专题04 必修二重点语法【知识串讲】-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期末考点大串讲(译林版2020)

2024-12-11
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专题04 必修二 重点语法 重点语法浏览 重点语法串讲 语法名称 基本用法 现在进行时被动语态 1.表示说话时正在进行的被动动作。句中常有now, at the moment等时间状语。 2.表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作(说话时不一定在进行)。 3. 表示一种习惯的被动行为,常与always, constantly, often等词连用,含有赞赏、羡慕、讨厌等感情色彩。 4.现在进行时的被动语态也可以表示将来。 注意: (1)现在进行时的被动语态有时也可以转换为"be +介词(under/in/on)+名词"结构。 The topic is under discussion (= is being discussed) at the meeting.会上正在讨论这个问题。 The telephone is in use (=is being used) now.这部电话正在使用中。 (2)短语动词的现在进行时变被动语态时,短语动词中的介词、副词不可省略。 The plan is being carried out well.计划进展顺利。 现在完成时的被动语态 1.表示被动的动作在说话之前已经完成,强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果,通常与already, yet, never, recently等副词及时间状语so far, by now, up till now, since等连用。 The room has already been cleaned.这个房间已经被打扫干净了。(现在已经不用打扫房间了) The professor hasn’t been sent for yet.还没有派人去请教授。(现在应派人去请医生) --Has her homework been finished up till now? 到目前为止,她的家庭作业完成了吗? --Yes, it has. 是的,完成了。(工作不用再做了) 2. 表示一个被动的动作或状态从过去开始一直持续到现在,并可能继续持续下去,常与for或since等引出的时间状语(从句)连用,或用于how long引出的句子中。 How long has the plan been carried out?这项计划已经实施多长时间了?(可能还会继续实施) 3.用在时间或条件状语从句中,表示将来已经完成的被动动作,即用现在完成时的被动语态代替将来完成时的被动语态。 过去将来时 过去将来时表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 注意:"would +动词原形"也可表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作。 (2)was/were going to do表示过去打算/计划做某事或客观迹象表明要发生的事。 (3)was/were about to do表示过去正要/即将做某事,一般不与时间状语连用。 I was going to see Mr. Brown the next day, but the appointment was cancelled. 我本打算第二天去看布朗先生的,但预约被取消了。 When I was small, my mum would read me stories at night.在我小的时候,妈妈常在晚上给我讲故事。 When I got there they were about to leave.我到那里的时候他们正要离开。 "Sb. be about to do... when..."句型表示"某人正要做某事,这时(突然)……"。 情态动词 用法口诀: 情态动词用法口诀 情态动词may与can, 动词原形跟后边。 不单作谓词义添, shall, will也常见。 建议能力可能现, 命令请求可委婉。 must必须dare敢, 过去情态词形变。 用法分清多勤练, 素养提升在瞬间。 主谓一致 1 语法一致原则 语法一致原则是指主语和谓语动词在语法形式上必须一致,,即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。 (1)不可数名词或可数名词单数形式作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;可数名词的复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。 (2)复合不定代词anyone, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, nothing及不定代词either, each等在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 (3)单个的动词不定式(短语)、v-ing(短语)或主语从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。 (4)由as well as, along with, together with, with, rather than, but, except, besides, in addition to, like, including等连接两部分名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词与(短语)介词前面的主语保持一致。 2 意义一致原则 这一原则是指从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。主语所表达的单复数概念并不总是根据主语的形式来确定,有时要根据它所表达的意义来确定。 意义一致原则主要适用于以下几种情况: (1)and连接的两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果and所连接的两个单数名词指的是同一个人、同一件事或表示整体概念,则谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词前不加冠词。 【温馨提示】 如果and连接两个"every/each +名词"的结构时,谓语动词常用单数形式。 Every boy and every girl in our class has made great progress. 我们班的每个男孩和女孩都取得了很大的进步。 (2)"all/most/half/the rest/... + of +名词/代词"或"分数/百分数+名词/代词"作主语时,若名词或代词表示单数概念或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式;若表示复数概念,谓语动词用复数形式。 (3)表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时常被当作一个整体来看待,谓语动词常用单数形式。 (4)集体名词作主语时的主谓一致问题 ①有的集体名词表示复数含义,作主语时谓语通常也用复数形式,比如cattle, people, police等。 ②有的集体名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数形式,也可用复数形式。若视为整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若强调集体中的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式,比如family, class, audience, team, group, band, committee(委员会)等。 ③有的集体名词作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式,比如clothing, equipment, furniture, jewellery, poetry等。 【温馨提示】单复数形式相同的名词作主语时,谓语动词的形式应根据其表达的意义来确定。这类名词有means, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。 Every means has been tried.每一个方法都试过了。 Not all means are useful.并非所有的方法都有用。 (5) "the +形容词/分词"表示一类人时,谓语动词用复数形式。 3 就近原则 这一原则是指谓语动词的人称和数往往与其最近的主语保持一致。 该原则主要适用于以下几种情况: (1)either... or..,... or..., neither... nor..., not only... but also..., not...but...等连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近谓语动词的名词或代词决定。 (2)there be 句型中的be动词应与离其最近的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。 附录: 情态动词用法辨析 1 can/could 情态动词 用法 例句 can/could 表示能力(ability),意为"能,会";或表示提出建议,意为"可以"。 China will launch a national youth football league in which all youth teams nationwide can take part. 中国将发起全国青少年足球联赛, 全国的青少年球队都可以参赛。 We can eat in a restaurant, if you like. 如果你愿意,我们可以去餐馆吃饭。 表示可能性,用于表示把握比较大的推测,常用于疑问句和否定句中,can’t/couldn’t表示"不可能"。 That can’t be Mary, for she is in hospital. 那不可能是玛丽,因为她在住院。 表示请求和许可(could用来表示请求时,是委婉的说法,回答时一般用can)。 Could you please give me a lift? 你能帮我个忙吗? 用于肯定的陈述句中,表示理论上的可能性,意为"有时会,(有时)可能会"。 She can be very careless sometimes. 她有时会很粗心。 2 may/might 情态动词 用法 例句 may/might may和might在肯定句中表示允许,意为"可以"。在疑问句中用于征求许可,意为"可以……吗"。 You may keep the book for another two weeks. 这本书你可以借两个星期。 Might I go fishing with you tomorrow? 我明天可以和你去钓鱼吗? 表示推测,意为"可能,或许"。 She may not go to the concert tonight. 今晚她可能不去音乐会了。 may用于祈使句中,表示祝愿。 May you be happy forever!祝你永远快乐! 3 shall/should/ought to 情态动词 用法 例句 shall 表示征求对方的意见或向对方请示,用于主语是第一或第三人称的疑问句中。 Shall I give you the book tomorrow? 我明天给你这本书,可以吗? Shall she go now? 她现在可以走了吗? 表示说话人的命令、警告、许诺或威胁等,用于主语是第二或第三人称的陈述句中。 You shall do as I tell you. 你要按照我说的做。 He shall be punished. 他会受到惩罚的。 用在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,一般用于第三人称且用于陈述句中,意为"应该,必须"。 No person shall carry a mobile phone into the examination room during the College Entrance Examination. 在高考时任何人都不能将手机带进考场。 should/ought to 表示责任或义务,有时表示劝诫或建议,意为"应该,应当";ought to语气更强。 We ought to/should help the disabled. 我们应该帮助残疾人。 You ought to should ask a lawyer’s advice. 你应该去问问律师的意见。 表示说话人根据一定的情况作出推测,意为"应该会,可能会"。 She should/ ought to complete the task today. 她今天应该完成任务。 should表示惊讶、意外或不应该发生的事,意为"竟然"。 Why should you come so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚? should在条件状语从句中,表示"假如,万一"。 If you should change your mind, do let me know. 假如你改变想法,一定要让我知道。 4 will/would 情态动词 用法 例句 will/would 表示请求,would比will语气委婉。 Would you please let me have a look? 请让我看一看,好吗? 表示习惯或倾向等。will用于表示一般的习惯;would用于描述过去的习惯或例行的活动,意为"总是,总会"。 Jealousy will spoil friendship. 忌妒会破坏友谊。 He would come to help us when he was free. 他有空时,总来帮助我们。 表示意愿、意图或决心,可用于各种人称。will意为"要,愿";would用于过去时中,意为"愿意"。 I will never do that again. 我再也不做那样的事了。 She asked if I would go with them. 她问我是否愿意同他们一起去。 5 must/have to 情态动词 用法 例句 must 表示义务、命令、必要性等,意为"必须",更强调说话人的主观态度。其否定形式为mustn’t,意为"不许,禁止";对以must开头的一般疑问句进行否定回答时,应用don’t have to/needn’t(不必,没必要)。 You must finish your homework this afternoon. 今天下午你必须完成你的家庭作业。 You mustn’t smoke here. 你不许在这儿吸烟。 --Must I tell him in advance?我必须事先告诉他吗? --No, you don’t have to/needn’t. 不,没必要。 表示肯定的推测,意为"一定"。只用于肯定句中。 She must be very tired after such a long walk. 走了这么长的路,她一定很累了。 意为"偏偏,偏要",表示与说话人的愿望相反或不耐烦。 Must you make so much noise? 你偏要弄出这么多的噪声吗? have to 表示客观需要,意为"不得不,必须",强调客观上的必要性。有时态的变化,否定式是don’t/doesn’t have to(不必)。意思相当于needn’t。 You have to be back before 10 o’clock because the train is to leave at 10:15. 你必须在10:00之前回来,因为火车将在10:15离开。 情态动词有进行式、完成式和被动式几种形式的辨析 形式 用法 例句 进行式(情态动词+ be doing) 情态动词与主动词的进行式合用,表示某动作正在进行 Jack may be reading in the library. 杰克也许正在图书馆看书。 完成式(情态动词+have done) 情态动词与主动词的完成式合用,表示过去发生的动作 Tom must have arrived home by now. 现在汤姆肯定已经到家了。 You can’t have seen Henry yesterday because he was in London. 你昨天不可能见到亨利,因为他在伦敦。 被动式(情态动词+ be done) 情态动词可以与主动词的被动式合用,表示被动 The mad may be blocked. 公路也许被堵了。 重点语法训练 1.On July 8th, 2023, the Olympic Council of Asia announced that Harbin (hold) the 9th Asian Winter Games in 2025. 【答案】would hold 【详解】考查动词时态。句意:2023年7月8日,亚洲奥林匹克理事会宣布,哈尔滨将于2025年举办第九届亚洲冬季运动会。分析句子可知,此处为宾语从句中谓语动词的填入,由主句动词announced为过去时可知,从句动词也应为相应的过去时态,结合从句in 2025可知,此处动词应为过去将来时。故填would hold。 2.He promised me that he (help). 【答案】would help 【详解】考查动词时态。句意:他答应我他会帮忙的。此处表示将来发生的动作,应用将来时,由promised可知,此处是过去表示的承诺,应用过去将来时。故填would help。 3.I had to make important decisions that would (effect)me for the rest of my life. 【答案】affect 【详解】考查动词。句意:我必须做出影响我余生的重要决定。作从句的谓语应用动词affect,结合would可知填原形。故填affect。 4.--He left for Beijing this morning. --Oh, I thought he (not go) until next week. 【答案】wasn’t going 【详解】考查动词时态和固定句型。句意:——他今天早上去北京了。——噢,我还以为他下周才走呢。根据“thought”和“until next week”可知,宾语从句中使用过去将来时,go为表示位置转移的动词,使用过去进行时表示将来(属于过去将来时范畴),主语为he,be动词用was,此处为否定形式。故填wasn’t going。 5.Our teacher said that there (be) an English exam the next week. 【答案】was going to be 【详解】考查过去将来时。句意:我们的老师说下星期有一次英语考试。根据句中句中“said”及“next week”可知,动作发生过去,表示过去将来的动作,be going to do 表示主观上计划或安排近期将要做的事。结合句中“an English exam”,表示单数含义,所以be用was,所以空处用was going to be,故填was going to be。 6.I was told that he (be) going to return home. 【答案】was 【详解】考查时态。句意:有人告诉我他要回家了。此处表示根据过去计划或安排即将发生的事应用过去将来时,构成was/ were+going to+动词原形,主语为he,故填was。 7.Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting (show) at the culture exhibition at present. 【答案】are being shown 【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意:剪纸等天津传统民间艺术正在文化展上展出。空处作句子的谓语,结合时间状语at present可知,此处表示行为现在正在进行中,因此应用现在进行时,show“展出”和主语Traditional folk arts of Tianjin之间是被动的关系,需用被动语态,且主语是复数,因此be动词应用are。故填are being shown。 8.He was badly injured in the accident last night and (operate) on now. 【答案】is being operated 【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:他在昨晚的事故中受了重伤,现在正在做手术。根据“now”可知,此处是描述正在发生的事情,且主语He和动词operate之间是被动关系,故用现在进行时的被动语态,结构为“be+being+过去分词”,主语表示单数意义,be动词用is,故填is being operated。 9.Would you please keep quiet? The weather report (broadcast). 【答案】is being broadcast 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意:请你保持安静好吗?天气预报正在广播中。结合语意可知,天气预报正在广播,所以需要对方保持安静,空处应用现在进行时表示动作正在进行,且broadcast与主语The weather report之间是被动关系,应用被动语态,主语是The weather report,be动词使用is。故填is being broadcast。 10.Although the causes of cancer (uncover), we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it. 【答案】are being uncovered/have been uncovered 【详解】考查时态语态。句意:尽管癌症的病因被发现,但我们还没有任何实际的预防方法。分析句子可知,这里考查谓语动词,the causes与uncover为被动关系,且由句意可知,这里时态可用现在进行时或者现在完成时。故填are being uncovered或have been uncovered。 11.Since these technologies can improve efficiency by more than 50%, they (apply) to the industrial process in a comprehensive manner in the past few years. 【答案】have been applied 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意:由于这些技术可以提高50% 以上的效率,在过去的几年中,它们已经被广泛地应用于工业生产过程中。此处在主句中作谓语,由in the past few years可知,句子描述从过去到现在发生的事,应用现在完成时,且主语they和动词apply是被动关系,应用现在完成时的被动语态,故填have been applied。 12.Three women and their children (rescue) from the burning house by the firemen since the fire broke out. 【答案】have been rescued 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意:自从火灾发生后,消防队员已经从着火的房子里救出了三个妇女和她们的孩子。此句为主从复合句,设空处在主句中作谓语,由时间状语从句since the fire broke out可知主句为现在完成时,主语Three women and their children与动词rescue之间为被动关系,此主句谓语用现在完成时的被动语态,Three women and their children作主语,谓语动词用复数。故填have been rescued。 13.Up to now, more and more problems about children (pay) attention to. We find it common that parents and children lack communication. 【答案】have been paid 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意:到目前为止,关于孩子的问题越来越受到关注。我们发现父母和孩子缺乏沟通是很常见的。pay attention to意为“注意到”。根据句意及空前的Up to now可知,本句用现在完成时,且主语more and more problems与pay attention to为被动关系,故用现在完成时的被动语态have been paid。故填have been paid。 14.With the help of high technology, more and more new substances(物质) (discover) in the past years. 【答案】have been discovered 【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意:在高科技的帮助下,近年来发现了越来越多的新物质。分析句子结构可知,discover作本句的谓语,根据时间状语in the past years可知,用现在完成时,主语是substances两者是被动关系,用被动语态,所以用现在完成时的被动语态。故填have been discovered。 15.The new technology, which (apply) to rice growing since it was created, is increasing the grain output. 【答案】has been applied 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意:这项新技术自发明以来一直应用于水稻种植,正在提高粮食产量。分析句子成分,空处作which所引导非限制定语从句的谓语动词。由“since it was created”可知,时态是现在完成时,表示动作从过去持续到现在,The new technology和apply之间是被动关系,所以用现在完成时的被动语态,主语是单数,助动词使用has。故填has been applied。 16. “The profit be divided into three parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. 【答案】shall 【详解】考查情态动词。句意:法官宣布:“根据双方达成的协议,利润应分成三部分。”由空后的原形be可知,空格处用情态动词,由“according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge”可知,句子表示“法官宣布:“根据双方达成的协议,利润应分成三部分”,此处表示“命令”,用shall,故填shall。 17. It is ridiculous that we be short of water in a country where it is always raining. 【答案】should 【详解】考查情态动词。句意:在一个总是下雨的国家,我们竟然缺水,这是荒谬的。此处表示“竟然”应用情态动词should。故填should。 18. Helen go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. 【答案】may/might 【详解】考查情态动词。句意:海伦可能和我们一起去旅行,但她还不是很确定。由“but she isn’t quite sure yet”可知,此处表示一种推测,应用may/might,意为“可能,或许”,故填may/might。 19. You be tired after the long trip, aren’t you? 【答案】must 【详解】考查情态动词。句意:经过长途旅行,你一定很累了,是吗?根据空处后“be”和附加疑问句“aren’t you”可知,空处应用情态动词表示推测;must情态动词,must do表示“一定……、准是……”,符合句意。故填must。 20. He to clean the classroom after school. 【答案】ought 【详解】考查情态动词。句意:放学后他应该打扫教室。分析句子可知,情态动词ought to do sth表示“应该做某事”,符合句意。故填ought。 21. --May I take this book out of the reading room? --No, you . 【答案】mustn’t 【详解】考查情态动词的用法。句意:——我可以把这本书带出阅览室吗?——不,你不可以。问句以“May”开头,询问对方是否允许做某事,结合“take this book out of the reading room”可知,告诫对方因为客观的规定,把书带出阅览室是被禁止的,因此用mustn’t,表示强烈的否定。故填mustn’t。 22. When I was young, I often go swimming in the river. 【答案】would 【详解】考查情态动词。句意:当我年轻的时候,我经常去河里游泳。根据often并结合句意可知,此处表示过去经常性的动作,用would。故填would。 Ⅱ完成句子 1.Scientists are researching the side effects of the new drug. (将句子改为被动语态) 【答案】The side effects of the new drug are being researched by scientists. 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意:科学家们正在研究这种新药的副作用。原句用的是进行时,按照题目要求改为被动语态,应改为现在进行时的被动语态,即am/is/are being done,the side effects of the new drug作主语,为复数,be动词应用are,“被”用介词by,后加scientists,改为被动语态为:The side effects of the new drug are being researched by scientists.,故填The side effects of the new drug are being researched by scientists.。 2.The mother is happy to see that the teachers are taking good care of her little daughter in the kindergarten. (将句子改为被动语态) 【答案】The mother is happy to see that her little daughter is being taken good care of by the teachers in the kindergarten. 【详解】考查时态语态。句意:那位母亲很高兴看到老师们在幼儿园很好地照顾她的小女儿。that引导的宾语从句用被动语态改写,(原句中作宾语的)her little daughter为主语,谓语由现在进行时变为现在进行时的被动语态,介词by表被动,(原句中作主语的)the teachers为宾语,主语her little daughter单数,谓语单数形式。故改写为:The mother is happy to see that her little daughter is being taken good care of by the teachers in the kindergarten. 3.We are making preparations for the interview that will be held the day after tomorrow. (将句子改为被动语态) 【答案】Preparations for the interview that will be held the day after tomorrow are being made by us. 【详解】考查时态语态。句意:我们正在为后天举行的面试做准备。限制性定语从句“that will be held the day after tomorrow”修饰the interview,将主句“We are making preparations for the interview”用被动语态改写,(原句中作宾语的)preparations为主语,谓语由现在进行时变为现在进行时的被动语态,介词by表被动,(原句中作主语的we)用宾格形式us为宾语,主语preparations复数,谓语复数形式。故改写为:Preparations for the interview that will be held the day after tomorrow are being made by us. 4.Since you have finished your work, you can have a rest now. (句式转换) →Since your work , you can have a rest now. 【答案】has been finished 【详解】考查语态。句意:既然你已经完成了工作,你现在可以休息了。上文Since you have finished your work改为同义句,将其改成被动语态,原句用的是现在完成时,此处应用现在完成时的被动语态,your work作主语,助动词应用has,故填has been finished。 5.They have translated the book into more than twenty languages. (句式转换) → into more than twenty languages. 【答案】The book has been translated 【详解】考查被动语态。句意:他们已把这本书翻译成二十多种语言。原句为现在完成时,变成被动语态,要变成现在完成时的被动语态:have/has been done。变为被动语态后的主语为the book,谓语为has been translated。故填The book has been translated。 6.Mom said to me, “Will you first have supper or finish your homework?”(变间接引语) 【答案】Mom asked me whether I would first have supper or finish my homework. 【详解】考查间接引语。句意:妈妈问我是先吃晚饭还是先写作业。原句中直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时动词said变为asked,使用whether引导宾语从句,用陈述语序,直接引语中的一般将来时变为过去将来时,直接引语中的主语是第二人称或被第二人称所修饰,变为间接引语的宾语从句时,要和原句中引号外的主句的宾语一致,故原句直接引语中的you改为I,your改为my,故答案为Mom asked me whether I would first have supper or finish my homework.。 7.Tom said, “I’m going to do more research on the problem.” (变间接引语) 【答案】Tom said that he was going to do more research on the problem. 【详解】考查直接引语变间接引语。句意:汤姆说:“我打算在这个问题上做更多研究。”直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时用that引导句子;由said可知,直接引变为间接引语时,一般将来时要变为过去将来时;第一人称改为第三人称。故改为Tom said that he was going to do more research on the problem. 8.“Will scientists discover new species there?” Bob asked Laura.(改为间接引语) Bob asked Laura scientists discover new species there. 【答案】whether/if; would 【详解】考查间接引语。句意:鲍勃问劳拉科学家们是否会在那里发现新物种。直接引语为一般疑问句,间接引语用连词whether或if引导,语序改为陈述句语序。一般将来时改为过去将来时 。根据句意,故填whether/if; would。 9.John said, “Tomorrow I’m going to attend this party.” (同义句转换) →John said (that) the next day attend this party. 【答案】he was going to 【详解】考查时态。句意:约翰说:“明天我将要参加这个聚会。”后句将直接引语改为了间接引语,根据主句中said可知,主句使用一般过去时,从句应用过去的某种时态,根据从句时间状语the next day可知,从句应用过去将来时was/were going to do,结合语意,此处表示约翰将要参加聚会,John是男性,应用人称代词he,表示“他”,作从句主语,be动词应用was。故填he was going to。 10. 乔不可能离开了,刚才我还看见他在打电话。(情态动词+have done) Joe . I saw him talking on the phone just now. 【答案】can’t have left/couldn’t have left 【详解】考查情态动词。结合句意可知表示对过去情况的推测,“不可能”表示否定推测,结合提示“情态动词+have done”结构,can’t/couldn’t have done意为“不可能做某事”符合题意,“离开”的英文为leave,过去分词是left。故填can’t/couldn’t have left。 11. 史密斯先生不可能去了北京,因为我刚才在图书馆看见他了。 Mr Smith Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 【答案】can’t have gone to 【详解】考查情态动词。表示“表示过去某个时间或事件不可能发生或不可能做到某事”用couldn’t have done的结构,表示“已经去了”用have gone to。故填can’t have gone to。 12. A saleswoman ought to persuade her clients to buy their products. (否定句) __________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】A saleswoman oughtn’t to persuade her clients to buy their products. 【详解】考查否定句。句意:女售货员应该说服她的顾客购买他们的产品。分析句子可知,原句中ought to为情态动词,将原句变成否定句只需在ought后加not即可,ought not缩写为oughtn’t。故该否定句为A saleswoman oughtn’t to persuade her clients to buy their products.。故答案是A saleswoman oughtn’t to persuade her clients to buy their products.。 13. We dared not tell him that he had failed again this time. We him that he had failed again this time. 【答案】didn’t dare to tell/didn’t dare tell 【详解】考查动词dare的用法。句意:我们不敢告诉他这次他又失败了。dare做情态动词时,意为“敢”后接动词原形,dare做实意动词意为“敢于”,后接(to) do;实意动词dare变否定在dare前加助动词。本句时态为一般过去时,此处需用didn’t。故填didn’t dare to tell或didn’t dare tell。 14. You’d better work in an institution in charge of economy. (否定句) __________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】You’d better not work in an institution in charge of economy./You had better not work in an institution in charge of economy. 【详解】考查否定句。句意:你最好在主管经济的机构工作。“You’d better work.... ”的原型是“You had better work....”,had better后接动词原形:“had better do sth”意为“(告诉别人应该做的事)应该,最好做……”。它的否定式是直接在had better后加not ,had better not do sth“最好不要做某事”。所以答案为You’d better not work in an institution in charge of economy.或You had better not work in an institution in charge of economy. 15. They should have completed the project earlier this month. The project earlier this month. 【答案】should have been completed 【详解】考查被动语态。句意:这个项目本应在本月初完成。根据题干要求,需把原句进行同义句转换,分析原句和转换句,可知原句的宾语变为转换句的主语,所以应该用被动语态,所以用should have been done的虚拟语气。故填①should,②have,③been,④completed。 ( 9 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究! 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 必修二 重点语法 重点语法浏览 重点语法串讲 语法名称 基本用法 现在进行时被动语态 1.表示说话时正在进行的被动动作。句中常有now, at the moment等时间状语。 2.表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作(说话时不一定在进行)。 3. 表示一种习惯的被动行为,常与always, constantly, often等词连用,含有赞赏、羡慕、讨厌等感情色彩。 4.现在进行时的被动语态也可以表示将来。 注意: (1)现在进行时的被动语态有时也可以转换为"be +介词(under/in/on)+名词"结构。 The topic is under discussion (= is being discussed) at the meeting.会上正在讨论这个问题。 The telephone is in use (=is being used) now.这部电话正在使用中。 (2)短语动词的现在进行时变被动语态时,短语动词中的介词、副词不可省略。 The plan is being carried out well.计划进展顺利。 现在完成时的被动语态 1.表示被动的动作在说话之前已经完成,强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果,通常与already, yet, never, recently等副词及时间状语so far, by now, up till now, since等连用。 The room has already been cleaned.这个房间已经被打扫干净了。(现在已经不用打扫房间了) The professor hasn’t been sent for yet.还没有派人去请教授。(现在应派人去请医生) --Has her homework been finished up till now? 到目前为止,她的家庭作业完成了吗? --Yes, it has. 是的,完成了。(工作不用再做了) 2. 表示一个被动的动作或状态从过去开始一直持续到现在,并可能继续持续下去,常与for或since等引出的时间状语(从句)连用,或用于how long引出的句子中。 How long has the plan been carried out?这项计划已经实施多长时间了?(可能还会继续实施) 3.用在时间或条件状语从句中,表示将来已经完成的被动动作,即用现在完成时的被动语态代替将来完成时的被动语态。 过去将来时 过去将来时表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 注意:"would +动词原形"也可表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作。 (2)was/were going to do表示过去打算/计划做某事或客观迹象表明要发生的事。 (3)was/were about to do表示过去正要/即将做某事,一般不与时间状语连用。 I was going to see Mr. Brown the next day, but the appointment was cancelled. 我本打算第二天去看布朗先生的,但预约被取消了。 When I was small, my mum would read me stories at night.在我小的时候,妈妈常在晚上给我讲故事。 When I got there they were about to leave.我到那里的时候他们正要离开。 "Sb. be about to do... when..."句型表示"某人正要做某事,这时(突然)……"。 情态动词 用法口诀: 情态动词用法口诀 情态动词may与can, 动词原形跟后边。 不单作谓词义添, shall, will也常见。 建议能力可能现, 命令请求可委婉。 must必须dare敢, 过去情态词形变。 用法分清多勤练, 素养提升在瞬间。 主谓一致 1 语法一致原则 语法一致原则是指主语和谓语动词在语法形式上必须一致,,即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。 (1)不可数名词或可数名词单数形式作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;可数名词的复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。 (2)复合不定代词anyone, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, nothing及不定代词either, each等在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 (3)单个的动词不定式(短语)、v-ing(短语)或主语从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。 (4)由as well as, along with, together with, with, rather than, but, except, besides, in addition to, like, including等连接两部分名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词与(短语)介词前面的主语保持一致。 2 意义一致原则 这一原则是指从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。主语所表达的单复数概念并不总是根据主语的形式来确定,有时要根据它所表达的意义来确定。 意义一致原则主要适用于以下几种情况: (1)and连接的两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果and所连接的两个单数名词指的是同一个人、同一件事或表示整体概念,则谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词前不加冠词。 【温馨提示】 如果and连接两个"every/each +名词"的结构时,谓语动词常用单数形式。 Every boy and every girl in our class has made great progress. 我们班的每个男孩和女孩都取得了很大的进步。 (2)"all/most/half/the rest/... + of +名词/代词"或"分数/百分数+名词/代词"作主语时,若名词或代词表示单数概念或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式;若表示复数概念,谓语动词用复数形式。 (3)表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时常被当作一个整体来看待,谓语动词常用单数形式。 (4)集体名词作主语时的主谓一致问题 ①有的集体名词表示复数含义,作主语时谓语通常也用复数形式,比如cattle, people, police等。 ②有的集体名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数形式,也可用复数形式。若视为整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若强调集体中的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式,比如family, class, audience, team, group, band, committee(委员会)等。 ③有的集体名词作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式,比如clothing, equipment, furniture, jewellery, poetry等。 【温馨提示】单复数形式相同的名词作主语时,谓语动词的形式应根据其表达的意义来确定。这类名词有means, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。 Every means has been tried.每一个方法都试过了。 Not all means are useful.并非所有的方法都有用。 (5) "the +形容词/分词"表示一类人时,谓语动词用复数形式。 3 就近原则 这一原则是指谓语动词的人称和数往往与其最近的主语保持一致。 该原则主要适用于以下几种情况: (1)either... or..,... or..., neither... nor..., not only... but also..., not...but...等连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近谓语动词的名词或代词决定。 (2)there be 句型中的be动词应与离其最近的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。 附录: 情态动词用法辨析 1 can/could 情态动词 用法 例句 can/could 表示能力(ability),意为"能,会";或表示提出建议,意为"可以"。 China will launch a national youth football league in which all youth teams nationwide can take part. 中国将发起全国青少年足球联赛, 全国的青少年球队都可以参赛。 We can eat in a restaurant, if you like. 如果你愿意,我们可以去餐馆吃饭。 表示可能性,用于表示把握比较大的推测,常用于疑问句和否定句中,can’t/couldn’t表示"不可能"。 That can’t be Mary, for she is in hospital. 那不可能是玛丽,因为她在住院。 表示请求和许可(could用来表示请求时,是委婉的说法,回答时一般用can)。 Could you please give me a lift? 你能帮我个忙吗? 用于肯定的陈述句中,表示理论上的可能性,意为"有时会,(有时)可能会"。 She can be very careless sometimes. 她有时会很粗心。 2 may/might 情态动词 用法 例句 may/might may和might在肯定句中表示允许,意为"可以"。在疑问句中用于征求许可,意为"可以……吗"。 You may keep the book for another two weeks. 这本书你可以借两个星期。 Might I go fishing with you tomorrow? 我明天可以和你去钓鱼吗? 表示推测,意为"可能,或许"。 She may not go to the concert tonight. 今晚她可能不去音乐会了。 may用于祈使句中,表示祝愿。 May you be happy forever!祝你永远快乐! 3 shall/should/ought to 情态动词 用法 例句 shall 表示征求对方的意见或向对方请示,用于主语是第一或第三人称的疑问句中。 Shall I give you the book tomorrow? 我明天给你这本书,可以吗? Shall she go now? 她现在可以走了吗? 表示说话人的命令、警告、许诺或威胁等,用于主语是第二或第三人称的陈述句中。 You shall do as I tell you. 你要按照我说的做。 He shall be punished. 他会受到惩罚的。 用在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,一般用于第三人称且用于陈述句中,意为"应该,必须"。 No person shall carry a mobile phone into the examination room during the College Entrance Examination. 在高考时任何人都不能将手机带进考场。 should/ought to 表示责任或义务,有时表示劝诫或建议,意为"应该,应当";ought to语气更强。 We ought to/should help the disabled. 我们应该帮助残疾人。 You ought to should ask a lawyer’s advice. 你应该去问问律师的意见。 表示说话人根据一定的情况作出推测,意为"应该会,可能会"。 She should/ ought to complete the task today. 她今天应该完成任务。 should表示惊讶、意外或不应该发生的事,意为"竟然"。 Why should you come so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚? should在条件状语从句中,表示"假如,万一"。 If you should change your mind, do let me know. 假如你改变想法,一定要让我知道。 4 will/would 情态动词 用法 例句 will/would 表示请求,would比will语气委婉。 Would you please let me have a look? 请让我看一看,好吗? 表示习惯或倾向等。will用于表示一般的习惯;would用于描述过去的习惯或例行的活动,意为"总是,总会"。 Jealousy will spoil friendship. 忌妒会破坏友谊。 He would come to help us when he was free. 他有空时,总来帮助我们。 表示意愿、意图或决心,可用于各种人称。will意为"要,愿";would用于过去时中,意为"愿意"。 I will never do that again. 我再也不做那样的事了。 She asked if I would go with them. 她问我是否愿意同他们一起去。 5 must/have to 情态动词 用法 例句 must 表示义务、命令、必要性等,意为"必须",更强调说话人的主观态度。其否定形式为mustn’t,意为"不许,禁止";对以must开头的一般疑问句进行否定回答时,应用don’t have to/needn’t(不必,没必要)。 You must finish your homework this afternoon. 今天下午你必须完成你的家庭作业。 You mustn’t smoke here. 你不许在这儿吸烟。 --Must I tell him in advance?我必须事先告诉他吗? --No, you don’t have to/needn’t. 不,没必要。 表示肯定的推测,意为"一定"。只用于肯定句中。 She must be very tired after such a long walk. 走了这么长的路,她一定很累了。 意为"偏偏,偏要",表示与说话人的愿望相反或不耐烦。 Must you make so much noise? 你偏要弄出这么多的噪声吗? have to 表示客观需要,意为"不得不,必须",强调客观上的必要性。有时态的变化,否定式是don’t/doesn’t have to(不必)。意思相当于needn’t。 You have to be back before 10 o’clock because the train is to leave at 10:15. 你必须在10:00之前回来,因为火车将在10:15离开。 情态动词有进行式、完成式和被动式几种形式的辨析 形式 用法 例句 进行式(情态动词+ be doing) 情态动词与主动词的进行式合用,表示某动作正在进行 Jack may be reading in the library. 杰克也许正在图书馆看书。 完成式(情态动词+have done) 情态动词与主动词的完成式合用,表示过去发生的动作 Tom must have arrived home by now. 现在汤姆肯定已经到家了。 You can’t have seen Henry yesterday because he was in London. 你昨天不可能见到亨利,因为他在伦敦。 被动式(情态动词+ be done) 情态动词可以与主动词的被动式合用,表示被动 The mad may be blocked. 公路也许被堵了。 重点语法训练 1.On July 8th, 2023, the Olympic Council of Asia announced that Harbin (hold) the 9th Asian Winter Games in 2025. 2.He promised me that he (help). 3.I had to make important decisions that would (effect)me for the rest of my life. 4.--He left for Beijing this morning. --Oh, I thought he (not go) until next week. 5.Our teacher said that there (be) an English exam the next week. 6.I was told that he (be) going to return home. 7.Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting (show) at the culture exhibition at present. 8.He was badly injured in the accident last night and (operate) on now. 9.Would you please keep quiet? The weather report (broadcast). 10.Although the causes of cancer (uncover), we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it. 11.Since these technologies can improve efficiency by more than 50%, they (apply) to the industrial process in a comprehensive manner in the past few years. 12.Three women and their children (rescue) from the burning house by the firemen since the fire broke out. 13.Up to now, more and more problems about children (pay) attention to. We find it common that parents and children lack communication. 14.With the help of high technology, more and more new substances(物质) (discover) in the past years. 15.The new technology, which (apply) to rice growing since it was created, is increasing the grain output. 16. “The profit be divided into three parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. 17. It is ridiculous that we be short of water in a country where it is always raining. 18. Helen go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. 19. You be tired after the long trip, aren’t you? 20. He to clean the classroom after school. 21. --May I take this book out of the reading room? --No, you . 22. When I was young, I often go swimming in the river. Ⅱ完成句子 1.Scientists are researching the side effects of the new drug. (将句子改为被动语态) 2.The mother is happy to see that the teachers are taking good care of her little daughter in the kindergarten. (将句子改为被动语态) 3.We are making preparations for the interview that will be held the day after tomorrow. (将句子改为被动语态) 4.Since you have finished your work, you can have a rest now. (句式转换) →Since your work , you can have a rest now. 5.They have translated the book into more than twenty languages. (句式转换) → into more than twenty languages. 6.Mom said to me, “Will you first have supper or finish your homework?”(变间接引语) 7.Tom said, “I’m going to do more research on the problem.” (变间接引语) 8.“Will scientists discover new species there?” Bob asked Laura.(改为间接引语) Bob asked Laura scientists discover new species there. 9.John said, “Tomorrow I’m going to attend this party.” (同义句转换) →John said (that) the next day attend this party. 10. 乔不可能离开了,刚才我还看见他在打电话。(情态动词+have done) Joe . I saw him talking on the phone just now. 11. 史密斯先生不可能去了北京,因为我刚才在图书馆看见他了。 Mr Smith Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 12. A saleswoman ought to persuade her clients to buy their products. (否定句) __________________________________________________________________________ 13. We dared not tell him that he had failed again this time. We him that he had failed again this time. 14. You’d better work in an institution in charge of economy. (否定句) __________________________________________________________________________ 15. They should have completed the project earlier this month. The project earlier this month. ( 9 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究! 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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专题04 必修二重点语法【知识串讲】-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期末考点大串讲(译林版2020)
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专题04 必修二重点语法【知识串讲】-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期末考点大串讲(译林版2020)
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专题04 必修二重点语法【知识串讲】-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期末考点大串讲(译林版2020)
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