专题02 阅读理解推理判断题- 2025年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（北京专用）

热点题型·选择题攻略 专题02 阅读理解推理判断题 2024 年北京高考英语阅读理解试题题材广泛，涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然等多个主题语境，贴近时代、贴近社会、贴近生活、贴近学生。试题依托语篇，全面考查学生的阅读理解能力，突出高阶思维的考查，引导中学教学回归课标、回归课堂。阅读理解的选材注重价值引领，体现学科的育人功能。例如，有的文章讲述了作者在一次考试失败后，不断突破自我、锲而不舍追逐梦想的历程；有的文章指出人类应停止“宇宙是不是模拟”的争论，依托新的科技成果，创造性地探索未知世界；还有的文章从科学的视角探讨道德规范的根源。这些文章不仅有助于考生获取有效信息，正确认识世界和中国发展大势，还能培养考生的国际意识和文化素养。 阅读理解题型多样，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。试题考查考生对语篇内容、语篇结构的理解和把握，以及对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价。 推理判断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查大家通过文章的表面文字信息，进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。这类题通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断，以及对作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。 做这类题时，同学们应该根据文章中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。 推理判断题 推理判断隐含意义题解题思路： 推理判断是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，再结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，作者的言外之意。 ①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础; ②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里、由浅入深、从具体到抽象、从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。 ③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点; ④要把握句，段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。 除此之外，还要注意几个误区： ①原文信息的简单重复，并不是推断出来的结论。 ②文中无关紧要或片面推出的结论。 ③与文章内容不符的推论或相反的推论。 ④不合常理或不合逻辑的推论。 ⑤虽然符合考生的常识，但文中并没有支撑的依据。 题型01 细节推断题 【题型诠释】 细节判断要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。因果关系判断要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。题干主要包括下列五个动词：infer（推断）, imply（暗示）, suggest（暗示）, conclude（作出结论）和assume（假定，设想）。 主要设题形式： It can be inferred from the passage/text that _________。 The author strongly suggests that__________. It can be concluded from the passage that__________. The paragraph following the passage will most probably be __________. The writer implies but not directly states that_________ The passage is intended to__________. The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that __________. Which of the following statements does the passage support？     Why must a pop singer work even harder when he has become famous? ___________ The writer talked about the waitress' age because he thought___________. What does the author imply about newspapers? 关键词句细推敲 第一步：定位细节——根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息(关键词语)。 第二步：揣摩细节——对原文中的信息进行分析，推理判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。 注意：1.切勿拿文章中的某一个细节内容作为推理的结论。2.切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断。 【典例】 （23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）At an airport I overheard an old man and his daughter in their last moments together. They had announced her plane’s departure and standing near the door, he said to his daughter, “I love you, I wish you enough.” She said, “Daddy, our life together has been more than enough. Your love is all I ever needed. I wish you enough, too, Daddy. ” They kissed good-bye and she left. He walked over toward the window where I was seated. Standing there I could see he wanted and needed to cry. I tried not to intrude on his privacy, but he welcomed me in by asking, “Did you ever say good-bye to someone knowing it would be forever?” “Yes, I have,” I replied. Saying that brought back memories I had of expressing my love and appreciation for all my Dad had done for me. Recognizing that his days were limited, I took the time to tell him face to face how much he meant to me. So I knew what this man was experiencing. “Forgive me for asking, but why is this a forever good-bye?” I asked. “I am old and she lives much too far away. I have challenges ahead and the reality is, her next trip back will be for my funeral,” he said. “When you were saying good-bye I heard you say, ‘I wish you enough. ‘May I ask what that means?” He began to smile. “That’s a wish that has been handed down from other generations. My parents used to say it to everyone. ”He paused for a moment and looking up as if trying to remember it in detail, he smiled even more. “When we said ‘I wish you enough’, we were wanting the other person to have a life filled with enough good things to sustain them, ”he continued and then turning toward me, he shared the following as if he were reciting it from memory. “I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough pain so that the smallest joys in life appear much bigger. I wish you enough gain to satisfy your wanting. I wish you enough loss to appreciate all that you possess. I wish enough ‘Hellos’ to get you through the final ‘Good-bye’. ” 1．The old man want to cry because _______ A．he was guilty for not loving his daughter enough B．his daughter didn’t care about him as expected C．he had a slim chance to see his daughter again D．his daughter’s parting words made him sad 2．The author mentioned his Dad to show________ A．his appreciation for his father’s devotion B．his sorrow for his father leaving the world C．his understanding of the old man’s feeling D．his concern for the old man’s mental state 3．What message does the old man’s wish convey? A．Every moment is a blessing. B．Great hopes make great men. C．Happiness lies in contentment. D．To get time is to get everything. 4．According to the passage, which can best describe the old man? A．Helpful and gentle. B．Wise and loving. C．Modest and thoughtful. D．Kind and generous. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了在机场一位老人与女儿告别的情景，通过他们的对话展现了亲情、离别与祝愿的主题，同时也穿插了作者自身的回忆与感悟。 1．推理判断题。根据第六段““I am old and she lives much too far away. I have challenges ahead and the reality is, her next trip back will be for my funeral,” he said. (“我老了，她住得太远了。我面临着挑战，而现实是，她下次回来将是参加我的葬礼。”)”可知，老人知道自己可能无法活到女儿下次回来的时候，因此这可能是他们最后一次见面，所以老人想哭。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Standing there I could see he wanted and needed to cry. I tried not to intrude on his privacy, but he welcomed me in by asking, “Did you ever say good-bye to someone knowing it would be forever?” “Yes, I have,” I replied. (站在那里，我看得出他想哭，也需要哭。我尽量不去侵犯他的隐私，但他欢迎我，问我：“你有没有跟一个明知要永远再见的人说再见？”我回答说：“是的。”)”和第四段“Saying that brought back memories I had of expressing my love and appreciation for all my Dad had done for me. Recognizing that his days were limited, I took the time to tell him face to face how much he meant to me. So I knew what this man was experiencing. (这句话勾起了我对父亲为我所做的一切表达爱和感激的回忆。意识到他的日子不多了，我花时间当面告诉他，他对我来说有多重要。所以我知道这个人正在经历什么。)”可知，作者提到自己的父亲是因为他曾经也有过向父亲表达爱与感激的经历，认识到父亲的日子有限，亲自面对面地告诉父亲他对自己的意义。这表明作者对老人的感受有着深刻的理解。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段““I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough pain so that the smallest joys in life appear much bigger. I wish you enough gain to satisfy your wanting. I wish you enough loss to appreciate all that you possess. I wish enough ‘Hellos’ to get you through the final ‘Good-bye’. ” (“我希望你有足够的阳光，让你的态度保持光明。愿你有足够的雨水，让你更欣赏阳光。我希望你有足够的快乐来保持你的精神活力。我希望你有足够的痛苦，让生活中最小的快乐也变得更大。我希望你有足够的收获来满足你的需要。我希望你有足够的损失来珍惜你所拥有的一切。我希望有足够的‘你好’让你度过最后的‘再见’。”)”可知，老人的愿望传达了：每一刻都是一种祝福，都是幸福的时刻。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“At an airport I overheard an old man and his daughter in their last moments together. They had announced her plane’s departure and standing near the door, he said to his daughter, “I love you, I wish you enough.” (在机场，我无意中听到一位老人和他的女儿在一起的最后时刻。他们宣布了她的飞机起飞，他站在门口对女儿说：“我爱你，我希望你足够。”)”以及最后一段““I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough pain so that the smallest joys in life appear much bigger. I wish you enough gain to satisfy your wanting. I wish you enough loss to appreciate all that you possess. I wish enough ‘Hellos’ to get you through the final ‘Good-bye’. ” (“我希望你有足够的阳光，让你的态度保持光明。愿你有足够的雨水，让你更欣赏阳光。我希望你有足够的快乐来保持你的精神活力。我希望你有足够的痛苦，让生活中最小的快乐也变得更大。我希望你有足够的收获来满足你的需要。我希望你有足够的损失来珍惜你所拥有的一切。我希望有足够的‘你好’让你度过最后的‘再见’。”)”可知，老人充满智慧并且深爱着他的家人。故选B。 题型02 文章来源推断题 【题型诠释】 推测文章的来源或者推测读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定常识，文章提供的内容才能与读者本身已经储备的常识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、童话、广告、教材、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出最佳答案。 主要设题形式：       This passage would most like be found in…       In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?       The passage is probably taken out of______.       Where does this text probably come from?       Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from? 技巧点拨：这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处： 旅游指南类文章(a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。 广告英语类文章(an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。 课件展示类文章(a class presentation)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。 网络网页类文章(an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如For more information, please click here. 新闻报道类文章(a news report)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容，下面陈述细节。 研究报告类文章(a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。 图书评论类文章(a book review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。 科普杂志类文章(a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。 题型03 人物性格，态度及观点判断题 【题型诠释】 一是乐观支持类：positive肯定的favorable 支持的，赞同的supportive支持的approval赞成的 二是客观中立类：objective客观的neutral中立的cautious谨慎的 三是消极反对类：negative否定的opposite相反的unfair公正的doubtful怀疑的indifferent漠不关心的critical批评的ironic讽刺的。 方法点拨 第1， 不要加入自己的态度。 第二，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully 等。 第三，态度性问题的选项一般分为以下三种： 1. 中性词：disinterested（无私的）, uninterested（不感兴趣的）, neutral（中立的）, indifferent（无关紧要的）, impassive（冷漠的）, humorous（幽默的）等； 2. 褒义词：positive（积极的）, wonderful（奇妙的）, supportive（支持的）, useful, interesting, enthusiastic(热情的), admiring（赞赏的），sympathetic（同情的）等； 3. 贬义词：disgust（厌恶）, critical（批评的）, negative（否定的，消极的）, tolerant（宽恕的）, disappointment（失望）等。 【典例】 （23-24高二上·北京西城·期末） When I was an undergraduate student studying ecology, I was used to discovering overall trends in large amounts of data. The thought of getting my hands dirty in the field never seemed interesting to me. I saw it as a boring and repetitive task. But I knew potential graduate schools would likely view my lack of field experience as a hole in my application letter. My mother also thought I should work for a few years to explore my interests before pursuing further education. So  I decided to apply for field-based summer positions after graduation. After landing a job assessing the sage grouse habitat in Utah, I found myself in the company of Sherel, a 75-year-old botanist and the leader of our field crew. On the very first day of the fieldwork, I noticed a special plant on the field. “Wonderful! Looks like you’ve got a Mahonia repens,” Sherel shouted excitedly. I gently touched the plant with yellow flowers by my feet, “This one here? How can you tell it’s a Mahonia?” He paused briefly to admire the plant and then began his energetic description of the plant’s typical features. That evening, while we were watching the sunset together, I texted my childhood friend. “Day I was actually kind of fun,” I started, “but we’ll see how long it takes before I get bored from just identifying plants in the field all day.” But as the weeks of fieldwork rolled by, the boredom I had expected never arrived. I came home from the field each night with sore legs and a sunburned neck, excited by the day’s finds. By picking Sherel’s brain about different species of animals and plants, I discovered field days are about much more than identification. Each day is an opportunity to learn a little bit more. When the summer was over, I found myself in another field job, this time surveying forest in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. I’m now a third-year Ph. D．student in ecology. Fieldwork may be buggy, wet, and physically demanding, but working with others helps keep spirits high and the physical activity helps me stay sharp. And it constantly reminds me that any task can present an opportunity to learn — as long as I am open to it. 30．What does the author think of fieldwork now? A．Easy but interesting. B．Boring but fruitful. C．Tiring but meaningful. D．Repetitive but demanding. 【答案】 30．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了，作者是一名研究生态学的本科生，不愿意进行田野里实地研究，在母亲的劝说下，为进一步深造做准备，作者在毕业后申请了实地暑期职位，这段经历让作者明白任何任务都可以提供学习的机会。 30．推理判断题。由最后一段中“Fieldwork may be buggy, wet, and physically demanding, but working with others helps keep spirits high and the physical activity helps me stay sharp. (实地研究可能很麻烦，很潮湿，对体力要求很高，但与他人一起工作有助于保持高昂的精神状态，体育活动有助于我保持敏捷)”可知，作者认为实地研究对体力要求很高但有好处，可得出它是累人但有意义的。选C项。 题型04 猜测想象推理题 【题型诠释】 有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的猜测。 主要设题形式：       What do you think will happen when/if…?       At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write _______.      Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the third paragraph?       Which of the following is the most likely reply the doctor gave the woman patient at the end of the story? 做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来叙述)，从而作出比较科学的，合情合理的猜测。和原文中表达一致的答案，一定不能选。 【典例】 （23-24高二下·北京西城·期末）In 2014, a year into her retirement, Morag Warrack found herself in a village hall in the Surrey hills, surrounded by middle-aged men throwing each other on to the floor. “When entering the classroom, I was terrified and thought all these men would be shocked by an old woman walking in,” she says. “The teacher encouraged me to stay and I realized they were all kind and curious about me being there. That was my first experience of learning aikido.” At 59, Warrack, who had recently handed in her resignation, began reading up on mindfulness practices. “The more I looked into mindfulness, the more aikido kept coming up,” she says. “These books were recommending it as a way to connect the mind, body and spirit.” Attracted by the idea, Warrack found a local class where she could take a beginners’ session. Despite her struggles, Warrack kept returning. While her husband and two children were supportive, they weren’t tempted to join in. “They just thought: Mum’s off on one again,” she says. Warrack carried on and, after two years of practice, she began moving up the graded system of belt rankings and noticing a change in herself. “Aikido was making me way more confident,” she says, “Since my reactions got quicker, my balance was better and my coordination (协调性) improved, I had a real understanding of my own body and it became a metaphor (比喻) for how to be in life; how to avoid attack without hurting the other person.” By January 2019, Warrack was determined to achieve her black belt and began training with the only other person in her class who was at the same level as her: a 181cm police officer. “It was a very odd pairing. Not least because he’s so strong and so I had to learn how to use my skills rather than strength against him,” she says. In December 2021, Warrack, at the age of 66, took her black belt test. For 20 minutes, she had to defend her position against attackers one after another before facing the final randori, where four people attack at once. “One guy kicked me and split my lip,” she laughs. “It made me so angry, but that’s what I needed to keep going.” She passed, making her one of the oldest people to achieve an aikido black belt in the UK. 18．After two years of practice, Warrack ________. A．grew more patient B．turned into a better self C．realized her full potential D．became aware of her weakness 【答案】 18．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位名叫Morag Warrack的66岁女性，在退休后开始练习Aikido，并最终在2021年获得了黑带资格，成为英国达到该级别年龄最大的女性之一。她的经历表现了Aikido不仅对身体有好处，还能增强信心和自我意识，她在练习中克服了困难和挑战，展示了坚韧和毅力。 18．推理判断题。第三段中“Warrack carried on and, after two years of practice, she began moving up the graded system of belt rankings and noticing a change in herself. “Aikido was making me way more confident,” she says, “Since my reactions got quicker, my balance was better and my coordination (协调性) improved, I had a real understanding of my own body and it became a metaphor (比喻) for how to be in life; how to avoid attack without hurting the other person.”(Warrack继续练习，在两年的训练后，她开始在腰带等级制度中升级，并注意到自己发生了变化。她说：“Aikido让我变得更加自信，因为我的反应更快了，平衡感更好，协调性也提高了，我真正理解了自己的身体，它成为了一个生活的隐喻，即如何在避免伤害他人的同时避免受到攻击。”)”可知，经过两年的练习，Warrack在腰带等级制度中开始上升，并且注意到了自己的变化。她变得更加自信，反应更快，平衡更好，协调性也提高了。这表明她成为了一个更好的自己。故选B。 题型05 写作意图推测题 【题型诠释】 此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路，推测作者隐藏的思想及真正的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。此类题属于得分率较低的高难度题。 写作意图推测题的常见设问方式有： For what purpose did the author write the passage? The writer writes this passage in order to _________. The purpose of the text is to _________. What is the purpose of the last part of the text? The writer uses…in the first paragraph to ________. The writer uses the example of….to _________. 推理判断题的干扰项的设置通常有一下特点 第一，它和原文讲的真正的意思之间有一点点的区别，而我们的考生往往忽略了细微的区别。 第二，干扰项跟原文讲的一模一样，你仔细看问题就会发现它和意思不相关，问题问的重点和它是不相关的。     第三，干扰项经常出现文章当中的原词的表达，就是原文的意思，属于文中已言明的事实，文中已明确说明的内容不需要推理，推理以原文中心为依据，引申要适度。 【典例】 （23-24高二下·北京朝阳·期末）It turns out patience isn’t always a virtue. By the time Nalin Kamat was 13, the Toronto teen had been well on his way to becoming a working artist. He had already had his first show at a local arts centre. Yet he wanted more — specifically to start showing his works in a juried exhibition, where art experts would evaluate and select pieces in a competitive review process, ensuring that only the most outstanding works are included in the exhibition. That’s when he ran into a problem, discovering in the very last line of a multi-page application that the minimum age for submission was 18. That rejection became a fuel for creation. “As young artists, we don’t get as much credit as I think we deserve, and we also don’t get many opportunities to showcase the amount of work we put into the art. I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. With the support of his parents, in January 2023, Nalin founded Little EGG Gallery, a commercial studio only for underage artists. The gallery, which is now profitable enough, charges a small fee for any displayed work and takes a 15 percent service fee on sales. In turn, Little EGG Gallery helps promote young talents by showcasing their works. Not long after opening, David Griffin, a professor and artist from Ontario College of Art and Design University, happened to come across the gallery while walking with his wife in their neighbourhood. Upon meeting Nalin, Griffin says he understood that he was speaking with someone special, “a strong young artist with a really excellent idea, which was to create a space for showing the local community the easy, natural genius of young people.” A connection was formed, and Nalin asked Griffin to help judge an upcoming competition. The first juried show was last spring, and the top three winners each received a $50 cash prize. Five-year-old Jack Gamble won for his abstract painting titled Pokemon. Given how busy Nalin is with school life and his own art, Little EGG Gallery is mostly open by appointment only, but he’s still devoted to growing the gallery with seasonal and themed shows scheduled a few times a year. Nalin believes that young artists are free to be more creative. In an interview with CBC Kids News, he said, “I think when you’re younger, you have more creativity. You see beauty in more things and when you get older, it kind of stops. I don’t want to see anyone prevented from creating their art. 16．What can we learn from Nalin Kamat’s story? A．Wisdom arises from experience. B．Everything comes to those who wait. C．Luck matters to one’s career success. D．Innovative thoughts increase one’s chances. 【答案】 16．D 【导语】本文属于记叙文。文章主要讲述了少年Nalin Kamat在面临艺术界年龄限制的挑战后，受到启发创立Little EGG Gallery，为未成年艺术家提供展示平台的故事。 16．推理判断题。由文章第二段“That rejection became a fuel for creation. “As young artists, we don’t get as much credit as I think we deserve, and we also don’t get many opportunities to showcase the amount of work we put into the art. I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. (这种拒绝成为了创造的动力。“作为年轻的艺术家，我们没有得到我认为应得的赞誉，我们也没有很多机会展示我们在艺术上付出的努力。我想如果我能为更多的年轻艺术家提供机会，那就太酷了，”现年15岁的Nalin说。)”及最后一段“Nalin believes that young artists are free to be more creative. In an interview with CBC Kids News, he said, “I think when you’re younger, you have more creativity. You see beauty in more things and when you get older, it kind of stops. I don’t want to see anyone prevented from creating their art. (纳林认为，年轻艺术家可以自由地发挥自己的创造力。在接受CBC儿童新闻采访时，他说：“我认为当你年轻的时候，你会有更多的创造力。你会在更多事物中发现美，但随着年龄的增长，美就会消失。我不想看到任何人被阻止创作他们的艺术。)”可知，Nalin的故事展示了他如何面对年龄限制的挫折，创新性地创立了自己的画廊来支持年轻艺术家，这表明创新思维可以增加个人成功的机会。因此，选项D“Innovative thoughts increase one’s chances. (创新思维增加机会。)”最符合题意。故选D。 【高考真题】 【2024北京卷】 When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since. I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. But other channels of creativity stayed open: I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo (禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practice. One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments. 24. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A. Scared. B. Worried. C. Discouraged. D. Wronged. 26. Which word would best describe the author’s dream? A. Confusing. B. Empowering. C. Disturbing. D. Entertaining. 27. What can we learn from this passage? A. Actions speak louder than words. B. Hard work is the mother of success. C. Dreams are the reflections of realities. D. Creative activities involve being confident. 【答案】24. C 26. B 27. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一直喜欢绘画，但中学时由于油画测试成绩较低，作者对绘画失去了信心。在40岁出头时，一个梦让作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。 【24题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless.(我觉得很难，但仍希望能通过测试。我没有通过，而且成绩很低。我过于自信了。现在，我被宣布为毫无(油画)天赋的人了)”并结合下文中作者多年不碰油画的经历可推知，作者对美术考试的结果感到气馁。故选C。 【26题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. (这个梦给我的感觉是如此的权威，它震撼了我。它是能量的一种形式，让我回我失去了的东西)”可知，作者的梦赋予作者练习油画的力量。故选B。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段“Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. (成为一名成功的画家需要有决心。我意识到我总是害怕想要得太多)”及文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了作者一直喜欢绘画，但中学时由于油画测试成绩较低，作者对绘画失去了信心。在40岁出头时，一个梦让作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。由此可推知，我们能从文章中学到创作活动需要自信，故选D。 The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】28. C 30. A 31. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 【答案】32. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。 【2023北京卷】 【2023北京卷】Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday. I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…” and my vision blurred (模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career. So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue. When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about. Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. 24．How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name? A．Anxious. B．Angry. C．Surprised. D．Settled. 26．According to the author, the project with the robotics professor was ________. A．demanding B．inspiring C．misleading D．amusing 27．What can we learn from this passage? A．An invitation is a reputation. B．An innovation is a resolution. C．A rejection can be a redirection. D．A reflection can be a restriction. 【答案】24．A 26．B 27．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章中作者结合自己被拒绝后得到了更好的职业发展机会，告诉我们最初的拒绝给予了更好的方向。 24．推理判断题。根据第一段“My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…”and my vision blurred (模糊). (当我看到邮件发件人的名字时，我的心跳加速了。这封邮件是这样开头的：“亲爱的格林先生，感谢您的关注”，“审核过程比预期的要长。”信的结尾是“我们很抱歉地通知你……”，我的视线模糊了)”可知，收到的是被拒绝的邮件，所以推测作者在看到电子邮件发件人的名字时感到焦虑。故选A。 26．推理判断题。根据第四段“I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue. (我发现自己和一个机器人教授一起研究从沙漠中远程收集数据的技术。我可以在沙发上完成这个项目，而不是在沙漠的酷热中完成，它不仅在封锁期间幸存下来，而且在传统方法不奏效的地方也奏效了。最后，我有了新的科学兴趣去追求)”可推知，机器人学教授的项目很鼓舞人心。故选B。 27．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. (我明白了有时候我需要抓住提供的机会，即使这些机会在当时听起来并不完美，也要充分利用，而不是一成不变地制定计划)”结合文章中作者结合自己被拒绝后得到了更好的职业发展机会，告诉我们最初的拒绝给予了更好的方向。故C选项“拒绝可以是重定向”最符合文章的主旨。故选C。 In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28．The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．highlight a problem 29．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 30．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 【答案】28．D 29．C 30．A 【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。 28．推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cole）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。 29．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。 30．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。 What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 31．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 33．What can we learn from this passage? A．ALife holds the key to human future. B．ALife and AI share a common feature. C．AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D．AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 【答案】31．A 33．B 【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。 31．推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。 33．推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。 【2022北京卷】 My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled ( 削弱 ) my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me. My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me. One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a pre-presentation dinner with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak one-on-one with him—an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first contact was where my story began. A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference. Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence. I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I’ve realised that my biggest obstacle ( 障碍 ) this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from reaching their potential: I can’t. They say good things come to those who wait; I say: grab every opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature does not require our patience, but our action. 27. What can we learn from this passage? A. Practice makes perfect. B. Patience is a cure of anxiety. C. Action is worry’s worst enemy. D. Everything comes to those who wait. 【答案】 27. C 27.【解析】 推理判断题。由第一段“ Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled ( 削弱 ) my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me.”（去年年初，我被一种焦虑困扰，它削弱了我做任何事情的能力。）由文章第三段“I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence.(我决定完成申请，很快我就成为了一个不断壮大的全球年轻人保护自然团队的一员。每一步都让我更加自信。)可知，文章主要讲述作者通过参加保护自然活动治愈好了自己的焦虑。所以从文章中我们能学到行动是忧虑最大的敌人。故选C项。 “What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending 30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges. C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination. 【答案】28. C 30. B 【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。 28.【解析】 推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。 30.【解析】 推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。 Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 【答案】31 A 31.【解析】 推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 【2021北京卷】 I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about our semester（学期） project of volunteering at a non-profit organization．When the teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our help，my last choice was Operation Iraqi Children （OIC）．My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind． Then，an OIC representative gave us some details，which somewhat interested me．After doing some research， I believed that we could really do something for those kids．When I went online to the OIC website，I saw pictures of the Iraqi children．Their faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair（绝望） and need that I joined this project without hesitation．We decided to collect as many school supplies as possible，and make them into kits——one kit，one child． The most rewarding day for our group was project day，when all the efforts we put into collecting the items finally came together．When I saw the various supplies we had collected，it hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually be in the hands of an Iraqi child．Over the past four months，I had never imagined how I would feel once our project was completed．While making the kits，I realized that I had lost sight of the true meaning behind it．I had only focused on the fact that it was another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on．When the kits were completed，and ready to be sent overseas，the warm feeling I had was one I would never forget． In the beginning，I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another person．Now that our project is over，I realize that I have affected not only one life，but ten．With our efforts，ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education． 27. What can we conclude from this passage？ A. One's potential cannot always be underrated． B. First impression cannot always be trusted． C. Actions speak louder than words． D. He who hesitates is lost． 【答案】27. B 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind．”（我对这个组织的第一印象是，它不会对我心中的计划产生足够的影响。）和最后一段“In the beginning，I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another person．Now that our project is over，I realize that I have affected not only one life，but ten．With our efforts，ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education．”（一开始，我鼓励自己去改变另一个人的生活。现在我们的项目结束了，我意识到我不仅影响了一个人的生活，而且影响了十个人的生活。在我们的努力下，十名男孩和女孩现在将能够继续接受教育。）可知，一开始作者认为加入伊拉克儿童行动不会达到他的期望，但是最后通过努力对自己和他人带来影响，说明第一印象不总是可信的。故选B。 Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A. worried B. puzzled C. surprised D. scared 30. What can we learn from this passage? A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B. The author agrees with the message of the poem. C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D. The global collapse is well underway. 【答案】29. A 30. B 【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。 Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． 【答案】32. D 34. C 【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。 【2020北京卷】 For the past five years, Paula Smith, a historian of science, has devoted herself to re-creating long-forgotten techniques. While doing research for her new book, she came across a 16th-century French manuscript（手稿）consisting of nearly 1,000 sets of instructions, covering subjects from tool making to finding the best sand. The author's intention remains as mysterious（神秘）as his name; he may have been simply taking notes for his own records. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any of the skills the author described. "You simply can't get an understanding of that handwork by reading about it," she says. Though Smith did get her hands on the best sand, doing things the old-fashioned way isn't just about playing around with French mud. Reconstructing the work of the craftsmen（工匠）who lived centuries ago can reveal how they viewed the world, what objects filled their homes, and what went on in the workshops that produced them. It can even help solve present-day problems: In 2015, scientists discovered that a 10th-century English medicine for eve problems could kill a drug-resistant virus. The work has also brought insights for museums, Smith says. One must know how on object was made in order to preserve it. What's more, reconstructions might be the only way to know what treasures looked like before time wore them down. Scholars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Roman statues. These sculptures were painted a rainbow of striking colours. We can't appreciate these kinds of details without seeing works of art as they originally appeared-something Smith believes you can do only when you have a road map. Smith has put the manuscript's ideas into practice. Her final goal is to link the worlds of art and science back together: She believes that bringing the old recipes to life can help develop a kind of learning that highlights experimentation, teamwork, and problem solving. Back when science—then called “the new philosophy”—took shape, academics looked to craftsmen for help in understanding the natural world. Microscopes and telescopes were invented by way of artistic tinkering（修补）, as craftsmen experimented with glass to better bend light. If we can rediscover the values of hands-on experience and craftwork, Smith says, we can marry the best of our modern insights with the handiness of our ancestors. 40. Why does the author mention museums? A. To reveal the beauty of ancient objects. B. To present the findings of old science. C To highlight the importance of antiques. D. To emphasise the values of hand skills. 【答案】40. D 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The work has also brought insights for museums, Smith says. One must know how on object was made in order to preserve it. What's more, reconstructions might be the only way to know what treasures looked like before time wore them down.” 史密斯说，这项工作也给博物馆带来了深刻的见解。为了保存它，一个人必须知道一件物品是如何制成的。更重要的是，重建可能是唯一的方法，以了解宝藏磨损之前的样子。因此可知，博物馆要想很好保存物品，必须要知道这件物品是如何制成的，也是在强调手工技能的价值，故选D。 Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground. Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems. Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However, since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency. The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）. Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma." “Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it." Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog, and we are all really proud of her." 35. What can we learn from the Baggy data? A. High places are free of air pollution. B. Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids. C. Conventional monitors are more reliable. D. Air is more polluted closer to the ground. 36. What is Tom's purpose of doing the research? A. To warn of a health risk. B. To find out pollution sources. C. To test his new monitor. D. To prove Baggy's abilities. 37. According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt? A. Modest. B. Generous. C. Creative. D. Outgoing. 【答案】 35. D 36. A 37. C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13岁的孩子Tom Hunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调婴儿和幼儿可能面临更高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们从Baggy收集到的数据中可以了解到什么？根据文章第二段 Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平更高。故答案为D项。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。本题题干意为：进行这项研究Tom的意图是？根据文章第四段Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasize that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tom研究的目的是对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A项。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。本题题干意为：根据文章，哪个词最能描述汤姆·亨特?根据文章倒数第二段“Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）.About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy的衣领上，让她监测污染?于是我们就这么做了。可知Tom是非常的有创造力的。故答案为C项。 Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. 44. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 45. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 【答案】44. B 45. A 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。 【最新模考】 【2024·北京东城·二模】 Mark Brown, 57, had been making films for 30 years, but he found himself feeling tired of it. “I thought, things can only go downhill.” Brown knew he needed to do something else — but what? A few years earlier, he had bought his childhood house and moved in. While Brown wondered about a second care er in gardening, he heard a different internal voice. “That child who used to love drawing whispered to me down the years,” he said. Some unacknowledged longing in him was brought out. There was a great oak tree near his home. It had stood out to his young self as a “fantastical giant — a treasure home to birds, insects and animals. There was a cave inside. We used to squeeze in through this hole.” He decided to lock himself away for two months to draw it in all its glorious detail. “While I was drawing,” he said, “there came moments when it was as though the tree was drawing itself. I had spent so much time playing in it. I could feel it. It was deep inside me.” His finished oak held “a real power”, he said. “As you walk towards it, it just grows.” Brown became a tree portraitist. Over the next few years, he travelled across Britain and spent days with the trees selected with the help of the Ancient Tree Forum, the Tree Council and the Woodland Trust. Brown has started work on a 20-drawing series of Britain’s most important ash trees. “These beautiful old ash trees are going to be lost to us,” he says. “They are 350 years old and they are dying because of a disease that we’ve spread.” Drawing is not only an act of care and a demand for preservation, but it “gives me that interface between my passion for the natural world and my creativity,” Brown says. It has also given him a different perspective on the passage of time. “I’m an old man yet I’m only 71, and some of the trees I’ve drawn are 1,000 years old. When I’m with them and when I draw them, I think about the end of my life and the brief nature of human life that passes momentarily beneath them.” 50．What can we learn about the oak tree and Brown? A．It helped him start a new career. B．It linked him with the world. C．He built a tree house in it. D．He studied creatures in it. 51．What is Brown working on? A．Setting up tree organizations. B．Looking for cures for tree diseases. C．Drawing to call for protection for trees. D．Travelling to select important trees in Britain. 【答案】 50．A 51．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了57岁的马克·布朗唤醒了儿时的兴趣，成为了一名树木肖像画家。 50．推理判断题。根据第三段“His finished oak held “a real power”, he said. “As you walk towards it, it just grows.” Brown became a tree portraitist.(他说，他的成品橡木拥有“真正的力量”。“当你走向它的时候，它就会越来越大。”布朗成为了一名树木肖像画家)”可知，橡树让布朗开始了新的职业生涯。故选A。 51．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““These beautiful old ash trees are going to be lost to us,” he says. “They are 350 years old and they are dying because of a disease that we’ve spread.”(“这些美丽的老白蜡树对我们来说将会失去，”他说。“它们已经350岁了，由于我们传播的疾病，它们正在死去。”)”可知，布朗呼吁保护树木。故选C。 【2024·北京·三模】 As most of you know, the first year of university is always the hardest to adapt to. The addition of taking care of yourself, making new friends, learning how to get around campus, and school can sometimes be too much to bear. I would like to attend medical school after my four-year undergraduate. It is well-known that medical schools are very competitive and require extremely high marks. I had always known that I was meant for medical school and worked hard all throughout high school. I engaged in life sciences and knew that I wanted to do a double major in neuroscience (神经科学) and psychology, but of course, I wasn’t so fond of the preconditions to get to that stage. I had to take math and physics in my first year. So after the choke I call the first term, I looked back on my grades and found that I had never seen numbers like this before. I really didn’t even think they were possible. I had heard that medical schools liked to see an upward trend, so I was discouraged and hurt, but tried not to think about it. Having your grades taken away from you when that was all you had was a huge thing I had to overcome — I defined my worth by how “smart” I was and getting past that mindset was the hardest thing I’ve ever done. After I saw my grades, I realized the mistake I made taking a bunch of unnecessarily challenging courses. At the end of my second term, my grades weren’t as high as I wanted them to be, but I accepted it. I knew that there were reasons for the differences between individuals, but I still saw a huge improvement in my marks from the first term. I had enjoyed my time in my second term and even though I wasn’t where I wanted to be, it had nothing to do with my place in the university. It was very eye-opening and taught me what I needed to do in order to achieve MY best — not what everyone else considered to be the best. I’m now taking a summer school course and my marks are incredibly better than what I was getting during my first year of school. Though I had a rough start, I’m sure my lessons and new attitude will carry me much farther than just to medical school. 57．The author wanted to take a double major because she ______. A．liked the two majors better B．was preparing herself for her goal C．tried to prove her academic ability D．decided to challenge herself in university 58．How did the author feel when reviewing her grades after the first term? A．Satisfied. B．Surprised. C．Calm. D．Angry. 60．What can we learn from this passage? A．A fresh start leads to more challenges. B．Hard work will pay off sooner or later. C．Stick to your plan and you will succeed. D．Proper adjustment will take you farther. 【答案】57．B 58．B 60．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者作为大学新生，在适应大学生活的同时，为攻读医学院而努力提升成绩的心路历程。 57．推理判断题。根据第二段中“I would like to attend medical school after my four-year undergraduate.(我想在读完四年的本科后去医学院)”和“I engaged in life sciences and knew that I wanted to do a double major in neuroscience and psychology (我从事的是生命科学，我知道我想要神经科学和心理学的双学位)”可知，作者想进入医学院深造，参与生命科学的研究，所以她要主修神经科学和心理学双学位。这表明她选择这两个专业是为了自己的长远目标，即进入医学院深造，因此她是在为自己的目标做准备。故选B项。 58．推理判断题。根据第三段中“I looked back on my grades and found that I had never seen numbers like this before. I really didn’t even think they were possible.(我回顾了我的成绩，发现我以前从未见过这样的数字。我真的认为这是不可能的)”可知，回顾自己的成绩时，作者认为不可能，感到意外。故选B项。 60．推理判断题。通读全文，结合第三段中“So after the choke I call the first term, I looked back on my grades and found that I had never seen numbers like this before. I really didn’t even think they were possible. I had heard that medical schools liked to see an upward trend, so I was discouraged and hurt, but tried not to think about it.(所以在我称之为第一学期的艰难时刻之后，我回顾了自己的成绩，发现我从未见过这样的数字。我甚至真的认为这些成绩是不可能的。我听说医学院喜欢看到成绩呈上升趋势，所以我感到沮丧和受伤，但我尽量不去想它)”、第四段中“After I saw my grades, I realized the mistake I made taking a bunch of unnecessarily challenging courses.(看到成绩后，我意识到自己犯了一个错误，上了一堆不必要的挑战性课程)”和最后一段中“Though I had a rough start, I’m sure my lessons and new attitude will carry me much farther than just to medical school.(虽然我有一个艰难的开始，但我相信我的课程和新的态度将使我比仅仅进入医学院走得更远)”可知，在第一学期遭遇挫折后，作者在第二学期及时调整策略、改变态度，最后有了新的开始，并坚信自己会走得更远。由此可知，这篇文章告诉我们：适当的调整会让你走得更远。故选D项。 【2024·北京大兴·三模】 A voice reaches us, crying out from the depths of a profound silence: “I am alive, I can think, and no one has the right to deny me these two realities. . . ” The words were conveyed by a flicker (跳动) of the left eyelid. It came from a book, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, by a former journalist, Jean-Dominique Bauby. He worked for journals like the Quotidien de Paris and Paris Match. For four years until December 1995 he was the very successful chief editor of Elle. Then the unthinkable happened. A cardiovascular ( 心血管的) accident sent him into a deep coma (昏迷). His brain remained undamaged, but its connection to his body left him with only the ability to blink his left eyelid. The poor man was diagnosed as suffering from the rare disease “Locked-in Syndrome”, unable to breathe or eat without assistance. In this inert body, however, his brain was working furiously, trying to make people understand what he was thinking. With the help of a specialized nurse, Claude Mendibil, he was able to write his book, using only his ability to blink at the most frequently used letters of the alphabet. He would spend most of the night editing his thoughts and composing sentences. It took him about 200, 000 blinks to write his book of more than 100 pages. In it, Bauby describes his paralyzed existence as being trapped in an old-fashioned deep-sea diving bell while the “butterflies” of his mind flutter about freely. One would expect from this process formal factual report, but that is not the case. The book reads in flowing images that light up his predicament. The style is clear and fresh, and not without elegance, imagination and shafts of humor. He is also in search of past time, of memory itself, of the books he had read, the poems he had learnt by heart. Even sadder, he thinks of all the books he wanted to read and hadn’t gotten to. He has to listen to someone else reading them to him. He recalls meals, a horse race, his life and work as an editor, and his struggle in his hospital bed to twitch (抽搐) his nose when a fly lands on it. “From this hell comes a great message of life and hope,” said Antoine Audouard, a friend of Bauby’s and the book’s publisher. 64．Based on this article, which of the following words can not be used to describe Bauby? A．Odd-tempered. B．Open-minded. C．Strong-willed. D．Warm-hearted. 【答案】 64．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位被诊断患有一种罕见的疾病“闭锁综合症”的作家与病魔斗争，最终把自己的故事用优美的语言写成一本书展示给世人，传递出他不屈不挠的精神。 64．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“In this inert body, however, his brain was working furiously, trying to make people understand what he was thinking. With the help of a specialized nurse, Claude Mendibil, he was able to write his book, using only his ability to blink at the most frequently used letters of the alphabet. (然而，在这个无活动能力的身体里面，他的大脑正在疯狂地工作，试图让人们理解他在想什么。在专业护士克劳德·门迪比尔的帮助下，他仅凭对着字母表中最常用的字母眨眼的能力就能写书了)”、第五段中“He would spend most of the night editing his thoughts and composing sentences. It took him about 200, 000 blinks to write his book of more than 100 pages. (他会花一晚上的时间编辑自己的想法和造句。当门迪比尔早上到达时，他可以连续眨眼口述给她听。他眨眼20万次才完成这本100多页的书。)”以及第六段中“The book reads in flowing images that light up his predicament. The style is clear and fresh, and not without elegance, imagination and shafts of humor. (这本书以流畅的画面展现了他的困境。风格清晰清新，不乏优雅、想象力和幽默)”可知，鲍比即使在瘫痪的情况下也没放弃写书，他意志力强，而且能适应自己的疾病，用新的方式表达自己的想法，而且他的著作风格清晰清新，不乏优雅、想象力和幽默。文中并未提及他脾气古怪。故选A项。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 热点题型·选择题攻略 专题02 阅读理解推理判断题 2024 年北京高考英语阅读理解试题题材广泛，涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然等多个主题语境，贴近时代、贴近社会、贴近生活、贴近学生。试题依托语篇，全面考查学生的阅读理解能力，突出高阶思维的考查，引导中学教学回归课标、回归课堂。阅读理解的选材注重价值引领，体现学科的育人功能。例如，有的文章讲述了作者在一次考试失败后，不断突破自我、锲而不舍追逐梦想的历程；有的文章指出人类应停止“宇宙是不是模拟”的争论，依托新的科技成果，创造性地探索未知世界；还有的文章从科学的视角探讨道德规范的根源。这些文章不仅有助于考生获取有效信息，正确认识世界和中国发展大势，还能培养考生的国际意识和文化素养。 阅读理解题型多样，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。试题考查考生对语篇内容、语篇结构的理解和把握，以及对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价。 推理判断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查大家通过文章的表面文字信息，进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。这类题通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断，以及对作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。 做这类题时，同学们应该根据文章中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。 推理判断题 推理判断隐含意义题解题思路： 推理判断是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，再结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，作者的言外之意。 ①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础; ②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里、由浅入深、从具体到抽象、从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。 ③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点; ④要把握句，段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。 除此之外，还要注意几个误区： ①原文信息的简单重复，并不是推断出来的结论。 ②文中无关紧要或片面推出的结论。 ③与文章内容不符的推论或相反的推论。 ④不合常理或不合逻辑的推论。 ⑤虽然符合考生的常识，但文中并没有支撑的依据。 题型01 细节推断题 【题型诠释】 细节判断要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。因果关系判断要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。题干主要包括下列五个动词：infer（推断）, imply（暗示）, suggest（暗示）, conclude（作出结论）和assume（假定，设想）。 主要设题形式： It can be inferred from the passage/text that _________。 The author strongly suggests that__________. It can be concluded from the passage that__________. The paragraph following the passage will most probably be __________. The writer implies but not directly states that_________ The passage is intended to__________. The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that __________. Which of the following statements does the passage support？     Why must a pop singer work even harder when he has become famous? ___________ The writer talked about the waitress' age because he thought___________. What does the author imply about newspapers? 【典例】 （23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）At an airport I overheard an old man and his daughter in their last moments together. They had announced her plane’s departure and standing near the door, he said to his daughter, “I love you, I wish you enough.” She said, “Daddy, our life together has been more than enough. Your love is all I ever needed. I wish you enough, too, Daddy. ” They kissed good-bye and she left. He walked over toward the window where I was seated. Standing there I could see he wanted and needed to cry. I tried not to intrude on his privacy, but he welcomed me in by asking, “Did you ever say good-bye to someone knowing it would be forever?” “Yes, I have,” I replied. Saying that brought back memories I had of expressing my love and appreciation for all my Dad had done for me. Recognizing that his days were limited, I took the time to tell him face to face how much he meant to me. So I knew what this man was experiencing. “Forgive me for asking, but why is this a forever good-bye?” I asked. “I am old and she lives much too far away. I have challenges ahead and the reality is, her next trip back will be for my funeral,” he said. “When you were saying good-bye I heard you say, ‘I wish you enough. ‘May I ask what that means?” He began to smile. “That’s a wish that has been handed down from other generations. My parents used to say it to everyone. ”He paused for a moment and looking up as if trying to remember it in detail, he smiled even more. “When we said ‘I wish you enough’, we were wanting the other person to have a life filled with enough good things to sustain them, ”he continued and then turning toward me, he shared the following as if he were reciting it from memory. “I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough pain so that the smallest joys in life appear much bigger. I wish you enough gain to satisfy your wanting. I wish you enough loss to appreciate all that you possess. I wish enough ‘Hellos’ to get you through the final ‘Good-bye’. ” 1．The old man want to cry because _______ A．he was guilty for not loving his daughter enough B．his daughter didn’t care about him as expected C．he had a slim chance to see his daughter again D．his daughter’s parting words made him sad 2．The author mentioned his Dad to show________ A．his appreciation for his father’s devotion B．his sorrow for his father leaving the world C．his understanding of the old man’s feeling D．his concern for the old man’s mental state 3．What message does the old man’s wish convey? A．Every moment is a blessing. B．Great hopes make great men. C．Happiness lies in contentment. D．To get time is to get everything. 4．According to the passage, which can best describe the old man? A．Helpful and gentle. B．Wise and loving. C．Modest and thoughtful. D．Kind and generous. 题型02 文章来源推断题 【题型诠释】 推测文章的来源或者推测读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定常识，文章提供的内容才能与读者本身已经储备的常识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、童话、广告、教材、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出最佳答案。 主要设题形式：       This passage would most like be found in…       In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?       The passage is probably taken out of______.       Where does this text probably come from?       Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from? 题型03 人物性格，态度及观点判断题 【题型诠释】 一是乐观支持类：positive肯定的favorable 支持的，赞同的supportive支持的approval赞成的 二是客观中立类：objective客观的neutral中立的cautious谨慎的 三是消极反对类：negative否定的opposite相反的unfair公正的doubtful怀疑的indifferent漠不关心的critical批评的ironic讽刺的。 【典例】 （23-24高二上·北京西城·期末） When I was an undergraduate student studying ecology, I was used to discovering overall trends in large amounts of data. The thought of getting my hands dirty in the field never seemed interesting to me. I saw it as a boring and repetitive task. But I knew potential graduate schools would likely view my lack of field experience as a hole in my application letter. My mother also thought I should work for a few years to explore my interests before pursuing further education. So  I decided to apply for field-based summer positions after graduation. After landing a job assessing the sage grouse habitat in Utah, I found myself in the company of Sherel, a 75-year-old botanist and the leader of our field crew. On the very first day of the fieldwork, I noticed a special plant on the field. “Wonderful! Looks like you’ve got a Mahonia repens,” Sherel shouted excitedly. I gently touched the plant with yellow flowers by my feet, “This one here? How can you tell it’s a Mahonia?” He paused briefly to admire the plant and then began his energetic description of the plant’s typical features. That evening, while we were watching the sunset together, I texted my childhood friend. “Day I was actually kind of fun,” I started, “but we’ll see how long it takes before I get bored from just identifying plants in the field all day.” But as the weeks of fieldwork rolled by, the boredom I had expected never arrived. I came home from the field each night with sore legs and a sunburned neck, excited by the day’s finds. By picking Sherel’s brain about different species of animals and plants, I discovered field days are about much more than identification. Each day is an opportunity to learn a little bit more. When the summer was over, I found myself in another field job, this time surveying forest in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. I’m now a third-year Ph. D．student in ecology. Fieldwork may be buggy, wet, and physically demanding, but working with others helps keep spirits high and the physical activity helps me stay sharp. And it constantly reminds me that any task can present an opportunity to learn — as long as I am open to it. 30．What does the author think of fieldwork now? A．Easy but interesting. B．Boring but fruitful. C．Tiring but meaningful. D．Repetitive but demanding. 题型04 猜测想象推理题 【题型诠释】 有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的猜测。 主要设题形式：       What do you think will happen when/if…?       At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write _______.      Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the third paragraph?       Which of the following is the most likely reply the doctor gave the woman patient at the end of the story? 【典例】 （23-24高二下·北京西城·期末）In 2014, a year into her retirement, Morag Warrack found herself in a village hall in the Surrey hills, surrounded by middle-aged men throwing each other on to the floor. “When entering the classroom, I was terrified and thought all these men would be shocked by an old woman walking in,” she says. “The teacher encouraged me to stay and I realized they were all kind and curious about me being there. That was my first experience of learning aikido.” At 59, Warrack, who had recently handed in her resignation, began reading up on mindfulness practices. “The more I looked into mindfulness, the more aikido kept coming up,” she says. “These books were recommending it as a way to connect the mind, body and spirit.” Attracted by the idea, Warrack found a local class where she could take a beginners’ session. Despite her struggles, Warrack kept returning. While her husband and two children were supportive, they weren’t tempted to join in. “They just thought: Mum’s off on one again,” she says. Warrack carried on and, after two years of practice, she began moving up the graded system of belt rankings and noticing a change in herself. “Aikido was making me way more confident,” she says, “Since my reactions got quicker, my balance was better and my coordination (协调性) improved, I had a real understanding of my own body and it became a metaphor (比喻) for how to be in life; how to avoid attack without hurting the other person.” By January 2019, Warrack was determined to achieve her black belt and began training with the only other person in her class who was at the same level as her: a 181cm police officer. “It was a very odd pairing. Not least because he’s so strong and so I had to learn how to use my skills rather than strength against him,” she says. In December 2021, Warrack, at the age of 66, took her black belt test. For 20 minutes, she had to defend her position against attackers one after another before facing the final randori, where four people attack at once. “One guy kicked me and split my lip,” she laughs. “It made me so angry, but that’s what I needed to keep going.” She passed, making her one of the oldest people to achieve an aikido black belt in the UK. 18．After two years of practice, Warrack ________. A．grew more patient B．turned into a better self C．realized her full potential D．became aware of her weakness 题型05 写作意图推测题 【题型诠释】 此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路，推测作者隐藏的思想及真正的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。此类题属于得分率较低的高难度题。 写作意图推测题的常见设问方式有： For what purpose did the author write the passage? The writer writes this passage in order to _________. The purpose of the text is to _________. What is the purpose of the last part of the text? The writer uses…in the first paragraph to ________. The writer uses the example of….to _________. 【典例】 （23-24高二下·北京朝阳·期末）It turns out patience isn’t always a virtue. By the time Nalin Kamat was 13, the Toronto teen had been well on his way to becoming a working artist. He had already had his first show at a local arts centre. Yet he wanted more — specifically to start showing his works in a juried exhibition, where art experts would evaluate and select pieces in a competitive review process, ensuring that only the most outstanding works are included in the exhibition. That’s when he ran into a problem, discovering in the very last line of a multi-page application that the minimum age for submission was 18. That rejection became a fuel for creation. “As young artists, we don’t get as much credit as I think we deserve, and we also don’t get many opportunities to showcase the amount of work we put into the art. I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. With the support of his parents, in January 2023, Nalin founded Little EGG Gallery, a commercial studio only for underage artists. The gallery, which is now profitable enough, charges a small fee for any displayed work and takes a 15 percent service fee on sales. In turn, Little EGG Gallery helps promote young talents by showcasing their works. Not long after opening, David Griffin, a professor and artist from Ontario College of Art and Design University, happened to come across the gallery while walking with his wife in their neighbourhood. Upon meeting Nalin, Griffin says he understood that he was speaking with someone special, “a strong young artist with a really excellent idea, which was to create a space for showing the local community the easy, natural genius of young people.” A connection was formed, and Nalin asked Griffin to help judge an upcoming competition. The first juried show was last spring, and the top three winners each received a $50 cash prize. Five-year-old Jack Gamble won for his abstract painting titled Pokemon. Given how busy Nalin is with school life and his own art, Little EGG Gallery is mostly open by appointment only, but he’s still devoted to growing the gallery with seasonal and themed shows scheduled a few times a year. Nalin believes that young artists are free to be more creative. In an interview with CBC Kids News, he said, “I think when you’re younger, you have more creativity. You see beauty in more things and when you get older, it kind of stops. I don’t want to see anyone prevented from creating their art. 16．What can we learn from Nalin Kamat’s story? A．Wisdom arises from experience. B．Everything comes to those who wait. C．Luck matters to one’s career success. D．Innovative thoughts increase one’s chances. 【高考真题】 【2024北京卷】 When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since. I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. But other channels of creativity stayed open: I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo (禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practice. One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments. 24. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A. Scared. B. Worried. C. Discouraged. D. Wronged. 26. Which word would best describe the author’s dream? A. Confusing. B. Empowering. C. Disturbing. D. Entertaining. 27. What can we learn from this passage? A. Actions speak louder than words. B. Hard work is the mother of success. C. Dreams are the reflections of realities. D. Creative activities involve being confident. The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 【2023北京卷】 【2023北京卷】Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday. I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…” and my vision blurred (模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career. So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue. When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about. Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. 24．How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name? A．Anxious. B．Angry. C．Surprised. D．Settled. 26．According to the author, the project with the robotics professor was ________. A．demanding B．inspiring C．misleading D．amusing 27．What can we learn from this passage? A．An invitation is a reputation. B．An innovation is a resolution. C．A rejection can be a redirection. D．A reflection can be a restriction. In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28．The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．highlight a problem 29．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 30．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 31．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 33．What can we learn from this passage? A．ALife holds the key to human future. B．ALife and AI share a common feature. C．AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D．AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 【2022北京卷】 My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled ( 削弱 ) my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me. My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me. One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a pre-presentation dinner with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak one-on-one with him—an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first contact was where my story began. A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference. Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence. I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I’ve realised that my biggest obstacle ( 障碍 ) this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from reaching their potential: I can’t. They say good things come to those who wait; I say: grab every opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature does not require our patience, but our action. 27. What can we learn from this passage? A. Practice makes perfect. B. Patience is a cure of anxiety. C. Action is worry’s worst enemy. D. Everything comes to those who wait. “What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending 30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges. C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination. Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 【2021北京卷】 I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about our semester（学期） project of volunteering at a non-profit organization．When the teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our help，my last choice was Operation Iraqi Children （OIC）．My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind． Then，an OIC representative gave us some details，which somewhat interested me．After doing some research， I believed that we could really do something for those kids．When I went online to the OIC website，I saw pictures of the Iraqi children．Their faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair（绝望） and need that I joined this project without hesitation．We decided to collect as many school supplies as possible，and make them into kits——one kit，one child． The most rewarding day for our group was project day，when all the efforts we put into collecting the items finally came together．When I saw the various supplies we had collected，it hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually be in the hands of an Iraqi child．Over the past four months，I had never imagined how I would feel once our project was completed．While making the kits，I realized that I had lost sight of the true meaning behind it．I had only focused on the fact that it was another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on．When the kits were completed，and ready to be sent overseas，the warm feeling I had was one I would never forget． In the beginning，I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another person．Now that our project is over，I realize that I have affected not only one life，but ten．With our efforts，ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education． 27. What can we conclude from this passage？ A. One's potential cannot always be underrated． B. First impression cannot always be trusted． C. Actions speak louder than words． D. He who hesitates is lost． Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A. worried B. puzzled C. surprised D. scared 30. What can we learn from this passage? A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B. The author agrees with the message of the poem. C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D. The global collapse is well underway. Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． 【2020北京卷】 For the past five years, Paula Smith, a historian of science, has devoted herself to re-creating long-forgotten techniques. While doing research for her new book, she came across a 16th-century French manuscript（手稿）consisting of nearly 1,000 sets of instructions, covering subjects from tool making to finding the best sand. The author's intention remains as mysterious（神秘）as his name; he may have been simply taking notes for his own records. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any of the skills the author described. "You simply can't get an understanding of that handwork by reading about it," she says. Though Smith did get her hands on the best sand, doing things the old-fashioned way isn't just about playing around with French mud. Reconstructing the work of the craftsmen（工匠）who lived centuries ago can reveal how they viewed the world, what objects filled their homes, and what went on in the workshops that produced them. It can even help solve present-day problems: In 2015, scientists discovered that a 10th-century English medicine for eve problems could kill a drug-resistant virus. The work has also brought insights for museums, Smith says. One must know how on object was made in order to preserve it. What's more, reconstructions might be the only way to know what treasures looked like before time wore them down. Scholars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Roman statues. These sculptures were painted a rainbow of striking colours. We can't appreciate these kinds of details without seeing works of art as they originally appeared-something Smith believes you can do only when you have a road map. Smith has put the manuscript's ideas into practice. Her final goal is to link the worlds of art and science back together: She believes that bringing the old recipes to life can help develop a kind of learning that highlights experimentation, teamwork, and problem solving. Back when science—then called “the new philosophy”—took shape, academics looked to craftsmen for help in understanding the natural world. Microscopes and telescopes were invented by way of artistic tinkering（修补）, as craftsmen experimented with glass to better bend light. If we can rediscover the values of hands-on experience and craftwork, Smith says, we can marry the best of our modern insights with the handiness of our ancestors. 40. Why does the author mention museums? A. To reveal the beauty of ancient objects. B. To present the findings of old science. C To highlight the importance of antiques. D. To emphasise the values of hand skills. Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground. Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems. Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However, since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency. The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）. Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma." “Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it." Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog, and we are all really proud of her." 35. What can we learn from the Baggy data? A. High places are free of air pollution. B. Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids. C. Conventional monitors are more reliable. D. Air is more polluted closer to the ground. 36. What is Tom's purpose of doing the research? A. To warn of a health risk. B. To find out pollution sources. C. To test his new monitor. D. To prove Baggy's abilities. 37. According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt? A. Modest. B. Generous. C. Creative. D. Outgoing. Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. 44. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 45. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 【最新模考】 【2024·北京东城·二模】 Mark Brown, 57, had been making films for 30 years, but he found himself feeling tired of it. “I thought, things can only go downhill.” Brown knew he needed to do something else — but what? A few years earlier, he had bought his childhood house and moved in. While Brown wondered about a second care er in gardening, he heard a different internal voice. “That child who used to love drawing whispered to me down the years,” he said. Some unacknowledged longing in him was brought out. There was a great oak tree near his home. It had stood out to his young self as a “fantastical giant — a treasure home to birds, insects and animals. There was a cave inside. We used to squeeze in through this hole.” He decided to lock himself away for two months to draw it in all its glorious detail. “While I was drawing,” he said, “there came moments when it was as though the tree was drawing itself. I had spent so much time playing in it. I could feel it. It was deep inside me.” His finished oak held “a real power”, he said. “As you walk towards it, it just grows.” Brown became a tree portraitist. Over the next few years, he travelled across Britain and spent days with the trees selected with the help of the Ancient Tree Forum, the Tree Council and the Woodland Trust. Brown has started work on a 20-drawing series of Britain’s most important ash trees. “These beautiful old ash trees are going to be lost to us,” he says. “They are 350 years old and they are dying because of a disease that we’ve spread.” Drawing is not only an act of care and a demand for preservation, but it “gives me that interface between my passion for the natural world and my creativity,” Brown says. It has also given him a different perspective on the passage of time. “I’m an old man yet I’m only 71, and some of the trees I’ve drawn are 1,000 years old. When I’m with them and when I draw them, I think about the end of my life and the brief nature of human life that passes momentarily beneath them.” 50．What can we learn about the oak tree and Brown? A．It helped him start a new career. B．It linked him with the world. C．He built a tree house in it. D．He studied creatures in it. 51．What is Brown working on? A．Setting up tree organizations. B．Looking for cures for tree diseases. C．Drawing to call for protection for trees. D．Travelling to select important trees in Britain. 【2024·北京·三模】 As most of you know, the first year of university is always the hardest to adapt to. The addition of taking care of yourself, making new friends, learning how to get around campus, and school can sometimes be too much to bear. I would like to attend medical school after my four-year undergraduate. It is well-known that medical schools are very competitive and require extremely high marks. I had always known that I was meant for medical school and worked hard all throughout high school. I engaged in life sciences and knew that I wanted to do a double major in neuroscience (神经科学) and psychology, but of course, I wasn’t so fond of the preconditions to get to that stage. I had to take math and physics in my first year. So after the choke I call the first term, I looked back on my grades and found that I had never seen numbers like this before. I really didn’t even think they were possible. I had heard that medical schools liked to see an upward trend, so I was discouraged and hurt, but tried not to think about it. Having your grades taken away from you when that was all you had was a huge thing I had to overcome — I defined my worth by how “smart” I was and getting past that mindset was the hardest thing I’ve ever done. After I saw my grades, I realized the mistake I made taking a bunch of unnecessarily challenging courses. At the end of my second term, my grades weren’t as high as I wanted them to be, but I accepted it. I knew that there were reasons for the differences between individuals, but I still saw a huge improvement in my marks from the first term. I had enjoyed my time in my second term and even though I wasn’t where I wanted to be, it had nothing to do with my place in the university. It was very eye-opening and taught me what I needed to do in order to achieve MY best — not what everyone else considered to be the best. I’m now taking a summer school course and my marks are incredibly better than what I was getting during my first year of school. Though I had a rough start, I’m sure my lessons and new attitude will carry me much farther than just to medical school. 57．The author wanted to take a double major because she ______. A．liked the two majors better B．was preparing herself for her goal C．tried to prove her academic ability D．decided to challenge herself in university 58．How did the author feel when reviewing her grades after the first term? A．Satisfied. B．Surprised. C．Calm. D．Angry. 60．What can we learn from this passage? A．A fresh start leads to more challenges. B．Hard work will pay off sooner or later. C．Stick to your plan and you will succeed. D．Proper adjustment will take you farther. 【2024·北京大兴·三模】 A voice reaches us, crying out from the depths of a profound silence: “I am alive, I can think, and no one has the right to deny me these two realities. . . ” The words were conveyed by a flicker (跳动) of the left eyelid. It came from a book, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, by a former journalist, Jean-Dominique Bauby. He worked for journals like the Quotidien de Paris and Paris Match. For four years until December 1995 he was the very successful chief editor of Elle. Then the unthinkable happened. A cardiovascular ( 心血管的) accident sent him into a deep coma (昏迷). His brain remained undamaged, but its connection to his body left him with only the ability to blink his left eyelid. The poor man was diagnosed as suffering from the rare disease “Locked-in Syndrome”, unable to breathe or eat without assistance. In this inert body, however, his brain was working furiously, trying to make people understand what he was thinking. With the help of a specialized nurse, Claude Mendibil, he was able to write his book, using only his ability to blink at the most frequently used letters of the alphabet. He would spend most of the night editing his thoughts and composing sentences. It took him about 200, 000 blinks to write his book of more than 100 pages. In it, Bauby describes his paralyzed existence as being trapped in an old-fashioned deep-sea diving bell while the “butterflies” of his mind flutter about freely. One would expect from this process formal factual report, but that is not the case. The book reads in flowing images that light up his predicament. The style is clear and fresh, and not without elegance, imagination and shafts of humor. He is also in search of past time, of memory itself, of the books he had read, the poems he had learnt by heart. Even sadder, he thinks of all the books he wanted to read and hadn’t gotten to. He has to listen to someone else reading them to him. He recalls meals, a horse race, his life and work as an editor, and his struggle in his hospital bed to twitch (抽搐) his nose when a fly lands on it. “From this hell comes a great message of life and hope,” said Antoine Audouard, a friend of Bauby’s and the book’s publisher. 64．Based on this article, which of the following words can not be used to describe Bauby? A．Odd-tempered. B．Open-minded. C．Strong-willed. D．Warm-hearted. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$