2025届高三英语一轮复习非谓语动词讲义

目录 一、 定义 1 二、 形式 1 三、 句法功能 1 1、 非谓语动词作主语 1 A. 动词ing和不定式都可以作主语，但是动词ing多表示一般情况，而不定式常指具体情况。 1 B. 动词ing和不定式作主语时，句子前后应保持结构的一致性。 1 C. “there be + no + 主语” 结构中通常用v-ing 作主语，而不是不定式。 1 D. 不定式作主语一般可以用形式主语it代替。 1 E. V-ing作主语用形式主语it代替时，常在特定结构中使用：it is worthwhile/ no good/ no use/ a waste of... 1 F. 单个不定式、v-ing作主语时谓语动词用单数；并列不定式或v-ing作主语时若指整体概念，谓语动词仍用单数。 2 G. “疑问词 + to do” 结构可以作主语、宾语和表语。 2 2、 非谓语动词作宾语 2 A. 作及物动词的宾语 2 B. 作介词的宾语 2 3、 非谓语动词作表语 3 A. 不定式、动词-ing和过去分词均可作表语。 3 B. 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别: 3 C. 动词-ing作表语与进行时态的区别: 3 D. 形容词化的过去分词和动词-ing 3 4、 非谓语动词作定语 3 A. 单个动词-ing和过去分词作定语,应置于被修饰的名词前。 3 B. 动词-ing短语、过去分词短语和不定式作定语，应置一于被修饰的名词之后。 3 ①修饰序数词或被序数词修饰的词只能用不定式作定语。 3 ②在句型have/give/find/need/want+宾语+to do中，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。 3 ③There be句型中的非谓语动词作定语,表意如下 3 ④有些名词常接不定式作定语 3 5、 非谓语动词作状语 3 A. 不定式作状语表目的、结果和原因 3 B. 动词-ing和过去分词作状语 3 C. 一些连词常与过去分词和动词-ing连用，构成状语众司的省略形式 4 6、 非谓语动词作宾语补足语 4 A. 不定式作宾语补足语 4 B. 动词-ing和过去分词作宾语补足语 4 C. with 的复合结构 4 非谓语动词 1、 定义 在句子中不作谓语的动词。 可以充当主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。 2、 形式 不定式、动词ing、过去分词 种类 形式 意义 功能 不定式 To do 主动、将来 作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语、状语、补足语 To be done 被动、将来 To be doing 主动、进行 To have done 主动、完成 To have been done 被动、完成 过去分词 done 被动、完成 作表语、定语、状语、补足语 动词ing doing 主动、进行 作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语（不作目的状语）、补足语 Being done 被动、进行 Having done 主动、完成 Having been done 被动、完成 3、 句法功能 1、 非谓语动词作主语 A. 动词ing和不定式都可以作主语，但是动词ing多表示一般情况，而不定式常指具体情况。 e.g. Teaching English is my job. To write an email to the manager is my work today. B. 动词ing和不定式作主语时，句子前后应保持结构的一致性。 e.g. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. C. “there be + no + 主语” 结构中通常用v-ing 作主语，而不是不定式。 表示“不可能、无法”，相当于“it is impossible to do sth.” e.g. There is no/ not any/ never any reasoning with him. D. 不定式作主语一般可以用形式主语it代替。 e.g. To keep health is important. = It is important to keep healthy. E. V-ing作主语用形式主语it代替时，常在特定结构中使用：it is worthwhile/ no good/ no use/ a waste of... e.g. It is a waste of time regretting for the past. F. 单个不定式、v-ing作主语时谓语动词用单数；并列不定式或v-ing作主语时若指整体概念，谓语动词仍用单数。 e.g. To learn a foreign language well is not easy. Taking exercise does good to your health. Going to bed early and getting up early is good habit. G. “疑问词 + to do” 结构可以作主语、宾语和表语。 e.g. Where to find the lost keys is still a problem. I was wondering how to get there. My problem is when to change the plan. 2、 非谓语动词作宾语 宾语的三种：动词后的宾语、介词后的宾语和某些形容词后的宾语。 动词-ing和动词不定式都可作宾语,但不定式一般不作介词的宾语,其“疑问词+不定式”短语可作介词的宾语。 A. 作及物动词的宾语 （1）用动词不定式和v-ing作宾语意义差别不大的动词有begin、start等。但下列情况只能跟to do： 主语为物：The ice began to melt. 句子为进行时态：The water is genning to boil. Begin后跟realize、know、see、understand等表示心理的动词：Tom began to realize his mistake. （2）用动词不定式和动词-ing作宾语意义有差别的动词(词组)有: ①try to do 表示“尽力做某事”， try doing表示“试着做某事”。 -I am trying to handle the problem in this way, but I can't work it out. - Why not try handling it in another way? ② love、like、prefer、hate 等既可接to do，也可接doing。 但to do多表示具体的一次性动作,而doing表示一般的习惯性动作。 -He likes running, but he doesn't like to run today. ③stop to do 表示“停下(手头的事)去做另一件事” stop doing 表示“停止做某事”。 -He stopped working to speak to me. ④mean to do 表示“打算做某事” mean doing 表示“意味着”。 -Wasting time means killing oneself, so I don't mean to waste my time. ⑤want/need/require+doing 表示被动含义，相当于to be done -- I need looking after. = I need to be looked after. -- The car needs repairing. = The car needs to be repaired. ⑥ can't help to do 表示“不能帮助做某事" can't help doing 表示禁不住做某事”。 --I'm ill, so I can't help to do housework today. -- Hearing the news, I can't help complaining. ⑦ regret to do 表示“对(要做的事)感到遗憾”或表原因, regret doing 表示“后悔做了某事”。 -- I regret to say you should not go there. -- I regret to hear the news.(不定式表示原因) -- I regret going there. ⑧ be used to do 表示被动, be used to doing 表示“习惯于做某事” used to do表示“过去常常做……” -- He used to go to the bookstore near his house. -- He has been used to getting up early. -- Cows can be used to work for human beings ⑨ remember/forget to do 表示未发生“记得/忘记要做某事” remember/forget doing 表示已发生“记得/忘记做过某事” -- I forgot to lock the door last night. -- I remember seeing you before ⑩ go on to do 表示“接着做另一件事” go on doing 表示“不停地做某事或间断后继续做原来没有做完的事” -- After they had read the text, the students went on to do the exereises. -- The students went on stalking and laughing all the way. （3） 只能接动词-ing 作宾语的动词及动词短语,常见的有: admit, deny, advise, suggest, allow, permit, forbid, avoid, envy, appreciate, consider, complete, finish, delay enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, pardon, imagine, keep, mind, miss, understand, mention, practice, quit, resist, risk, recommend , mention, put off, give up, insist on, feel like, keep on, think of, succeed in, be engaged in, prevent/stop/ keep... from 等。 -- They had delayed having children, for the usual reason, to establish their careers. B. 作介词的宾语 （1） 介词but，except后可接不定式作宾语。 -- We have no choice but to stay here. -- He has nothing to do but sit down waiting.(前面出现了行为动词 do，but后接不带to的不定式) -- He didn't say anything but to sit there smoking.(句中的did为助动词) （2） 介词for 之后接动词-ing表用途，不表目的。 -- He went home for getting money. (x) -- He went home for money. (表目的) -- He went home to get money. (表目的) -- Wood can be used for building. (表用途) （3）how/what/where/when/whether...+to do 可作介词的宾语。 -- He gave us a good piece of advice on how to learn English （4）注意含介词to的短语后应接动词-ing作宾语,这类短语有: pay attention to, add up to, devote... to.., be devoted to, look forward to, get down to, come to(达到)，stick to, object to, lead to, be/get used to(习惯于), agree to, drop to, thanks to, due to, owing to, belong to, be accustomed to, adapt to, be married to, pay a visit to, adjust to, contribute to, be connected to, be related to, be joined to, be linked to, refer to, turn to等。 -- I'm looking forward to having dinner with you. （5）下列结构由于介词不同所接宾语的形式也不同。 keep... from + doing & keep... out of + n./pron. be busy (in) + doing & be busy with + n./pron. have trouble (in) + doing & have trouble with + n./pron spend...(in) + doing & spend...on + n./pron. go on doing & go on with + n./pron. -- He is busy in doing his work every day= He is busy with his work every day. 3、 非谓语动词作表语 A. 不定式、动词-ing和过去分词均可作表语。 但不定式表示具体情况，而动词-ing表示通常状况，动词-ing和过去分词均表示主语的状态。 -- Tony's plan is to finish his essay by the end of this month. -- My favourite sport is playing volleyball. -- The news is very exciting. My jacket is worn out. B. 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别: -- My money is stolen.(主系表结构,表状态或结果,多为一般时态) -- My money was stolen by an unemployed guy.(被动语态表被动的动作) C. 动词-ing作表语与进行时态的区别: -- His favorite sport is playing football. (主系表结构) -- His behavior is pleasing. (主系表结构) -- He is playing football. (现在进行时) D. 形容词化的过去分词和动词-ing 很多情感化的过去分词和动词-ing在使用中都已转化成为形容词，用作表语或状语。 一般而言，动词-ing 表属性；过去分词表心理活动， 常见的：interest, move, touch, worry, inspire, encourage, disappoint, please, satisfy, bore, tire, invite, puzzle, confuse, entertain, relax, amuse ,amaze, surprise, astonish, shock, embarrass, terrify, frighten, scare, discourage, annoy, exhaust等。 -- The pictures on the wall interest me. -- The pictures on the wall are interesting. -- I am interested in the pictures on the wall. 4、 非谓语动词作定语 A. 单个动词-ing和过去分词作定语,应置于被修饰的名词前。 a sleeping boy (动词-ing作定语表示被修饰名词的性质或状态) fallen leaves (不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示结果) the broken glass (及物动词的过去分词作定语既表示被动又表示完成) B. 动词-ing短语、过去分词短语和不定式作定语，应置一于被修饰的名词之后。 -- The person speaking now is our manager. (正在讲话) -- The person to speak is our manager. (将要讲话) -- The room already repaired is my office. (已经维修) -- The room being repaired is my office. (正在维修) -- The room to be repaired is my office. (将要维修) 注意: ①修饰序数词或被序数词修饰的词只能用不定式作定语。 -- Lucy is always the first to come. ②在句型have/give/find/need/want+宾语+to do中，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。 -- I have a lot of work to do today. ③There be句型中的非谓语动词作定语,表意如下 -- There is much work to do /to be done .(将要做) -- There is a white dog running on the playground.(正在跑) -- There were people killed in the accident.(已经丧生) ④有些名词常接不定式作定语 have the ability/ the right/ the chance/ the courage/ no time to do... 5、 非谓语动词作状语 A. 不定式作状语表目的、结果和原因 (1) 表目的,等同于in order to, so as to (不能放于句首)。 -- To(=In order to) go to college, he studied day and night. (2) 表原因,只能用于表示心理活动的形容词glad, nice,surprised等或动词regret, wonder 之后。 -- I'm glad to have this chance. 注意: ① Nice to meet you.(用于见面时) Nice meeting you.= Nice to have met you.(用于告别时) ② I'm glad to see you.(用于见面时) I'm glad to have seen you.(用于告别时) (3) 表结果,不定式表示出乎意料的结果,常与only连用;动词-ing表示自然发展的结果。 -- He went to the station in a hurry, only to find the last train gone. -- He went to the station in a hurry, catching the last train. (4) 常见的用作人语的不定式短语有 to tell you the truth, to be honest, to be sure, to be fair, to make things matters worse, to begin with, to sum up, to be exact 等。 -- To be honest, I don't like those people who wear strange clothes. (5) 注意下列句型的使用: -- The question is easy to answer.(不定式用主动形式表被动) -- The ground is too wet to walk on. 地面太湿,不能在上面行走。(介词on不可省略) -- He is just too glad to do so. 他只是很高兴这么做。(too前被just, only, but 修饰表肯定) -- He is too ready to get angry.他动不动就生气。 (too 后加表倾向的形容词easy，ready以及表心理的形容词glad, anxious,willing,happy, eager 等表肯定) -- One is never too old to learn. (too 前被 never，not 修饰表示“不会太……而不能”) -- He spoke not loudly enough to be heard. -- He ran so fast as not to be late for class. B. 动词-ing和过去分词作状语 动词-ing 和过去分词均可以在句中作时间、原因、结果条件、让步和方式状语。 除此之外,动词-ing还可作伴随状语。 -- He sat there, eating apples. (主动,作伴随状语) -- Hearing the news, she cried out. (主动,作时间状语) -- Being shown the way, the guests are visiting our school.(被动,作方式状语) -- Badly hurt, he couldn't stand up.(被动,作原因状语) -- Having been told about all this, I still wanted to see it for myself.(被动,作让步状语) -- Seen at a distance, the abstract picture makes clearer sense.(被动,作条件状语) C. 一些连词常与过去分词和动词-ing连用，构成状语众司的省略形式 常见的连词有:when, while, if, unless, once, than, as(按照), whether, though, although, even if, even though, no matter how..; as if常与不定式(to do)连用,表示将要发生的动作。 -- While driving on the highway, please be careful. -- When asked, he made no reply. -- He turned around as if to see whether he was being followed. 6、 非谓语动词作宾语补足语 A. 不定式作宾语补足语 不定式作宾语补足语时,表示该动词动作后于谓语动词动作的发生或与之同时发生。 宾语与不定式动词如果是逻辑上的主谓关系,不定式就用主动式; 如果是动宾关系，一般用被动式。 除此还应注意有些谓语动词后需用带to的不定式,有些谓语动词后需用不带to的不定式。 （1） 常用带 to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有: want, tell, ask, warn, force, urge, persuade, permit, allow, forbid, remind, advise等。 -- I want to persuade him to follow my advice. （2） 常用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有: Let, have, make, see, find, hear, notice, watch, observe等。 其中感官动词后用不带的不定式强调动作的全过程。 -- I saw him go out. -- He was seen to go out.(在被动语态中应用带的不定式) （3）动词 help后的不定式作宾语补足语,既可带to,也可省咯。 -- This book will help you (to) improve writing skills B. 动词-ing和过去分词作宾语补足语 （1） 动词-ing作宾语补足语,表示宾语是动词-ing形式这一动作的发出者,其常用于表示感官 (此时动词-ing强调动作正在进行)和心理状态的动词以及使役动词后,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。 此类动词有:see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find, have, get, leave, keep, set, send等。 -- When I was young, I preferred to watch my brother playing chess with our grandpa. -- Don't leave the water running. （2） 过去分词作宾语补足语表示宾语是过去分词这一动作的承受者,说明宾语的性质或状态, 如果是不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语,则只表示完成的意。 -- If you want to make yourself respected , you are above all to respect others. -- When he got home, he found his computer stolen. （3）有些动词后既可用动词-ing作宾语补足语,又可用过去分词作宾语补足语,但意义有所不同。 ① have sb./sth. doing 与 have sth.done ② see/hear/find sb. doing 与 see/hear/find sth. Done ③ leave sb. doing与 leave sth. done C. with 的复合结构 在介词with的复合结构中,介词宾语的补足语既可由形容词、副词、介词短语等充当, 也可由不定式、动词-ing和过去分词充当。 -- With time going on, our life is becoming more comfortable. -- With everything done, John left his company and went home. -- With the teacher to help, we'll have no difficulty in learning English. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$