in paragraph 4 and 5? A. It discourages gift-giving. B. It conveys individuality. C. It defines culture. D. It sets the fashion trends. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The divided opinions on consumption. B. The effects of consumerism on people’s life. C. The philosophy of consumption in social life. D. The balance between consumption and production. （二） （2025年闵行一模） The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice-based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static（静态的） article. To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats. The first involved text appearing letter by letter in the style of a large model, similar to ChatGPT; the second provided information through a voice-based device; and the third was a static, text-based copy of content. Participants couldn't interact with the systems as they might with the real versions, in order to keep the experience consistent across the study. In some cases, participants were given accurate information, while in others, they saw factual errors. Some of these errors were plain wrong, such as naming Sofia as the capital of France, but others involved certain statements that were contradicted elsewhere in the same response. Participants were asked to rate the accuracy of the information on a seven-point scale, where7 is entirely accurate. In the answers where errors were introduced, the information presented in a static format was rated as 4.24 on average. The ChatGPT-like system managed 4.76, while the voice assistant scored 5.29. Participants rated all of the systems higher for answers where no errors were introduced, but the differences were smaller for the voice assistant and chatbot. “People find conversational chat agents more convincing because humans seem to be hardwired to assign credibility to things that seem lifelike,” says Mike Katell from UK. “The way the chatbots and voice agents are programmed to use a friendly and helpful conversational tone also confuses people. Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease, which is achieved through believable content and inoffensive delivery.” People have learned that these models generate false information sometimes. “But people don't realize that this interaction mode makes us tend to believe whatever is written there.” Utz says. “That should be in media literacy training.” 43. What was the main focus of Sonja Utz's study? A. Features of AI chatbots or voice-based assistants. B. People's preference for information sources. C. Why static articles differ from conversational content. D. How text formats influence information trustworthiness. 44. In paragraph 3, text errors in the study can be summarized as________ A. inevitable and conflicting B. minor and common C. obvious and internally inconsistent D. repetitive and randomly selected 45. According to Mike Katell, which of the following is NOT a reason why people find conversational chat agents more convincing? A. People's inborn trust in lifelike things. B. Inoffensive delivery of personalized content. C. The chatbot's use of a gentle conversational tone. D. The makers' intention to make users feel relaxed. 46. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Utz suggests people improve media awareness and competence. B. People's preference for lifelike things may be overstated. C. How information is presented doesn't affect how much we believe it. D. The research results are uncertain due to the lack of man-system interaction. （三） （2025年普陀区一模） Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists —inspiration —has its own magical qualities. Literally, "inspiration"is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. Of course, artists contributed to this mythology(神话). Many artists credited their talents to the presence of some supernatural power. "Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term thatmeant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth. The search for this ideal led them to explore both natural and supernatural themes in their works. Another persistent view of art regarded its divorce from logic. Reason and logic were the province of scientists and philosophers, whereas creativity and insight were the area of the artists. The two separate aspects of the mind were supposed to remain distinct. But in 1704, a major breakthrough occurred. Sir Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist, published his study of light, Opticks. One of Newton's major discoveries was on the nature of color. Using a prism(棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows. The artistic community was shocked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it to the simple refraction of beams of light through the prism of a raindrop. A scientist had ventured into their sacred territory. More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow. "His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow;he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime(绝妙). Newton's discovery paved the way for the development of the science of spectroscopy, a way of analyzing the chemical makeup of light. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 43. According to the passage, what was the common view of artists in history? A. Artists were considered logical and rational. B. Artists were seen as inspired and somewhat strange. C. Artists were primarily focused on scientific discovery. D. Artists were thought to be without any supernatural beliefs. 44. How did the Romantic poets react to Newton's discovery about light and color? A. They believed it added a new dimension to the appreciation of beauty. B. They credited Newton's insights to mystical influences. C. They were inspired to integrate more scientific themes in their poetry. D. They felt it faded the poetic beauty of natural phenomena. 45. Why does the author mention John Keats'and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's views on Isaac Newton? A. To emphasize the superior creativity of poets over scientists. B. To highlight the impact of scientific discoveries on artistic perception. C. To state that Shakespeare's knowledge of beauty was unmatched. D. To show that Romantic poets objected to scientific progress. 46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The Artistic Interpretation of Science B. The Contrast between Art and Logics C. The Interplay of Art and Science D. Isaac Newton's Influence on Arts （四） （2025年嘉定一模） Some dishes give off an unmistakable air of elegance. Take a flawlessly clear consommé (清炖肉汤) for instance. Others are less so, like a pizza with a dense crust. And then there are dishes that seem to bridge the gap, appearing on menus across the range of taste and class. The chocolate fondant is one such dessert, loved for its simple, rich pleasure and luxury. The origins of the chocolate fondant are somewhat disputed, with two significant French chéfs laying claim to its invention. The first is Michel Bras, a Michelin-starred chef who, in 1981, crafted the coulant au chocolate-a dessert with a warm, sticky center inspired by memories of a hot cup of chocolate after a cold day in the mountains. The second is Jean-Georges Vongerichten, another influential chef who, in 1987, created the fondant while experimenting in New York. His version featured small chocolate cakes with a molten (融化的) center due to a happy accident: he had removed them from the oven too early. Despite the small accident, diners were delighted, and Vongerichten perfected the recipe that would become his signature dish. Though different in technique, both chéfs shared a vision of the fondant as a fancy, rich treat, a dessert designed to satisfy both the taste buds (味蕾) and a desire for elegance. Initially, it was a delicacy reserved for high-end dining rooms and the most exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbol of refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind of elegance. The simplicity of the fondant - a single-serving dessert with a molten core - belies its complexity. Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flows at the exact moment of cutting are the challenges that only a skilled chef can consistently conquer. There's an element of anticipation built into the experience: will the warm chocolate flow or remain disappointingly solid? By the 1990s, Alain Ducasse, another highly regarded chéf, observed that the fondant had become so popular that restaurants felt nearly forced to include it on their menus. It became the defining dessert of the era, with chains and takeaway joints adopting their own versions. Over time, the fondant evolved into what many now known as the “molten chocolate cake” or “chocolate lava cake.” The dessert began to appear in grocery stores and at Valentine's Day promotions, as brands like Costco, Aldi, and Walmart capitalized on its widespread appeal. 43. What can be learned about the origin of the chocolate fondant from the passage? A. The dish was first introduced in grocery stores. B. The true inventor of the dish remains uncertain. C. Both inventors drew inspiration from their cooking experiences. D. The creation of the dish was more intentional than accidental. 44. What does the word “belies” (paragraph 4) most probably mean? A. Reveals. B. Defines. C. Masks. D. Explains. 45. According to the last paragraph, what contributed to the further development of the chocolate fondant? A. The cooperation between grocery stores and restaurants to promote the dessert. B. Chefs simplified the recipe to make it easier for home cooks to prepare. C. The decision to market the dessert for Valentine's Day promotions. D. Restaurants felt pressured to offer the dessert due to its popularity. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The chocolate fondant's simplicity makes it easy for chefs to prepare. B. The chocolate fondant has gone from a high-end dessert to a common treat. C. The chocolate fondant originates in France and then spread to the whole world. D. The chocolate fondant is superior to other desserts because of its molten center. （五） （2025年虹口一模） The facts of climate change are widely reported. It is noted that with a 2℃ increase in global temperatures, as compared with a 1.5℃ increase, about 61 million more people living in urban areas around the world will be exposed to severe drought. The problem with communicating these numbers, however, is that math anxiety — the experience of tension, fear or worry when facing mathematical problems — and the inability to understand and employ numerical concepts — are both quite common. Despite high rates of innumeracy (数学盲), there are reasons to think that people may not disengage when they receive numbers. First, multiple past studies show that people often prefer getting numerical details over vague description or purely verbal communication. People also trust messages provided by medical professionals or journalists more when that communication includes numbers than when it does not. The use of specific numbers signals expertise to readers. But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details. In past research, it was found that people find numbers helpful, so long as there aren’t too many of them. No hard-and-fast rule suggests how many is too many-it depends on the complexity of the topic, people’s familiarity with the subject and their overall numeracy. Communicators therefore need to know and attend to their audience: if a speaker sees someone looking bored, for example, it’s a sign to back off on the numbers. In addition to the possibility of being overloaded by numbers, their persuasive power could have consequences that communicators need to consider. Based on the most recent findings, more negative feelings about the posts containing numeric consequences of climate change are reported. To be clear, this doesn’t reflect math anxiety. Instead, these posts resulted in negative emotions because the numerically precise messages were stronger in conveying the disastrous consequences of climate change. If you can suggest actions that people feel they can carry through, that could set off the negative feelings that arise when they consider climate change’s consequences. So whether you’re an environmentalist seeking to communicate more effectively over social media or looking for strategies to persuade family over the dinner table, there are a few lessons here. Find the key numerical data and share that. Think strategically about data presentation. When talking about climate change, include some proposed action. Given that past work suggests that sharing numbers builds trust, your readers or listeners may be more likely to follow your recommendations. When used wisely, numbers can help transform anxiety into action, which could help turn the tide in our fight against climate change. 43. According to the passage, what can numbers do when they are used to illustrate climate change? A. They can arouse people’s anxiety about math. B. They leave the audience even more confused. C. They help make the message more credible. D. They don’t really change how people feel. 44. Which of the following best fits the description of “trade-offs” (paragraph 4)? A. Numbers cause difficulties in understanding the matter. B. People find the subject being talked about unfamiliar. C. It takes time to confirm the precision of all numbers. D. People tend to hold more debates about the topic 45. According to the passage, which of the following is an effective climate message? A. Sea level rise: a ticking time bomb for coastal cities! B. Cycle 5 miles daily, save 50% on carbon emissions! C. 50% of species lost: a warning from climate change! D. Plant more trees today, enjoy fresher air tomorrow! 46. What is the best title for this passage? A. Numbers: Origin of tension about climate change. B. Numbers: Reason for high levels of math anxiety. C. Numbers: Cause of boredom in public speaking. D. Numbers: Aid in fighting environmental issues. （六） （2025年长宁一模） Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out. Many unemployed people could have done much good through their labour if they had been given the opportunity to contribute. Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves. Thus, giving people opportunities to work is essential for the community’s well-being. Education plays a vital role in equipping people for certain jobs, but many young people find that even if they are qualified, the jobs are just not there. This was the situation that Rwandan entrepreneur (企业家) Noel Nizeyimana faced. When he graduated from university with a degree in soil and environmental science, he sent out application after application but received no job offers, so he turned to creating his own business. With three of his colleagues, he founded Greencare Rwanda Ltd., a company that transforms waste into products that can be used for various purposes. For example, one of the company’s programs processes waste and turns it into organic fertilizer used by local farmers. The company has also expanded into plastic recycling and produces paving materials from sand and plastic. Thus, Greencare Rwanda is providing materials for other industries as well. Greencare Rwanda Ltd. was able to get off the ground largely due to funds it received from the UN Youth Joint Programme. This program is an attempt to reach the UN’s sustainable development goal of “decent work and economic growth.” The assistance definitely helped Greencare, which now produces 400 tons of fertilizer and 2,560 square meters of paving materials per year. It also employs 25 people, which shows that helping people start businesses provides work for more than just the person who receives the funds. All this raises the question of what more can be done to empower young people to start their own businesses. Providing funds to cover the initial costs, as the UN Youth Joint Programme did for Nizeyimana, is certainly important as the starting costs for businesses can be extremely high. Governments are sometimes hesitant to provide funds to startups because success is not guaranteed. Starting a business is risky, and nobody wants to waste money, but experts warn that governments should not enforce too many requirements. Different regions will need different approaches, so trying to enforce a set of one size fits all requirements can run counter to the desire. While there are other ways to address unemployment, encouraging young business owners is one of the most effective — especially when those businesses produce goods that genuinely help local communities. 43. What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A. The role of the government in creating job opportunities. B. The importance of education for reducing unemployment rates. C. The necessity of providing work opportunities to prevent crime. D. The consequences of unemployment on individuals and communities. 44. Greencare Rwanda Ltd. is mentioned in the passage to show ________. A. why setting goals for the youths is necessary B. how the support from the UN programme works C. international funding’s success across all industries D. difficulties young graduates encounter in job hunting 45. The phrase “run counter to the desire” (paragraph 4) most probably refers to ________. A. opposing the general goal of supporting entrepreneurship B. conflicting with the hope of diverse and region-specific solutions C. going against the intention of providing equal opportunities for all D. supporting the idea of sustainable development and economic growth 46. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A. international funding helps build successful mutual trade B. education shoulders an ultimate responsibility in one’s career C. entrepreneurship eases joblessness and boosts community welfare D. unemployment is the primary cause of crime in developing countries （七） （2025年徐汇一模） Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy. Since the 1970s, researchers have suspected that some fish can detect magnetic fields. But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything. Bryan Keller, an ecologist at Florida State University, and his colleagues decided to do just that. They lined a bedroom-size cage with wire and placed a small swimming pool in the center of the cage. By running an electrical current through the wiring, they could generate a custom magnetic field in the center of the pool. The team then collected 20 young bonnethead sharks — a species known to migrate hundreds of kilometers — off the Florida coast. They placed the sharks into the pool, one at a time, and let them swim freely under three different magnetic fields, applied in random succession. One field mimicked (模仿) Earth’s natural field at the spot where the sharks were collected, while the others mimicked the fields at locations 600 kilometers north and 600 kilometers south of their homes. They used software to track the sharks’ responses, observing which direction in the tank they were trying to swim towards. When the young sharks were exposed to the magnetic field of the place they were captured, or ‘home’, they stayed put. But when subjected to the southern magnetic field, the sharks persistently changed their headings to swim north, as if trying to get back home. This suggests that the sharks were using the magnetic field to guide them, similar to how humans use GPS. Surprisingly, the researchers found that the sharks didn’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern field. Keller says this might be because they don’t go north of their home location since there is only land there, and so they rarely have to find their way back south again. “This could support the theory that their ability to go back home is a learned behavior,” he says. They might not know what to do in the northern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller. Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due to mostly overfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migration patterns of sharks can help us understand what arcas to protect when managing marine spaces. 43. Why is it difficult for researchers to prove that sharks can read Earth’s field? A. Sharks are too hard to follow and observe. B. Sharks are not sensitive to magnetic fields. C. Sharks are difficult to study in a laboratory setting. D. Sharks are on the list of endangered species. 44. According to Keller, what might be the reason why sharks don’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern magnetic field? A. They don’t like the climate in the north. B. They’ve never been to the north of their home before. C. They learned to do so when they were young. D. The northern magnetic field was not strong enough. 45. From the passage, we can infer that Keller’s research is significant because it ________. A. provides a new method for capturing sharks. B. supports the idea that sharks’ migration patterns are random. C. adds crucial information to our understanding of shark biology. D. suggests that sharks should be protected from overfishing. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way on seas. B. Researchers discovered a new way to study sharks in labs. C. Shark populations are declining due to habitat change. D. Sharks have a learned behavior of returning to their home. （八） （2025年杨浦一模） Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically. The term dates back to the autism (自闭症) community in the 1990s, though it’s now applied to all sorts of mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Robert Chapman, a neurodivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philosopher with autism, “The only hope for autistic people and our families, it was thought, was that we would one day be fixed through behavioral or biomedical intervention.” Neurodiversity challenges that notion. Rather than assuming, for instance, that an autistic person’s struggles to find a job are the result of some internal shortcoming, neurodiversity research considers the existence of external explanations. The barriers to autistic employment emerge from the environment, not only the individual. Studies from 2022 and 2023 have shown that many autistic people are prosocial and skilled at seeing others’ perspectives, while neurodiversity advocates stress it takes two to communicate. Though autistic people may struggle to understand a neurotypical perspective, neurotypical people may struggle to understand an autistic perspective, making it a “double empathy (共情) problem”. This thread of research is already having an impact, helping autism interventions like the “social stories” technique take off. This intervention, which introduces autistic children to common social situations, works by facilitating communication between neurodivergent and neurotypical individuals, with a focus on supporting children, rather than “fixing” them. The technique is consistent with what autistic individuals advocate for themselves. An assessment of the funding of recent autism research revealed the majority was directed toward the biological causes of autism, while the minority was directed toward services, support and education. However, members of the autistic community felt the funding failed to reflect their priorities and wouldn’t have any effect on everyday lives. Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.” 43. According to neurodiversity movement, the main cause of autistic people’s struggle to function in society is ______. A. an imbalance between research funding and public awareness B. a mismatch between their abilities and their surroundings C. the internal shortcomings autistic people are born with D. the barriers from behavioral or biomedical interventions 44. Which of the following statements about the “social stories” technique is TRUE? A. It is aimed at fixing the autistic children’s behavioral problems. B. It focuses on teaching neurotypical individuals about autistic people. C. It is based on the theory that neurodivergent people can be prosocial. D. It works by putting neurodivergent people into common social situations. 45. What can be inferred about Robert Chapman? A. He believes being autistic is a life-long tragedy. B. He has been fixed through bio-medical intervention. C. He is bothered by the negative narrative surrounding autism. D. He thinks autistic people can be liberated from the movement. 46. The main purpose of the article is to ______. A. introduce the effective treatment methods for autism B. explain the history and significance of the neurodiversity movement C. argue for the necessity of promoting the neurodiversity movement D. criticize the wrong focus of research in understanding autism （九） （2025年静安一模） About 150 years after his death, questions appeared about the authorship of William Shakespeare’s plays. Scholars and literary critics began to float names like Christopher Marlowe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacon - men of more known backgrounds, literary recognition, or inspiration - as the true authors of the plays. Much of this came from the incomplete record of Shakespeare’s life and the lack of eye-witness sources. Official files from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none bears the statements like him being an actor or playwright (剧作家). Skeptics (怀疑者) also questioned how anyone of such humble education could write with the intellectual perceptiveness and poetic power that are displayed in Shakespeare’s works. One specific cry came from Henry Chettle and Robert Greene, who, many thought were both jealous of Shakespeare’s fame. The problem these two authors had with Shakespeare had something to do with the fact that he was a new comer from the back of beyond. The two questioned Shakespeare’s unclear whereabouts after he moved to London. However, the vast majority of Shakespearean scholars argue that William Shakespeare wrote all his own plays. They point out that other playwrights of the time also had unclear histories and came from low backgrounds. They believe that Stratford’s New Grammar School course of Latin and the classics could have provided a good foundation for literary writers. Supporters of Shakespeare’s authorship argue that the lack of evidence about Shakespeare’s life doesn’t mean his life didn’t exist. They point to evidence that displays his name on the title pages of published poems and plays. Examples exist of authors and critics of the time acknowledging William Shakespeare as author of plays. According to many, Shakespeare’s footprints in London are also well documented. He was believed to partly own the Globe Theatre where his plays were produced. The theatre was also involved in some high profile events: it was moved across the Thames in 1598 and burned down on the 29th of June 1613. The events both pointed to Shakespeare’s whereabouts. Today, his plays are highly popular and reinterpreted in performances with diverse cultural backgrounds. The appeal of Shakespeare’s characters and plots is that they present real human beings in a wide range of emotions and conflicts that go beyond their origins in Elizabethan England. 43. Which of the reasons is NOT mentioned to support skepticism about Shakespeare’s authorship? A. Official records didn’t mention Shakespeare’s identity as a playwright. B. Shakespeare’s education background couldn’t support his literary achievements. C. Shakespeare’s plays were inspired by big-name literary giants. D. There was a lack of specific details of Shakespeare’s life. 44. Which of the following facts disproves Henry Chettle and Robert Greene’s skepticism? A. Shakespeare’s literary power was recognized at his time. B. His activities in London could be proved by happenings of his theatre. C. Shakespeare’s childhood education experience helped him gain literary ability. D. The title papers of government documents bore his name. 45. The charm of Shakespeare’s plays today lies in that ________. A. his plots are full of conflicts B. his plays are translated into many languages C. he succeeded from a modest background D. he pictures people of real feelings which can exist today 46. The passage is mainly about ________. A. ways to determine the real author of classic literary works B. the fights between Shakespeare’s supporters and his opponents C. doubts and proofs about the authorship of Shakespeare’s plays D. the criticism on Shakespeare’s plays and their values （十） （2025年金山一模） Jennifer Blackburn is a 49-year-old who has followed decades of trying different diets and medications and finding little success. In late 2022 she started taking Ozempic, the diabetes (糖尿病) drug that has become synonymous with celebrity weight loss. The effect is life-changing. It’s been reported that in the US, healthcare providers wrote more than nine million prescriptions (处方) for Ozempic and similar drugs during the last few months of 2022. Widespread as it is, there’s still mass confusion around who should take them, whether the potential side effects are worth it, and whether people truly needing them can access and afford the limited supply. According to WHO, more than 890 million adults were living with diagnosed obesity in 2022. Their metabolic hormones can be dysregulated, which means even if they diet and exercise, their bodies won’t respond. That’s where medication has been a game-changer. Ozempic was approved by the US FDA in 2017 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Once the manufacturer, Novo Nordisk, tapped into the drug’s added benefit of triggering substantial weight loss, it soon produced several similar drugs. For most people, the doses need to continue indefinitely. Once someone stops taking the drug, his hunger signals can return to their baseline and the weight comes back. Apart from this downside, other side effects include a range of digestive issues and a possible risk of thoughts of self-harm or even suicide. Besides, no one can tell how this use may play out over decades, or what side effects of rapid weight loss will mean in the long run. Despite all these, since loads of influencers have cheered their slimming successes on these drugs, it seems everybody wants to try them. The heavy demand has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people with type 2 diabetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages are expected to continue in 2024, while those who can access these drugs face a significant financial cost. The cost is much too high to the vast majority of Americans-a monthly supply will set one back more than $1000. Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.” With such supportive voices, the future of Ozempic remains unpredictable so far. 43. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined phrase in paragraph 1? A. be keen on B. be equivalent to C. be suitable for D. be familiar with 44. Why do people without diabetes still take Ozempic after knowing all its downsides? A. Because they want to take it as a preventive measure against diabetes. B. Because they are not afraid of these yet unclear and uncertain side effects. C. Because they are desperate to lose weight or they will develop other health problems. D. Because they are tempted by the celebrities’ achieving such good results after the use. 45. What can we infer from Jennifer Blackburn’s words? A. Besides losing weight, she has also taken off a huge mental burden. B. She strongly recommends Ozempic to others due to her own experiences. C. Although supporting Ozempic herself, she is not sure of this medicine’s future. D. She is among the celebrities who have successfully lost weight by taking Ozempic. 46. This passage is written to ______. A. explain Ozempic’s functions, potential downsides and current supply situations B. suggest how serious and common the issue of obesity is and how to deal with it C. persuade people without diabetes not to further purchase the expensive Ozempic D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveness with examples of celebrities and common users （十一） （2025年奉贤一模） For the first time, scientists have observed the brain throughout the pregnancy (怀孕) timeline. Sex hormones, like estrogen and testosterone, are powerful players in the brain, affecting mood, memory, and more. Some of the most dramatic hormonal changes that humans experience happen during pregnancy, and yet those nine months have been a black box for human neuroscience until now. A new study published this week in Nature Neuroscience provides the most extensive look inside that black box yet. Researchers scanned the brain of one woman 26 times over the entire course of her pregnancy — before, during and after. Brain scans show that tracks of white matter get stronger during pregnancy. Previous brain imaging studies from before and after pregnancy have shown that pregnancy shrinks (缩小) parts of the brain, specifically its gray matter. These outer layers of the brain are responsible for most of sensation, learning and other great things the brain does. Shrinking gray matter may sound scary, but it happens to all of us throughout development to fine-tune our neural processing and make our brains more efficient. Though the term “mommy brain” is often used to refer to the brain fog and forgetfulness some people feel during pregnancy, the brain changes are likely adaptive. For example, you may be forgetting where your keys are, but you are way more focused on what is happening to your baby. Researchers are particularly interested in changes within brain regions that help with social cognition by allowing us to take on others’ perspectives. The scale and pattern of brain changes during pregnancy are similar to what other researchers have seen in adolescent brains during puberty (青春期), also driven by hormones. Other researchers have been able to detect whether someone had been pregnant based only on neuro imaging data from decades later. So despite the common saying that our brains stop developing in our mid-20s, hormones seem to drive big, long-lasting changes throughout adulthood. From studying the woman’s brain, researchers confirmed gray matter decreased by four percent over the course of pregnancy and that decrease persisted throughout the end of the study two years after giving birth. And it wasn't just one area or network — 80% of brain regions shrunk. While certain areas and networks changed faster than others, the team doesn’t yet know what the implications are. 43. The passage mainly tells us ________. A. how pregnancy impacts women’s memory B. how brain scans lead to a breakthrough C. how puberty differs from pregnancy D. how brain changes during pregnancy 44. Based on the research, a pregnant woman should ________ changes accompanying “mommy brain”? A. peacefully accept B. consciously avoid C. completely ignore D. eagerly expect 45. We can learn from the last two paragraphs that ________. A. researchers have figured out why certain areas of brain change faster B. despite similarity, brain changes in puberty aren’t driven by hormones C. hormones are likely to cause brain changes beyond adolescence D. the shrinkage of gray matter in brain stops shortly after child birth 46. What is the structure of this passage? A. Presenting a finding → Explaining → Relating with other findings B. Introducing a topic → Providing examples → Summarizing the main points C. Stating a problem → Proposing solutions → Evaluating the solutions D. Describing a phenomenon → Analyzing the causes → Predicting the future trends （十二） （2025年黄浦区一模） ①I read “Middlemarch” in college. None in my class got it. Why would Dorothea make such a decision on her marriage? “Trust me, you’ll read this book again when you’re forty, and you’ll say, ‘Oh, I see!’” our professor said. ②Yet there’s a theory behind the assignment of “Middlemarch”: knowledge acquired too early gets stored away. Patterns of thinking established now will be retraced later; ideas encountered first in art will prepare us for the rest of life. This sounds unclear, until you reflect on the fact that you take a class in law school today only to argue a complicated case years later. Knowledge must often molder in our mental warehouses for decades until we figure out what to do with it. ③Leslie Valiant, a distinguished computer scientist, calls our ability to learn over the long term “educability”. In his new book, “The Importance of Being Educable,” he argues that it’s key to our success. When we think about what makes our minds special, we tend to focus on intelligence. But if we want to grasp reality in all its complexity, Valiant writes, then “cleverness is not enough.” We need to build comprehensive and flexible theories about the world — theories that will serve us in new, unanticipated, and strange circumstances — and we do that by gathering diverse kinds of knowledge, often in a slow, additive, accidental way, and knitting them together. Through this process, we acquire systems of beliefs that are broader and richer than the ones we can create through direct personal experience. ④An educable mind, he writes, can learn from books, lectures, conversations, experiences, — from anything, really — and notice when relevant aspects of almost forgotten knowledge reveal themselves. We admire aspects of someone’s educability when we say that they are a quick study, but what really makes them educable is that they apply insights “for purposes not foreseen at the time of the study”. When people strike us as particularly well-educated, this might mean that they have had lots of school, but it could also mean that they’re exceptionally educable, with the ability to take good advantage of whatever educational opportunities arise, whether formal or informal. ⑤Valiant thinks it might be useful to promote educability as an ideal. We could try to figure out how to measure and teach it in schools, or to encourage it in adults; at a time when rapid technological change means there’s always more to learn, we might seek to create a more educable society in general. 43. The underlined word “molder” (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to “______”. A. become out-of-date B. keep practical C. remain inactive D. stay safe 44. Which of the following mind map correctly illustrate the relationship among knowledge, theory and beliefs? A. B. C. D. 45. What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A. True educability lies in presenting insights for unforeseen purposes. B. A quick learner overestimates the value of learning from all sources. C. Schooling ensures that an educable mind can seize all learning opportunities. D. An educable mind pursues learning even without an immediate goal in mind. 46. The passage is intended to ______. A. introduce a book on educability B. maximize the benefits of educability C. inspire people to create an educable society D. recommend a distinguished computer scientist （十三） （2025年松江一模） An unusually reflective communications satellite that outshines almost every star in the sky was joined by another five in the first week of September 2024. Astronomers warn that the appearance of more and more bright objects in the night sky will severely set back their work and could even limit our ability to spot asteroids — small planets going around the sun — heading for Earth. Texas-based AST SpaceMobile, intending to set up a group of 100 satellites to provide mobile phone connections around the globe, launched a test satellite called BlueWalker 3 in 2022, drawing criticism from astronomers who found that it was brighter than all but seven stars in the night sky. The company launched the first five commercial versions of BlueWalker 3, called Bluebirds, from Florida, on 12 September. Grant Tremblay, vice president of the American Astronomical Society, says the increasing number of satellites in low Earth orbit “is an existential problem for astronomy”. While AST SpaceMobile is a concern to astronomers because of its very reflective design, it is by no means the only one, he says. Internet firm Starlink is another whose satellites have raised worries. “For astronomy, things are absolutely getting worse,” says Tremblay. “I fear that we’re at risk of losing the sky.” Projects such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory (天文台), under construction in Chile and due to start scanning the sky in 2025, will have images ruined by bright traces when satellites cross their field of view, says Tremblay. “When a frame is harmed by, for example, a Starlink crossing, the frame is useless. You throw it out, ” he says. “The observatory will still work. It’ll still do amazing science. But efficiency could drop sharply if we start heading into a system in which hundreds or thousands of reflecting satellites are in orbit. ” Tremblay believes this is not only a loss to science, also to wider society. “We return images of this incredibly magical universe whose scale is truly unimaginable, and there’s something unifying and inspirational. If we lose that, I think that’s a societal disaster.” To solve the problem, he says astronomers may have to put more instruments in space beyond our crowded orbit, but the cost and complexity of doing that is generally prohibitive. Losing astronomical capabilities could even put humanity in danger. Ian Carnelli at the European Space Agency says we have spent decades improving our ability to spot asteroids heading for Earth and potentially redirect them. “It could be harder to find them in the future because of reflective satellite constellations (卫星群) ,” he says. 43. According to Grant Tremblay, why are we at the risk of losing the sky? A. Because the observatory is unable to function properly in most cases. B. Because the viewing area of the satellites is darkened by observatories. C. Because the construction work is destroying the scanning work of the sky. D. Because the satellites will keep us from obtaining a clear picture of the sky. 44. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. Effectiveness in mobile communications will decrease dramatically. B. A vast number of satellites makes the magical universe more inspiring. C. Fewer satellites of commercial versions will be launched in the future. D. Earth could face a higher risk of asteroid impacts for detection failures. 45. What concern does Tremblay express about the crowded orbit? A. An increase in societal disasters. B. That scientific study is less efficient. C. Less space for instruments in outer space. D. That observatories are harmed by frames. 46. What’s the passage mainly about? A. The launch of bright satellites raises fears. B. There are still downsides to scientific work. C. More sky-friendly satellites should be designed. D. The societal impact caused by satellites is extensive. （十四） （2025年青浦一模） Human doctors perform amputations, surgical removals of an arm, leg, or finger, after a serious injury. But new research shows that some ants perform amputations on injured ants to help them survive an injury. The behavior was documented in Florida carpenter ants. Two carpenter ants are seen in a laboratory at the University of Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wound using their mouthparts or amputated the limb, or leg, by biting it off. The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated. Erik Frank of the University of Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer of the research. Frank said the study describes “for the first time how a non-human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ to care for the injured is the most complicated in the animal kingdom,” and compares well to human medicine. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. So harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes. An amputation would not help infection after that time. He continued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slower hemolymph flow, giving enough time for timely and effective amputations.” The study found that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care. Ants can function well without one of their six legs. And only female ants perform the treatment of wounds by cleaning or amputation. “All worker ants are female. Males play only a minor role in ant community,” Frank said. So why do ants do these amputations? Frank said, “There is a very simple evolutionary reason for caring for the injured. It saves resources.” He noted that if an ant could be saved with little effort to remain productive, “there is a very high value of doing so.” “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die,” Frank added. 43. The type of treatments applied to injured ants depends on ______. A. how the medical system of the ants is developed B. whether the ant still remains productive and valuable C. which kind of ants performs the treatments of wounds D. whether the ant suffers from an upper leg injury or a lower one 44. What can we infer from the survival rates mentioned in the text? A. The location of the injury and the corresponding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival. B. Cleaning the wound is more effective than amputation for all leg injuries. C. Injured ants with no care have a similar survival rate to those with treatment in some cases. D. Amputation is always the best way to ensure the survival of injured ants. 45. It can be concluded from Frank’s study that ______. A. male ants provide medical care for the ant community B. slightly-injured ants will receive no care to save resources C. the heavily injured ants will eventually die for lack of medical care D. the cleaning of an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. How ants perform amputations. B. How injured ants are dealt with. C. How ants evolve and reproduce. D. How amputations affect ants. （十五） （2025年崇明一模） A recent groundbreaking study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) forecasts massive financial damages due to climate change, projecting annual damages of about $38 trillion ($38 million million) by the year 2050. This figure highlights the severe economic challenges that lie ahead on a global scale, with the greatest impacts expected to burden the countries least responsible for greenhouse emissions (排放). The economic damage, estimated between $19 trillion to $59 trillion by mid-century, primarily stems from increased temperatures and their subsequent impact on agriculture, labor productivity, and infrastructure (基础设施). The study also notes potential increases in costs due to more frequent and severe weather events, which are expected to become more common as global temperatures rise. The findings reveal a disconcerting disparity: nations within the tropical (热带的) regions, which have contributed least to historical carbon emissions, are predicted to suffer income losses 60% greater than those in higher-income, higher-emission countries. This highlights a significant climate justice issue, as these least-developed nations possess fewer resources to adapt to increasing climate impacts. Anders Levermann, head of complexity science at PIK and co-author of the study, emphasized the inequity and urgency of the situation. “Countries in the tropics will suffer the most because they are already warmer. Further temperature increases will therefore be most harmful there,” he explained. Levermann argues for a rapid structural shift towards renewable energy to ease these impacts and stabilize global temperatures. When placed alongside other major climate impact forecasts, the PIK study stands out for its comprehensive data analysis and harsh projections. Previous studies have similarly highlighted the economic damages of climate change but lacked the extensive regional and specific insights this study provides. The study strongly advocates for great and immediate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the worst of these economic damages. It suggests that slowing climate change is not only a moral and environmental must but also economically advantageous, as the cost of inaction is far greater than the expenses associated with reducing global warming to manageable levels. The socioeconomic consequences of such extensive economic losses could lead to heightened global inequality and potentially, social unrest. This projection stresses the importance of international cooperation in climate action plans and the development of fair policies that recognize and make up for the inequities faced by the less developed nations most affected by climate change. 43. Climate change will cause massive economic damage worldwide by 2050 mainly because _____. A. the average world temperature will increase much faster than expected B. rising temperatures will damage farming, infrastructure and productivity C. big countries will experience economic crises due to more severe weather events D. tropical regions are unprepared to adapt to the damages caused by climate change 44. By “a disconcerting disparity” in paragraph 4, the author means _____. A. poor countries least responsible for emission will suffer most in economy B. it is projected that people in tropical countries will earn 60% less by 2050 C. higher-income countries are reluctant to invest in slowing global warming D. higher-emission countries are trying to justify their role in climate impacts 45. The PIK study arouses the public attention due to _____. A. its rigid climate impact forecasts B. its overall statistics and the severity of its findings C. its different approach to analyzing data D. its similar regional insights on economic damages 46. What does the PIK study imply? A. Fair policies should be established to avoid further rising of temperatures. B. Reducing gas emissions will benefit the environment but harm the economy. C. Inequality should be reduced through cooperation in fighting climate change. D. Wealthy countries should bear the whole cost of coping with global warming. （十六） （2025年宝山一模） World Hunger Day is about celebrating solutions that keep people from suffering or dying due to lack of food. Read about some causes and also some of the efforts being made to stop this worldwide problem. Why, in a world where we technically produce enough food to feed everyone, do millions of people go to bed hungry each night? The statistics are tragic, and such a contradiction should have no place in our modern world. The UN's second sustainability goal, "Zero Hunger," is an ambitious plan to end hunger in the world by 2030. However, the global scale of the hunger staggers the imagination, and it's getting worse. According to World Vision, as many as 828 million people, or 10% of the global population, are suffering from food insecurity. What are the driving forces behind this stubborn blight (疫病) of hunger? Armed conflict is one. It forces people from their homes, ruins economies and turns millions of people into refugees who become reliant on aid, and luck, for their daily needs. Extreme weather events - like droughts, flooding, hurricanes and cyclones - also drive world hunger by destroying homes and making farmland unusable. Finally, around 30 percent of the world's food is lost or wasted annually. Food loss occurs when food is damaged or spoiled while moving through the supply chain. Food waste happens when individuals, supermarkets or restaurants buy more food than they need and throw away the excess (超过). World Hunger Day, which is today, isn't just about bad news. Founded in 2011 by The Hunger Project, World Hunger Day is also about celebrating solutions that will eliminate starvation. In Africa, The Hunger Project has been working to encourage more sustainable and efficient farming methods. For example, by diversifying their crops, farmers will have healthier soil. Furthermore, since farmers need access to safe, clean water, The Hunger Project teaches people how to monitor, maintain and repair water systems such as water pumps. The UN World Food Programme aids farmers by helping them connect to local economies, improve production methods and reduce crop losses. And, for women who are pregnant or nursing and for children, they provide special foods like nutrient-rich peanut paste. So what can you do to help root out world hunger? Aside from striving to reduce your food waste, keep educating yourself and others about the issue. Look for opportunities to feed the hungry in your own communities. There are some fantastic organizations such as SALT Collectiv, who regularly organize and coordinate events to help orphans and feed the hungry. Each step, each choice, each voice can help make hunger a thing of the past. 43. The word stagger in the third paragraph most probably means ______. A. shock B. improve C. restrict D. affect 44. The purpose of the passage is ______. A. to objectively analyze the reasons of starvation B. to seriously warn people of the starvation C. to encourage people to fight against hunger D. to think highly of the effort to try to get rid of hunger 45. What can we infer from the passage? A. Hunger will become a thing of the past. B. Starvation exists mainly in Africa. C. People who need food may get it around themselves. D. It is impossible to get rid of starvation in the world. 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Cause of Starvation B. The March toward Zero Hunger C. The Solution to Starvation D. The Consequence of Hunger 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题06 阅读理解C篇 编者按：2025年上海十六区高三一模收集齐全，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2025年浦东新区一模） In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also services, experiences, information, and cultural products. Consumption today is a central organizing principle of social life. Sociologists recognize that many aspects of our daily lives are structured by consumption. In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption. This transition began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information. As a consequence, most of us spend our days consuming rather than producing goods. On any given day, one might travel to work by car; work in an office that requires electricity, gas, oil, water, paper, and a host of consumer electronics and digital goods; purchase a tea, coffee, or soda; go out to a restaurant; pick up dry cleaning; purchase health and hygiene products at a drug store; use purchased groceries to prepare dinner, and then spend the evening watching television, enjoying social media, or reading a book. Who can break free from it? Consumption has taken on great importance in the relationships we develop with others. We often organize visits with others around the act of consuming, whether that be sitting down to eat a home-cooked meal as a family, or meeting friends for a shopping excursion at the mall. In addition, we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others through the practice of gift-giving. Sociologists also see consumption as an important part of the process of forming and expressing both individual and group identities. In Subculture: The Meaning of Style, sociologist Dick Hebdige observed that identity is often expressed through fashion choices. This happens because we choose consumer goods that we feel say something about who we are. Our consumer choices are often meant to reflect our values and lifestyle, and in doing so, send visual signals to others about the kind of person we are. So, from the sociological perspective, there’s much more to consumption than meets the eye. In fact, there’s so much to study about consumption that there’s a whole subfield dedicated to it: the sociology of consumption. 43. What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century? A. A shift to local production. B. A growth of overseas consumption. C. A focus on retail and services. D. A decline in the value of consumption. 44. The author presents a person’s daily life in paragraph 3 in order to _____________. A. encourage people to spend more time working than consuming B. show the variety of consumer products available on the market C. suggest that producing goods is no longer part of modern life D. highlight the constant presence of consumption in people’s life 45. What can be inferred about consumption in paragraph 4 and 5? A. It discourages gift-giving. B. It conveys individuality. C. It defines culture. D. It sets the fashion trends. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The divided opinions on consumption. B. The effects of consumerism on people’s life. C. The philosophy of consumption in social life. D. The balance between consumption and production. 【答案】43. C 44. D 45. B 46. C 【导读】这篇文章从社会学的角度阐述了消费的概念，介绍了消费在社会生活中的转变、在日常生活中的普遍存在、在人际关系中的重要性以及对个人和群体身份形成和表达的重要性，强调了消费在社会生活中的多方面意义。 【解析】 【43 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 “This transition began in the United States in the mid - twentieth century, after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information.” 可知，20 世纪中叶美国发生的变化是经济转向零售和服务及信息提供，故选 C。 【44 题详解】 推理判断题。第三段作者列举了一个人一天的生活，包括开车上班、在办公室使用各种消费品、购买饮品、去餐馆、取干洗的衣服、购买卫生用品、用购买的食品做晚餐、看电视等各种消费行为，目的是为了强调消费在人们生活中无处不在，故选 D。 【45 题详解】 推理判断题：根据第四段 “we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others” 以及第五段 “identity is often expressed through fashion choices. Our consumer choices are often meant to reflect our values and lifestyle” 可知，消费能够传达个性，B 选项正确。A 选项与原文 “we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others through the practice of gift - giving” 不符，消费并不阻碍送礼；C 选项文中未提及消费定义文化；D 选项消费选择反映时尚，但不是设定时尚潮流。所以答案是 B。 46. 主旨大意题：文章开篇点明从社会学角度消费不仅是使用资源，接着阐述消费在社会生活中的核心地位，如经济结构围绕消费转变、在人际交往和身份表达中的作用等，整体围绕社会生活中消费的理念展开，C 选项 “社会生活中消费的哲学” 正确。A 选项文章没有提及对消费的不同意见；B 选项消费主义对人们生活的影响只是部分内容；D 选项文章并非重点讨论消费与生产的平衡。所以答案是 C。 【重点词块】 sociology 社会学 consumption 消费 organizing principle 组织原则 social life 社会生活 production 生产 retail 零售 provision 提供 consumer electronics 消费电子产品 health and hygiene products 健康和卫生产品 gift - giving 送礼 individual identity 个人身份 group identity 群体身份 subfield 子领域 【复杂句式】 1.“In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in today’s world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others.” 分析：第一句中 “more than just” 表示 “不仅仅是”，“taking in or using up resources” 是动名词短语作宾语。第二句是由 “but” 连接的并列句，前半句 “Humans consume to survive”，“to survive” 是目的状语；后半句 “we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others”，“to entertain and amuse ourselves” 和 “as a way to share time and experiences with others” 都是目的状语，说明消费的不同目的。 翻译：在社会学中，消费远不止是获取或消耗资源。当然，人类为了生存而消费，但在当今世界，我们也为了娱乐自己以及作为与他人分享时间和经历的一种方式而消费。 2. “In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption.” 分析：句子主干是 “Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote...that...”，“in the book Consuming Life” 是地点状语，表明写作的出处；“that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption” 是宾语从句，作 “wrote” 的宾语，其中 “no longer...but instead...” 表示 “不再…… 而是……”，连接两个围绕的对象。 翻译：事实上，波兰社会学家齐格蒙特・鲍曼在《消费生活》一书中写道，西方社会不再围绕生产行为组织，而是围绕消费组织。 3. “As a consequence, most of us spend our days consuming rather than producing goods. On any given day, one might travel to work by car; work in an office that requires electricity, gas, oil, water, paper, and a host of consumer electronics and digital goods; purchase a tea, coffee, or soda; go out to a restaurant; pick up dry cleaning; purchase health and hygiene products at a drug store; use purchased groceries to prepare dinner, and then spend the evening watching television, enjoying social media, or reading a book.” 分析：第一句中 “spend...(in) doing sth. rather than doing sth.” 是固定结构，“consuming rather than producing goods” 作宾语补足语，表明人们花费时间的方式。第二句是由多个并列谓语组成的长句，“travel to work by car”“work in an office...”“purchase a tea...” 等一系列动作描述了一个人一天的消费行为，其中 “that requires electricity, gas, oil, water, paper, and a host of consumer electronics and digital goods” 是定语从句，修饰 “office”。 翻译：因此，我们大多数人每天都在消费而不是生产商品。在任何一天，一个人可能会开车去上班；在一个需要电、气、油、水、纸以及大量消费电子产品和数字商品的办公室工作；购买茶、咖啡或苏打水；出去吃顿饭；取干洗的衣服；在药店购买健康和卫生产品；用购买的食品杂货准备晚餐，然后晚上看电视、享受社交媒体或读书。 4. “In addition, we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others through the practice of gift - giving. Sociologists also see consumption as an important part of the process of forming and expressing both individual and group identities.” 分析：第一句中 “to express our feelings for others” 是目的状语，表明使用消费品的目的，“through the practice of gift - giving” 是方式状语，说明表达感情的方式。第二句 “see...as...” 是固定结构，“as an important part of the process of forming and expressing both individual and group identities” 作宾语补足语，表明社会学家对消费的看法。 翻译：此外，我们经常通过送礼的方式使用消费品来表达我们对他人的感情。社会学家也将消费视为形成和表达个人及群体身份过程的重要组成部分。 （二） （2025年闵行一模） The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice-based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static（静态的） article. To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats. The first involved text appearing letter by letter in the style of a large model, similar to ChatGPT; the second provided information through a voice-based device; and the third was a static, text-based copy of content. Participants couldn't interact with the systems as they might with the real versions, in order to keep the experience consistent across the study. In some cases, participants were given accurate information, while in others, they saw factual errors. Some of these errors were plain wrong, such as naming Sofia as the capital of France, but others involved certain statements that were contradicted elsewhere in the same response. Participants were asked to rate the accuracy of the information on a seven-point scale, where7 is entirely accurate. In the answers where errors were introduced, the information presented in a static format was rated as 4.24 on average. The ChatGPT-like system managed 4.76, while the voice assistant scored 5.29. Participants rated all of the systems higher for answers where no errors were introduced, but the differences were smaller for the voice assistant and chatbot. “People find conversational chat agents more convincing because humans seem to be hardwired to assign credibility to things that seem lifelike,” says Mike Katell from UK. “The way the chatbots and voice agents are programmed to use a friendly and helpful conversational tone also confuses people. Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease, which is achieved through believable content and inoffensive delivery.” People have learned that these models generate false information sometimes. “But people don't realize that this interaction mode makes us tend to believe whatever is written there.” Utz says. “That should be in media literacy training.” 43. What was the main focus of Sonja Utz's study? A. Features of AI chatbots or voice-based assistants. B. People's preference for information sources. C. Why static articles differ from conversational content. D. How text formats influence information trustworthiness. 44. In paragraph 3, text errors in the study can be summarized as________ A. inevitable and conflicting B. minor and common C. obvious and internally inconsistent D. repetitive and randomly selected 45. According to Mike Katell, which of the following is NOT a reason why people find conversational chat agents more convincing? A. People's inborn trust in lifelike things. B. Inoffensive delivery of personalized content. C. The chatbot's use of a gentle conversational tone. D. The makers' intention to make users feel relaxed. 46. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Utz suggests people improve media awareness and competence. B. People's preference for lifelike things may be overstated. C. How information is presented doesn't affect how much we believe it. D. The research results are uncertain due to the lack of man-system interaction. 【答案】43. D 44. C 45. B 46. A 【导读】本文主要探讨了人工智能聊天机器人或语音助手的对话式语气与静态文章呈现信息方式对人们相信信息准确性的影响。Sonja Utz 通过实验研究不同文本格式如何影响信息可信度，结果表明人们更倾向于相信对话式呈现的信息，即使其中存在错误。文章还分析了原因，并指出应在媒体素养培训中关注这一现象。 【解析】 【43 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段 “The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice - based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static（静态的） article.” 以及第二段 “To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats.” 可知，Sonja Utz 的研究主要关注文本格式如何影响人们对信息可信度的判断，即文本格式如何影响信息的可信赖度，答案选 D。 【44 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段 “Some of these errors were plain wrong, such as naming Sofia as the capital of France, but others involved certain statements that were contradicted elsewhere in the same response.” 可知，研究中的文本错误有些是明显错误的，比如将索非亚说成法国首都，还有些是在同一回复中内部存在矛盾的，所以可以总结为明显且内部不一致，答案选 C。 【45 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段 “People find conversational chat agents more convincing because humans seem to be hardwired to assign credibility to things that seem lifelike,”“The way the chatbots and voice agents are programmed to use a friendly and helpful conversational tone also confuses people. Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease, which is achieved through believable content and inoffensive delivery.” 可知，人们天生信任栩栩如生的事物、聊天机器人使用温和的对话语气、制造商让用户放松的意图，这些都是人们觉得对话式聊天代理更有说服力的原因，而文中未提及个性化内容的无冒犯性传递，答案选 B。 【46 题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段 “‘But people don't realize that this interaction mode makes us tend to believe whatever is written there.’ Utz says. ‘That should be in media literacy training.’” 可知，Utz 认为这种互动模式使人们倾向于相信看到的内容这一现象应纳入媒体素养培训，也就意味着 Utz 建议人们提高媒体意识和能力，答案选 A。 【重点词块】 conversational tone 对话式语气 voice - based assistant 基于语音的助手 static article 静态文章 engage with 接触；参与 factual error 事实性错误 seven - point scale 七分制量表 hardwired 天生的；固有的 believable content 可信的内容 inoffensive delivery 无冒犯性的表达 media literacy training 媒体素养培训 【复杂句式】 1. “The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice - based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts, but it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static article.” 分析：这是一个由 “but” 连接的并列句。前半句 “The conversational tone of an AI chatbot or voice - based assistant is a good way to learn new concepts”，“of an AI chatbot or voice - based assistant” 作后置定语修饰 “The conversational tone”，“to learn new concepts” 是动词不定式作后置定语修饰 “a good way”。后半句 “it may actually make us more willing to believe inaccuracies, compared with information presented in a static article”，“compared with information presented in a static article” 是过去分词短语作状语，表比较，“presented in a static article” 是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 “information”。 翻译：人工智能聊天机器人或基于语音的助手的对话式语气是学习新概念的好方法，但与静态文章中呈现的信息相比，它实际上可能会让我们更愿意相信不准确的信息。 2. “To investigate this issue, Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats.” 分析：“To investigate this issue” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明 Sonja Utz 进行后续行为的目的。句子主干是 “Sonja Utz from Germany asked 1,200 participants to engage with one of three formats”，“from Germany” 作后置定语修饰 “Sonja Utz”，“ask sb. to do sth.” 是固定结构，“to engage with one of three formats” 是宾语补足语。 翻译：为了研究这个问题，来自德国的索尼娅・乌茨让 1200 名参与者接触三种格式中的一种。 3. “Participants couldn't interact with the systems as they might with the real versions, in order to keep the experience consistent across the study.” 分析：“as they might with the real versions” 是方式状语从句，表明参与者与系统互动的方式和与真实版本互动方式的对比。“in order to keep the experience consistent across the study” 是目的状语，说明参与者不能像与真实版本那样互动的目的。 翻译：参与者不能像他们可能与真实版本那样与系统互动，以便在整个研究过程中保持体验的一致性。 4.“Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease, which is achieved through believable content and inoffensive delivery.” 分析：这是一个主从复合句，“Chatbot makers are trying to put users at ease” 是主句，“which is achieved through believable content and inoffensive delivery” 是非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句，说明聊天机器人制造商试图让用户放松是通过可信的内容和无冒犯性的表达来实现的。 翻译：聊天机器人制造商试图让用户放松，这是通过可信的内容和无冒犯性的表达来实现的。 （三） （2025年普陀区一模） Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists —inspiration —has its own magical qualities. Literally, "inspiration"is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. Of course, artists contributed to this mythology(神话). Many artists credited their talents to the presence of some supernatural power. "Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term thatmeant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth. The search for this ideal led them to explore both natural and supernatural themes in their works. Another persistent view of art regarded its divorce from logic. Reason and logic were the province of scientists and philosophers, whereas creativity and insight were the area of the artists. The two separate aspects of the mind were supposed to remain distinct. But in 1704, a major breakthrough occurred. Sir Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist, published his study of light, Opticks. One of Newton's major discoveries was on the nature of color. Using a prism(棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows. The artistic community was shocked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it to the simple refraction of beams of light through the prism of a raindrop. A scientist had ventured into their sacred territory. More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow. "His colleague, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, famously remarked that the souls of five hundred Newtons would be needed to make one Shakespeare. And yet, from another perspective, Newton did not reduce the beauty of the rainbow;he enhanced it. In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime(绝妙). Newton's discovery paved the way for the development of the science of spectroscopy, a way of analyzing the chemical makeup of light. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 43. According to the passage, what was the common view of artists in history? A. Artists were considered logical and rational. B. Artists were seen as inspired and somewhat strange. C. Artists were primarily focused on scientific discovery. D. Artists were thought to be without any supernatural beliefs. 44. How did the Romantic poets react to Newton's discovery about light and color? A. They believed it added a new dimension to the appreciation of beauty. B. They credited Newton's insights to mystical influences. C. They were inspired to integrate more scientific themes in their poetry. D. They felt it faded the poetic beauty of natural phenomena. 45. Why does the author mention John Keats'and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's views on Isaac Newton? A. To emphasize the superior creativity of poets over scientists. B. To highlight the impact of scientific discoveries on artistic perception. C. To state that Shakespeare's knowledge of beauty was unmatched. D. To show that Romantic poets objected to scientific progress. 46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The Artistic Interpretation of Science B. The Contrast between Art and Logics C. The Interplay of Art and Science D. Isaac Newton's Influence on Arts 【答案】 43. B 44. D 45. B 46. C 【导读】 本文探讨了艺术与科学的关系。在历史上，艺术家常被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，艺术创作被认为具有神秘性，与逻辑分离。1704 年牛顿对光和颜色的发现震惊了艺术界，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿此举破坏了自然现象的诗意美。但从另一角度看，牛顿的发现也展现了如艺术家般的创造力，且为科学发展奠定基础，引发人们对艺术与科学相互作用的思考。 【解析】 43. 细节理解题：根据第一段 “For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists — inspiration — has its own magical qualities. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create.” 可知，在历史上，艺术家被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，B 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到艺术与逻辑分离，艺术家并非被认为是有逻辑和理性的；C 选项，艺术家主要关注的并非科学发现；D 选项，许多艺术家将自己的才能归功于超自然力量，并非没有超自然信仰。所以答案是 B。 44. 细节理解题：从最后一段 “More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow."” 可知，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿的发现减少了自然现象的诗意美，D 选项正确。A 选项与诗人观点相悖；B 选项，诗人并未将牛顿的见解归功于神秘影响；C 选项，文中未提及诗人因此在诗歌中融入更多科学主题。所以答案是 D。 45. 推理判断题：作者提及约翰・济慈和塞缪尔・泰勒・柯勒律治对牛顿的看法，是为了突出科学发现对艺术认知的影响，B 选项正确。A 选项，并非强调诗人创造力优于科学家；C 选项，提及莎士比亚不是重点，重点是体现科学对艺术认知的影响；D 选项，诗人并非反对科学进步，而是认为牛顿的发现影响了艺术对美的认知。所以答案是 B。 46. 主旨大意题：文章围绕艺术与科学展开，阐述了两者在历史认知中的不同以及牛顿的科学发现对艺术认知的影响，体现了艺术与科学的相互作用，C 选项 “艺术与科学的相互作用” 为最佳标题。A 选项 “科学的艺术解读” 片面；B 选项 “艺术与逻辑的对比” 只是其中一部分内容；D 选项 “艾萨克・牛顿对艺术的影响” 也过于片面。所以答案是 C。 【重点词快】 ultimate：adj. 最终的；根本的；最好的，最典型的 authority：n. 权威；权力；当局 inspiration：n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物） mythology：n. 神话；神话学；虚构的故事 supernatural：adj. 超自然的；神奇的；不可思议的 divorce：n. /v. 离婚；分离，脱离 province：n. 领域；省份；职权 prism：n. 棱镜；棱柱体 refraction：n. 折射 venture：v. 冒险；敢于；冒昧地说 n. 冒险；风险项目 sacred：adj. 神圣的；宗教的；庄严的 enhance：v. 提高；增强；增进 sublime：adj. 绝妙的；宏伟的；令人赞叹的 spectroscopy：n. 光谱学；波谱学 【复杂句式】 1.“Literally, "inspiration" is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create.” 分析：第一个句子是简单句，阐述 “inspiration” 字面含义。第二个句子中 “who were uniquely inspired to create” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “people”，说明被认为是艺术家的这类人的特点。 翻译：从字面上看，“灵感” 就是一种精神的吸入。艺术家被认为是那些受到独特启发去创作的人。 2. “Whole movements of art have centered on the supposedly otherworldly nature of art. For example, the Romantic poets believed that art was a term that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth.” 分析：第一个句子为主谓宾结构，“centered on” 为谓语短语。第二个句子中 “that art was a term that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth” 为宾语从句，作 “believed” 的宾语，其中 “that meant an ultimate expression of beauty and truth” 又是定语从句，修饰 “term”。 翻译：整个艺术运动都围绕着艺术所谓的超凡脱俗的本质。例如，浪漫主义诗人认为艺术是一个意味着美与真的终极表达的术语。 3. “Using a prism (棱镜), Newton found that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow. He even provided a scientific explanation for the presence of rainbows.” 分析：第一个句子中 “Using a prism” 为现在分词短语作方式状语，“that white light is actually composed of all the colors of the rainbow” 为宾语从句，作 “found” 的宾语。第二个句子是简单句。 翻译：牛顿使用棱镜发现，白光实际上是由彩虹的所有颜色组成的。他甚至为彩虹的出现提供了科学解释。 4.“More than a hundred years later, John Keats, one of the most famous Romantic poets, accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow."” 分析：“More than a hundred years later” 为时间状语，“one of the most famous Romantic poets” 为插入语，对 “John Keats” 进行补充说明，“accused Newton of reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbow"” 为句子的主干部分，其中 “by "unweaving the rainbow"” 为方式状语。 翻译：一百多年后，最著名的浪漫主义诗人之一约翰・济慈指责牛顿通过 “解开彩虹” 来减少美。 5. “In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow, Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist. He also gave the world another opportunity to experience the sublime (绝妙).” 分析：第一个句子中 “In his search to uncover the secrets of the rainbow” 为介词短语作状语，表明牛顿在做某事的过程中，句子主干为 “Newton demonstrated the wonder, creativity, and inspiration of an artist”。第二个句子是简单句。 翻译：在探索彩虹秘密的过程中，牛顿展现了艺术家的惊奇感、创造力和灵感。他也给了世界另一个体验绝妙之处的机会。 （四） （2025年嘉定一模） Some dishes give off an unmistakable air of elegance. Take a flawlessly clear consommé (清炖肉汤) for instance. Others are less so, like a pizza with a dense crust. And then there are dishes that seem to bridge the gap, appearing on menus across the range of taste and class. The chocolate fondant is one such dessert, loved for its simple, rich pleasure and luxury. The origins of the chocolate fondant are somewhat disputed, with two significant French chéfs laying claim to its invention. The first is Michel Bras, a Michelin-starred chef who, in 1981, crafted the coulant au chocolate-a dessert with a warm, sticky center inspired by memories of a hot cup of chocolate after a cold day in the mountains. The second is Jean-Georges Vongerichten, another influential chef who, in 1987, created the fondant while experimenting in New York. His version featured small chocolate cakes with a molten (融化的) center due to a happy accident: he had removed them from the oven too early. Despite the small accident, diners were delighted, and Vongerichten perfected the recipe that would become his signature dish. Though different in technique, both chéfs shared a vision of the fondant as a fancy, rich treat, a dessert designed to satisfy both the taste buds (味蕾) and a desire for elegance. Initially, it was a delicacy reserved for high-end dining rooms and the most exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbol of refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind of elegance. The simplicity of the fondant - a single-serving dessert with a molten core - belies its complexity. Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flows at the exact moment of cutting are the challenges that only a skilled chef can consistently conquer. There's an element of anticipation built into the experience: will the warm chocolate flow or remain disappointingly solid? By the 1990s, Alain Ducasse, another highly regarded chéf, observed that the fondant had become so popular that restaurants felt nearly forced to include it on their menus. It became the defining dessert of the era, with chains and takeaway joints adopting their own versions. Over time, the fondant evolved into what many now known as the “molten chocolate cake” or “chocolate lava cake.” The dessert began to appear in grocery stores and at Valentine's Day promotions, as brands like Costco, Aldi, and Walmart capitalized on its widespread appeal. 43. What can be learned about the origin of the chocolate fondant from the passage? A. The dish was first introduced in grocery stores. B. The true inventor of the dish remains uncertain. C. Both inventors drew inspiration from their cooking experiences. D. The creation of the dish was more intentional than accidental. 44. What does the word “belies” (paragraph 4) most probably mean? A. Reveals. B. Defines. C. Masks. D. Explains. 45. According to the last paragraph, what contributed to the further development of the chocolate fondant? A. The cooperation between grocery stores and restaurants to promote the dessert. B. Chefs simplified the recipe to make it easier for home cooks to prepare. C. The decision to market the dessert for Valentine's Day promotions. D. Restaurants felt pressured to offer the dessert due to its popularity. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The chocolate fondant's simplicity makes it easy for chefs to prepare. B. The chocolate fondant has gone from a high-end dessert to a common treat. C. The chocolate fondant originates in France and then spread to the whole world. D. The chocolate fondant is superior to other desserts because of its molten center. 【答案】43. B 44. C 45. D 46. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巧克力软糖的发明以及从高端甜点如何变成普通食物的过程。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“The origins of the chocolate fondant are somewhat disputed, with two significant French chéfs laying claim to its invention. (巧克力方糖的起源有些争议，两个重要的法国人主厨声称发明了它。)”可知，巧克力糖的起源的真正发明者仍不确定。故选B。 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flows at the exact moment of cutting are the challenges that only a skilled chef can consistently conquer. (实现完美的质地，并确保中心流动在切割的确切时刻是一个挑战，只有一个熟练的厨师可以不断克服。)”以及上文“The simplicity of the fondant - a single-serving dessert with a molten core (方旦糖的简单性——是一种单份的甜点，它的核心是熔化的)”可知，方旦糖的简单性掩盖了其内在的复杂性。故划线词意思是“掩盖”。故选C。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“By the 1990s, Alain Ducasse, another highly regarded chéf, observed that the fondant had become so popular that restaurants felt nearly forced to include it on their menus. (到了20世纪90年代，另一位颇有声望的厨师阿兰·杜卡斯注意到，方糖变得如此受欢迎，以至于餐馆几乎被迫将其列入菜单。)”可知，由于这种甜点很受欢迎，餐馆感到提供这种甜点的压力很大，促成了方糖的进一步发展。故选D。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Initially, it was a delicacy reserved for high-end dining rooms and the most exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbol of refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind of elegance. (最初，它是高端餐厅和最高档餐厅的美食。在美国，它成为精致甜点文化的象征，代表着一种特殊的优雅。)”以及最后一段“Over time, the fondant evolved into what many now known as the “molten chocolate cake” or “chocolate lava cake.” (随着时间的推移，这种糖演变成了现在人们所知的“熔融巧克力蛋糕”或“巧克力熔岩蛋糕”。)”结合文章主要介绍了巧克力软糖的发明以及从高端甜点如何变成普通食物的过程。可知，这篇文章的主旨是巧克力软糖已经从一种高端甜点变成了一种普通的食物。故选B。 （五） （2025年虹口一模） The facts of climate change are widely reported. It is noted that with a 2℃ increase in global temperatures, as compared with a 1.5℃ increase, about 61 million more people living in urban areas around the world will be exposed to severe drought. The problem with communicating these numbers, however, is that math anxiety — the experience of tension, fear or worry when facing mathematical problems — and the inability to understand and employ numerical concepts — are both quite common. Despite high rates of innumeracy (数学盲), there are reasons to think that people may not disengage when they receive numbers. First, multiple past studies show that people often prefer getting numerical details over vague description or purely verbal communication. People also trust messages provided by medical professionals or journalists more when that communication includes numbers than when it does not. The use of specific numbers signals expertise to readers. But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details. In past research, it was found that people find numbers helpful, so long as there aren’t too many of them. No hard-and-fast rule suggests how many is too many-it depends on the complexity of the topic, people’s familiarity with the subject and their overall numeracy. Communicators therefore need to know and attend to their audience: if a speaker sees someone looking bored, for example, it’s a sign to back off on the numbers. In addition to the possibility of being overloaded by numbers, their persuasive power could have consequences that communicators need to consider. Based on the most recent findings, more negative feelings about the posts containing numeric consequences of climate change are reported. To be clear, this doesn’t reflect math anxiety. Instead, these posts resulted in negative emotions because the numerically precise messages were stronger in conveying the disastrous consequences of climate change. If you can suggest actions that people feel they can carry through, that could set off the negative feelings that arise when they consider climate change’s consequences. So whether you’re an environmentalist seeking to communicate more effectively over social media or looking for strategies to persuade family over the dinner table, there are a few lessons here. Find the key numerical data and share that. Think strategically about data presentation. When talking about climate change, include some proposed action. Given that past work suggests that sharing numbers builds trust, your readers or listeners may be more likely to follow your recommendations. When used wisely, numbers can help transform anxiety into action, which could help turn the tide in our fight against climate change. 43. According to the passage, what can numbers do when they are used to illustrate climate change? A. They can arouse people’s anxiety about math. B. They leave the audience even more confused. C. They help make the message more credible. D. They don’t really change how people feel. 44. Which of the following best fits the description of “trade-offs” (paragraph 4)? A. Numbers cause difficulties in understanding the matter. B. People find the subject being talked about unfamiliar. C. It takes time to confirm the precision of all numbers. D. People tend to hold more debates about the topic 45. According to the passage, which of the following is an effective climate message? A. Sea level rise: a ticking time bomb for coastal cities! B. Cycle 5 miles daily, save 50% on carbon emissions! C. 50% of species lost: a warning from climate change! D. Plant more trees today, enjoy fresher air tomorrow! 46. What is the best title for this passage? A. Numbers: Origin of tension about climate change. B. Numbers: Reason for high levels of math anxiety. C. Numbers: Cause of boredom in public speaking. D. Numbers: Aid in fighting environmental issues. 【答案】43. C 44. A 45. B 46. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了数字在气候变化传播中作用，包括其增强信息可信度的优点以及可能引发的焦虑等缺点，并给出了如何有效使用数字进行气候传播的建议。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“People also trust messages provided by medical professionals or journalists more when that communication includes numbers than when it does not. The use of specific numbers signals expertise to readers.(当交流中包含数字时，人们也更信任医疗专业人员或记者提供的信息，而不是不包含数字的信息。特定数字的使用向读者传达了专业知识)”可知，人们更信任包含数字的信息。由此推知，当数字被用来阐述气候变化时，它们可以让信息显得更加可靠。故选C项。 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段中“But trade-offs exist. Given people’s anxiety about math and level of mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when communicating these kinds of details.(但存在trade-offs。考虑到人们对数学的焦虑和数学能力水平，在传达这类细节时存在一个上限)”可知，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，会导致存在理解上的困难或限制。trade-offs指的就是在使用数字进行传播时，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，数字会在理解问题上造成了困难。故选A项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“So whether you’re an environmentalist seeking to communicate more effectively over social media or looking for strategies to persuade family over the dinner table, there are a few lessons here. Find the key numerical data and share that. Think strategically about data presentation. When talking about climate change, include some proposed action.(因此，无论你是一位希望在社交媒体上更有效地进行交流环保主义者，还是正在寻找在餐桌上说服家人的策略，这里都有一些经验教训。找到关键的数字数据并分享它。从战略角度考虑数据呈现方式。在谈论气候变化时，提出一些行动建议)”可知，有效的气候信息应该包含关键的数字数据和具体的行动建议。B项“Cycle 5 miles daily, save 50% on carbon emissions!(每天骑行5英里，减少50%的碳排放!)”给出关键的数字数据，且提出了具体的行动建议，符合有效气候信息的标准。故选B项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第二段“Despite high rates of innumeracy (数学盲), there are reasons to think that people may not disengage when they receive numbers. First, multiple past studies show that people often prefer getting numerical details over vague description or purely verbal communication. People also trust messages provided by medical professionals or journalists more when that communication includes numbers than when it does not. The use of specific numbers signals expertise to readers.(尽管数学盲的比例很高，但有理由认为，人们在收到数字时可能不会放松。首先，过去的多项研究表明，人们通常更喜欢获得数字细节，而不是模糊的描述或纯粹的口头交流。当交流中包含数字时，人们也更信任医学专业人员或记者提供的信息，而不是不包含数字的信息。使用特定数字向读者表明专业知识)”和最后一段“So whether you’re an environmentalist seeking to communicate more effectively over social media or looking for strategies to persuade family over the dinner table, there are a few lessons here. Find the key numerical data and share that. Think strategically about data presentation. When talking about climate change, include some proposed action. Given that past work suggests that sharing numbers builds trust, your readers or listeners may be more likely to follow your recommendations. When used wisely, numbers can help transform anxiety into action, which could help turn the tide in our fight against climate change.(因此，无论你是一位希望在社交媒体上更有效地进行沟通的环保主义者，还是在寻找在餐桌上说服家人的策略，这里都有一些经验教训。找到关键的数字数据并分享它。从战略角度考虑数据呈现方式。在谈论气候变化时，加入一些提议的行动。鉴于过去的研究表明分享数字可以建立信任，你的读者或听众可能更有可能听从你的建议。如果明智地使用，数字可以帮助将焦虑转化为行动，这可能有助于在我们应对气候变化的斗争中扭转局势)”可知，文章整体围绕在应对环境问题(尤其是气候变化)中数字所起到的作用展开论述，既提到了使用数字传达信息的相关情况及利弊，又给出了利用数字助力应对气候变化的建议，重点突出数字在对抗环境问题方面的作用。D项“Numbers: Aid in fighting environmental issues(数字：助力解决环境问题)”准确概括了文章主旨，是最佳标题。故选D项。 （六） （2025年长宁一模） Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out. Many unemployed people could have done much good through their labour if they had been given the opportunity to contribute. Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves. Thus, giving people opportunities to work is essential for the community’s well-being. Education plays a vital role in equipping people for certain jobs, but many young people find that even if they are qualified, the jobs are just not there. This was the situation that Rwandan entrepreneur (企业家) Noel Nizeyimana faced. When he graduated from university with a degree in soil and environmental science, he sent out application after application but received no job offers, so he turned to creating his own business. With three of his colleagues, he founded Greencare Rwanda Ltd., a company that transforms waste into products that can be used for various purposes. For example, one of the company’s programs processes waste and turns it into organic fertilizer used by local farmers. The company has also expanded into plastic recycling and produces paving materials from sand and plastic. Thus, Greencare Rwanda is providing materials for other industries as well. Greencare Rwanda Ltd. was able to get off the ground largely due to funds it received from the UN Youth Joint Programme. This program is an attempt to reach the UN’s sustainable development goal of “decent work and economic growth.” The assistance definitely helped Greencare, which now produces 400 tons of fertilizer and 2,560 square meters of paving materials per year. It also employs 25 people, which shows that helping people start businesses provides work for more than just the person who receives the funds. All this raises the question of what more can be done to empower young people to start their own businesses. Providing funds to cover the initial costs, as the UN Youth Joint Programme did for Nizeyimana, is certainly important as the starting costs for businesses can be extremely high. Governments are sometimes hesitant to provide funds to startups because success is not guaranteed. Starting a business is risky, and nobody wants to waste money, but experts warn that governments should not enforce too many requirements. Different regions will need different approaches, so trying to enforce a set of one size fits all requirements can run counter to the desire. While there are other ways to address unemployment, encouraging young business owners is one of the most effective — especially when those businesses produce goods that genuinely help local communities. 43. What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A. The role of the government in creating job opportunities. B. The importance of education for reducing unemployment rates. C. The necessity of providing work opportunities to prevent crime. D. The consequences of unemployment on individuals and communities. 44. Greencare Rwanda Ltd. is mentioned in the passage to show ________. A. why setting goals for the youths is necessary B. how the support from the UN programme works C. international funding’s success across all industries D. difficulties young graduates encounter in job hunting 45. The phrase “run counter to the desire” (paragraph 4) most probably refers to ________. A. opposing the general goal of supporting entrepreneurship B. conflicting with the hope of diverse and region-specific solutions C. going against the intention of providing equal opportunities for all D. supporting the idea of sustainable development and economic growth 46. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A. international funding helps build successful mutual trade B. education shoulders an ultimate responsibility in one’s career C. entrepreneurship eases joblessness and boosts community welfare D. unemployment is the primary cause of crime in developing countries 【答案】43. D 44. B 45. B 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在许多发展中国家，失业是一个严重的问题，并通过卢旺达的一个创业案例说明支持年轻人创业是帮助减少失业、解决社区问题的有效途径。 【43题详解】 主旨大意题 。根据文章第一段“Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out.(失业是许多发展中国家的一个重要问题。没有稳定的工作，个人难以摆脱贫困，整个社区也无法受益)”和“Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves.(更糟糕的是，没有适当就业的机会，年轻人有时会为了养活自己而诉诸犯罪和暴力。)”可知，本段主要讨论失业对个人和社区的影响。故选D。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Greencare Rwanda Ltd. was able to get off the ground largely due to funds it received from the UN Youth Joint Programme.(Greencare Rwanda Ltd. 能够起步，很大程度上是由于从联合国青年联合计划获得了资金支持)”可知，提到Greencare Rwanda Ltd. 是为了展示联合国项目的支持效果。故选B。 【45题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段“Different regions will need different approaches, so trying to enforce a set of one size fits all requirements can run counter to the desire.(不同地区需要不同的方法，因此试图强加一套一刀切的要求可能run counter to the desire)”可推知，强调不同地区需要不同的方法，此处“run counter to the desire”指的是与希望采取多样化和地区特定解决方案的目标相矛盾。故选B。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“While there are other ways to address unemployment, encouraging young business owners is one of the most effective — especially when those businesses produce goods that genuinely help local communities.(虽然解决失业问题还有其他方法，但鼓励年轻企业主是最有效的方法之一，尤其是当这些企业生产的产品真正帮助了当地社区时)”可推测，创业可以缓解失业问题并促进社区福利。故选C。 （七） （2025年徐汇一模） Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy. Since the 1970s, researchers have suspected that some fish can detect magnetic fields. But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything. Bryan Keller, an ecologist at Florida State University, and his colleagues decided to do just that. They lined a bedroom-size cage with wire and placed a small swimming pool in the center of the cage. By running an electrical current through the wiring, they could generate a custom magnetic field in the center of the pool. The team then collected 20 young bonnethead sharks — a species known to migrate hundreds of kilometers — off the Florida coast. They placed the sharks into the pool, one at a time, and let them swim freely under three different magnetic fields, applied in random succession. One field mimicked (模仿) Earth’s natural field at the spot where the sharks were collected, while the others mimicked the fields at locations 600 kilometers north and 600 kilometers south of their homes. They used software to track the sharks’ responses, observing which direction in the tank they were trying to swim towards. When the young sharks were exposed to the magnetic field of the place they were captured, or ‘home’, they stayed put. But when subjected to the southern magnetic field, the sharks persistently changed their headings to swim north, as if trying to get back home. This suggests that the sharks were using the magnetic field to guide them, similar to how humans use GPS. Surprisingly, the researchers found that the sharks didn’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern field. Keller says this might be because they don’t go north of their home location since there is only land there, and so they rarely have to find their way back south again. “This could support the theory that their ability to go back home is a learned behavior,” he says. They might not know what to do in the northern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller. Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due to mostly overfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migration patterns of sharks can help us understand what arcas to protect when managing marine spaces. 43. Why is it difficult for researchers to prove that sharks can read Earth’s field? A. Sharks are too hard to follow and observe. B. Sharks are not sensitive to magnetic fields. C. Sharks are difficult to study in a laboratory setting. D. Sharks are on the list of endangered species. 44. According to Keller, what might be the reason why sharks don’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern magnetic field? A. They don’t like the climate in the north. B. They’ve never been to the north of their home before. C. They learned to do so when they were young. D. The northern magnetic field was not strong enough. 45. From the passage, we can infer that Keller’s research is significant because it ________. A. provides a new method for capturing sharks. B. supports the idea that sharks’ migration patterns are random. C. adds crucial information to our understanding of shark biology. D. suggests that sharks should be protected from overfishing. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way on seas. B. Researchers discovered a new way to study sharks in labs. C. Shark populations are declining due to habitat change. D. Sharks have a learned behavior of returning to their home. 【答案】43. C 44. B 45. C 46. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发现鲨鱼可以利用地球的磁场导航，这为我们增加了对鲨鱼生物学的理解。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything.(但没有人能证明鲨鱼利用磁场来找到它们的位置或导航，部分原因是这些动物不太容易研究。如果只是小鱼或小海龟还好，但和鲨鱼一起工作时，你必须放大一切)”可知，研究人员很难证明鲨鱼可以读取地球磁场是因为鲨鱼太大，很难在实验室环境中研究。故选C。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Surprisingly, the researchers found that the sharks didn’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern field. Keller says this might be because they don’t go north of their home location since there is only land there, and so they rarely have to find their way back south again. “This could support the theory that their ability to go back home is a learned behavior,” he says. They might not know what to do in the northern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller.(令人惊讶的是，研究人员发现，当鲨鱼在北部海域下游泳时，它们不喜欢任何方向。Keller说，这可能是因为它们不会去它们家园的北部，因为那里只有陆地，所以它们很少需要再找到返回南方的路。他说：‘可以支持这样一种理论，即它们回家的能力是一种习得的行为。’他们可能不知道在北方田野做什么，因为‘他们从来没有去过那里。’凯勒说。)”可知，根据凯勒的说法，鲨鱼在北磁场下游泳时没有任何方向偏好可能是因为它们从未去过家以北的地方。故选B。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology.(凯勒的研究为尚不完整的鲨鱼生物学之谜增添了重要的一环)”可推知，凯勒的研究重要是因为Keller的研究为我们理解鲨鱼生物学增添了至关重要的信息。故选C。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy.(一项新的研究表明，一些鲨鱼可以像地图一样读懂地球的磁场，并准确地用它来长距离旅行)”以及后文中对研究过程和发现的详细描述可知，文章主要讲述了研究发现鲨鱼利用地球磁场在海洋中寻路。故选A。 （八） （2025年杨浦一模） Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically. The term dates back to the autism (自闭症) community in the 1990s, though it’s now applied to all sorts of mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Robert Chapman, a neurodivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philosopher with autism, “The only hope for autistic people and our families, it was thought, was that we would one day be fixed through behavioral or biomedical intervention.” Neurodiversity challenges that notion. Rather than assuming, for instance, that an autistic person’s struggles to find a job are the result of some internal shortcoming, neurodiversity research considers the existence of external explanations. The barriers to autistic employment emerge from the environment, not only the individual. Studies from 2022 and 2023 have shown that many autistic people are prosocial and skilled at seeing others’ perspectives, while neurodiversity advocates stress it takes two to communicate. Though autistic people may struggle to understand a neurotypical perspective, neurotypical people may struggle to understand an autistic perspective, making it a “double empathy (共情) problem”. This thread of research is already having an impact, helping autism interventions like the “social stories” technique take off. This intervention, which introduces autistic children to common social situations, works by facilitating communication between neurodivergent and neurotypical individuals, with a focus on supporting children, rather than “fixing” them. The technique is consistent with what autistic individuals advocate for themselves. An assessment of the funding of recent autism research revealed the majority was directed toward the biological causes of autism, while the minority was directed toward services, support and education. However, members of the autistic community felt the funding failed to reflect their priorities and wouldn’t have any effect on everyday lives. Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.” 43. According to neurodiversity movement, the main cause of autistic people’s struggle to function in society is ______. A. an imbalance between research funding and public awareness B. a mismatch between their abilities and their surroundings C. the internal shortcomings autistic people are born with D. the barriers from behavioral or biomedical interventions 44. Which of the following statements about the “social stories” technique is TRUE? A. It is aimed at fixing the autistic children’s behavioral problems. B. It focuses on teaching neurotypical individuals about autistic people. C. It is based on the theory that neurodivergent people can be prosocial. D. It works by putting neurodivergent people into common social situations. 45. What can be inferred about Robert Chapman? A. He believes being autistic is a life-long tragedy. B. He has been fixed through bio-medical intervention. C. He is bothered by the negative narrative surrounding autism. D. He thinks autistic people can be liberated from the movement. 46. The main purpose of the article is to ______. A. introduce the effective treatment methods for autism B. explain the history and significance of the neurodiversity movement C. argue for the necessity of promoting the neurodiversity movement D. criticize the wrong focus of research in understanding autism 【答案】43. B 44. D 45. C 46. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经多样性这一概念及其对于自闭症等神经差异群体的意义和影响。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Neurodiversity challenges that notion. Rather than assuming, for instance, that an autistic person’s struggles to find a job are the result of some internal shortcoming, neurodiversity research considers the existence of external explanations. The barriers to autistic employment emerge from the environment, not only the individual.(神经多样性挑战了这种观念。例如，神经多样性研究并没有假设自闭症患者找工作的困难是某种内在缺陷的结果，而是考虑了外部解释的存在。自闭症患者就业的障碍来自环境，而不仅仅是个人)”可知，自闭症患者在社会中挣扎的主要原因是他们的能力和周围环境之间的不匹配。故选B项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“This thread of research is already having an impact, helping autism interventions like the “social stories” technique take off. This intervention, which introduces autistic children to common social situations, works by facilitating communication between neurodivergent and neurotypical individuals, with a focus on supporting children, rather than “fixing” them.(这条研究线索已经产生了影响，帮助像“社交故事”技术这样的自闭症干预措施起飞。这种干预将自闭症儿童引入到常见的社会环境中，通过促进神经发散型和神经正常型个体之间的交流来发挥作用，重点是支持儿童，而不是“修复”他们)”可知，“社交故事”技术通过把神经不同个体置于常见的社交情境中起作用。故选D项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.”(至关重要的是，神经多样性运动允许神经发散的人改变他们对自己的看法。Chapman在他2023年出版的书中写道：“主流的医学叙事认为，自闭症让我在某种程度上变得悲惨、破碎，需要修复。”“这就是我发现神经多样性运动如此令人解放的原因，它提供了一种不同的分析视角。”)”可推知，Robert Chapman被自闭症周围的负面叙述所困扰。故选C项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically.(神经多样性是一个术语，指的是人类大脑的自然差异范围。神经多样性运动表示，在这个范围内偏离平均水平的大脑不应该被自动视为不充分)”可知，这句话引出神经多样性这一话题，接下来文章围绕神经多样性运动展开，解释了其历史、意义和影响。由此推知，文章的主要目的是解释神经多样性运动的历史和意义。故选B项。 （九） （2025年静安一模） About 150 years after his death, questions appeared about the authorship of William Shakespeare’s plays. Scholars and literary critics began to float names like Christopher Marlowe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacon - men of more known backgrounds, literary recognition, or inspiration - as the true authors of the plays. Much of this came from the incomplete record of Shakespeare’s life and the lack of eye-witness sources. Official files from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none bears the statements like him being an actor or playwright (剧作家). Skeptics (怀疑者) also questioned how anyone of such humble education could write with the intellectual perceptiveness and poetic power that are displayed in Shakespeare’s works. One specific cry came from Henry Chettle and Robert Greene, who, many thought were both jealous of Shakespeare’s fame. The problem these two authors had with Shakespeare had something to do with the fact that he was a new comer from the back of beyond. The two questioned Shakespeare’s unclear whereabouts after he moved to London. However, the vast majority of Shakespearean scholars argue that William Shakespeare wrote all his own plays. They point out that other playwrights of the time also had unclear histories and came from low backgrounds. They believe that Stratford’s New Grammar School course of Latin and the classics could have provided a good foundation for literary writers. Supporters of Shakespeare’s authorship argue that the lack of evidence about Shakespeare’s life doesn’t mean his life didn’t exist. They point to evidence that displays his name on the title pages of published poems and plays. Examples exist of authors and critics of the time acknowledging William Shakespeare as author of plays. According to many, Shakespeare’s footprints in London are also well documented. He was believed to partly own the Globe Theatre where his plays were produced. The theatre was also involved in some high profile events: it was moved across the Thames in 1598 and burned down on the 29th of June 1613. The events both pointed to Shakespeare’s whereabouts. Today, his plays are highly popular and reinterpreted in performances with diverse cultural backgrounds. The appeal of Shakespeare’s characters and plots is that they present real human beings in a wide range of emotions and conflicts that go beyond their origins in Elizabethan England. 43. Which of the reasons is NOT mentioned to support skepticism about Shakespeare’s authorship? A. Official records didn’t mention Shakespeare’s identity as a playwright. B. Shakespeare’s education background couldn’t support his literary achievements. C. Shakespeare’s plays were inspired by big-name literary giants. D. There was a lack of specific details of Shakespeare’s life. 44. Which of the following facts disproves Henry Chettle and Robert Greene’s skepticism? A. Shakespeare’s literary power was recognized at his time. B. His activities in London could be proved by happenings of his theatre. C. Shakespeare’s childhood education experience helped him gain literary ability. D. The title papers of government documents bore his name. 45. The charm of Shakespeare’s plays today lies in that ________. A. his plots are full of conflicts B. his plays are translated into many languages C. he succeeded from a modest background D. he pictures people of real feelings which can exist today 46. The passage is mainly about ________. A. ways to determine the real author of classic literary works B. the fights between Shakespeare’s supporters and his opponents C. doubts and proofs about the authorship of Shakespeare’s plays D. the criticism on Shakespeare’s plays and their values 【答案】43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于莎士比亚戏剧作者身份的争议，怀疑者质疑其行踪、身份记录和教育背景，但大多数学者认为莎士比亚是其作品的真正作者，并通过历史证据支持这一观点。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Much of this came from the incomplete record of Shakespeare’s life and the lack of eye-witness sources. Official files from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none bears the statements like him being an actor or playwright (剧作家). (这在很大程度上是由于对莎士比亚生平的记录不完整，以及缺乏目击者。来自圣三一基督教堂和斯特拉特福德政府的官方文件记录了威廉·莎士比亚的存在，但没有任何证据表明他是一名演员或剧作家。)”和第二段“Skeptics (怀疑者) also questioned how anyone of such humble education could write with the intellectual perceptiveness and poetic power that are displayed in Shakespeare’s works. (怀疑论者还质疑，一个受教育程度如此低下的人，怎么能写出莎士比亚作品中所展现的那种思想的洞察力和诗意的力量。)”可知，对莎士比亚的作者身份持怀疑态度的理由包括，缺乏关于他生活的具体细节，官方记录没有提到他作为剧作家的身份，以及他的教育背景无法支持他的文学成就，但未提及他的戏剧受到了大名鼎鼎的文学巨匠的启发。故选C项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段中“He was believed to partly own the Globe Theatre where his plays were produced. The theatre was also involved in some high profile events: it was moved across the Thames in 1598 and burned down on the 29th of June 1613. The events both pointed to Shakespeare’s whereabouts. (据信他拥有环球剧场的部分股份，他的戏剧就是在那里制作的。剧场还参与了一些引人注目的事件：1598年，它被搬到泰晤士河对岸，1613年6月29日被烧毁。这两件事都指向莎士比亚的行踪。)”可知，剧场里发生的事情可以证明莎士比亚在伦敦的活动，这驳斥了Henry Chettle和Robert Greene的怀疑。故选B项。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The appeal of Shakespeare’s characters and plots is that they present real human beings in a wide range of emotions and conflicts that go beyond their origins in Elizabethan England. (莎士比亚的人物和情节的魅力在于，他们呈现了真实的人类，其广泛的情感和冲突超越了他们在伊丽莎白时代的英国的起源。)”可知，其戏剧仍有魅力的原因在于他描绘了真实情感的人，这种真实情感可以存在于今天。故选D项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“About 150 years after his death, questions appeared about the authorship of William Shakespeare’s plays. (大约在他死后150年，关于威廉·莎士比亚戏剧的作者的问题出现了。)”和第四段中“However, the vast majority of Shakespearean scholars argue that William Shakespeare wrote all his own plays. (然而，绝大多数研究莎士比亚的学者认为威廉·莎士比亚所有的戏剧都是他自己写的。)”可知，文章主要介绍了关于莎士比亚戏剧作者身份的争议，怀疑者质疑其行踪、身份记录和教育背景，但大多数学者认为莎士比亚是其作品的真正作者，并通过历史证据支持这一观点。因此，文章主要是展现关于莎士比亚戏剧作者的怀疑和证据。故选C项。 （十） （2025年金山一模） Jennifer Blackburn is a 49-year-old who has followed decades of trying different diets and medications and finding little success. In late 2022 she started taking Ozempic, the diabetes (糖尿病) drug that has become synonymous with celebrity weight loss. The effect is life-changing. It’s been reported that in the US, healthcare providers wrote more than nine million prescriptions (处方) for Ozempic and similar drugs during the last few months of 2022. Widespread as it is, there’s still mass confusion around who should take them, whether the potential side effects are worth it, and whether people truly needing them can access and afford the limited supply. According to WHO, more than 890 million adults were living with diagnosed obesity in 2022. Their metabolic hormones can be dysregulated, which means even if they diet and exercise, their bodies won’t respond. That’s where medication has been a game-changer. Ozempic was approved by the US FDA in 2017 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Once the manufacturer, Novo Nordisk, tapped into the drug’s added benefit of triggering substantial weight loss, it soon produced several similar drugs. For most people, the doses need to continue indefinitely. Once someone stops taking the drug, his hunger signals can return to their baseline and the weight comes back. Apart from this downside, other side effects include a range of digestive issues and a possible risk of thoughts of self-harm or even suicide. Besides, no one can tell how this use may play out over decades, or what side effects of rapid weight loss will mean in the long run. Despite all these, since loads of influencers have cheered their slimming successes on these drugs, it seems everybody wants to try them. The heavy demand has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people with type 2 diabetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages are expected to continue in 2024, while those who can access these drugs face a significant financial cost. The cost is much too high to the vast majority of Americans-a monthly supply will set one back more than $1000. Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.” With such supportive voices, the future of Ozempic remains unpredictable so far. 43. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined phrase in paragraph 1? A. be keen on B. be equivalent to C. be suitable for D. be familiar with 44. Why do people without diabetes still take Ozempic after knowing all its downsides? A. Because they want to take it as a preventive measure against diabetes. B. Because they are not afraid of these yet unclear and uncertain side effects. C. Because they are desperate to lose weight or they will develop other health problems. D. Because they are tempted by the celebrities’ achieving such good results after the use. 45. What can we infer from Jennifer Blackburn’s words? A. Besides losing weight, she has also taken off a huge mental burden. B. She strongly recommends Ozempic to others due to her own experiences. C. Although supporting Ozempic herself, she is not sure of this medicine’s future. D. She is among the celebrities who have successfully lost weight by taking Ozempic. 46. This passage is written to ______. A. explain Ozempic’s functions, potential downsides and current supply situations B. suggest how serious and common the issue of obesity is and how to deal with it C. persuade people without diabetes not to further purchase the expensive Ozempic D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveness with examples of celebrities and common users 【答案】43. B 44. D 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“The effect is life-changing.(其效果是改变生活)”以及最后一段“Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.”(Jennifer Blackburn已经减掉了16公斤（并一直保持着）。“我感到更快乐，更自信。” Blackburn说：“这不仅仅是体型的问题——它就像卸下了我肩上的重担。”)”及倒数第二段“Despite all these, since loads of influencers have cheered their slimming successes on these drugs, it seems everybody wants to try them.(尽管如此，由于许多网红都为他们服用这些药物减肥成功而欢呼，似乎每个人都想尝试它们)”可知，Jennifer Blackburn因为服用Ozempic减掉了16公斤，且许多网红都服用药物成功，这种药物如今已经成为名人减肥的代名词。故划线词意思是“等同于，相当于”。故选B。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Despite all these, since loads of influencers have cheered their slimming successes on these drugs, it seems everybody wants to try them.(尽管如此，由于许多网红都为他们服用这些药物减肥成功而欢呼，似乎每个人都想尝试它们)”可知，没有糖尿病的人在知道Ozempic的副作用后还在服用它，因为他们被名人在使用后取得如此好的效果所诱惑。故选D。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Jennifer Blackburn has lost 16 kilograms (and kept it off). “I feel happier, more confident.” says Black burn, “It’s about much more than size-it’s like the weight is lifted off my shoulders.”(Jennifer Blackburn已经减掉了16公斤（并一直保持着）。“我感到更快乐，更自信。” Blackburn说：“这不仅仅是体型的问题——它就像卸下了我肩上的重担。”)”可知，除了减肥，Jennifer Blackburn还减轻了巨大的精神负担。故选A。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The heavy demand has led to shortages. Throughout 2023, people with type 2 diabetes struggled to access Ozempic. Periodic shortages are expected to continue in 2024, while those who can access these drugs face a significant financial cost. The cost is much too high to the vast majority of Americans-a monthly supply will set one back more than $1000.(巨大的需求导致了短缺。整个2023年，2型糖尿病患者很难获得Ozempic。预计周期性短缺将在2024年继续，而能够获得这些药物的人将面临巨大的财务成本。对绝大多数美国人来说，成本太高了——一个月的供应要花费1000多美元)”结合文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。可知，这篇文章是为了说服没有糖尿病的人不要再购买昂贵的Ozempic。故选C。 （十一） （2025年奉贤一模） For the first time, scientists have observed the brain throughout the pregnancy (怀孕) timeline. Sex hormones, like estrogen and testosterone, are powerful players in the brain, affecting mood, memory, and more. Some of the most dramatic hormonal changes that humans experience happen during pregnancy, and yet those nine months have been a black box for human neuroscience until now. A new study published this week in Nature Neuroscience provides the most extensive look inside that black box yet. Researchers scanned the brain of one woman 26 times over the entire course of her pregnancy — before, during and after. Brain scans show that tracks of white matter get stronger during pregnancy. Previous brain imaging studies from before and after pregnancy have shown that pregnancy shrinks (缩小) parts of the brain, specifically its gray matter. These outer layers of the brain are responsible for most of sensation, learning and other great things the brain does. Shrinking gray matter may sound scary, but it happens to all of us throughout development to fine-tune our neural processing and make our brains more efficient. Though the term “mommy brain” is often used to refer to the brain fog and forgetfulness some people feel during pregnancy, the brain changes are likely adaptive. For example, you may be forgetting where your keys are, but you are way more focused on what is happening to your baby. Researchers are particularly interested in changes within brain regions that help with social cognition by allowing us to take on others’ perspectives. The scale and pattern of brain changes during pregnancy are similar to what other researchers have seen in adolescent brains during puberty (青春期), also driven by hormones. Other researchers have been able to detect whether someone had been pregnant based only on neuro imaging data from decades later. So despite the common saying that our brains stop developing in our mid-20s, hormones seem to drive big, long-lasting changes throughout adulthood. From studying the woman’s brain, researchers confirmed gray matter decreased by four percent over the course of pregnancy and that decrease persisted throughout the end of the study two years after giving birth. And it wasn't just one area or network — 80% of brain regions shrunk. While certain areas and networks changed faster than others, the team doesn’t yet know what the implications are. 43. The passage mainly tells us ________. A. how pregnancy impacts women’s memory B. how brain scans lead to a breakthrough C. how puberty differs from pregnancy D. how brain changes during pregnancy 44. Based on the research, a pregnant woman should ________ changes accompanying “mommy brain”? A. peacefully accept B. consciously avoid C. completely ignore D. eagerly expect 45. We can learn from the last two paragraphs that ________. A. researchers have figured out why certain areas of brain change faster B. despite similarity, brain changes in puberty aren’t driven by hormones C. hormones are likely to cause brain changes beyond adolescence D. the shrinkage of gray matter in brain stops shortly after child birth 46. What is the structure of this passage? A. Presenting a finding → Explaining → Relating with other findings B. Introducing a topic → Providing examples → Summarizing the main points C. Stating a problem → Proposing solutions → Evaluating the solutions D. Describing a phenomenon → Analyzing the causes → Predicting the future trends 【答案】43. D 44. A 45. C 46. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了怀孕期间大脑的变化。 【43题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“For the first time, scientists have observed the brain throughout the pregnancy (怀孕) timeline.(科学家们首次在整个怀孕时间线上观察了大脑)”、第二段“Previous brain imaging studies from before and after pregnancy have shown that pregnancy shrinks (缩小) parts of the brain, specifically its gray matter. These outer layers of the brain are responsible for most of sensation, learning and other great things the brain does.(之前对怀孕前后的脑成像研究表明，怀孕会缩小大脑的某些部位，特别是灰质。大脑的这些外层负责大脑的大部分感觉、学习和其他伟大的事情)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了怀孕期间大脑的变化。故选D。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Though the term “mommy brain” is often used to refer to the brain fog and forgetfulness some people feel during pregnancy, the brain changes are likely adaptive.(尽管“妈咪大脑”一词通常用来指一些人在怀孕期间感到的脑雾和健忘，但大脑的变化可能是适应性的)”可知，大脑的变化可能是适应性的。由此推知，孕妇应该平静地接受大脑的这种变化。故选A。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The scale and pattern of brain changes during pregnancy are similar to what other researchers have seen in adolescent brains during puberty (青春期) , also driven by hormones. (怀孕期间大脑变化的规模和模式与其他研究人员在青春期青少年大脑中观察到的相似，也是由荷尔蒙驱动的)”可知，与怀孕期间的大脑变化相似，荷尔蒙也可能会导致青春期后的大脑变化。故选C。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Some of the most dramatic hormonal changes that humans experience happen during pregnancy, and yet those nine months have been a black box for human neuroscience until now.(人类经历的一些最剧烈的荷尔蒙变化发生在怀孕期间，但到目前为止，这九个月一直是人类神经科学的黑匣子)”、第二段“A new study published this week in Nature Neuroscience provides the most extensive look inside that black box yet. Researchers scanned the brain of one woman 26 times over the entire course of her pregnancy - before, during and after. Brain scans show that tracks of white matter get stronger during pregnancy. Previous brain imaging studies from before and after pregnancy have shown that pregnancy shrinks parts of the brain, specifically its gray matter. These outer layers of the brain are responsible for most of sensation, learning and other great things the brain does. (本周发表在《自然神经科学》上的一项新研究提供了迄今为止最全面的黑盒子内部观察。研究人员在一名女性怀孕的整个过程中对其大脑进行了26次扫描，包括怀孕前、怀孕中和怀孕后。脑部扫描显示，白质的轨迹在怀孕期间会变得更强。之前对怀孕前后的脑成像研究表明，怀孕会缩小大脑的某些部位，特别是灰质。大脑的这些外层负责大脑的大部分感觉、学习和其他伟大的事情)”、倒数第二段“The scale and pattern of brain changes during pregnancy are similar to what other researchers have seen in adolescent brains during puberty (青春期) , also driven by hormones. (怀孕期间大脑变化的规模和模式与其他研究人员在青春期青少年大脑中观察到的相似，也是由荷尔蒙驱动的)”可知，文章先介绍了大脑变化的研究发现，然后进行详细解释，并与其他研究发现进行相关联。故选A。 （十二） （2025年黄浦区一模） ①I read “Middlemarch” in college. None in my class got it. Why would Dorothea make such a decision on her marriage? “Trust me, you’ll read this book again when you’re forty, and you’ll say, ‘Oh, I see!’” our professor said. ②Yet there’s a theory behind the assignment of “Middlemarch”: knowledge acquired too early gets stored away. Patterns of thinking established now will be retraced later; ideas encountered first in art will prepare us for the rest of life. This sounds unclear, until you reflect on the fact that you take a class in law school today only to argue a complicated case years later. Knowledge must often molder in our mental warehouses for decades until we figure out what to do with it. ③Leslie Valiant, a distinguished computer scientist, calls our ability to learn over the long term “educability”. In his new book, “The Importance of Being Educable,” he argues that it’s key to our success. When we think about what makes our minds special, we tend to focus on intelligence. But if we want to grasp reality in all its complexity, Valiant writes, then “cleverness is not enough.” We need to build comprehensive and flexible theories about the world — theories that will serve us in new, unanticipated, and strange circumstances — and we do that by gathering diverse kinds of knowledge, often in a slow, additive, accidental way, and knitting them together. Through this process, we acquire systems of beliefs that are broader and richer than the ones we can create through direct personal experience. ④An educable mind, he writes, can learn from books, lectures, conversations, experiences, — from anything, really — and notice when relevant aspects of almost forgotten knowledge reveal themselves. We admire aspects of someone’s educability when we say that they are a quick study, but what really makes them educable is that they apply insights “for purposes not foreseen at the time of the study”. When people strike us as particularly well-educated, this might mean that they have had lots of school, but it could also mean that they’re exceptionally educable, with the ability to take good advantage of whatever educational opportunities arise, whether formal or informal. ⑤Valiant thinks it might be useful to promote educability as an ideal. We could try to figure out how to measure and teach it in schools, or to encourage it in adults; at a time when rapid technological change means there’s always more to learn, we might seek to create a more educable society in general. 43. The underlined word “molder” (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to “______”. A. become out-of-date B. keep practical C. remain inactive D. stay safe 44. Which of the following mind map correctly illustrate the relationship among knowledge, theory and beliefs? A. B. C. D. 45. What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A. True educability lies in presenting insights for unforeseen purposes. B. A quick learner overestimates the value of learning from all sources. C. Schooling ensures that an educable mind can seize all learning opportunities. D. An educable mind pursues learning even without an immediate goal in mind. 46. The passage is intended to ______. A. introduce a book on educability B. maximize the benefits of educability C. inspire people to create an educable society D. recommend a distinguished computer scientist 【答案】43. C 44. A 45. D 46. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了计算机科学家Leslie Valiant在其新书中提出的“可教育性”的概念，强调了长期学习能力的重要性，并讨论了如何在学校和成人中培养这种能力。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。由文章第二段中“Knowledge must often molder in our mental warehouses for decades until we figure out what to do with it. (知识往往要在我们的精神仓库里molder几十年，直到我们明白如何利用它为止)”可知，知识经常在我们的精神仓库里存放几十年，直到我们想出如何处理它，molder在这里的意思是“保持不活跃，未被利用”。A. become out-of-date过时；B. keep practical保持务实；C. remain inactive保持不活跃；D. stay safe保持安全。故选C。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“We need to build comprehensive and flexible theories about the world—theories that will serve us in new, unanticipated, and strange circumstances — and we do that by gathering diverse kinds of knowledge, often in a slow, additive, accidental way, and knitting them together. Through this process, we acquire systems of beliefs that are broader and richer than the ones we can create through direct personal experience. (我们需要构建关于世界的全面且灵活的理论——这些理论将在新奇、意外和陌生的环境中为我们所用——我们通过收集各种知识（通常是缓慢地、逐渐地、偶然地）并将它们融合在一起来实现这一点。通过这个过程，我们获得了比通过直接个人经验所能创造出的更广泛、更丰富的信仰体系)”可知，知识是构建理论的基础，而理论又是形成信仰的基石。故选A。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第四段中“An educable mind, he writes, can learn from books, lectures, conversations, experiences, — from anything, really — and notice when relevant aspects of almost forgotten knowledge reveal themselves. We admire aspects of someone’s educability when we say that they are a quick study, but what really makes them educable is that they apply insights “for purposes not foreseen at the time of the study”. (他写道，具有可教育性的思维能够从书籍、讲座、对话、经历——实际上是从任何事情中学习，并注意到几乎被遗忘的知识中相关的方面何时会显现出来。当我们说某人是快速学习者时，我们欣赏他们身上的可教育性，但真正使他们具有可教育性的是，他们能够将见解“应用于学习当时未曾预见的目的”)”可知，一个具有可教育性思维的头脑即使没有直接的目标，也会追求学习。故选D。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第三段中“Leslie Valiant, a distinguished computer scientist, calls our ability to learn over the long term “educability”. In his new book, “The Importance of Being Educable,” he argues that it’s key to our success. (杰出的计算机科学家Leslie Valiant将我们长期学习的能力称为“可教育性”。在他的新书《可教育性的重要性》中，他认为这是我们成功的关键)”可知，本文介绍了计算机科学家Leslie Valiant在其新书中提出的“可教育性”的概念，强调了长期学习能力的重要性，并讨论了如何在学校和成人中培养这种能力。因此，本文的主要目的是介绍一本关于可教育性的书。故选A。 （十三） （2025年松江一模） An unusually reflective communications satellite that outshines almost every star in the sky was joined by another five in the first week of September 2024. Astronomers warn that the appearance of more and more bright objects in the night sky will severely set back their work and could even limit our ability to spot asteroids — small planets going around the sun — heading for Earth. Texas-based AST SpaceMobile, intending to set up a group of 100 satellites to provide mobile phone connections around the globe, launched a test satellite called BlueWalker 3 in 2022, drawing criticism from astronomers who found that it was brighter than all but seven stars in the night sky. The company launched the first five commercial versions of BlueWalker 3, called Bluebirds, from Florida, on 12 September. Grant Tremblay, vice president of the American Astronomical Society, says the increasing number of satellites in low Earth orbit “is an existential problem for astronomy”. While AST SpaceMobile is a concern to astronomers because of its very reflective design, it is by no means the only one, he says. Internet firm Starlink is another whose satellites have raised worries. “For astronomy, things are absolutely getting worse,” says Tremblay. “I fear that we’re at risk of losing the sky.” Projects such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory (天文台), under construction in Chile and due to start scanning the sky in 2025, will have images ruined by bright traces when satellites cross their field of view, says Tremblay. “When a frame is harmed by, for example, a Starlink crossing, the frame is useless. You throw it out, ” he says. “The observatory will still work. It’ll still do amazing science. But efficiency could drop sharply if we start heading into a system in which hundreds or thousands of reflecting satellites are in orbit. ” Tremblay believes this is not only a loss to science, also to wider society. “We return images of this incredibly magical universe whose scale is truly unimaginable, and there’s something unifying and inspirational. If we lose that, I think that’s a societal disaster.” To solve the problem, he says astronomers may have to put more instruments in space beyond our crowded orbit, but the cost and complexity of doing that is generally prohibitive. Losing astronomical capabilities could even put humanity in danger. Ian Carnelli at the European Space Agency says we have spent decades improving our ability to spot asteroids heading for Earth and potentially redirect them. “It could be harder to find them in the future because of reflective satellite constellations (卫星群) ,” he says. 43. According to Grant Tremblay, why are we at the risk of losing the sky? A. Because the observatory is unable to function properly in most cases. B. Because the viewing area of the satellites is darkened by observatories. C. Because the construction work is destroying the scanning work of the sky. D. Because the satellites will keep us from obtaining a clear picture of the sky. 44. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. Effectiveness in mobile communications will decrease dramatically. B. A vast number of satellites makes the magical universe more inspiring. C. Fewer satellites of commercial versions will be launched in the future. D. Earth could face a higher risk of asteroid impacts for detection failures. 45. What concern does Tremblay express about the crowded orbit? A. An increase in societal disasters. B. That scientific study is less efficient. C. Less space for instruments in outer space. D. That observatories are harmed by frames. 46. What’s the passage mainly about? A. The launch of bright satellites raises fears. B. There are still downsides to scientific work. C. More sky-friendly satellites should be designed. D. The societal impact caused by satellites is extensive. 【答案】43. D 44. D 45. B 46. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了人类在太空中发射越多越多明亮的卫星，这引发了天文学家的担忧，因为太空中过亮的卫星会影响天文学家的工作，阻碍他们发现朝地球飞行的小行星，这对人类有危害。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段““For astronomy, things are absolutely getting worse,” says Tremblay. “I fear that we’re at risk of losing the sky.” Projects such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory (天文台), under construction in Chile and due to start scanning the sky in 2025, will have images ruined by bright traces when satellites cross their field of view, says Tremblay.(“对于天文学来说，情况绝对越来越糟。”Tremblay说。“我担心我们有失去天空的风险。”Tremblay说，智利正在建设的维拉·C·鲁宾天文台等项目将于2025年开始扫描天空，当卫星穿过视野时，这些项目的图像将被明亮的痕迹破坏。)”可知，Tremblay担心人类有失去天空的风险，因为卫星会阻碍获取天空的清晰图像。故选D。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Losing astronomical capabilities could even put humanity in danger. Ian Carnelli at the European Space Agency says we have spent decades improving our ability to spot asteroids heading for Earth and potentially redirect them. “It could be harder to find them in the future because of reflective satellite constellations (卫星群) ,” he says.(失去天文能力甚至可能使人类处于危险之中。欧洲航天局的Ian Carnelli表示，我们花了几十年的时间来提高发现飞向地球的小行星并可能改变其方向的能力。他说：“由于反光的卫星群，未来可能更难找到它们。”)”可知，反光的卫星群影响天文学家发现那些飞向地球的小行星，失去天文能力可能使人类处于危险之中。由此可推测出，无法侦测小行星的情况会使地球处于面临小行星影响的更高风险之中，所以D项正确。故选D。 45题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“But efficiency could drop sharply if we start heading into a system in which hundreds or thousands of reflecting satellites are in orbit.(但如果我们开始进入一个有数百或数千颗反射卫星在轨道上的系统，效率可能会急剧下降。)”可知，当轨道上出现越来越多的反射卫星时，这会导致天文学家科研的效率变慢。故选B。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Astronomers warn that the appearance of more and more bright objects in the night sky will severely set back their work and could even limit our ability to spot asteroids — small planets going around the sun — heading for Earth.(天文学家警告说，夜空中越来越多明亮物体的出现将严重阻碍他们的工作，甚至可能限制我们发现朝向地球的小行星——围绕太阳运行的小行星——的能力。)”、第三段中的“While AST SpaceMobile is a concern to astronomers because of its very reflective design, it is by no means the only one, he says. Internet firm Starlink is another whose satellites have raised worries.(他说，虽然AST SpaceMobile因其非常反光的设计而受到天文学家的关注，但它绝不是唯一一个。互联网公司Starlink是另一家卫星引发担忧的公司。)”可知，本文主要讲述了在太空中发射明亮卫星引发了天文学家的担忧。故选A。 （十四） （2025年青浦一模） Human doctors perform amputations, surgical removals of an arm, leg, or finger, after a serious injury. But new research shows that some ants perform amputations on injured ants to help them survive an injury. The behavior was documented in Florida carpenter ants. Two carpenter ants are seen in a laboratory at the University of Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wound using their mouthparts or amputated the limb, or leg, by biting it off. The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated. Erik Frank of the University of Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer of the research. Frank said the study describes “for the first time how a non-human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ to care for the injured is the most complicated in the animal kingdom,” and compares well to human medicine. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. So harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes. An amputation would not help infection after that time. He continued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slower hemolymph flow, giving enough time for timely and effective amputations.” The study found that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care. Ants can function well without one of their six legs. And only female ants perform the treatment of wounds by cleaning or amputation. “All worker ants are female. Males play only a minor role in ant community,” Frank said. So why do ants do these amputations? Frank said, “There is a very simple evolutionary reason for caring for the injured. It saves resources.” He noted that if an ant could be saved with little effort to remain productive, “there is a very high value of doing so.” “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die,” Frank added. 43. The type of treatments applied to injured ants depends on ______. A. how the medical system of the ants is developed B. whether the ant still remains productive and valuable C. which kind of ants performs the treatments of wounds D. whether the ant suffers from an upper leg injury or a lower one 44. What can we infer from the survival rates mentioned in the text? A. The location of the injury and the corresponding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival. B. Cleaning the wound is more effective than amputation for all leg injuries. C. Injured ants with no care have a similar survival rate to those with treatment in some cases. D. Amputation is always the best way to ensure the survival of injured ants. 45. It can be concluded from Frank’s study that ______. A. male ants provide medical care for the ant community B. slightly-injured ants will receive no care to save resources C. the heavily injured ants will eventually die for lack of medical care D. the cleaning of an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. How ants perform amputations. B. How injured ants are dealt with. C. How ants evolve and reproduce. D. How amputations affect ants. 【答案】 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B 【导读】 本文介绍了一项关于佛罗里达木蚁的新研究。研究发现，木蚁会对受伤的同伴进行伤口处理，处理方式包括清洁伤口或截肢，具体选择取决于伤口位置。若伤口在腿部较高位置，它们会截肢；若在较低位置，则只清洁伤口。研究还表明，经过适当处理的受伤蚂蚁存活率更高，且只有雌性工蚁承担照顾受伤蚂蚁的工作，这一行为背后存在进化原因，即节省资源。 【解析】 43. 细节理解题：根据第二段 “The choice of care depended on the injury’s location. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further down, they never amputated.” 可知，对受伤蚂蚁采用的治疗方式取决于伤口是在腿部较高位置还是较低位置，所以答案是 D。 44. 推理判断题：从第五段 “after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputation has a survival rate of 90 to 95 percent. For lower leg injuries in which just cleaning was performed, the survival rate was about 75 percent, compared to about 15 percent for injuries that received no care.” 可知，伤口位置和相应的治疗方式对蚂蚁的存活率影响很大，A 选项正确。B 选项，对于腿部较高位置的伤口，截肢的存活率更高，并非清洁伤口更有效；C 选项，有治疗和无治疗的受伤蚂蚁存活率差异很大，并非相似；D 选项，对于腿部较低位置的伤口，清洁伤口而非截肢更合适，所以截肢并非总是确保受伤蚂蚁存活的最佳方式。所以答案是 A。 45. 推理判断题：根据最后一段 “if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die” 可知，重伤的蚂蚁会因缺乏照料最终死亡，C 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到只有雌性工蚁承担照顾受伤蚂蚁的工作，雄性蚂蚁在蚁群中作用较小；B 选项，轻微受伤的蚂蚁会得到照料以节省资源；D 选项，文中提到对于腿部较高位置的伤口，截肢能大幅提高存活率，而非清洁伤口。所以答案是 C。 46. 主旨大意题：文章主要讲述了蚂蚁如何处理受伤的同伴，包括根据伤口位置选择清洁伤口或截肢等处理方式，B 选项 “受伤的蚂蚁是如何被处理的” 符合主旨。A 选项 “蚂蚁如何进行截肢” 只是其中一部分内容；C 选项 “蚂蚁如何进化和繁殖” 文中未提及；D 选项 “截肢如何影响蚂蚁” 并非文章重点。所以答案是 B。 【重点词块】 surgical removal 手术切除 laboratory 实验室 mouthparts 口器 lead writer 主要作者 evolutionary reason 进化原因 remain productive 保持生产力 【复杂句式】 1. “Frank said the study describes ‘for the first time how a non - human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life.’” 分析：这是一个主从复合句，“Frank said” 是主句，后面省略了引导词 “that”，“the study describes...to save their life” 是宾语从句，在这个宾语从句中，“how a non - human animal uses amputations on another individual to save their life” 是 “describes” 的宾语，作宾语从句中的宾语成分，其中 “to save their life” 是目的状语。 翻译：弗兰克说，这项研究 “首次描述了一种非人类动物如何通过对另一个个体进行截肢来挽救其生命”。 2. “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph (血淋巴), so harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes.” 分析：这是一个由 “so” 连接的并列句，前一句 “Injuries further down the leg have an increased flow of hemolymph” 是主谓宾结构，“further down the leg” 作后置定语修饰 “Injuries”；后一句 “harmful bacteria can enter the body after only five minutes” 是主谓宾结构，“after only five minutes” 是时间状语。 翻译：腿部较低位置的伤口血淋巴流量会增加，所以有害细菌只需五分钟就能进入体内。 3. “At the same time, if an individual is too heavily injured, the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die.” 分析：这是一个主从复合句，“if an individual is too heavily injured” 是条件状语从句，“the ants will not care for her, but rather leave her behind to die” 是主句，其中 “but rather” 连接两个并列的谓语 “will not care for” 和 “leave”。 翻译：与此同时，如果一只蚂蚁受伤过重，其他蚂蚁不会照顾它，而是会把它丢在一边任其死亡。 （十五） （2025年崇明一模） A recent groundbreaking study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) forecasts massive financial damages due to climate change, projecting annual damages of about $38 trillion ($38 million million) by the year 2050. This figure highlights the severe economic challenges that lie ahead on a global scale, with the greatest impacts expected to burden the countries least responsible for greenhouse emissions (排放). The economic damage, estimated between $19 trillion to $59 trillion by mid-century, primarily stems from increased temperatures and their subsequent impact on agriculture, labor productivity, and infrastructure (基础设施). The study also notes potential increases in costs due to more frequent and severe weather events, which are expected to become more common as global temperatures rise. The findings reveal a disconcerting disparity: nations within the tropical (热带的) regions, which have contributed least to historical carbon emissions, are predicted to suffer income losses 60% greater than those in higher-income, higher-emission countries. This highlights a significant climate justice issue, as these least-developed nations possess fewer resources to adapt to increasing climate impacts. Anders Levermann, head of complexity science at PIK and co-author of the study, emphasized the inequity and urgency of the situation. “Countries in the tropics will suffer the most because they are already warmer. Further temperature increases will therefore be most harmful there,” he explained. Levermann argues for a rapid structural shift towards renewable energy to ease these impacts and stabilize global temperatures. When placed alongside other major climate impact forecasts, the PIK study stands out for its comprehensive data analysis and harsh projections. Previous studies have similarly highlighted the economic damages of climate change but lacked the extensive regional and specific insights this study provides. The study strongly advocates for great and immediate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the worst of these economic damages. It suggests that slowing climate change is not only a moral and environmental must but also economically advantageous, as the cost of inaction is far greater than the expenses associated with reducing global warming to manageable levels. The socioeconomic consequences of such extensive economic losses could lead to heightened global inequality and potentially, social unrest. This projection stresses the importance of international cooperation in climate action plans and the development of fair policies that recognize and make up for the inequities faced by the less developed nations most affected by climate change. 43. Climate change will cause massive economic damage worldwide by 2050 mainly because _____. A. the average world temperature will increase much faster than expected B. rising temperatures will damage farming, infrastructure and productivity C. big countries will experience economic crises due to more severe weather events D. tropical regions are unprepared to adapt to the damages caused by climate change 44. By “a disconcerting disparity” in paragraph 4, the author means _____. A. poor countries least responsible for emission will suffer most in economy B. it is projected that people in tropical countries will earn 60% less by 2050 C. higher-income countries are reluctant to invest in slowing global warming D. higher-emission countries are trying to justify their role in climate impacts 45. The PIK study arouses the public attention due to _____. A. its rigid climate impact forecasts B. its overall statistics and the severity of its findings C. its different approach to analyzing data D. its similar regional insights on economic damages 46. What does the PIK study imply? A. Fair policies should be established to avoid further rising of temperatures. B. Reducing gas emissions will benefit the environment but harm the economy. C. Inequality should be reduced through cooperation in fighting climate change. D. Wealthy countries should bear the whole cost of coping with global warming. 【答案】 43. B 44. A 45. B 46. C 【导读】 本文主要介绍了波茨坦气候影响研究所（PIK）的一项关于气候变化对经济影响的研究。该研究预测到 2050 年，气候变化将造成约 38 万亿美元的年度损失，主要源于气温上升对农业、劳动生产率和基础设施的影响，以及极端天气事件增多带来的成本增加。研究还指出，热带地区国家虽对碳排放贡献小，但将遭受比高收入、高排放国家更严重的经济损失，凸显了气候正义问题。PIK 研究因其全面数据分析和严峻预测而受关注，它倡导立即大幅减少温室气体排放，强调国际合作制定公平政策以应对气候变化带来的不平等。 【解析】 43. 细节理解题：根据第二段 “The economic damage...primarily stems from increased temperatures and their subsequent impact on agriculture, labor productivity, and infrastructure” 可知，到 2050 年气候变化将在全球范围内造成巨大经济损失，主要是因为气温上升会损害农业、基础设施和生产力，B 选项正确。A 选项文中未提及平均世界温度上升速度比预期快；C 选项不是因为大国因极端天气事件经历经济危机，而是全球范围的经济损失；D 选项热带地区国家因气候变化遭受损失是结果，不是造成全球经济损失的主要原因。所以答案是 B。 44. 词义猜测题：根据第三段 “nations within the tropical regions, which have contributed least to historical carbon emissions, are predicted to suffer income losses 60% greater than those in higher - income, higher - emission countries” 可知，“a disconcerting disparity” 指的是对排放责任最小的贫穷国家在经济上遭受的损失最大，A 选项正确。B 选项理解错误，不是热带国家人们收入减少 60%，而是遭受的收入损失比高收入、高排放国家大 60%；C 选项和 D 选项文中未提及相关内容。所以答案是 A。 45. 细节理解题：根据第五段 “When placed alongside other major climate impact forecasts, the PIK study stands out for its comprehensive data analysis and harsh projections” 可知，PIK 研究因其全面的统计数据和严峻的研究结果而引起公众关注，B 选项正确。A 选项 “rigid climate impact forecasts” 表述不准确；C 选项不是其分析数据的方法不同，而是分析全面；D 选项不是类似的区域见解，而是提供了更广泛的区域见解。所以答案是 B。 46. 推理判断题：根据最后一段 “This projection stresses the importance of international cooperation in climate action plans and the development of fair policies that recognize and make up for the inequities faced by the less developed nations most affected by climate change” 可知，PIK 研究暗示应通过合作应对气候变化来减少不平等，C 选项正确。A 选项避免温度进一步上升是要减少温室气体排放，而非建立公平政策；B 选项减少气体排放不仅对环境有益，从经济角度也是有利的；D 选项文中未提及富裕国家应承担应对全球变暖的全部成本。所以答案是 C。 【重点词块】 groundbreaking study 开创性研究 climate impact 气候影响 greenhouse emissions 温室气体排放 labor productivity 劳动生产率 climate justice 气候正义 renewable energy 可再生能源 socioeconomic consequences 社会经济后果 international cooperation 国际合作 【复杂句式】 1. “A recent groundbreaking study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) forecasts massive financial damages due to climate change, projecting annual damages of about $38 trillion ($38 million million) by the year 2050.” 分析：句子主干是 “A recent groundbreaking study...forecasts massive financial damages”，“by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)” 作后置定语修饰 “study”，“due to climate change” 是原因状语，说明造成经济损失的原因；“projecting annual damages of about $38 trillion ($38 million million) by the year 2050” 是现在分词短语作伴随状语，进一步说明研究预测的内容。 翻译：波茨坦气候影响研究所（PIK）最近的一项开创性研究预测，由于气候变化将造成巨大的经济损失，预计到 2050 年年度损失约为 38 万亿美元（3800 万亿）。 2. “The economic damage, estimated between $19 trillion to $59 trillion by mid - century, primarily stems from increased temperatures and their subsequent impact on agriculture, labor productivity, and infrastructure.” 分析：句子主干是 “The economic damage...primarily stems from increased temperatures and their subsequent impact”，“estimated between $19 trillion to $59 trillion by mid - century” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “The economic damage”，说明对经济损失的预估范围；“on agriculture, labor productivity, and infrastructure” 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “impact”，表明影响的具体方面。 翻译：到本世纪中叶，经济损失预计在 19 万亿美元到 59 万亿美元之间，主要源于气温上升及其对农业、劳动生产率和基础设施的后续影响。 3. “The findings reveal a disconcerting disparity: nations within the tropical regions, which have contributed least to historical carbon emissions, are predicted to suffer income losses 60% greater than those in higher - income, higher - emission countries.” 分析：冒号前是句子主干 “The findings reveal a disconcerting disparity”，冒号后是对 “disparity” 的具体解释。“nations within the tropical regions...are predicted to suffer income losses...” 是一个完整的句子，“within the tropical regions” 作后置定语修饰 “nations”，“which have contributed least to historical carbon emissions” 是定语从句，修饰 “nations within the tropical regions”；“60% greater than those in higher - income, higher - emission countries” 是比较结构，作后置定语修饰 “income losses”，将热带地区国家的收入损失与高收入、高排放国家进行比较。 翻译：研究结果揭示了一种令人不安的差距：热带地区国家对历史碳排放的贡献最小，但预计其遭受的收入损失比高收入、高排放国家大 60%。 4. “The study strongly advocates for great and immediate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the worst of these economic damages. It suggests that slowing climate change is not only a moral and environmental must but also economically advantageous, as the cost of inaction is far greater than the expenses associated with reducing global warming to manageable levels.” 分析：第一句中 “to avoid the worst of these economic damages” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明倡导减少温室气体排放的目的。第二句中 “that slowing climate change is not only a moral and environmental must but also economically advantageous” 是宾语从句，作 “suggests” 的宾语；“as the cost of inaction is far greater than the expenses associated with reducing global warming to manageable levels” 是原因状语从句，说明减缓气候变化在经济上有利的原因，其中 “associated with reducing global warming to manageable levels” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “expenses”。 翻译：该研究强烈倡导立即大幅减少温室气体排放，以避免这些最严重的经济损失。它表明减缓气候变化不仅是道德和环境上的必要之举，在经济上也是有利的，因为不作为的成本远远高于将全球变暖控制在可管理水平所需的费用。 （十六） （2025年宝山一模） World Hunger Day is about celebrating solutions that keep people from suffering or dying due to lack of food. Read about some causes and also some of the efforts being made to stop this worldwide problem. Why, in a world where we technically produce enough food to feed everyone, do millions of people go to bed hungry each night? The statistics are tragic, and such a contradiction should have no place in our modern world. The UN's second sustainability goal, "Zero Hunger," is an ambitious plan to end hunger in the world by 2030. However, the global scale of the hunger staggers the imagination, and it's getting worse. According to World Vision, as many as 828 million people, or 10% of the global population, are suffering from food insecurity. What are the driving forces behind this stubborn blight (疫病) of hunger? Armed conflict is one. It forces people from their homes, ruins economies and turns millions of people into refugees who become reliant on aid, and luck, for their daily needs. Extreme weather events - like droughts, flooding, hurricanes and cyclones - also drive world hunger by destroying homes and making farmland unusable. Finally, around 30 percent of the world's food is lost or wasted annually. Food loss occurs when food is damaged or spoiled while moving through the supply chain. Food waste happens when individuals, supermarkets or restaurants buy more food than they need and throw away the excess (超过). World Hunger Day, which is today, isn't just about bad news. Founded in 2011 by The Hunger Project, World Hunger Day is also about celebrating solutions that will eliminate starvation. In Africa, The Hunger Project has been working to encourage more sustainable and efficient farming methods. For example, by diversifying their crops, farmers will have healthier soil. Furthermore, since farmers need access to safe, clean water, The Hunger Project teaches people how to monitor, maintain and repair water systems such as water pumps. The UN World Food Programme aids farmers by helping them connect to local economies, improve production methods and reduce crop losses. And, for women who are pregnant or nursing and for children, they provide special foods like nutrient-rich peanut paste. So what can you do to help root out world hunger? Aside from striving to reduce your food waste, keep educating yourself and others about the issue. Look for opportunities to feed the hungry in your own communities. There are some fantastic organizations such as SALT Collectiv, who regularly organize and coordinate events to help orphans and feed the hungry. Each step, each choice, each voice can help make hunger a thing of the past. 43. The word stagger in the third paragraph most probably means ______. A. shock B. improve C. restrict D. affect 44. The purpose of the passage is ______. A. to objectively analyze the reasons of starvation B. to seriously warn people of the starvation C. to encourage people to fight against hunger D. to think highly of the effort to try to get rid of hunger 45. What can we infer from the passage? A. Hunger will become a thing of the past. B. Starvation exists mainly in Africa. C. People who need food may get it around themselves. D. It is impossible to get rid of starvation in the world. 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Cause of Starvation B. The March toward Zero Hunger C. The Solution to Starvation D. The Consequence of Hunger 【答案】 43. A 44. D 45. C 46. B 【导读】 本文围绕世界饥饿问题展开，首先指出在全球粮食产量理论上足够的情况下，仍有大量人口面临饥饿的矛盾现状，接着分析了导致饥饿的原因，如武装冲突、极端天气和食物浪费等。同时介绍了世界饥饿日及其所倡导的解决饥饿问题的措施，像非洲实施可持续农业方法、联合国世界粮食计划署提供援助等，最后呼吁人们行动起来，共同对抗饥饿。 【解析】 43. 词义猜测题：根据第三段 “The UN's second sustainability goal, 'Zero Hunger,' is an ambitious plan to end hunger in the world by 2030. Howev$$