Unit 9 Section Ⅱ Lesson 2 & Lesson 3-【金版教程】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第三册创新导学案课件PPT（北师大版2019）

WELCOME UNIT UNIT 9　HUMAN BIOLOGY Section Ⅱ　Lesson 2 & Lesson 3 课前预习自检 重点合作探究 目录 CONTENTS 1 2 课堂效果检测(一) 3 课后课时作业(三) 6 课后课时作业(四) 7 课时语法精讲 4 课堂效果检测(二) 5 课前预习自检 Epidemics Explained 流行病探因 An epidemic is the name given to an infectious disease that rapidly spreads to a large number of people within a short period of time—usually two weeks or less． 流行病是指在短时间内——通常两周或更短——迅速在大量人群中传播的传染性疾病。 Epidemics have been happening for as long as there have been people living on Earth． 自从地球上有人类生活以来，流行病就一直出现。 课前预习自检 •They can be caused by several different factors， such as a virus being carried into an area， or changes in the way people live， like more people living in an area， which increases the chances of them coming into contact with a virus or bacteria． 它们可能由不同因素引起，例如被带入某个地区的病毒，或者由于人们生活方式的改变，比如说某一地区居住的人群增多，从而增加了接触病毒或细菌的几率。 课前预习自检 ① ________ n． 传染病，流行病 ② _____ n． 因素，要素 ③ _____ n． 病毒 ④ ______ n． 细菌 ⑤“主(They)谓(can be caused)”。such as a virus ... 是介词短语作 ________，解释说明factors，其中being carried into an area是现在分词的被动语态作 _________，修饰virus; which increases the chances ... with a virus or bacteria是which引导的_____ ______________从句，指代more people living in an area。 epidemic factor virus bacteria 同位语 后置定语 非限制性定语 课前预习自检 Each disease can only officially be classified as an epidemic once a certain number of deaths have occurred from the disease． 只有致死病例达到一定数量，某种疾病才会被正式定性为流行病。 The number of deaths is different for every disease． 每种疾病的死亡数量各不相同。 So a very rare disease will have a low baseline and just a few cases of it in one place will be classified as an epidemic; as opposed to more common diseases， such as the flu， that have a higher baseline． 所以罕见疾病的基线很低，某一地区只出现少数病例，也会被认定为是流行病；与此相反，常见疾病的基线较高，如流感。 课前预习自检 The common cold is a widespread virus that affects millions of people， but it is not seen as being a serious enough condition to deserve the classification of an epidemic． 普通感冒是一种广泛传播的病毒，可感染数百万人，但它还没有被视为一种足以被列为流行病的严重疾病。 课前预习自检 ⑥ ________ adv． 官方地，正式地 ⑦ _______ vt． 将……分类；把……归入一类 ⑧ ____ adj． 稀有的，罕见的，不常发生的 ⑨ _______ n． (医学或科学中的)基线，准线 ⑩ _______ adj． 与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物 ⑪ __________ adj． 分布广的，广泛流传的 ⑫ ___________ n． 归类，分类，分级 officially classify rare baseline opposed widespread classification 课前预习自检 With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past， Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues about how we can create a more positive future without epidemics． 最近的新闻报道将禽流感和过去致命的流行病进行了比较，吉姆·史密斯在屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找线索，看看我们如何创造一个没有流行病的美好未来。 Since bird flu first appeared in 1997， it has taken more than a hundred lives． 禽流感自1997年首次出现以来，已经夺去了一百多人的生命。 课前预习自检 •Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic， especially as scientists who have gone into detail studying tissue samples from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu have proved that bird flu is a modern adaptation of that virus． 许多人担心它可能会是下一个全球流行病，尤其是科学家们对1918年西班牙流感死亡者尸体的组织样本进行了仔细研究，证明禽流感是该病毒的现代变异版本。 课前预习自检 ⑬ ______ n． (不同地点或不同时间的两事物之间的)联系，相似　adj． 平行的 ⑭ ________ adj． 令人沮丧的，让人忧愁的 ⑮ ______ n． 样本，样品　vt． 品尝，尝试；对……做抽样调查 ⑯“主句(Many people ... epidemic)＋时间状语从句(especially as ... that virus)”。从句的结构为“主(scientists)谓(have proved)＋宾语从句(that bird flu is ... that virus)”；who have gone ... the 1918 Spanish Flu是who引导的 ____从句，修饰主语scientists；其中who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu是 ____从句，修饰先行词people。 parallel depressing sample 定语 定语 课前预习自检 One of the earliest epidemics on record happened between about 500 and 550 CE． 有记载的最早的流行病之一，大约发生在公元500年至550年之间。 Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area's population died from the epidemic， making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire． 科学家现今估计，发病区域多达50%的人口死于这一流行病，成为罗马帝国衰落的主要原因之一。 Then， in the 1330s， this epidemic returned， this time in Asia． 接着，14世纪30 年代，这一流行病又卷土重来，这次在亚洲。 It spread rapidly to Europe and became known as “The Black Death” because one visible symptom was black spots on the body． 它迅速传播到欧洲，而且由于(患者)身上会出现明显的黑斑症状，被称为“黑死病”。 课前预习自检 ⑰ ____ 公元(用于日期后) ⑱ ______ vt． 估计，估算 ⑲ _____ adj． 看得见的 ⑳ _______ n． 症状；征兆，症候 CE estimate visible symptom 课前预习自检 Centuries later， the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918， also called the Spanish Flu， struck near the end of World War Ⅰ． 几个世纪后，1918年的大流感，也被称为西班牙流感，在第一次世界大战接近尾声时爆发。 Families who had only just got through the war now had to bury their loved ones who had died of the disease． 刚刚熬过战争的人们现在不得不埋葬他们死于疾病的亲人。 As a result of the war， more people were travelling and moving perhaps than ever before in history and this caused the epidemic to spread worldwide． 由于战争，比历史上任何时候都要多的人流动和搬迁，这导致了该流行病蔓延到全世界。 课前预习自检 Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months， the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most severe epidemic in history． 西班牙流感在18个月内造成5，000万人死亡，成为历史上最严重的流行病。 More people died of the flu than died in the war． 死于流感的人比死于战争的人还要多。 •Initially， many people believed that such epidemics no longer posed a threat until very recently when SARS became a cause for concern． 起初，许多人以为这种流行病不会再构成威胁，直至最近非典出现，再次成为令人担忧的原因。 课前预习自检 _____ vt． 埋葬，安葬；埋藏 ____ vt． 造成，引起，产生(问题、危险、困难等); n． (为画像、拍照等而摆的)姿势，姿态 “主句(many people ... recently) ________从句(when ... concern)”。其中that引导 _____从句。 bury pose 时间状语 21 22 23 宾语 课前预习自检 The SARS epidemic began in 2002 with a case of lung disease in Guangdong Province． 非典疫情始于2002年广东省的一例肺部疾病。 It spread to Canada， Vietnam and Singapore and lasted until 2003． 它传播到加拿大、越南和新加坡，并一直持续到2003年。 SARS was examined by scientists， who were confused by this new disease and wanted to learn more about it and its causes． 对这种新型疾病感到困惑的科学家，对非典进行检测，想要了解它及其成因的更多信息。 课前预习自检 Infection rates went up steadily， and in the course of the outbreak， about 8，000 people were infected over nine months． 感染率不断上升，在爆发期九个月内感染了约8，000人。 Since the end of the SARS epidemic， scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prevent any future outbreaks． 自从非典疫情结束后，科学家们一直在试验各种治疗手段，以防止未来疫情再次爆发。 课前预习自检 _____ n． 肺 _______ adv． 稳定的 _______ n． (战争或疾病)爆发，突然发生 _____ n． 试验；审判，审理 lung steadily outbreak trial 24 25 26 27 课前预习自检 Then， from 2013 to 2016， there was the most widespread outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa， which resulted in a major loss of life in a number of west African countries． 随后，从2013年到2016年，西非爆发了大规模传染病——埃博拉病毒性疾病(EVD)，夺去了多个西非国家许多人的生命。 11，310 deaths were officially recorded， but the actual number of deaths is probably much higher． 官方统计的死亡人数为11，310 人，而实际死亡人数可能要更高。 The virus was extremely infectious and the survival rate was as low as 30% in some areas， indicating that very few people got over it． 该病毒极具传染性，一些地区的存活率低至30%，也就是说很少有人能康复。 课前预习自检 _____ adj． 实际的，真实的 actual 28 课前预习自检 •Despite， or perhaps because of， the epidemics the world has faced in recent years， governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they want thorough and systematic medical research on epidemics to get at the causes and come up with cures as soon as possible． 尽管，或者是因为近年来全球面临着流行病，世界各国政府已经强调，他们应该对流行病进行彻底和系统地医学研究，以便尽快找出原因并尽快找到治疗方法。 Countries will need to work together to do this because teamwork among nations across the globe can save lives． 这需要各个国家的共同努力，因为全球各国之间的团队合作才能拯救生命。 课前预习自检 _______ vt． 强调，使突出；在……之下画线 _______ adj． 彻底的，全面的，详尽的 ________ adj． 系统化的，有条理的 ____ n． 地球，世界；地球仪 “主(governments)谓(have underlined)宾(the fact)”。Despite， or perhaps ... in recent years作 _____；that they want ... as soon as possible是that引导的 ______从句，解释说明fact的内容；to get at ... possible是不定式短语作________ 。 underline thorough systematic globe 状语 同位语 29 30 31 32 33 目的状语 课前预习自检 重点合作探究 1 contain vt． 包含，容纳，装盛(教材P112) 易混 辨析 contain和include的区别： (1)contain通常用来指某种容器中盛有某物，还指某种物质中含有某成分。指作为组成部分而被“包含”或“容纳”在内。一般不用于进行时(contain的名词形式为container，意为“容器；集装箱”)。 (2)include通常指把某物作为其中的一部分包含在内。指被包含者只是整体中的一部分(including作介词时，意为“包括……在内”)。 重点合作探究 ①This drink doesn't contain any alcohol． 这种饮料不含任何酒精。 ②The trip has been extended to include a few other events． 这次行程已经延长，包括其他一些活动。 ③The document stresses the country's ability to ensure the supply of grain and major agricultural products， including stabilizing the sown area of grain． 该文件强调，国家有能力确保粮食和主要农产品的供应，包括稳定粮食播种面积。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Food will last longer if kept in an airtight ________ (contain)． ②We three students， _______ (include) Tom， went to see that film last night． ＝We three students， Tom _______ (include)， went to see that film last night． (2)选词填空(include/contain) ①The university ________ ten colleges． ②This moon cake ________ sugar and nuts． container including included includes contains 重点合作探究 2 locate vi．& vt． 找出……的准确位置(教材P112) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①The mechanic located the fault immediately． 机修工立即找到了出故障的地方。 ②Located in Aegean Sea near the coast of Turkey， Rhodes is popular for its great beaches and historical significance． 罗德岛位于爱琴海，靠近土耳其海岸，因其美妙的沙滩和悠久的历史而广受欢迎。 ③What is the exact location of the ship? 那条船的确切位置在哪里？ 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ① ________ (locate) in the downtown， the supermarket attracts thousands of customers every day． ②The store ________ (locate) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome． ③The movie was shot entirely on ________ (locate) in Italy． Located is located location 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①每个楼层和公寓里都有灭火器。 Fire extinguishers _____________ each floor and in each apartment． ②她知道该公司总部的准确位置。 She knew ___________________ the company’s headquarter． are located on the exact location of 重点合作探究 3 variation n． 变化物，变体；差异，变动(教材P58) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①“Nutter” is a variation of the old English surnames “Notere”． “Nutter”是古英语姓氏“Notere”的变体。 ②The samples varied in quality but were generally acceptable． 这些样品质量有差异，但是大体上可以接受。 ③According to the doctor， the effect of the treatment varies with different individuals． 据医生说，疗效因人而异。 ④The temperature here varies greatly between day and night． 这里白天和夜晚的温差很大。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Class numbers vary between 25 ____ 30． ②Society is made up of a ______ (vary) of people; some are good， others (are) bad， and still others (are) in between． ③Everyone arrived late at the party for _______ (vary) reasons． and variety various 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①我们的风格将随自己情绪的变化而变化。 Our style will _________ our changes in mood． ②我们各地的风俗习惯都不同。 Our customs ____________________． ③人们会由于种种原因改变主意。 People change their minds for _________________________________． vary with vary from place to place a variety of/varieties of/various reasons 重点合作探究 4 as long as 只要；和……一样长(教材P58) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest． 我决定只用一个玩具陪他玩，只要它能保持他的兴趣。 ②Fields and hills stretched out as far as we could see． 放眼望去，田野山丘绵延不绝。 ③The book isn't， in all honesty， as good as I expected． 说实话，这本书并没有我预想的那么好。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①One's life has value as long ___ one brings value to the life of others． ②As ___ as I am concerned， he is always willing to help others． (2)单句表达 ①这证明，只要我们有强大的信念，就能够克服任何困难。 This proves that __________________________， we'll be able to get over any difficulty． ②对他来说遗憾的是，他的头衔既带来了特权也带来了义务。 Unfortunately for him， his title brought obligations ________ privileges． as far as long as we have a strong will as well as 重点合作探究 5 classify vt． 将……分类；把……归入一类(教材P58) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①Only eleven of these accidents were classified as major． 这些事故中只有11起被列为重大事故。 ②We are requested to classify the cakes according to/by the prices． 要求我们根据价格对蛋糕进行分类。 ③The classification based on DNA seems to be much more reliable． 基于DNA的分类似乎更可靠。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Living creatures are classified ____ plants， animals and protists． ②The books in the library ___________ (classify) according to/by subject． ③For the convenience of our ____________ (classify)， any over eighteen years old counts as an adult． (2)单句表达 你认为她的小说属于严肃文学类，还是其他类？ Would you ___________________ serious literature or others? into are classified classification classify her novels as 重点合作探究 6 rare adj． 稀有的，罕见的，不常发生的(教材P58) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①Many rare animals are dying out． 许多稀有动物将要灭绝。 ②It is rare to find such loyalty these days． 这样忠心耿耿，在今天非常少见。 ③It's extremely rare for it to be this hot in April． 这样炎热的四月是极其罕见的。 ④Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait， and is usually advised to reduce it． 愤怒很少被看作是一种有益的性格特征，人们通常建议要减少愤怒。 重点合作探究 rarely位于句首时，句子要部分倒装，有类似用法的否定副词还有never， little， seldom， hardly等。 Rarely is this method used in modern labs． 现代实验室很少使用这种方法。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Tom ______ (rare) goes to other places except for the office． ②It’s very rare _______ (find) someone who combines such qualities． (2)单句表达 ①这是一个难得的公费留学的机会。 It's __________________________________ funded by the government． ②我很少听到这样离奇的故事。 Rarely ___________ such a strange story． rarely to find a rare opportunity/chance to study abroad have I heard 重点合作探究 7 opposed adj． 与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物(教材P58) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①I'm opposed to you/your going there alone． ＝I oppose you/your going there alone． 我反对你单独去那里。 ②Gene­therapy is very controversial and many people oppose further research into it． 基因疗法争议很大，许多人反对对它做进一步的研究。 ③Answers are given on the opposite page． 答案在对页上。 ④Her features were almost the opposite of the Japanese ideal of beauty in those days． 她的容貌几乎和当时日本的美人典范正好相反。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①At first he was ________ (oppose) to the scheme， but we managed to argue him into accepting it． ②I have been consistently opposed to ________ (feed) a baby regularly． ③What is the ________ (oppose) of heavy? ④Representatives expressed strong ________ (oppose) to the plans． (2)单句表达 我们反对的那个提议应该在下次会议上重新讨论。 The proposal we ______________ should be rediscussed at the next meeting． opposed feeding opposite opposition were opposed to 重点合作探究 8 Centuries later， the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918， also called the Spanish Flu， struck near the end of World War Ⅰ．(教材P59) 几个世纪后，第一次世界大战快结束时爆发了1918年大流感，又称西班牙流感。 剖析 called the Spanish Flu是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918。 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions． 我们必须调整思路来适应改变了的情况。 ②He is one of those invited． 他是那些被邀请的人之一。 ③They finally accepted the proposal put forward (＝which/that was put forward) at the meeting． 他们最终接受了会上提出的建议。 重点合作探究 单个的过去分词有时置于名词后作定语，用以表示强调。 The experience gained is very useful． 获取的经验很有用。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①The bridge ____ (build) two years ago is the second longest in Shanghai． ②We'll go on with our experiment as soon as we get the _____ (add) fund． ③They decided to change the product ____ (use)． (2)单句表达 ①报纸上没有什么报道使他感兴趣。 ______________ in the newspaper interested him． ②通过互联网购买的日常商品的价格可以低于一些商店的价格。 Prices of daily goods _____________________ can be lower than some store prices． built added used Nothing reported bought through the Internet 重点合作探究 9 bury vt． 埋葬，安葬；埋藏(教材P59) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago． 这当然造成了一个新的问题：在芝加哥，几乎每栋建筑的第一层都被泥土掩埋了。 ②Mary is sitting on a park bench， buried in her book． ＝Mary is sitting on a park bench， burying herself in her book． 玛丽坐在公园的长椅上，专心致志地看书。 重点合作探究 “专心于”的其他表达：①be absorbed in　②be lost in　③be devoted to/devote oneself to　④concentrate on　⑤focus on 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①She always has her head buried __ books． ②He buried ______ (he) in his research， so he didn’t notice I passed by． (2)单句表达 我进来时他正专心看杂志。 _____________________________ reading a magazine when I came in． in himself He buried himself in/was buried in 重点合作探究 10 as a result of 作为……的结果；因此，由于(教材P59) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①All flights have to be cancelled as a result of the pilots' strike． 由于飞行员的罢工，所有的航班被迫取消。 ②As a result， people often got very hungry during the long wait between these two meals． 结果，人们经常因为这两顿饭相隔时间太长而感到非常饿。 ③His careless driving resulted in the accident． ＝The accident resulted from his careless driving． 他的粗心驾驶导致了这起事故。 重点合作探究 result in “导致/造成……的结果”，相当于lead to/cause/bring about，后面跟表示结果的词；result from “(由于……而)发生，产生”，相当于lie in，后跟表示原因的词。 重点合作探究 (1)选词填空(as a result/as a result of) ①He was late __________ the snow． ②It rained heavily． _________， we had to stay at home． (2)一句多译 成功来自努力工作和良好的机会。 __________________ hard work and good opportunities． ＝Hard work and good opportunities ______________． as a result of As a result Success results from result in success 重点合作探究 11 underline vt． 强调，使突出；在……之下划线(教材P59) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①This incident underlines the danger of travelling in the border area． 这一事件突出显示了在边界地区旅行的危险。 ②You need to pay extra attention to the underlined words． 你需要特别注意带下划线的单词。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Translate the _________ (underline) English sentences into Chinese． ②The links between forests and other subjects must ____________ (underline)． (2)单句表达 ①老师要求学生拿出两支彩笔，分别在表示肯定和否定意义的词下面划线。 The teacher asked the students to take two coloured pens and _________________ ________________． ②这份报告强调学前教育的重要性。 The report ________________________ pre­school education． underlined be underlined underline the positive and negative words underlines the importance of 重点合作探究 课堂效果检测（一） Ⅰ．根据语境及汉语提示和首字母提示完成句子 1．Any substance is made of _____ (原子) whether it is solid， liquid or gas． 2．It’s only a ________ (纵横字谜) puzzle that helps increase my vocabulary． 3．These soils _______ (包含) lots of organic matter． 4．______ (器官) donation to strangers is considered an unselfish act． 5．You’ll need such information to use as a _______ (基线) for measuring progress． 答案 atom crossword contain Organ baseline 课堂效果检测(一) 6．The effects of climate change are likely to be seen across the entire tropical z___． 7．Keeping a diary can help you work out your daily food i______ more accurately． 8．The city last month tightened travel controls to curb the spread of the v____． 9．Physical activity is an important f_____ in maintaining fitness． 10．The election results have still not been o_______ announced． 答案 one ntake irus actor fficially 课堂效果检测(一) Ⅱ．单句语法填空 1．The hotel is centrally ______ (locate) for all major attractions． 2．A ________ (vary) of a gene can influence people’s social behavior． 3．The __________ (classify) based on DNA seems to be much more reliable． 4．I have _____ (rare) seen her display any sign of emotion． 5．She remained bitterly ________ (oppose) to the idea of moving abroad． 答案 located variation classification rarely opposed 课堂效果检测(一) 6．Looking for a job these days can be very ________ (depress)． 7．The company’s exports have been increasing ________ (steady)． 8．There are lots of people there who can ________ (actual) help you． 9．They went about their business in a ________ (system) way． 10．We need to take a more _____ (globe) approach to the problem． 答案 depressing steadily actually systematic global 课堂效果检测(一) 1．We can stay here for ________ our supplies hold out． 2．This substance should not __________________ food． 3．One movie ____________ pure art， the other as entertainment． 4．____________ employees was reduced from 40 to 25． 5．__________ people have lost their homes． Ⅲ．选词填空 答案 as long as come into contact with is classified as The number of Millions of on record; millions of; as a result of; come into contact with; be classified as; as long as; die of；the number of; look at; up to 课堂效果检测(一) 6．If one _______ the bigger picture， a lot of positive things are happening． 7．She nearly ______ pneumonia． 8．Due to global warming， we experienced the warmest year ________ last year． 9．The strongest ant can lift _____ 100 times its own body weight． 10．Millions will face starvation next year ____________ the drought． 答案 looks at on record up to as a result of died of 课堂效果检测(一) 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 语法体验 单句语法填空 1．She got separated from her husband， because she couldn’t put up _____ his bad temper． 2．I’ve got ____ the habit of calling in on my grandparents on my way home from school． 3．If you want to apply ___ a job at the office where I work， I’ll put in a good word for you． 4．Please turn ___ the light when you leave the room． 5．Please tell me how the accident came _____； I am still in the dark． 答案 with into for off about 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 6．I am not sure how he will fit __ with the other people． 7．Smell the flowers before you go to sleep， and you may just end ___ with sweet dreams． 8．Mike has only driven to the pub to show ___ his new car—he usually walks! 9．What do you think plays an important part ___ their lives? 10．You may plan to make up ___ the lost sleep time on weekends． 答案 in up off in for 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 语法讲座 短语动词是由两三个单词组成的动词，常为动词加介词、副词或其他词构成的词组，其作用和动词差不多。有些短语动词相当于及物动词，有些则相当于不及物动词。 一、动词＋介词(verb＋preposition) 这类短语动词的宾语不论是名词还是人称代词，都要放在短语动词的后面。例如： He wants to check with his secretary before he signs the paper． 在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) He has been asked to account for his absence． 已要求他说明缺席的原因。 The murderer did not reckon on the policeman's finding the gun． 杀人犯没料到警察会发现那把枪。 The marquis will succeed to the dukedom at his father's death． 在其父亲死后，侯爵就将继承公爵的爵位。 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) (1)“不及物动词＋介词”具有原来的字面含义，有时也含有一种或者多种引申的意义。例如： come to a close 结束 come to a decision 作出决定 come to life 活跃起来 come into effect 生效，实行 come into being 形成，产生 (2)有的短语动词却不能用被动语态，如：consist of， serve as等。例如： It consists of more than 400 elements． 它包括超过400种元素。 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 这类短语动词，有的相当于一个及物动词；此类短语动词一般都可以构成被动语态。例如： turn up the radio 把收音机开大 turn up the soil 把地翻起 take up a new tool 拿起新工具 take up this question 继续谈到这个问题 take up a challenge 接受挑战 二、动词＋副词(verb＋adverb) 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) They were so far away that I couldn't make out their faces clearly． 他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸辨认清楚。 Trains stop here in order to pick up passengers only． →Trains stop here in order that passengers are picked up only． 火车在这里停，只接待旅客。 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) (1)这类短语动词相当于及物动词时，若宾语为名词，一般既可放在短语动词之后，也可放在动词和副词之间。若短语动词的直接宾语为代词，则位于动词与副词之间。例如： give it (指heat) out放出它(热量)； keep them (指the molecules) apart使它们(分子)保持分离 (2)某些表示及物的短语动词却具有自己的固定模式：有的不允许随便将副词放在宾语之后(除非是宾语为代词)；有的不允许随便将副词放在宾语之前。例如： They had given up hope．(√) They had given hope up．(×) I was laughing my head off．(√) I was laughing off my head．(×) 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 1．在这类结构中间的名词前有时可加冠词或形容词。例如： take (an active) part in (积极)参加 put an end to 结束；终止 take an interest in this problem 对该问题感兴趣 play a (key) role in machine­building industry 在机械制造工业中起(关键)作用 take care of production 负责管理生产 keep sb from smoking 阻止某人抽烟 protect sb from danger 保护某人免受危险 三、动词＋名词/代词＋介词(verb＋noun/pronoun＋preposition) 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 2．这类短语动词常可用于被动语态，并且可以有两种形式。例如： The heat in the center of the earth is being made use of in some countries． Use is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries． 一些国家正在利用地球中心的热量。 Good care was taken of the children． The children were taken good care of． 孩子们受到了很好的照顾。 3．直接宾语可变为被动式动词短语的主语，例如： He was accused of the crime (by me)． 我指控他犯了这一罪。 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 1．这类短语动词常可以用于被动语态。 Have the court proceedings been checked up by the lawyers? 法庭程序已经由律师检查过了吗？ There are some things that will not be put up with by teachers． 有些事情是老师们不能容忍的。 四、动词＋副词＋介词(verb＋adverb＋preposition) 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 2．有的“动词＋副词＋介词”要求跟有直接宾语，且其直接宾语可变为被动式动词短语的主语。例如： Can you possibly fix me up with your manager this week? →Can I be possibly fixed up with your manager this week (by you)? 这星期你能安排我和你们经理见面吗？ They were taking it out on one another because of their hopeless dissatisfaction． →It was being taken out on one another because of their hopeless dissatisfaction (by them)． 他们因为没有希望获得满足而彼此恶声恶气地拿对方泄怒。 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 单句语法填空 ①The neighbors asked them to stop making a noise at night， but they kept ___ doing it． ②Keeping positive is beneficial to the process of our work and study; struggle not to let negative ideas take _____． ③Children are likely to pick ____ some bad habits when playing the piano if they don't have proper lessons． ④Criticized as online games are， they never fail to appeal ___ a large number of teenagers． ⑤The Chinese volleyball team won Olympic champion again; their efforts paid ___． on over up to off 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) ⑥When you open a dictionary， you often come _____ a lot of unfamiliar words． ⑦I stayed up all night to complete the project before the deadline， and now I need to catch ___ on some sleep． ⑧Having given up medicine， he took ___ writing． ⑨Seeing the world­famous pianist standing in front of her， the young pianist let ____ a cry of joy and surprise． ⑩The company is going ________ a period of great change， and no one knows if their job is safe． across up up out through 课时语法精讲——短语动词(2) 课堂效果检测(二) Ⅰ．单句语法填空 1．Scientists are working hard to figure ____ how to spot them． 2．Our government has taken measures to get ______ the simple fact that drugs are dangerous． 3．Trained teachers can help you work ___ a training plan． 4．Some people fear that air pollution may bring ______ changes in the weather around the world． 5．Katherine studied their faces， but they gave _____ no clues as to the results． 答案 out across out about away 课堂效果检测(二) 6．I’d like to take ___ any extra work without arguing． 7．Everything was wonderful except that our car broke _____ twice on the way． 8．To keep fit， Professor White took ___ cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired． 9．With money running ___， he couldn’t afford the round­trip tickets． 10．She picked ___ Japanese when she was in Japan; now she can speak it freely． 答案 on down up out up 课堂效果检测(二) Ⅱ．单句表达 1．发生了一场火灾，旧工厂被烧毁了。 There was a fire， and the old factory was ____________． 2．吉姆设法抑制生气的情绪，避免打架。 Jim managed to ________ his anger and avoid a fight． 3．她决心努力工作以不辜负父母的期望。 She is determined to work hard to _________ the expectations of her parents． 4．在黑暗中，我们很难辨认出房子上的数字。 In the dark it was hard for us to ________ the numbers on the houses． 答案 burned down hold back live up to make out 课堂效果检测(二) 5．我的电话打到一半时被切断了，因为我没有硬币了。 I was ______ in the middle of my call because I had no coins to put in the box． 6．我给你一些文章，你写报告时可以参考它们。 I will give you some articles which you can _______ when you write the report． 7．J．K．罗琳之所以被排除在全球亿万富翁名单之外，是因为她捐出了自己财富的一大部分。 J．K．Rowling was excluded from the list of the world’s billionaires for ____________ a huge part of her fortune． 答案 cut off refer to giving away 课堂效果检测(二) 8．我想知道她的新小说什么时候出版。 I wonder when her new novel will ________． 9．一项研究表明，住在非吸烟宿舍的学生不太可能有吸烟的习惯。 A study shows that students living in non­smoking dormitories are not likely to _______ the habit of smoking． 10．如果你不为自己的错误道歉的话，他们是不会放过你的。 If you don’t say sorry for your mistake， they won’t let you ____________it． 答案 come out pick up get away with 课堂效果检测(二) 课后课时作业（三） Ⅰ　完形填空 When Mike Mushaw joined the national bone marrow (骨髓) registry three years ago， he never really gave it a second thought． About six months after the sign­up， Mushaw did get a call that his bone marrow __1__ a patient in Virginia． Mushaw didn't know it at the time his donation would go to a five­month­old girl named Eleanor． Neither did he know whether his donation would __2__． Eleanor， sick with a rare immunodeficiency disease， had seldom left her house __3__ to travel to the hospital or the doctor． Her immune system was far too weak to risk even the most __4__ human contact． Her mother， Jessica， told NBC， “The __5__ were to either get a transplant or face the death．” Still， there was no __6__ of success． 课后课时作业（三） Instead， after a few weeks， the doctors came back with __7__ news: Eleanor's condition hadn't just improved—Mushaw's bone marrow had __8__ her． Mushaw says， “it was more of a __9__ and happy feeling than anything．” About six months after the procedure， Eleanor's parents sent him an e­mail to thank him for saving her life． “When I was told it was a little girl， I __10__，” Mushaw says． But their surprising __11__ was only beginning． Mushaw and Eleanor chatted with each other by FaceTime __12__ to check on her progress． In August， about a year after Eleanor's __13__ transplant， Mushaw invited her family to one of his games． Tiny shouts of “Mike! Mike！” could be heard as the little girl cheered on her very own hero: a six­foot­two， 225­pound football player with a very __14__ heart． 课后课时作业（三） In January， Mushaw __15__ with Eleanor to celebrate her birthday． Two complete strangers now have become such a big part of each other's lives． 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了主人公Mike Mushaw (迈克·穆肖)将自己的骨髓捐赠给了素不相识的女孩Eleanor (埃莉诺)，挽救了女孩的生命，两个陌生人因此成为彼此生活中的一个重要部分。 篇章导读 课后课时作业（三） 1．A．fitted B．equaled C．matched D．resembled 答案： C　根据上文“Mike Mushaw joined the national bone marrow (骨髓) registry”可知，Mushaw在国家骨髓登记处报名了，决定捐献骨髓给需要的人。由此可推知，这里提到的病人应该是与Mushaw的骨髓相匹配。fitted “适合，合身”，指形状或尺寸适合；equal “等于，比得上”； match “和……相配”；resemble “类似，像”。故选C。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 2．A．count B．impact C．perform D．work 答案： D　根据下文“Eleanor， sick with a rare immunodeficiency disease”可知，接受Mushaw捐赠的女孩患有罕见的免疫缺陷疾病，由此可推知，Mushaw不知道自己的捐赠是否会对治疗女孩的病起作用，work意为“起作用”。故选D。 答案 3．A．other than B．rather than C．more than D．less than 答案： A　other than “除了……以外”；rather than “而不是”； more than “多于……”； less than “少于……”。根据上文可知，Eleanor得了一种罕见的免疫缺陷疾病，由此可推知，她除了去医院或看医生以外，很少出门。故选A。 课后课时作业（三） 4．A．general B．casual C．ignorant D．familiar 答案： B　general “普遍的”；casual “不经意的”；ignorant “无知的”；familiar “熟悉的”。根据上文“Her immune system was far too weak”可知，女孩的免疫系统很弱，根据医学常识可知，她连不经意的与人接触都会有风险。故选B。 答案 5．A．conditions B．options C．consequences D．strategies 答案： B　condition “状况”； option “选择”；consequence “结果”； strategy “策略”。根据句中“either get a transplant or face the death”可知，女孩要么接受骨髓移植，要么面对死亡，这是女孩面临的两种选择。故选B。 课后课时作业（三） 6．A．guarantee B．hope C．insurance D．possibility 答案： A　guarantee “保证”；hope “希望”；insurance “保险”；possibility “可能”。根据上文可知，女孩的病很严重，由此可推知，即使为她进行了骨髓移植，也不一定能救她，换句话说，没有成功的保证。故选A。 答案 7．A．relaxing B．terrifying C．amazing D．satisfying 答案： C　根据下文“Eleanor's condition hadn't just improved”可知，女孩的病情改善了。由此可推知，这是个令人惊喜的消息。故选C。 课后课时作业（三） 8．A．failed B．cured C．bettered D．lifted 答案： B　根据上文“Eleanor’s condition hadn’t just improved”可知，Eleanor的病情不仅仅是改善了，由此可推知，是Mushaw的骨髓治愈了她。故选B。 答案 9．A．relief B．grief C．celebration D．expectation 答案： A　根据上文可知，Mushaw的骨髓治愈了女孩，由此可推知，能够帮助女孩对Mushaw来说是一种宽慰和快乐。故选A。 课后课时作业（三） 10．A．picked up B．broke up C．cheered up D．choked up 答案： D　pick up “捡起”；break up “破裂”；cheer up “(使)振作起来”；choke up “哽咽”。根据第二段中的“Mushaw didn't know”可知，Mushaw并不知道自己的骨髓会捐赠给谁，由此可推知，当他得知自己救了一个小女孩的生命时，他应该是很激动的，哽咽地一时说不出话来。故选D。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 11．A．improvement B．affection C．connection D．attachment 答案： C　improvement “改善，改进”；affection “喜爱”；connection “联系”；attachment “依恋，附件”。根据下文“Mushaw and Eleanor ... to check on her progress．”可知，Mushaw 经常通过视频来关注Eleanor的康复情况，下文Mushaw还邀请Eleanor去看他的比赛，两个人之后的联系更紧密了。由此可推知，设空处应表示两个人的联系才刚刚开始。故选C。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 12．A．commonly B．occasionally C．regularly D．scarcely 答案： C　commonly “普通地”；occasionally “偶然地”； regularly “定期地，经常地”；scarcely “几乎不，几乎没有”。根据下文可知，Mushaw和Eleanor的关系更亲密了，由此可推知，Mushaw很关心Eleanor的病情，应该是定期和她视频，了解她的康复情况。故选C。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 13．A．problem­solving B．life­changing C．heart­warming D．body­building 答案： B　problem­solving “解决问题的”；life­changing “改变人生的”；heart­warming “感人的”； body­building “健身的”。根据文章内容可知，Eleanor之前病得很重，连家门都不敢出，但现在病好了，可以自由外出了。由此可推知，移植手术改变了她的生活，她接受的是改变人生的移植手术。故选B。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 14．A．considerate B．generous C．dedicated D．passionate 答案： B　considerate “体贴的”；generous “慷慨的”； dedicated “专注的”；passionate “热情的”。根据文章内容可知，Mushaw无私地把自己的骨髓捐赠给一个素不相识的人，由此可推知，他有着一颗慷慨的心。故选B。 答案 15．A．reunited B．returned C．recalled D．reacted 答案： A　reunite “重逢，再次相聚”； return “返回”；recall “回想起”；react “回应，作出反应”。根据句中“to celebrate her birthday”可知，为了庆祝Eleanor的生日，两个人应该是再次相聚。故选A。 课后课时作业（三） Ⅱ　阅读 A It's no secret that some of the world's best ski resorts (胜地) are found within Switzerland's outstanding mountains． Here are some of them． Grindelwald­Wengen If you're looking for a Swiss postcard ski experience， then Grindelwald is the place for you． The beautiful North Face of the Eiger towers over this pretty mountain village， which has a long history of mountain climbing and skiing． Its main ski area can be skied on the same lift ticket! There's no better way to get up the mountain here than by train． Opening Date: Nov． 26， 2022 Closing Date: Apr． 16， 2023 课后课时作业（三） Flims Laax Falera What pulls in skiers and snowboarders from all over the world to Flims Laax Falera are the world­class terrain (地形) parks． There's no denying this ski resort is a big hit with freestylers， but there's also plenty to attract skiers． Opening Date: Nov． 28， 2022 Closing Date: Apr． 26， 2023 Engelberg Engelberg is a rising star for a range of good reasons， but the highlight is the massive free­ride potential． The secret is most definitely out as the town fills up every year with Scandinavians in search of their dry light snow． Opening Date: Oct． 15， 2022 Closing Date: May 21， 2023 课后课时作业（三） Zermatt Zermatt is the best of Switzerland's ski resorts． This is your resort if you have the money to afford it! Fantastic restaurants are seen all over the mountain， serving Swiss cheese hotpot and other cooking masterpieces． Opening Date: Nov． 26， 2022 Closing Date: Apr． 30， 2023 篇章导读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了世界上最好的四个滑雪胜地。 篇章导读 课后课时作业（三） 1．Which ski resort do you choose if you enjoy mountain villages? A．Grindelwald­Wengen． B．Flims Laax Falera． C．Engelberg． D．Zermatt． 答案：A　细节理解题。根据Grindelwald­Wengen部分中的“The beautiful North Face of the Eiger towers ... climbing and skiing．(美丽的艾格峰北坡耸立在这个美丽的山村之上，这里有着悠久的登山运动和滑雪历史。)”可知，如果你想在滑雪区欣赏山村的景色，可以来Grindelwald­Wengen。故选A。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 2．What attracts people to Flims Laax Falera? A．Its beautiful scenery． B．Its pleasant weather． C．Its terrain parks． D．Its free admission． 答案：C　细节理解题。根据Flims Laax Falera部分中的“What pulls in skiers and snowboarders ... world­class terrain (地形) parks．”可知，吸引人们来Flims Laax Falera的原因是其世界级的地形公园。故选C。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 3．What is the major concern of travelers who choose Zermatt? A．Transportation． B．Security． C．Price． D．Location． 答案：C　细节理解题。根据Zermatt部分中的“This is your resort if you have the money to afford it！”可知，当你选择滑雪胜地Zermatt时，需要考虑的是价格。故选C。 答案 课后课时作业（三） B Arguably， the biggest science development of the year to date has been the images of the very depths of the universe taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)． Those images beg a comparison between the external and internal universes that science is bent on observing and understanding． Decades ago， astrophysicist Carl Sagan famously said， “The universe is also within us． We're made of star­stuff． We are a way for the universe to know itself．” He was commenting then on the reality that our internal universe was as complex and as fantastic as the outer space． 课后课时作业（三） There are many similarities between the progress we’ve made in understanding the universe and in piecing together life’s inner workings． Like the technological developments that took us from Galileo’s telescope to the Hubble to the JWST， life science tools have also improved rapidly． From early light microscopes to modern super­resolution ones， these developments have afforded researchers a deep look into biology’s infinitesimal (无限小的) landscape． Learning that living things were composed of cells was， not a terribly long time ago， a revolutionary observation． Since then， scientists have been able to dive ever deeper into the components of life． 课后课时作业（三） Going beyond merely observing the complicated makeup of organisms， life scientists can now discover the workings of molecules (分子)． And that is where scanning the universe differs from peering into biology． Understanding the universe， especially from a functional standpoint， is not necessarily an immediate urgency． Understanding biology on that level is． Simply observing the amazing internal structure of cells is not enough． Biologists must also characterize how all those parts interact and change in different environments and when faced with various challenges． Being able to image a virus or bacterium is nice at the level of basic science． But knowing how viruses gain entry into cells and spread， infect， and disable can literally save lives． Through time， biology has risen to this mechanistic challenge． Not only can life science tools produce images of cell components， even more importantly， they can help predict the effects of drugs on receptors， of immune cells on foreign invaders (入侵者)， and of genetic perturbations (基因干扰) on development and aging． 课后课时作业（三） This is not to belittle the work of scientists researching into universe． They should rightly be praised for delivering views of impossibly distant， impossibly massive phenomena． My aim is to celebrate these accomplishments while at the same time recognizing that science's inward search for detail and insight is equally impressive and， in my view， more urgent． The output of both the outward and inward explorations should stimulate wonder in everyone． After all， it's all star­stuff． 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。随着生命科学工具的迅速改进，科学家们就能够更深入地研究生命的组成部分，作者认为应优先发展生命科学。 篇章导读 课后课时作业（三） 4．Why does the author quote Carl Sagan's comment in Paragraph 2? A．To introduce the background． B．To prove an assumption． C．To make a comparison． D．To present an idea． 答案：D　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Decades ago， astrophysicist ... to know itself．’(几十年前，天体物理学家Carl Sagan (卡尔·萨根)说过一句名言：‘宇宙也在我们之内。我们是由恒星组成的。我们是宇宙认识自己的一种方式。’)”可推知，引用Carl Sagan的话是为了提出一个想法。故选D。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 5．Like the study of the universe， life science has been advancing in ________． A．study approaches B．system management C．research facilities D．technology integration 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“life science tools ... biology's infinitesimal (无限小的) landscape(生命科学工具也在迅速改进。从早期的光学显微镜到现代的超分辨率显微镜，这些发展使研究人员能够深入观察生物学的微小景观)”可知，生命科学的研究设施在不断发展。故选C。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 6．We can infer from Paragraph 4 that biologists' work is ________． A．practical B．risky C．flexible D．popular 答案：A　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Biologists must also ... literally save lives．(生物学家还必须描述所有这些部分在不同环境和面临各种挑战时是如何相互作用和变化的。在基础科学层面能够对病毒或细菌进行成像是很好的。但了解病毒如何进入细胞并传播、感染和致残确实可以挽救生命。)”可推测，生物学家的工作是很实用的。故选A。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 7．As for life science， which would the author agree with? A．It has received universal recognition． B．It should enjoy priority in development． C．It can be applied in the majority of areas． D．It is more complicated than space science． 答案：B　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“My aim is to celebrate ... in my view， more urgent．(我的目的是庆祝这些成就，同时认识到科学对细节和洞察力的内在探索同样令人印象深刻，在我看来，更加紧迫。)”可推知，作者认为生命科学要优先发展。故选B。 答案 课后课时作业（三） Ⅲ　语法填空 We all make countless decisions every single day． Marco Sanchez has been awarded for a __1__ (self) decision he made in December 2021． When a deadly tornado hit Kentucky， Marco happened to be working at a candle factory． The tornado caused the factory to start burning and soon it was surrounded by a great fire， __2__ (trap) hundreds of workers inside． 课后课时作业（三） Marco was also trapped inside． Though he suffered a broken leg and several cracked ribs (肋骨) when the building collapsed (倒塌)， as he crawled out from __3__ opening he found in the ruins， he could have easily made his way to __4__ (safe) without a backward look． But he didn't． Instead， Marco called the fire department __5__ managed to find some tools． Then he went back into the collapsed building to help others get out of the fire． It is said that many workers were found dead just feet away from __6__ Marco had been trapped． After he had helped the firefighters rescue as many people out as he could， he was sent to hospital by a firefighter and got care for his own injuries． Soon after the fire， the governor of the state heard that a man __7__ (save)many lives at the factory． He made the police officer __8__ (investigate)． When he discovered it was Marco， he awarded him __9__ the Sheriff's Meritorious Award． 课后课时作业（三） “Mr Sanchez had a hard decision to make that night，” he said． “He could have made the decision to only save __10__ (him)， but he didn't． His actions resulted in many other lives being saved． The decision he made was the right decision and we applaud him for that．” 1．________　2．________　3．________　4．________　5．________　 6．________　7．________　8．________　9．________　10．________ 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Marco Sanchez (马尔科·桑切斯)在一场火灾中因一个无私的决定而挽救很多人生命的故事。 篇章导读 课后课时作业（三） 1．selfless　考查词性转换。此处应用形容词修饰名词decision，selfless意为“无私的”。故填selfless。 2．trapping　考查非谓语动词。此处表示顺理成章的结果，应用现在分词作结果状语。故填trapping。 3．an　考查冠词。此处泛指“一个洞口”，应用不定冠词；且opening的发音以元音音素开头。故填an。 4．safety　考查词性转换。根据介词to可知，此处应用名词safety，表示“安全的地方”。故填safety。 5．and　考查连词。句意：相反，马尔科打电话给消防部门，并设法找到了一些工具。设空前后为并列关系，应用连词and连接。故填and。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 6．where　考查宾语从句的连接词。根据介词from可知，此处引导宾语从句，设空处在从句中作地点状语。故填where。 7．had saved　考查动词的时态。save这一动作发生在过去动作heard之前，即“过去之过去”，应用过去完成时。故填had saved。 8．investigate　考查非谓语动词。此处是“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的复合结构，make是使役动词，后跟省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填investigate。 9．with　考查介词。award sb with sth表示“授予某人某物”。故填with。 10．himself　考查代词。句意：他本可以做出只救自己的决定，但他没有。此处应用反身代词表示拯救“自己”。故填himself。 答案 课后课时作业（三） 课后课时作业（四） Ⅰ　阅读 Cloning is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living things． Genes， cells， tissues， and even whole animals can all be cloned． Some clones already exist in nature． Single­celled organisms like bacteria make exact copies of themselves each time they Reproduce． In humans， identical twins are similar to clones． They share almost the exact same genes． Identical twins are created when a fertilized egg splits in two． Scientists also make clones in the lab． They often clone genes in order to study and better understand them． To clone a gene， researchers take DNA from a living creature and insert it into a carrier like bacteria or yeast (酵母菌)． Every time that carrier reproduces， a new copy of the gene is made． 课后课时作业（四） 128 In 1996， Scottish scientists cloned the first animal， a sheep they named Dolly． She was cloned by using an udder cell taken from an adult sheep． Since then， scientists have cloned cows， cats， deer， horses， and rabbits． They still have not cloned a human， though． In part， this is because it is difficult to produce a viable clone． In each attempt， there can be genetic mistakes that prevent the clone from surviving． It took scientists 276 attempts to get Dolly right． There are also ethical concerns about cloning a human being． 课后课时作业（四） 129 An embryo made by cloning can be turned into a stem cell factory． Stem cells are an early form of cells that can grow into many different types of cells and tissues． Scientists can turn them into nerve cells to fix a damaged spinal (脊髓) cord or insulin—making cells to treat diabetes (糖尿病)． Livestock like cows and pigs have been cloned to produce more milk or meat． Clones can even bring a beloved pet that has died back to life． In 2001， a cat named CC was the first pet to be created through cloning． 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了克隆及克隆技术的运用。 篇章导读 课后课时作业（四） 130 1．What can be cloned naturally? A．Single­celled organisms． B．A fertilized egg． C．A specified gene． D．A carrier． 答案： A　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Single­celled organisms like bacteria make exact copies of themselves each time they reproduce．(像细菌这样的单细胞生物每次繁殖时都会精确地复制自己。)”可知，单细胞生物体可以对自己进行克隆复制。故选A。 答案 课后课时作业（四） 131 2．What does the underlined word “viable” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Complete． B．Identical． C．Successful． D．Useful． 答案： C　词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“In each attempt， there can be genetic mistakes that prevent the clone from surviving．”可知，在每一次尝试时，都有可能出现基因错误，从而阻止克隆体存活下来，因此很难生产一个成功的克隆体。由此可知，画线词意为“成功的”。故选C。 答案 课后课时作业（四） 132 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The cloning of embryos． B．Applications of cloning． C．The cloning treatment for diseases． D．The success in cloning pets． 答案： B　段落大意题。根据最后一段内容可知，克隆胚胎可以得到治疗疾病的干细胞，克隆家畜可以得到更多牛奶和肉，还可以克隆已故的宠物。由此可推知，本段主要讲的是克隆技术的运用。故选B。 答案 课后课时作业（四） 133 4．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A．Entertainment． B．Science． C．Health． D．Education． 答案： B　推理判断题。本文介绍了克隆及克隆技术的运用。由此可推知，这篇文章可能出现在报纸的科学版面。故选B。 答案 课后课时作业（四） 134 Ⅱ　七选五 A concussion (脑震荡) happens when the brain is shaken， often in a car crash or a fall or a strike to the head in sports． Concussions can be mild， but doctors may order a CT scan to look for a more serious injury． CT provides a detailed image of the brain． But a recent study warned that __1__． A national team led by two doctors at the University of California， Davis， studied hospital records from thousands of children with head injuries． They found that in many cases， __2__． The researchers have developed rules to predict if a head injury is serious enough for a scan． For children under two， doctors are advised against it if there is: normal mental activity， no swelling in the back of the head， no feeling of a broken bone in the skull and __3__． 课后课时作业（四） 135 Doctors should also consider how the child was injured and whether the parents say the child is acting normally． For patients from two to eighteen， __4__． The report appears in The Lancet， a medical journal． Earlier this year， the British Journal of Sports Medicine published new guidelines for concussions in children and teens． International experts said __5__． The brain also needs a “rest”， they say， by restricting activities like video games， texting and watching TV． The experts say young people often take longer than adults to recover from a concussion． 课后课时作业（四） 136 A．no bleeding from the wound B．no loss of consciousness for more than five seconds C．lying in bed with any movement should be the best way D．they should not return to sports or school until fully recovered E．more children than necessary are being exposed to radiation this way F．the guidelines are similar—except there should be no loss of consciousness G．the risk of developing cancer from the radiation outweighed the risk of a serious brain injury 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了幼小的孩子脑震荡后不要轻易进行CT检查，因为检查的辐射很有可能会致癌。 篇章导读 课后课时作业（四） 137 1．E　上文“CT provides a detailed image of the brain．(CT提供了大脑的详细图像。)”说CT的好处，But表示转折，那么下文应该讲CT对儿童的坏处。根据常识可知，CT有辐射，E项(越来越多的儿童正以这种方式受到不必要的辐射)承接上文。故选E。 2．G　根据上文“A national team led by two doctors ... children with head injuries．”可知，加州大学戴维斯分校的两名医生领导的国家小组研究了数千名头部受伤儿童的住院记录。设空处应该填详细的研究结果，G项(辐射导致癌症的风险大于严重脑损伤的风险)承接上文，说明了研究发现CT辐射对儿童的坏处。故选G。 答案 课后课时作业（四） 138 3．B　根据上文“For children under two ... in the skull (对于2岁以下的儿童，如果有以下情况，医生建议不要使用CT：精神活动正常，后脑勺没有肿胀，头骨没有骨折的感觉)”可知，此处讲儿童不需要使用CT的情况，即头部伤情不严重的情况，B项(意识丧失不超过5秒)承接上文。故选B。 4．F　根据第四段“Doctors should also consider ... is acting normally．(医生还应该考虑孩子是怎么受伤的，父母是否说孩子行为正常。)”和第五段中的“For patients from two to eighteen(对于2岁到18岁的病人)”可知，本段承接第三段讲儿童不需要使用CT的情况，即头部伤情不严重的情况，后脑勺有没有肿胀，头骨有没有骨折，意识清不清晰，问清楚怎么受伤，行为是否正常，只要没有失去意识，意识正常，这些判断标准也试用于2岁到18岁的病人，F项(这些准则是相似的，除了不应该失去意识)承接上文。故选F。 答案 课后课时作业（四） 139 5．D　根据上文“Earlier this year ... in children and teens．”可知，今年早些时候，《英国运动医学杂志》发表了针对儿童和青少年脑震荡的新指南。根据下文“The brain also needs a ‘rest’， they say， by ... adults to recover from a concussion．”可知，大脑需要休息，儿童和青少年脑震荡后，恢复时间要比成人更长。D项(直到完全康复，他们才可以运动或回学校)承上启下。故选D。 答案 课后课时作业（四） 140 Ⅲ　语法填空 In recent years， Chinese traditional drama has been getting __1__ (increasing) popular worldwide． The classic Chinese dance drama Flower Rains Along Silk Road， which includes __2__ spectacular set of folk dances， amazed the audience at Broadway Macao． First performed on stage in 1979， the drama tells the story of a painting master __3__ (surname) Zhang and his daughter， and how they made friends with a businessman from Persia (Iran)， as well as the __4__ (experience) the three of them went through together． 课后课时作业（四） 141 __5__ is specially impressive about the drama is that the dances are adapted __6__ more than 100 Dunhuang Grotto murals (壁画) of Gansu Province． The __7__ (combine) of the dance and painting is an amazing idea， __8__ (allow) the audience to travel through time to see the history and culture of the ancient Silk Road， and making them feel immersed in the performance and appreciate the beauty of the ancient culture in a unique way． The drama __9__ (perform) about 3，800 times in some 40 countries and regions， including France， Italy， Japan and the United States． Each performance is a hit． It's been over a decade since the drama's first show in Macao in 2005 and this performance __10__ (be) the long­unseen second． 课后课时作业（四） 142 1．________　2．________　3．________　4．________　5．________　 6．________　7．________　8．________　9．________　10．________ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国经典舞剧《丝路花雨》在澳门百老汇上演，其中包括一组壮观的民间舞蹈，令观众惊叹不已。 篇章导读 课后课时作业（四） 143 1．increasingly　考查词性转换。句意：近年来，中国传统戏剧在世界范围内越来越受欢迎。修饰形容词popular，应用副词。故填increasingly。 2．a　考查冠词。句意：中国经典舞剧《丝路花雨》在澳门百老汇上演，其中包括一组精彩的民间舞蹈，令观众惊叹不已。a set of表示“一组，一套”。故填a。 3．surnamed　考查非谓语动词。surname和master之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填surnamed。 4．experiences　考查名词。根据下文“the three of them”可知，设空处用名词复数表示三个人的经历。故填experiences。 5．What　考查主语从句的连接词。设空处引导主语从句，且从句中缺少主语，意为“……的事物”，应用what引导，位于句首首字母大写。故填What。 答案 课后课时作业（四） 144 6．from　考查介词。adapt ... from ... 表示“根据……改编”。故填from。 7．combination　考查词性转换。句意：舞蹈和绘画的结合是一个惊人的想法，让观众穿越时空，看到古代丝绸之路的历史和文化。根据The和of可知，应用名词combination作主语，表示“结合”；且根据is可知，用单数。故填combination。 8．allowing　考查非谓语动词。allow和The __7__ (combine) of the dance and painting之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填allowing。 9．has been performed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。此处应用现在完成时表示动作已经完成，主语The drama和动词perform之间是被动关系，应用现在完成时的被动语态，且主语是单数。故填has been performed。 10．was　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据“in 2005”可知，此处用一般过去时，且主语performance是单数。故填was。 答案 课后课时作业（四） 145 Ⅳ　概要写作 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 A Helping 3D Hand It all started in 2013， when Shea Stollenwerk， then eight years old， asked for a new hand for Christmas． Shea was born with a partial right hand， which restricts her ability to do things that other kids take for granted． “My mom went online to look for help”， says Shea． Shea's mother， Ranee， soon learned about a community of artists， designers， and scientists who are making big breakthroughs with prosthetic hands． 课后课时作业（四） 146 Frankie Flood， a professor， was among the designers who saw Ranee's online request． Flood enlisted help from fellow professor Adream Blair and their students， who were learning how to make designs using a 3D printer， a device that can create layers of material， like plastic or metal， one on top of the other， to produce solid objects． “We made a mold of Shea's hand out of plaster，” Flood explains about the beginning of the process． “We made a cast， and then we 3D scanned her hand．” Flood emphasizes that Shea's “robo­hand” is not like devices that medical professionals make for people who have lost limbs． Such devices can cost thousands of dollars， whereas a “robo­hand” can be printed for less than $50． 课后课时作业（四） 147 While being fitted in Flood's laboratory， Shea got to choose the color of her new hand． She went with bright pink． She now has a pink hand， a purple hand， and a purple and pink one， and can do things that she couldn't do before， like peel potatoes， pick up objects， and catch a ball． Flood and his team have since built hands for six other local children． Indirectly， they have helped dozens more， by posting their designs online so that people around the world can print them out． Flood is also working on prosthetic legs for military veterans who were injured on the battlefield． “Without a covering， the leg is kind of ugly and plain，” Flood says． “Soldiers want something that will restore the shape of their leg and make it cooler to look at when they're playing sports．” 课后课时作业（四） 148 As for Shea， the aspiring musician can now play her viola with the help from an adaptive device that Flood's team created． “Nothing is ever going to hold her back，” Shea's father， Steve， told a local reporter． “She is going to do what she wants to do， and we are going to be there to help her．” ﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍ 写前导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一个叫Shea (谢伊)的女孩在Frankie Flood (弗兰基·弗劳德)及其团队帮助下，得到一个3D手臂的故事。 写前导读 课后课时作业（四） 149 [精彩范文] The article is about a girl who gets a helping 3D hand． (要点1) After Shea was disabled at birth， she wanted a new hand， and her mom sought help online． Professor Frankie and other designers offered to make a 3D hand for Shea． Not only is Shea's 3D hand cheap， but also she can choose its color． (要点2) Flood and his team produced other 3D hands and legs for other kids and wounded soldiers in the war． (要点3) Shea who likes music is now practicing her viola with her 3D hand． (要点4) 答案 课后课时作业（四） 150 R $$