内容正文:
热点题型·重点语法攻略
专题18 冠词介词名词
词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。
1.名词 noun n. student 学生
2.代词 pronoun pron. you 你
3.形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的
4.副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地
5.动词 verb v. cut 砍、割
6.数词 numeral num. three 三
7.冠词 article art. a 一个
8.介词 preposition prep. at 在...
9.连词 conjunction conj. and 和
10.感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦
前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。
题型01 冠词
【题型诠释】
冠词包括定冠词the(一般表特指)和不定冠词a/an(泛指一般的普通名词)。
1. 定冠词the的用法
注意读音:the desk / the apple
(1)the +单数名词,表示一类人或事物 eg: The horse is a useful animal.
(2)the +形容词,表示一类人或事物 eg: the poor / the rich
(3)口语中,谈话双方都知道的特定的人或事物 eg: Pass me the book, please.
(4)特指再次提及的人或事物 eg: He bought a book yesterday. The book is on the desk.
(5)表示世界上独一无二的事物 eg: the earth / the sun / the moon
(6)用在西洋乐器前(但一般不用在中国乐器前) eg: play the piano (play erhu)
(7)用在姓氏复数前表示一对夫妇或一家人 eg: the Smiths
(8)用在序数词前 eg: the first / the second / the last
(9)用在形容词或副词的最高级前 eg: the oldest / the fastest / the coldest
注意区分下面两句话:
It’s the most beautiful. 这是最漂亮的。
It’s most (very) beautiful. 这很漂亮。
另外当两个形容词或副词的最高级并列修饰同一名词时,后一个最高级前the可省略
He is the tallest and (the) fastest in our class.
(10)用在方位词和某些表示时间的词组或习惯用语前
eg: on the left/right in the east in the middle of in the end in the morning/afternoon/evening
(11)表示在世纪的某个年代eg: in the 1990’s / in the 1870s
(12)用在表示单位的名词前eg: by the hour/day/week/month/year
(13)在某些专有名词前eg: the Summer Palace / the Red Sea
(14)用在表示身体部位的名词前eg: He gave me a pat (拍) on the shoulder.
2. 不定冠词a/an的用法
注意使用:a bag / an apple
an hour / a useful box / an unusual day
(1) a/an + 单数名词,表示一类人或事物
eg: A fox is a cunning(狡猾的) animal.
(2) 表示一个人或事物,起介绍作用
eg: He is a doctor.
(3) 说明事物的同一性质、特征、程度或大小 = the same
eg: The two shirts are of a size.
Birds of a feather flock together.
(4) 用在表示时间或度量单位的名词前,具有“每一”的意思 = per
eg: 60 miles an hour 1000 yuan a month
(5) 用于人名前,表示说话人对此人不认识,也可以表示与某一名人有类似性质的人或事物
eg: A Mr. Smith(一个叫史密斯先生的人)came to see you this morning.
He is a Lei Feng in our class.
He wishes to become a Newton.
3. 零冠词的使用
(1) 复数名词表示一类人或事物
eg: Cows are useful animals.
(2) 在表示人名、地名、国名、季节、月份、星期几以及节日的名词前
eg: Tom Fujian China Spring May Sunday National Day
但以festival表达的节日则要使用冠词 eg: the Spring Festival
(3) 一日三餐及球类前
eg: have breakfast; play basketball
(4) 表示学科、棋类、颜色和感官名词前
eg: maths; play chess
White is a beautiful colour. Smell is one of the five senses.
(5) 称呼语或表示身份、职位、头衔的名词前
eg: Good morning, boys and girls. Where is Dad, Mum?
Uncle Wang; President Lincoln
(6) 物质名词和抽象名词前
eg: Desks are made of wood. Failure is the mother of success.
(7) 与 by 连用的表示交通工具的名词前eg: by bike; by bus; by sea/land/air
但如果换成其它表达就要使用冠词eg: in a boat; on the bus; take a taxi
(8) 名词前有名词所有格、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、疑问词以及某些形容词 (some/ any/ many/ much / little/ a little/ few/ a few / each/ every/ either/ another/ both/ all/ no等) 作定语时
eg: Whose purse is this?
(9) 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
eg: day and night; pen and ink; husband and wife; father and son; master and servant (仆人); heart and soul; brother and sister
(10) 某些介词连接的两个相对的名词时也不用冠词
eg: face to face; hand in hand; step by step; side by side; from top to bottom; from beginning to end
(11) 用as引导的让步状语从句,作为表语的名词提前且为单数时使用零冠词
eg: Child as he is, he can answer this question.
4. 使用冠词与不使用冠词的差异
eg: in hospital住院 / in the hospital在医院
at school在上学 / at the school在学校
in church作礼拜 / in the church在教堂
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in front of在……前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
in future从今以后/in the future未来
out of question毫无疑问;没问题/out of the question不可能
5. 使用定冠词与使用不定冠词的差异
eg: the most important meeting最重要的会有 /a most important meeting一次非常重要的会议
the third time第三次/a third time第三次+又(再)一次
in the distance在远处/at a distance稍远一些
for the moment目前;暂时/for a moment一会儿
a number of许多/the number of………的数量
6. 两个或多个名词并列使用时的差异
两个或多个名词并列使用时,若指一个人或事物,则在第一个名词前加冠词,若指两个或多个不同的人或事物,则每个名词前都要加冠词。
eg: a Chinese and English dictionary一本汉英词典
a Chinese and an English dictionary 一本汉语词典和一本英语词典
He is a teacher and writer. 他既是老师也是作家。
They are a teacher and a writer. 他们分别是一名老师和一位作家。
题型02 介词
【题型诠释】
介词是虚词,主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词(或动名词短语)、名词性从句等。
一. 介词的分类
分类
特点
例词
简单介词
即一个介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。
合成介词
由两个介词构成的合成词
into, onto, throughout, upon, within
短语介词
由短语构成
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。
双重介词
由两个介词搭配而成
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词
由现在分词转化而来
considering(就……而论), including,regarding,concerning等。
兼类介词
由形容词直接转化而来
like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。
二. 介词短语的语法功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
介词短语的功能
例 句
作定语
They didn’t find the solution to the problem.
作状语
We have breakfast at seven.(表时间)
They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因)
What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表方法)
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)
作表语
When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语
I found the old building in a bad condition.
三. 表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
表示的概念
介词(短语)
区 别
例 子
时间
in
on
at
at在一个时间点上;
in在一段时间之内;
on在具体某一天或具体的上午、下午、晚上。
①at 8 o'clock, at noon
②in the 1990s, in January
③on Monday, on a warm morning
since
from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;
from指从时间的某一点开始。
①We have not seen each other since 1995.
②I hope to do morning exercises from today.
in,
after
in指在一段时间之后,用于一般将来时,也可以指一段时间之内=within;
after表示某一具体时间点之后,用于一般过去时。
①We’ll be back in three days.
②After seven the rain began to fall.
in the end
at the end of
by the end of
in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;
at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;
by the end of 作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。
①In the end they reached a place of safety.
②At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.
③They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.
④By the end of last month he had finished the novel.
位置
between
among
一般说来,between表示两者之间;
among用于三者或三者以上之间。
①You are to sit between your father and me.
②He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,要用between。
①Agreements were made between the
different countries.
②The little valley lies between high mountains.
③They don’t know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.
in
on
to
in表示在某范围内;
on指与什么毗邻;
to指在某范围之外。
①Changchun is in the northeast of China.
②Mongolia is on the north of China.
③Japan is to the east of China.
on
in
on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。
①There is a book on the piece of paper.
②There is an interesting article in the
newspaper.
③ He dug a hole in the wall.
in
into
in通常表示位置(静态);
into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。
①We walked in the park.
②We walked into the park.
through
across
through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;
across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。
①Water flows through the pipe.
②The old man walked across the street.
in the corner
on the corner
at the corner
in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。
①The lamp stands in the corner of the room.
②I met with him at the street corner.
③He sat on the corner of the table.
除了
besides
except
but
except for
besides指“除了……还有;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似,表示“除了…..外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“除...外,撇开”。
①All went out except me.
②I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
③His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
动作
at+名词
at dinner/table 在吃饭
at work 在工作
at war 交战
at cards 在玩牌
at work 在办公
at play 在玩耍
at rest 在休息
at school 在上学
at press 正在排印
at church 在做礼拜
beyond+名词
beyond belief 难以置信
beyond control 无法控制
beyond compare 无可比拟
beyond description 难以形容
beyond expression 无法表达
beyond suspicion 无可怀疑
in+名词
或in +名词+of+名词
in the army 在当兵
in need of 需要
in action 在运转
in progress 在进行
in operation 在运行中
in use 开始使用
in sight 看得见
in store 贮藏着
in course of construction 正在兴建当中
in (good) repair 维修良好的
in course of shipment 定的货正在运输途中
in charge of 负责
in the charge of 由……负责
in possession of 拥有
in the possession of 被……拥有
on+名词
on business 办事/出差
on holiday/vacation/leave 在休假
on watch 值班
on duty 值勤/日
on guard 在值勤
on strike 在罢工
on sale 出售
on loan 借贷
on the move 在移动,搬迁,离开
on the march 在行军
on the air 在广播
on fire 在燃烧
on trial 在试用
on show/display/exhibition 在展出
under+名词
under control 在被控制之中
under discussion 在被讨论中
under development 在被发展中
under observation 在被观察中
under test 在被测试
under construction 在被建设中
under fire 在炮火中
under examination 在被检查/调查中
under consideration 在被考虑中
under repair 在被修理中
under arrest 被被逮捕中
under attack 在被袭击中
under medical treatment 在被治疗中
under study 在被研究中
其他
against one’s opinion 反对某人的见解
for one’s opinion 同意某人的见解
above reproach 无可指责,无可非议
above suspicion 不受怀疑
above criticism 无可指责
at the mercy of 在……支配下;任由……摆布
for sale 供出售
for rent 供出租
within sight 看得见
四. 容易混淆的介词固定搭配的词组
类 型
举 例
差一冠词,大相径庭
in front of(在……前面)——in the front of(在……前部)
in charge of(负责)——in the charge of(由……负责)
out of question(毫无疑问)——out of the question(不可能)
at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at the table(在桌子旁边)
有无介词,意义不同
know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人
shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击
search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人
believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格
benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足,误加介词
serve the people 为人民服务(容易在serve后加for)
enter the room 进入房间(容易在enter后加into)
follow me 跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind)
marry sb. 与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)
go abroad 出国(容易在go后面加to)
live upstairs 住在楼上(容易在live后面加 in)
母语思维,误用介词
be caught in the rain 被雨淋着(不用by)
leave for some place 动身去某地(不用to)
set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样(不用for)
in the direction 朝着……方向(不用to)
do a favor for sb. 帮某人一个忙(不用to)
different from 和……不同(不用with)
with the help of 在……的帮助下(不用under)
steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西(不用of)
read sth. to sb. 给(为)……读(念)……(不用for)
题型03 名词
【题型诠释】
【知识要点1】名词单复数
英语中,名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词变复数形式时,遵循下列规则:
1. 一般情况下,在名词后添加后缀-s。
2. 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词,在名词后添加后缀-es。
3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先将-y变成-i,再加-es。
4. 部分以-f(e)结尾的名词,一般在词尾加后缀-s,但下面的几个名词在变复数时,要将-f(e)改为-ves。
5. 部分以-o结尾的名词,在名词后添加-es。如:
6. 其他几个特殊的名词复数变化情况:
7. 部分名词,单复数同形。
8. 由“-”连接几个词构成的名词,在变复数时遵循如下规则:
①有名词中心词的,复数后缀(-s/-es)加在名词中心词上。
②没有名词中心词的,复数后缀(-s/-es)加在词尾。
【知识要点2】名词作定语
一个名词修饰另一个名词充当定语时,作定语的名词的单复数形式要遵循以下三个原则(简称为:“名词作定语三原则”):
1、一个名词修饰另一个名词充当定语时,作定语的名词通常用单数形式。(简称为:“名词作定语,用单数”)如:a shoe factory a coffee cup
2、man, woman修饰一个名词充当定语时,man, woman的单复数形式与被修饰的名词的单复数形式保持一致。(简称为:“man,woman,一致”)a man/ woman worker two men/ women workers
3、sport修饰一个名词充当定语时,sport用复数形式。(简称为:“sport,复数”)the sports meeting
补充:
1、由“数量词-名词”构成的结构在修饰一个名词作定语时,其单复数形式遵循上述第一条原则。如:
a two-year period (也可写成:a two-years’ period)
2、sale作定语时,其单复数形式遵循上述第三条原则。如: a sales man
【知识要点3】名词所有格
英语中有三种名词所有格。
1、’s所有格。适用于有生命词。如: Tom’s book the dog’s leg
指时间、地理名称(山脉、河流、岛屿等)、天体名称、度量衡、价值等名词,也可以使用’s所有格。如: today’s newspaper
2、of所有格。适用于有生命词和无生命词。如: the leg of the desk the book of Tom the leg of the dog
3、双重所有格。即:融合了上述两种所有格。如: a friend of my mother’s (friends) a friend of mine
【高考真题】
【2024北京卷】 To practise this, we need to establish clear ___14___ (boundary) in our personal and professional life.
【2023北京卷】Mangroves can help soften waves and protect 15 (city) from coastal winds. For these reasons, they are praised as “coastal guardians”.
【2021年北京卷】Why do we dream?Scientists aren't completely sure,and they have diverse____11____ (idea).
【2020年北京卷】Over time, the bags fall apart___6___countless tiny pieces, and fish can accidentally eat some of them. Now, lots of___7___(country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them.
【2024北京卷】One day, I saw a boy walking along George Street with an armful of books. I thought ___18___ myself, “Why would he carry all his books? ”
【2023北京卷】Nina has run marathons in 32 countries. All of her runs have a guiding purpose: to call attention 17 global water issues.
【2022年北京卷】Helen was walking down the street late ____11____ the evening, her arms filled with grocery bags. Focused on balancing the bags, she didn’t notice her wallet falling out of her pocket. As Helen walked on, she heard a man charging towards her.
【2021年北京卷】Sam is an in-real-life streamer(播主),and he live streams himself just going about his day.While riding his bike home ____14____ a cold night,he came across a sad-looking elderly woman wandering the streets by herself.
【最新模考】
(2024·北京海淀·二模)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Many of our actions are initiated by emotion. Challenging situations will arise in our lives and 11 we handle these situations is a mark of how mature and independent we are. Keeping our emotions 12 dominating our lives is essential because stable emotion brings a sense of contentment and calm. Luckily, there are many 13 (help) techniques to control our emotions, such as meditation, yoga, and breathing exercises.
(2024·北京东城·二模)阅读下面短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When Lauren Schroeder, a high school student, 17 (show) up to a community food drive last year, she saw what people there got — just a lot of 18 (can) goods. She decided to become the change she wanted to see. Schroeder grew 7,000 pounds of produce and gave it all away to food banks. Her work drew the attention of Future Farmers of America, which gave her some money for 19 (supply) and seeds. Her goal is 20 (donate) 20,000 pounds of vegetables by the time she graduates.
【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】Humankind’s growing need for food is running up against thousands of other species’ need for space. By 2050, humans may need to clear an additional 3.35 million square 11 (kilometer) of land for agriculture. 12 (transform) these largely natural habitats would squeeze more than 17,000 vertebrate species from some of their lands. But changing how and where food 13 (grow) can minimize the impacts. “We can feed the planet without messing it up too badly,” says conservation scientist David Williams.
原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究!11
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
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热点题型·重点语法攻略
专题18 冠词介词名词
词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。
1.名词 noun n. student 学生
2.代词 pronoun pron. you 你
3.形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的
4.副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地
5.动词 verb v. cut 砍、割
6.数词 numeral num. three 三
7.冠词 article art. a 一个
8.介词 preposition prep. at 在...
9.连词 conjunction conj. and 和
10.感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦
前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。
题型01 冠词
【题型诠释】
冠词包括定冠词the(一般表特指)和不定冠词a/an(泛指一般的普通名词)。
1. 定冠词the的用法
注意读音:the desk / the apple
(1)the +单数名词,表示一类人或事物 eg: The horse is a useful animal.
(2)the +形容词,表示一类人或事物 eg: the poor / the rich
(3)口语中,谈话双方都知道的特定的人或事物 eg: Pass me the book, please.
(4)特指再次提及的人或事物 eg: He bought a book yesterday. The book is on the desk.
(5)表示世界上独一无二的事物 eg: the earth / the sun / the moon
(6)用在西洋乐器前(但一般不用在中国乐器前) eg: play the piano (play erhu)
(7)用在姓氏复数前表示一对夫妇或一家人 eg: the Smiths
(8)用在序数词前 eg: the first / the second / the last
(9)用在形容词或副词的最高级前 eg: the oldest / the fastest / the coldest
注意区分下面两句话:
It’s the most beautiful. 这是最漂亮的。
It’s most (very) beautiful. 这很漂亮。
另外当两个形容词或副词的最高级并列修饰同一名词时,后一个最高级前the可省略
He is the tallest and (the) fastest in our class.
(10)用在方位词和某些表示时间的词组或习惯用语前
eg: on the left/right in the east in the middle of in the end in the morning/afternoon/evening
(11)表示在世纪的某个年代eg: in the 1990’s / in the 1870s
(12)用在表示单位的名词前eg: by the hour/day/week/month/year
(13)在某些专有名词前eg: the Summer Palace / the Red Sea
(14)用在表示身体部位的名词前eg: He gave me a pat (拍) on the shoulder.
2. 不定冠词a/an的用法
注意使用:a bag / an apple
an hour / a useful box / an unusual day
(1) a/an + 单数名词,表示一类人或事物
eg: A fox is a cunning(狡猾的) animal.
(2) 表示一个人或事物,起介绍作用
eg: He is a doctor.
(3) 说明事物的同一性质、特征、程度或大小 = the same
eg: The two shirts are of a size.
Birds of a feather flock together.
(4) 用在表示时间或度量单位的名词前,具有“每一”的意思 = per
eg: 60 miles an hour 1000 yuan a month
(5) 用于人名前,表示说话人对此人不认识,也可以表示与某一名人有类似性质的人或事物
eg: A Mr. Smith(一个叫史密斯先生的人)came to see you this morning.
He is a Lei Feng in our class.
He wishes to become a Newton.
3. 零冠词的使用
(1) 复数名词表示一类人或事物
eg: Cows are useful animals.
(2) 在表示人名、地名、国名、季节、月份、星期几以及节日的名词前
eg: Tom Fujian China Spring May Sunday National Day
但以festival表达的节日则要使用冠词 eg: the Spring Festival
(3) 一日三餐及球类前
eg: have breakfast; play basketball
(4) 表示学科、棋类、颜色和感官名词前
eg: maths; play chess
White is a beautiful colour. Smell is one of the five senses.
(5) 称呼语或表示身份、职位、头衔的名词前
eg: Good morning, boys and girls. Where is Dad, Mum?
Uncle Wang; President Lincoln
(6) 物质名词和抽象名词前
eg: Desks are made of wood. Failure is the mother of success.
(7) 与 by 连用的表示交通工具的名词前eg: by bike; by bus; by sea/land/air
但如果换成其它表达就要使用冠词eg: in a boat; on the bus; take a taxi
(8) 名词前有名词所有格、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、疑问词以及某些形容词 (some/ any/ many/ much / little/ a little/ few/ a few / each/ every/ either/ another/ both/ all/ no等) 作定语时
eg: Whose purse is this?
(9) 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
eg: day and night; pen and ink; husband and wife; father and son; master and servant (仆人); heart and soul; brother and sister
(10) 某些介词连接的两个相对的名词时也不用冠词
eg: face to face; hand in hand; step by step; side by side; from top to bottom; from beginning to end
(11) 用as引导的让步状语从句,作为表语的名词提前且为单数时使用零冠词
eg: Child as he is, he can answer this question.
4. 使用冠词与不使用冠词的差异
eg: in hospital住院 / in the hospital在医院
at school在上学 / at the school在学校
in church作礼拜 / in the church在教堂
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in front of在……前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
in future从今以后/in the future未来
out of question毫无疑问;没问题/out of the question不可能
5. 使用定冠词与使用不定冠词的差异
eg: the most important meeting最重要的会有 /a most important meeting一次非常重要的会议
the third time第三次/a third time第三次+又(再)一次
in the distance在远处/at a distance稍远一些
for the moment目前;暂时/for a moment一会儿
a number of许多/the number of………的数量
6. 两个或多个名词并列使用时的差异
两个或多个名词并列使用时,若指一个人或事物,则在第一个名词前加冠词,若指两个或多个不同的人或事物,则每个名词前都要加冠词。
eg: a Chinese and English dictionary一本汉英词典
a Chinese and an English dictionary 一本汉语词典和一本英语词典
He is a teacher and writer. 他既是老师也是作家。
They are a teacher and a writer. 他们分别是一名老师和一位作家。
题型02 介词
【题型诠释】
介词是虚词,主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词(或动名词短语)、名词性从句等。
一. 介词的分类
分类
特点
例词
简单介词
即一个介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。
合成介词
由两个介词构成的合成词
into, onto, throughout, upon, within
短语介词
由短语构成
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。
双重介词
由两个介词搭配而成
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词
由现在分词转化而来
considering(就……而论), including,regarding,concerning等。
兼类介词
由形容词直接转化而来
like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。
二. 介词短语的语法功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
介词短语的功能
例 句
作定语
They didn’t find the solution to the problem.
作状语
We have breakfast at seven.(表时间)
They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因)
What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表方法)
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)
作表语
When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语
I found the old building in a bad condition.
三. 表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
表示的概念
介词(短语)
区 别
例 子
时间
in
on
at
at在一个时间点上;
in在一段时间之内;
on在具体某一天或具体的上午、下午、晚上。
①at 8 o'clock, at noon
②in the 1990s, in January
③on Monday, on a warm morning
since
from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;
from指从时间的某一点开始。
①We have not seen each other since 1995.
②I hope to do morning exercises from today.
in,
after
in指在一段时间之后,用于一般将来时,也可以指一段时间之内=within;
after表示某一具体时间点之后,用于一般过去时。
①We’ll be back in three days.
②After seven the rain began to fall.
in the end
at the end of
by the end of
in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;
at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;
by the end of 作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。
①In the end they reached a place of safety.
②At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.
③They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.
④By the end of last month he had finished the novel.
位置
between
among
一般说来,between表示两者之间;
among用于三者或三者以上之间。
①You are to sit between your father and me.
②He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,要用between。
①Agreements were made between the
different countries.
②The little valley lies between high mountains.
③They don’t know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.
in
on
to
in表示在某范围内;
on指与什么毗邻;
to指在某范围之外。
①Changchun is in the northeast of China.
②Mongolia is on the north of China.
③Japan is to the east of China.
on
in
on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。
①There is a book on the piece of paper.
②There is an interesting article in the
newspaper.
③ He dug a hole in the wall.
in
into
in通常表示位置(静态);
into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。
①We walked in the park.
②We walked into the park.
through
across
through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;
across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。
①Water flows through the pipe.
②The old man walked across the street.
in the corner
on the corner
at the corner
in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。
①The lamp stands in the corner of the room.
②I met with him at the street corner.
③He sat on the corner of the table.
除了
besides
except
but
except for
besides指“除了……还有;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似,表示“除了…..外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“除...外,撇开”。
①All went out except me.
②I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
③His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
动作
at+名词
at dinner/table 在吃饭
at work 在工作
at war 交战
at cards 在玩牌
at work 在办公
at play 在玩耍
at rest 在休息
at school 在上学
at press 正在排印
at church 在做礼拜
beyond+名词
beyond belief 难以置信
beyond control 无法控制
beyond compare 无可比拟
beyond description 难以形容
beyond expression 无法表达
beyond suspicion 无可怀疑
in+名词
或in +名词+of+名词
in the army 在当兵
in need of 需要
in action 在运转
in progress 在进行
in operation 在运行中
in use 开始使用
in sight 看得见
in store 贮藏着
in course of construction 正在兴建当中
in (good) repair 维修良好的
in course of shipment 定的货正在运输途中
in charge of 负责
in the charge of 由……负责
in possession of 拥有
in the possession of 被……拥有
on+名词
on business 办事/出差
on holiday/vacation/leave 在休假
on watch 值班
on duty 值勤/日
on guard 在值勤
on strike 在罢工
on sale 出售
on loan 借贷
on the move 在移动,搬迁,离开
on the march 在行军
on the air 在广播
on fire 在燃烧
on trial 在试用
on show/display/exhibition 在展出
under+名词
under control 在被控制之中
under discussion 在被讨论中
under development 在被发展中
under observation 在被观察中
under test 在被测试
under construction 在被建设中
under fire 在炮火中
under examination 在被检查/调查中
under consideration 在被考虑中
under repair 在被修理中
under arrest 被被逮捕中
under attack 在被袭击中
under medical treatment 在被治疗中
under study 在被研究中
其他
against one’s opinion 反对某人的见解
for one’s opinion 同意某人的见解
above reproach 无可指责,无可非议
above suspicion 不受怀疑
above criticism 无可指责
at the mercy of 在……支配下;任由……摆布
for sale 供出售
for rent 供出租
within sight 看得见
四. 容易混淆的介词固定搭配的词组
类 型
举 例
差一冠词,大相径庭
in front of(在……前面)——in the front of(在……前部)
in charge of(负责)——in the charge of(由……负责)
out of question(毫无疑问)——out of the question(不可能)
at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at the table(在桌子旁边)
有无介词,意义不同
know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人
shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击
search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人
believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格
benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足,误加介词
serve the people 为人民服务(容易在serve后加for)
enter the room 进入房间(容易在enter后加into)
follow me 跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind)
marry sb. 与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)
go abroad 出国(容易在go后面加to)
live upstairs 住在楼上(容易在live后面加 in)
母语思维,误用介词
be caught in the rain 被雨淋着(不用by)
leave for some place 动身去某地(不用to)
set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样(不用for)
in the direction 朝着……方向(不用to)
do a favor for sb. 帮某人一个忙(不用to)
different from 和……不同(不用with)
with the help of 在……的帮助下(不用under)
steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西(不用of)
read sth. to sb. 给(为)……读(念)……(不用for)
题型03 名词
【题型诠释】
【知识要点1】名词单复数
英语中,名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词变复数形式时,遵循下列规则:
1. 一般情况下,在名词后添加后缀-s。
2. 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词,在名词后添加后缀-es。
3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先将-y变成-i,再加-es。
4. 部分以-f(e)结尾的名词,一般在词尾加后缀-s,但下面的几个名词在变复数时,要将-f(e)改为-ves。
5. 部分以-o结尾的名词,在名词后添加-es。如:
6. 其他几个特殊的名词复数变化情况:
7. 部分名词,单复数同形。
8. 由“-”连接几个词构成的名词,在变复数时遵循如下规则:
①有名词中心词的,复数后缀(-s/-es)加在名词中心词上。
②没有名词中心词的,复数后缀(-s/-es)加在词尾。
【知识要点2】名词作定语
一个名词修饰另一个名词充当定语时,作定语的名词的单复数形式要遵循以下三个原则(简称为:“名词作定语三原则”):
1、一个名词修饰另一个名词充当定语时,作定语的名词通常用单数形式。(简称为:“名词作定语,用单数”)如:a shoe factory a coffee cup
2、man, woman修饰一个名词充当定语时,man, woman的单复数形式与被修饰的名词的单复数形式保持一致。(简称为:“man,woman,一致”)a man/ woman worker two men/ women workers
3、sport修饰一个名词充当定语时,sport用复数形式。(简称为:“sport,复数”)the sports meeting
补充:
1、由“数量词-名词”构成的结构在修饰一个名词作定语时,其单复数形式遵循上述第一条原则。如:
a two-year period (也可写成:a two-years’ period)
2、sale作定语时,其单复数形式遵循上述第三条原则。如: a sales man
【知识要点3】名词所有格
英语中有三种名词所有格。
1、’s所有格。适用于有生命词。如: Tom’s book the dog’s leg
指时间、地理名称(山脉、河流、岛屿等)、天体名称、度量衡、价值等名词,也可以使用’s所有格。如: today’s newspaper
2、of所有格。适用于有生命词和无生命词。如: the leg of the desk the book of Tom the leg of the dog
3、双重所有格。即:融合了上述两种所有格。如: a friend of my mother’s (friends) a friend of mine
【高考真题】
【2024北京卷】 To practise this, we need to establish clear ___14___ (boundary) in our personal and professional life.
【14题详解】
考场名词的数。句意:为了实践这一点,我们需要在个人和职业生活中建立明确的界限。句中boundary是可数名词,表示“界限”,根据空后in our personal and professional life可知,此处表示不止一个界限,名词应用复数形式boundaries。故填boundaries。
【2023北京卷】Mangroves can help soften waves and protect 15 (city) from coastal winds. For these reasons, they are praised as “coastal guardians”.
11. 【答案】cities
【解析】考查名词复数。句意:红树林有助于软化海浪,保护城市免受沿海风的侵袭。此处应用名词city作宾语,为可数名词,应用复数形式表泛指,故填cities。
【2021年北京卷】Why do we dream?Scientists aren't completely sure,and they have diverse____11____ (idea).
【11题详解】
考查可数名词的数。句意:科学家们还不能完全确定,他们有不同的想法。diverse“不同的,多种多样的”,形容词作定语,后接可数名词复数;idea想法,可数名词。故填ideas。
【2020年北京卷】Over time, the bags fall apart___6___countless tiny pieces, and fish can accidentally eat some of them. Now, lots of___7___(country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them.
【6题详解】
考查介词。句意:随着时间的推移,这些袋子分解成成无数的小碎片,鱼可能会不小心吃掉其中一些。固定搭配fall apart into/to...(分崩离析成……),介词into/to可表“进入……之中/变成……”。故填into/to。
【7题详解】
考查名词的数。句意:现在,许多国家和地区正在采取行动禁止销售这种袋子,以阻止人们使用。lots of修饰可数名词复数,故填countries。
【2024北京卷】One day, I saw a boy walking along George Street with an armful of books. I thought ___18___ myself, “Why would he carry all his books? ”
【18题详解】
考查介词。句意:我心想,“他为什么要把所有的书都拿着?”think to oneself为固定搭配,表示“心想,暗想”,符合语境。故填to。
【2023北京卷】Nina has run marathons in 32 countries. All of her runs have a guiding purpose: to call attention 17 global water issues.
【答案】to
【解析】考查介词。句意:她所有的跑步活动都有一个指导目的:呼吁人们关注全球水资源问题。表示“关注”短语为call attention to。故填to。
【2022年北京卷】Helen was walking down the street late ____11____ the evening, her arms filled with grocery bags. Focused on balancing the bags, she didn’t notice her wallet falling out of her pocket. As Helen walked on, she heard a man charging towards her.
11.【答案】in
【解析】考查介词。句意:深夜,海伦抱着购物袋走在街上。in the evening意为“在晚上”,固定搭配。故in。
【2021年北京卷】Sam is an in-real-life streamer(播主),and he live streams himself just going about his day.While riding his bike home ____14____ a cold night,he came across a sad-looking elderly woman wandering the streets by herself.
【14题详解】on
考查介词。句意:在一个寒冷的夜晚,当他骑着自行车回家时,他遇到了一个看起来悲伤的老妇人独自在街上游荡。表示“在具体的某一天”或“(在具体的某一天的)早上、中午、晚上”等,须用介词on。故填on。
【最新模考】
(2024·北京海淀·二模)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Many of our actions are initiated by emotion. Challenging situations will arise in our lives and 11 we handle these situations is a mark of how mature and independent we are. Keeping our emotions 12 dominating our lives is essential because stable emotion brings a sense of contentment and calm. Luckily, there are many 13 (help) techniques to control our emotions, such as meditation, yoga, and breathing exercises.
【答案】 12.from
【导语】本文的体裁为说明文。作者介绍了控制情绪的重要性以及几种实用的方法。
12.考查固定短语。 句意:控制情绪不被其主宰我们的生活至关重要,因为稳定的情绪能带来满足感和平静。本空填介词from,keep...from...“阻止……做……,使……免于……”为固定短语。故填from。
(2024·北京东城·二模)阅读下面短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When Lauren Schroeder, a high school student, 17 (show) up to a community food drive last year, she saw what people there got — just a lot of 18 (can) goods. She decided to become the change she wanted to see. Schroeder grew 7,000 pounds of produce and gave it all away to food banks. Her work drew the attention of Future Farmers of America, which gave her some money for 19 (supply) and seeds. Her goal is 20 (donate) 20,000 pounds of vegetables by the time she graduates.
【答案】 19.supplies
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要说明了高中生劳伦·施罗德种植了7000磅农产品,并全部捐给了食品银行。她的工作引起了美国未来农民组织的注意,该组织给了她一些钱来购买物资和种子。她的目标是在毕业前捐出2万磅蔬菜。
19.考查名词的数。句意:她的工作引起了美国未来农民组织的注意,该组织给了她一些钱来购买物资和种子。根据后文and seeds可知应用复数,作介词的宾语。故填supplies。
【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】Humankind’s growing need for food is running up against thousands of other species’ need for space. By 2050, humans may need to clear an additional 3.35 million square 11 (kilometer) of land for agriculture. 12 (transform) these largely natural habitats would squeeze more than 17,000 vertebrate species from some of their lands. But changing how and where food 13 (grow) can minimize the impacts. “We can feed the planet without messing it up too badly,” says conservation scientist David Williams.
【答案】11.kilometers 12.Transforming/To transform
【导语】本文是一篇说明文,主要讲的是人类对食物日益增长的需求与成千上万的其他物种对空间的需求发生了冲突。
11.考查名词的复数。句意:到2050年,人类可能需要额外清理335万平方公里的农业用地。由3.35 million可知,可数名词kilometer用复数形式,故填kilometers。
12.考查动名词和不定式。句意:改变这些主要是自然栖息地,将从它们的一些土地上挤出超过17000种脊椎动物。空格处用动名词和不定式作主语,位于句首的单词首字母要大写,故填Transforming/To transform。
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