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专题03 必修一 重点语法
重点语法浏览
重点语法串讲
句子成分与八大基本句子结构
句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。主要有下面的七种基本成分。
1. 主语(subject)
句子的描述对象即为句子的主语。主语通常位于句子前面(部分),常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句充当。
2. 谓语(verb)
谓语,对主语进行描述,通常位于句子后面(部分),谓语部分的核心词必须由动词充当,必须体现为某一时态形式。
3. 宾语(object)
宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者。故宾语一般放在及物动词之后。另外,介词后也会跟宾语。宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句等充当。
4. 表语(predicative)
表语在系动词之后,是用来说明主语的。表语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。
5. 定语(attributive)
定语是用来修饰名词、代词的,常译为“……的”。单个词汇作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前,故称之为前置定语;短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后,故称之为后置定语。定语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。
6. 补语(complement)
补语分为主语补语和宾语补语,用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。通常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词及介词短语充当。
7. 状语(adverbial)
状语表示谓语行为的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、伴随情况等。通常由副词、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。
八大基本句子结构
1. 主谓: 主语+谓语(SV)(谓语动词为不及物动词,不能接宾语,但能表达完整的意义)
2. 主谓宾: 主语+谓语+宾语(SVO)(谓语动词为及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词,它必须跟一个宾语)
3. 主系表: 主语+连系动词+表语(SVP)(谓语动词是系动词)
4. 主谓宾宾: 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOO)(谓语动词带两个宾语(双宾语),前一个为间接宾语(通常指人),后一个为直接宾语(通常指物))(句子结构可以是: “主+谓+间宾+直宾”或“主+谓+直宾+to/for+间宾”。)
5. 主谓宾补: 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语(SVOC)(谓语动词是可以带复合宾语的及物动词)
提醒:可用下面方法来判断一个及物动词所带的是双宾语还是复合宾语: 如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系,则该动词接的是复合宾语,否则就是双宾语。
6. 主谓状: 主语+谓语+状语(SVA)(谓语动词也为不及物动词,但其后必须带有状语,否则结构不全,意义不完整。)
7. 主谓宾状: 主语+谓语+宾语+状语(SVOA)(谓语动词是及物动词,其后不但必须有宾语,而且宾语之后必须带状语)。
8. 存现句: 引导词there引导的句子(there为引导词,无词义;be为谓语动词,根据情况可以有单复数的变化,也可以有不同的时态变化。there be后面的名词为句子主语。)
[名师点津]there在该结构中是个引导词,本身无词义。动词be是谓语,有时态变化,也可与情态动词连用。动词be要和后面的就近的主语在单复数方面保持一致。
并列句(Compound sentence)
1. 联合关系 由并列连词and或not only...but also...连接的两个分句。
I turned on the TV and we sat down and watched it. 我开了电视机后,我们就坐下来看电视节目。
It not only gave us a chance to get close to nature, but also gave us relaxation from our study.它不仅给了我们接近大自然的机会,而且能让我们在学习之余得到放松。
2. 转折关系 多用连词but,yet,while等连接两个分句。
It rained heavily, but I still went to school.虽然天下着雨,但是我还是去上学了。
Good habits always lead to high efficiency, while bad ones lead to the opposite.好的习惯经常使得效率增高,而不好的习惯效果恰恰相反。
3. 选择关系 主要由连词or (或者;否则),either...or...(要么……要么……),not...but...(不是……而是……)等连词连接。
You may go with us, or you may stay at home.你既可以跟我们一起去也可以待在家里。
4. 因果关系 多用连词so或for连接。
He told me to do it, so I did it.他让我这样做,于是我就这样做了。
5. 时间关系 由并列连词when连接两个分句,表示“就在这时突然……”。
Last Monday,I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.上周一,我正在街上散步,这时突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
[名师点津]
(1)“祈使句+and/or (otherwise)+简单句”也是并列句的一种,or在此意为“否则”。
(2)并列句有时也可不用并列连词连接,而用分号(;)连接。
(3)so和because不能连用。
主从复合句(Complex sentence)
1. 名词性从句(相当于名词,可作句子的主语、表语、宾语和同位语)
When the plane is to take off has not been announced.(主语从句)飞机何时起飞尚未宣布。
That is why he did not come to school yesterday.(表语从句)那就是昨天他没来上学的原因。
He said that some teenagers didn’t work hard.(宾语从句)他说有些青少年不努力学习。
We heard the news that our team had won.(同位语从句)我们听到了我们球队获胜的消息。
2. 定语从句(相当于一个形容词,用来修饰一个名词或代词,在主句中作定语)
The man who was full of anger was Mike’s father.那个非常生气的人是迈克的父亲。
I won’t forget the day when I had an argument with him.我忘不了和他吵架的那一天。
3. 状语从句(相当于副词,修饰谓语动词,或整个主句。根据表达的意思分为:时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步等)
When I saw him,I found him under great stress.我看见他时,觉得他压力很大。
I will meet my friend where I met my teacher last time.我会在上次遇到我老师的地方见我的朋友。
If you want to keep peace,you’d better be patient.如果你想保持和平,你最好耐心一些。
He was punished because he was late.他受到了惩罚,因为他迟到了。
Let’s get up early so that we can catch the early bus.我们早点起床吧,以便我们能赶上早班车。
He made so inspiring a speech that everyone got excited.他发表了如此鼓舞人心的演讲,以至于大家都很激动。
Please do as you are told.请按照你被告知的去做。
Although/Though he tried his best,he still missed the target.虽然他尽力了,但仍然没有打中目标。
[注意] although/though不能和but连用,但可以和yet,still连用。
限制性定语从句
关系代词
关系代词
指代
在定从中所做成分
是否可省略
that
人;物
主语;宾语
作宾语可省
which
物
主语;宾语
作宾语可省
who
人
主语;宾语
作宾语可省
whom
人
宾语
可省
whose
人;物
定语
不可省
as
人;物
主语;宾语;表语
不可省
[温馨提示]
1.whose指人时,常用下列结构来代替:
I will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done on schedule.
=I will talk to those students,the homework of whom hasn’t been done on schedule.
=I will talk to those students,of whom the homework hasn’t been done on schedule.
我将和那些没按时完成作业的学生谈话。
2.关系词只能用that而不用which的情况
(1) 当先行词是all,little,much,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时。
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已经做了。
(2)当先行词被all,every,any,little,much,the only,the very,the right,the last,just等修饰时。
Music is the only thing that interests me.
音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。
You are the very person that we are looking for.
你就是我们要找的人。
(3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most interesting story that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的最有趣的故事。
(4)当先行词中既有人又有物时。
She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.
她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。
(5)当先行词前面出现who,which等疑问代词时,为了避免重复,只能用that。
Who is the boy that is playing computer games there?
正在那里玩电脑游戏的那个男孩是谁?
3.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
Those who are over 45 won’t be permitted to enter the hall.
超过45岁的人不允许进入这个大厅。
4.“one of+复数名词”作先行词,定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式;在肯定句中,“the only one of+复数名词”作先行词,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班里唯一学过法语的男孩。
5.为避免关系词的重复,被关系代词代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。
This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)
这就是我们上星期天参观的那家工厂。
关系副词
关系副词
指代
在定从中所做成分
是否可省略
when
时间
状语
否
where
地点
状语
否
why
原因
状语
否
1.when/which/that引导定语从句表时间
when是关系副词, 在从句中只能作状语, 而不能作宾语或主语。关系词如果在从句中作主语或宾语要用关系代词which或that。
Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night? 你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗? (when在从句中作状语)
Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm? 你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗? (that或which作spent的宾语)
2.where/which/that引导定语从句表地点
若表示地点的先行词在从句中作地点状语, 用where来引导定语从句, 若作主语或宾语时, 应用which或that来引导定语从句。
This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago. 这是我爷爷在40年前建造的房子。(定语从句中缺少主语, 所以用which/that, 不用where)
3.why/which/that引导定语从句表原因
若先行词reason在从句中作原因状语, 用why来引导定语从句, 若其在从句中作主语或宾语, 应用that或which来引导定语从句。
I won’t listen to the reason that/which you have given us. 我不听你给我们的理由。
The reason why/for which you failed, I think, was that you had not followed your mother’s advice. 我认为你失败的原因是你没有听从你母亲的劝告。
重点语法训练
1.No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month
A.谓语 B.表语 C.宾语补足语 D.状语
【答案】A
【详解】考查句子成分。句意:不管任务有多难,我们必须在这个月完成它。分析句子的成分可知,该句为no matter引导的让步状语从句,主语为“we”,谓语为“ must fulfil ”宾语为“it”,“this month”为句子的宾语,划线部分为谓语。故选A。
2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
A.定语 B.宾语 C.状语 D.主语
【答案】C
【详解】考查句子成分分析。句意:奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。根据句子成分分析可知,该句划线短语last night意为“昨晚”作句子的时间状语成分。故选C项。
3.Trees turn green when spring comes.
A.谓语 B.状语 C.表语 D.定语
【答案】C
【详解】考查句子成分。句意:当春天来临时,树木变绿。分析句子结构可知,Trees为主语,turn为系动词,green为表语;when spring comes为时间状语从句,状语从句中spring为主语,comes为谓语。故选A项。
4.He made it clear that he would leave the city.
A.宾语 B.表语 C.宾补 D.状语
【答案】A
【详解】考查句子成分。句意:他明确表示他要离开这个城市。He是主语,made是谓语,it是形式宾语,clear是宾语补足语,that he would leave the city是连词that引导的宾语从句作宾语。故选A项。
5.He broke a piece of glass.
A.谓语 B.宾语 C.主语 D.定语
【答案】A
【详解】考查成分。句意:他打碎了一块玻璃。划线部分为谓语,主语为he;a piece of glass为宾语。故选A。
二.写出下面句子的基本句型。
1.Your flight will leave at 5:00 pm.
【答案】1.主语+谓语+状语(S+V+A)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:您的航班将在下午5点起飞。“Your flight”为句子的主语,“will leave”为句子的谓语,“at 5:00 pm”为句子的时间状语。故答案为:主语+谓语+状语(S+V+A)。
2.She loves the library because she loves books.
【答案】主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+O+A)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:她喜欢图书馆,因为她喜欢书。“She”为句子的主语,“loves”为句子的谓语,“the library”为句子的宾语,“because she loves books”为原因状语从句。故答案为:主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+O+A)。
3.Our grandpa often tells us stories about Chairman Mao on Sundays.
【答案】主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语+状语(S+V+IO+DO+A)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:爷爷经常在星期天给我们讲毛主席的故事。“Our grandpa”为句子的主语,“often”为频率副词作状语,“tells”为句子的谓语,“us”为间接宾语,“stories”为直接宾语,“about Chairman Mao”为“stories”的后置定语,“on Sundays”为时间状语。故答案为:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语+状语(S+V+IO+DO+A)。
4.To do today’s homework without the teacher’s help is very difficult.
【答案】主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:没有老师的帮助,做今天的作业是很困难的。“To do today’s homework without the teacher’s help”为句子的主语,“is”为系动词,“very difficult”为表语。故答案为:主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)。
5.She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
【答案】主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语+状语(S+V+O+C+A)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:她想要孩子们在阅览室里读报纸和书。“She”为句子的主语,“likes”为谓语,“the children”为宾语,“to read newspapers and books”为宾语补足语,“in the reading-room”为地点状语。故答案为:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语+状语(S+V+O+C+A)。\
Ⅲ 单句语法填空
1.(2023-2024学年高一上·江苏连云港·期中)Call a taxi, you will miss the driving test.
【答案】or
【详解】考查连词。句意:叫辆出租车,否则你会错过驾驶考试的。此处为祈使句+and/or+简单句,表示“否则”应用or。故填or。
2.(2023-2024学年高一上·福建漳州·期中)You forgot to book a room in advance, you?
【答案】didn't
【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意:你忘记提前预定房间了,是吗?分析句子 ,设空处与you构成反意疑问句的结构,根据前文的forgot可知,句子为一般过去时,同时反意疑问句符合“前肯后否”的原则。故填didn't。
3.(2023-2024学年高一上·江苏南通·期中)Mama gave him a bright smile wrote down a number.
【答案】and
【详解】考查连词。句意:妈妈给了他一个灿烂的微笑,写下了一个数字。结合前后文可知为承接关系,应用连词and。故填and。
4.(2023-2024学年高一上·江苏扬州·期中)Work hard you are sure to make advances in your studies.
【答案】and
【详解】考查连词。句意:努力学习,你一定会在学习上取得进步。前后两句是并列关系,应该用and连接。故填and。
5.(2023-2024学年高一上·江苏扬州·阶段练习)More healthy food, you will break down sooner or later.
【答案】or
【详解】考查固定句型。句意:多吃些健康的食物,否则你迟早会垮掉的。空前为祈使句,空后为一般将来时的陈述句,且空后为不好的结果,因此空处应用连词or连接前后两个句子,意为“否则”,用于警告或忠告,构成固定句型“祈使句, or+陈述句”。故填or。
6.(2023-2024学年高一上·湖南·期中)Senior high school will help you learn and grow, you alone are responsible for realizing your great potential.
【答案】yet/but
【详解】考查连词。句意:高中将帮助你学习和成长,但只有你自己有责任实现你的巨大潜力。结合语意可知,句子前后表示转折关系,应用并列连词yet/but,表示“但是”,符合题意。故填yet/but。
7.(2023-2024学年高一上·广东广州·期中)I was about to go outside it suddenly rained.
【答案】when
【详解】考查固定句型。句意:我正要出去,突然下起雨来了。此处考查固定句型be about to do sth. when…,意为“正准备做某事,突然间……”。故填when。
8.(2023-2024学年高一上·江苏镇江·期中)You can count on it the sun will rise in the east every morning.
【答案】that
【详解】考查宾语从句的引导词。句意:你可以相信每天早晨太阳都会从东方升起。分析句子的结构可知,it为形式宾语,真正的宾语为从句“the sun will rise in the east every morning.(每天早晨太阳都会从东方升起)”从句不缺成分,表示完整的意思,应用that引导宾语从句。故填that。
9.(2023-2024学年高一上·湖南·期中)Just remember that it is completely normal to struggle with the stress that parent-child tensions create, and you and your parents can work together to improve your relationship.
【答案】that
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意:只要记住,与亲子关系紧张带来的压力作斗争是完全正常的,你和你的父母可以共同努力改善你们的关系。remember的宾语是两个并列的宾语从句,空处引导第二个宾语从句,从句不缺成分,句意完整,所以用that引导宾语从句,且第二个宾从引导词that不可以省略。故填that。
10.(2023-2024学年高一上·湖南株洲·期末)Just as the poor passengers on the real Titanic saw the tip of the iceberg, we see on the cinema screen is just the tip of the huge iceberg of film-making.
【答案】what
【详解】考查主语从句。句意:就像泰坦尼克号上可怜的乘客看到了冰山一角一样,我们在电影屏幕上看到的只是电影制作的冰山一角。引导主语从句,从句缺少宾语,应用what引导。故填what。
11.(2024-2025学年高一上·江苏盐城·开学考试)Do you know the person and things they are talking about. 【答案】that
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:你知道他们谈论的人和事吗?分析句子可知,空格处为限制性定语从句,修饰先行词people and things,关系词代替先行词people and things在定语从句中作talking about后的宾语,应使用关系代词引导该定语从句;又因当先行词既指人又指物时,只能使用关系代词that引导定语从句。故填that。
12.(2024-2025学年高一上·江苏盐城·开学考试)We felt it a pity that the research team failed to find such a plant had been described in the botanist’s diary.
【答案】as
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我们感到遗憾的是,研究小组未能找到植物学家日记中描述的那种植物。分析句子可知,这里引导定语从句,先行词为such a plant ,为物,在从句中作主语,且为such...as结构,用as引导定语从句,用来具体说明这个名词短语所描述的对象。故填as。
13.(2024-2025学年高一上·江苏盐城·开学考试)The old man is so hard-working a gardener quite a few gardens want to hire as a full-time worker.
【答案】as
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这位老人是一位非常勤奋的园丁,许多花园都想雇佣他做全职工人。空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词a gardener,先行词指人,在定语从句中作hire的宾语,且前面有so,所以需要关系代词as引导该从句。故填as。
14.(2024-2025学年高一上·江苏盐城·开学考试)Mary is no longer the girl she used to be.
【答案】that
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:玛丽不再是她曾经的那个女孩了。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句修饰先行词“the girl”,从句中缺表语,表示“过去的样子”,应用关系代词that。故填that。
15.(2024-2025学年高一上·江苏盐城·开学考试)Those want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.
【答案】who
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:想去博物馆的人必须在明天早上7点到学校门口集合。空格处引导定语从句,修饰先行词those,在从句作主语,指人,故填who。
16.(2024-2025学年高一上·安徽六安·开学考试)In this article, we will talk about a particular type of comfort food power mainly lies in the associations it calls to mind.
【答案】whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:在这篇文章中,我们将讨论一种特殊的安慰食物,它的力量主要在于它能唤起人们的联想。定语从句修饰先行词comfort food,在从句作定语,应用whose。故填whose。
17.(2024-2025学年高一上·河南平顶山·阶段练习)People live in the country say that city life is stressful because of all the noise and traffic, but I like being in the middle of things.
【答案】who/that
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:生活在乡下的人说,城市生活因为噪音和交通而充满压力,但我喜欢置身其中。空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词people,先行词指人,引导词指代先行词,在从句中作主语,故用who或that引导定语从句。故填who/that。
18.Gone are the days physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
【答案】when
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:靠体力谋生的日子一去不复返了。分析句子可知,空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词days,先行词在从句中表示靠体力谋生的时间,作时间状语,应用关系副词when作引导词。故填when。
19.Sales director is a position communication skills are just as important as sales skills.
【答案】where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:销售总监是一个沟通技巧和销售技巧同样重要的职位。分析句式结构可知,此处是定语从句,从句中缺少状语,所以用关系副词,又因为先行词position表抽象地点,所以用where来引导。故答案为where。
20.(2023-2024学年高一上·山东青岛·期中)Scientist have searched for a long time for a reason so many bees are disappearing.
【答案】why
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:科学家们长期以来一直在寻找为什么这么多蜜蜂正在消失的原因。空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词reason,且关系词在从句中作原因状语,应用关系副词why引导定语从句,故填why。
Ⅳ完成句子
1.(2024-2025高一上·吉林长春·开学考试)It is not known tomorrow. (他是否会去)
【答案】whether he will go
【详解】考查主语从句。句意:明天他是否会去尚不清楚。表示“是否”使用whether引导主语从句;表示“去”使用动词go。结合其他汉语提示可知句子用一般将来时,句子里it作形式主语,空处是主语从句,作真正的主语。故填whether he will go。
2. (从你所说的话判断), I’m afraid you are wrong.
【答案】Judging from what you said
【详解】考查独立主格和宾语从句。“根据……判断”为“judging from”,“你所说的话”为介词from的宾语,可以使用what引导宾语从句来翻译,即“what you say”,空格位于句首,事情发生在过去,say使用过去式,故填Judging from what you said。
3. (我突然想起) the band which I adored would perform at the National Stadium the next day.
【答案】It occurred to me that/It struck/hit me that
【详解】考查固定句型和时态。句意:我突然想到我所崇拜的那个乐队第二天要在国家体育场演出。由adored可知,句子时态是一般过去时,空格处动词用过去式,“我突然想起”是固定句型It occurred to me that/It struck/hit me that,其中it是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句,位于句首的单词首字母大写,因此空格处是It occurred to me that/It struck/hit me that。故填It occurred to me that/It struck/hit me that。
4.From space, the earth looks blue. (这是因为) about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
【答案】This is because
【详解】考查表语从句。句意:从太空看,地球是蓝色的。这是因为其表面约71%被水覆盖。空后是一个从句,表示原因,所以空处是主句。This is because...意为“这是因为……”,because引导表语从句。这里陈述的是客观事实,应用一般现在时。故填This is because。
5.(2024-2025学您高一上·吉林长春·开学考试)I dislike . (你对待我的方式)
【答案】the way you treat me
【详解】考查定语从句。表示“你对待我的方式”,使用核心名词the way作宾语;使用关系词that或in which you treat me作定语修饰名词he way,关系词在从句中指代先行词the way在从句中做状语也可省略。故填the way you treat me。
6.奖品将授予故事最富想象力的作家。
The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.
【答案】whose
【详解】考查定语从句。分析句子可知,此处是限定性定语从句。先行词为the writer ,关系词在从句中作定语,故用关系代词whose引导定语从句。故填whose。
7.这是我读过的最好的一本书。
This is the best book I have ever read.
【答案】that
【详解】考查定语从句。分析句子结构,空处引导一个定语从句,修饰先行词book,且先行词前有形容词最高级the best修饰,所以应用that引导。故填that。
8.你的朋友也会影响你看待自己外表的方式。
Your friends also influence .
【答案】the way that/in which/you view your physical appearance
【详解】考查定语从句。表示“方式”应用the way;表示“你”应用you;表示“看待”应用view,陈述客观事实,使用一般现在时,主语为you,谓语动词用原形;表示“你的外表”应用your physical appearance;将“你看待自己的”处理为定语从句,先行词the way在定语从句中作方式状语,需用that/in which/不填引导。故填the way that/in which/you view your physical appearance。
9.最吸引我的部分是这部电影的结尾。
was the ending of the film.
【答案】What attracted me most/ The part that attracted me most
【详解】考查主语从句、定语从句和时态。结合“was”可知,使用一般过去时;表示“吸引”应用attract;表示“部分”应用part;表示“最吸引我的部分”应用what attracted me most,what引导主语从句,在从句中作主语;也可以使用the part that attracted me most,that引导定语从句,修饰先行词part,that在从句中作主语。故填What attracted me most/ The part that attracted me most。
10.成功的一大秘诀就是以一种永不被耗尽的状态度过一生。
A great secret of success is to go through life as a man never gets used up.
【答案】who/that
【详解】考查定语从句引导词。根据汉语并结合英文句子分析可知,“______ never gets used up”为之前名词“a man”的定语从句,先行词在从句中作主语,用关系代词who/that引导从句。故填who/that。1
11.住在那里的人有三分之二死亡或者受伤。
Two thirds of the people were dead or injured.
【答案】 who/that lived there
【详解】考查定语从句和时态。根据中英文提示,空处为“住在那里的”,可用定语从句,修饰the people,从句中作主语,指人,可用关系代词who或者that,live“居住”,there“在那里”,作状语,根据句意和下文的were可知,描述过去的事情用一般过去时,故填who/that lived there。
12.The English Arts Festival provided us with a platform (我们可以展示才能).
【答案】where we can showcase our talents
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:英国艺术节为我们提供了一个展示才华的平台。根据汉语提示,表示“我们”含义的词为:we;表示“可以”含义的情态动词为:can;表示“展示”含义的动词为:showcase;表示“才能”含义的表达为:talent,因主语为复数,此处名词使用复数。分析句子结构,这是一个包含定语从句的复合句,先行词为:platform,因先行词在定语从句中作状语表示地点,使用关系副词where引导定语从句,故填where we can showcase our talents。
3. the old must give way to the new, and it is not possible to everything from our past as we move towards the future.
新旧更替的时代已经到来,在走向未来的过程中,我们不可能将过去的一切都保存下来。
【答案】 There comes a time when preserve
【详解】考查there引导的倒装句及定语从句。根据中文提示“……时代已经到来”,可翻译为there comes a time,还可以将“新旧交替”处理成定语从句来修饰时代,从句中缺少时间状语,故填when引导从句。“保存”的英文是preserve,最后要注意首字母大写,所以整个句子可翻译为There comes a time when the old must give way to the new , and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future,故答案为①There②comes③a④time⑤when⑥preserve。
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专题03 必修一 重点语法
重点语法浏览
重点语法串讲
句子成分与八大基本句子结构
句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。主要有下面的七种基本成分。
1. 主语(subject)
句子的描述对象即为句子的主语。主语通常位于句子前面(部分),常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句充当。
2. 谓语(verb)
谓语,对主语进行描述,通常位于句子后面(部分),谓语部分的核心词必须由动词充当,必须体现为某一时态形式。
3. 宾语(object)
宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者。故宾语一般放在及物动词之后。另外,介词后也会跟宾语。宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句等充当。
4. 表语(predicative)
表语在系动词之后,是用来说明主语的。表语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。
5. 定语(attributive)
定语是用来修饰名词、代词的,常译为“……的”。单个词汇作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前,故称之为前置定语;短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后,故称之为后置定语。定语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。
6. 补语(complement)
补语分为主语补语和宾语补语,用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。通常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词及介词短语充当。
7. 状语(adverbial)
状语表示谓语行为的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、伴随情况等。通常由副词、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。
八大基本句子结构
1. 主谓: 主语+谓语(SV)(谓语动词为不及物动词,不能接宾语,但能表达完整的意义)
2. 主谓宾: 主语+谓语+宾语(SVO)(谓语动词为及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词,它必须跟一个宾语)
3. 主系表: 主语+连系动词+表语(SVP)(谓语动词是系动词)
4. 主谓宾宾: 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOO)(谓语动词带两个宾语(双宾语),前一个为间接宾语(通常指人),后一个为直接宾语(通常指物))(句子结构可以是: “主+谓+间宾+直宾”或“主+谓+直宾+to/for+间宾”。)
5. 主谓宾补: 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语(SVOC)(谓语动词是可以带复合宾语的及物动词)
提醒:可用下面方法来判断一个及物动词所带的是双宾语还是复合宾语: 如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系,则该动词接的是复合宾语,否则就是双宾语。
6. 主谓状: 主语+谓语+状语(SVA)(谓语动词也为不及物动词,但其后必须带有状语,否则结构不全,意义不完整。)
7. 主谓宾状: 主语+谓语+宾语+状语(SVOA)(谓语动词是及物动词,其后不但必须有宾语,而且宾语之后必须带状语)。
8. 存现句: 引导词there引导的句子(there为引导词,无词义;be为谓语动词,根据情况可以有单复数的变化,也可以有不同的时态变化。there be后面的名词为句子主语。)
[名师点津]there在该结构中是个引导词,本身无词义。动词be是谓语,有时态变化,也可与情态动词连用。动词be要和后面的就近的主语在单复数方面保持一致。
并列句(Compound sentence)
1. 联合关系 由并列连词and或not only...but also...连接的两个分句。
I turned on the TV and we sat down and watched it. 我开了电视机后,我们就坐下来看电视节目。
It not only gave us a chance to get close to nature, but also gave us relaxation from our study.它不仅给了我们接近大自然的机会,而且能让我们在学习之余得到放松。
2. 转折关系 多用连词but,yet,while等连接两个分句。
It rained heavily, but I still went to school.虽然天下着雨,但是我还是去上学了。
Good habits always lead to high efficiency, while bad ones lead to the opposite.好的习惯经常使得效率增高,而不好的习惯效果恰恰相反。
3. 选择关系 主要由连词or (或者;否则),either...or...(要么……要么……),not...but...(不是……而是……)等连词连接。
You may go with us, or you may stay at home.你既可以跟我们一起去也可以待在家里。
4. 因果关系 多用连词so或for连接。
He told me to do it, so I did it.他让我这样做,于是我就这样做了。
5. 时间关系 由并列连词when连接两个分句,表示“就在这时突然……”。
Last Monday,I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.上周一,我正在街上散步,这时突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
[名师点津]
(1)“祈使句+and/or (otherwise)+简单句”也是并列句的一种,or在此意为“否则”。
(2)并列句有时也可不用并列连词连接,而用分号(;)连接。
(3)so和because不能连用。
主从复合句(Complex sentence)
1. 名词性从句(相当于名词,可作句子的主语、表语、宾语和同位语)
When the plane is to take off has not been announced.(主语从句)飞机何时起飞尚未宣布。
That is why he did not come to school yesterday.(表语从句)那就是昨天他没来上学的原因。
He said that some teenagers didn’t work hard.(宾语从句)他说有些青少年不努力学习。
We heard the news that our team had won.(同位语从句)我们听到了我们球队获胜的消息。
2. 定语从句(相当于一个形容词,用来修饰一个名词或代词,在主句中作定语)
The man who was full of anger was Mike’s father.那个非常生气的人是迈克的父亲。
I won’t forget the day when I had an argument with him.我忘不了和他吵架的那一天。
3. 状语从句(相当于副词,修饰谓语动词,或整个主句。根据表达的意思分为:时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步等)
When I saw him,I found him under great stress.我看见他时,觉得他压力很大。
I will meet my friend where I met my teacher last time.我会在上次遇到我老师的地方见我的朋友。
If you want to keep peace,you’d better be patient.如果你想保持和平,你最好耐心一些。
He was punished because he was late.他受到了惩罚,因为他迟到了。
Let’s get up early so that we can catch the early bus.我们早点起床吧,以便我们能赶上早班车。
He made so inspiring a speech that everyone got excited.他发表了如此鼓舞人心的演讲,以至于大家都很激动。
Please do as you are told.请按照你被告知的去做。
Although/Though he tried his best,he still missed the target.虽然他尽力了,但仍然没有打中目标。
[注意] although/though不能和but连用,但可以和yet,still连用。
限制性定语从句
关系代词
关系代词
指代
在定从中所做成分
是否可省略
that
人;物
主语;宾语
作宾语可省
which
物
主语;宾语
作宾语可省
who
人
主语;宾语
作宾语可省
whom
人
宾语
可省
whose
人;物
定语
不可省
as
人;物
主语;宾语;表语
不可省
[温馨提示]
1.whose指人时,常用下列结构来代替:
I will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done on schedule.
=I will talk to those students,the homework of whom hasn’t been done on schedule.
=I will talk to those students,of whom the homework hasn’t been done on schedule.
我将和那些没按时完成作业的学生谈话。
2.关系词只能用that而不用which的情况
(1) 当先行词是all,little,much,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时。
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已经做了。
(2)当先行词被all,every,any,little,much,the only,the very,the right,the last,just等修饰时。
Music is the only thing that interests me.
音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。
You are the very person that we are looking for.
你就是我们要找的人。
(3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most interesting story that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的最有趣的故事。
(4)当先行词中既有人又有物时。
She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.
她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。
(5)当先行词前面出现who,which等疑问代词时,为了避免重复,只能用that。
Who is the boy that is playing computer games there?
正在那里玩电脑游戏的那个男孩是谁?
3.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
Those who are over 45 won’t be permitted to enter the hall.
超过45岁的人不允许进入这个大厅。
4.“one of+复数名词”作先行词,定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式;在肯定句中,“the only one of+复数名词”作先行词,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班里唯一学过法语的男孩。
5.为避免关系词的重复,被关系代词代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。
This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)
这就是我们上星期天参观的那家工厂。
关系副词
关系副词
指代
在定从中所做成分
是否可省略
when
时间
状语
否
where
地点
状语
否
why
原因
状语
否
1.when/which/that引导定语从句表时间
when是关系副词, 在从句中只能作状语, 而不能作宾语或主语。关系词如果在从句中作主语或宾语要用关系代词which或that。
Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night? 你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗? (when在从句中作状语)
Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm? 你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗? (that或which作spent的宾语)
2.where/which/that引导定语从句表地点
若表示地点的先行词在从句中作地点状语, 用where来引导定语从句, 若作主语或宾语时, 应用which或that来引导定语从句。
This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago. 这是我爷爷在40年前建造的房子。(定语从句中缺少主语, 所以用which/that, 不用where)
3.why/which/that引导定语从句表原因
若先行词reason在从句中作原因状语, 用why来引导定语从句, 若其在从句中作主语或宾语, 应用that或which来引导定语从句。
I won’t listen to the reason that/which you have given us. 我不听你给我们的理由。
The reason why/for which you failed, I think, was that you had not followed your mother’s advice. 我认为你失败的原因是你没有听从你母亲的劝告。
重点语法训练
Ⅰ单项选择
1.No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month
A.谓语 B.表语 C.宾语补足语 D.状语
2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
A.定语 B.宾语 C.状语 D.主语
3.Trees turn green when spring comes.
A.谓语 B.状语 C.表语 D.定语
4.He made it clear that he would leave the city.
A.宾语 B.表语 C.宾补 D.状语
5.He broke a piece of glass.
A.谓语 B.宾语 C.主语 D.定语
Ⅱ.写出下面句子的基本句型。
1.Your flight will leave at 5:00 pm.
2.She loves the library because she loves books.
3.Our grandpa often tells us stories about Chairman Mao on Sundays.
4.To do today’s homework without the teacher’s help is very difficult.
5.She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
Ⅲ 单句语法填空
1.Call a taxi, you will miss the driving test.
2. You forgot to book a room in advance, you?
3.Mama gave him a bright smile wrote down a number.
4. Work hard you are sure to make advances in your studies.
5. More healthy food, you will break down sooner or later.
6. Senior high school will help you learn and grow, you alone are responsible for realizing your great potential.
7. I was about to go outside it suddenly rained.
8. You can count on it the sun will rise in the east every morning.
9. Just remember that it is completely normal to struggle with the stress that parent-child tensions create, and you and your parents can work together to improve your relationship.
10.Just as the poor passengers on the real Titanic saw the tip of the iceberg, we see on the cinema screen is just the tip of the huge iceberg of film-making.
11.(2024-2025学年高一上·江苏盐城·开学考试)Do you know the person and things they are talking about.
12.(2024-2025学年高一上·江苏盐城·开学考试)We felt it a pity that the research team failed to find such a plant had been described in the botanist’s diary.
13.(2024-2025学年高一上·江苏盐城·开学考试)The old man is so hard-working a gardener quite a few gardens want to hire as a full-time worker.
14.(2024-2025学年高一上·江苏盐城·开学考试)Mary is no longer the girl she used to be.
15.(2024-2025学年高一上·江苏盐城·开学考试)Those want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.
16.(2024-2025学年高一上·安徽六安·开学考试)In this article, we will talk about a particular type of comfort food power mainly lies in the associations it calls to mind.
17.(2024-2025学年高一上·河南平顶山·阶段练习)People live in the country say that city life is stressful because of all the noise and traffic, but I like being in the middle of things.
18.Gone are the days physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
19.Sales director is a position communication skills are just as important as sales skills.
20.(2023-2024学年高一上·山东青岛·期中)Scientist have searched for a long time for a reason so many bees are disappearing.
Ⅳ完成句子
1.(2024-2025高一上·吉林长春·开学考试)It is not known tomorrow. (他是否会去)
2. (从你所说的话判断), I’m afraid you are wrong.
3. (我突然想起) the band which I adored would perform at the National Stadium the next day.
4.From space, the earth looks blue. (这是因为) about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
5.(2024-2025学您高一上·吉林长春·开学考试)I dislike . (你对待我的方式)
6.奖品将授予故事最富想象力的作家。
The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.
7.这是我读过的最好的一本书。
This is the best book I have ever read.
8.你的朋友也会影响你看待自己外表的方式。
Your friends also influence .
9.最吸引我的部分是这部电影的结尾。
was the ending of the film.
10.成功的一大秘诀就是以一种永不被耗尽的状态度过一生。
A great secret of success is to go through life as a man never gets used up.
11.住在那里的人有三分之二死亡或者受伤。
Two thirds of the people were dead or injured.
12.The English Arts Festival provided us with a platform (我们可以展示才能).
13. the old must give way to the new, and it is not possible to everything from our past as we move towards the future.
新旧更替的时代已经到来,在走向未来的过程中,我们不可能将过去的一切都保存下来。
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