内容正文:
专题09
状语从句
一、考情分析
状语从句是高考英语的重要语法考点之一,近三年来在全国各套试卷中均有出现,每年一般会有 1-3 题左右的考查量。在语法填空、短文改错等题型中,每题分值通常为 1-2 分,单项选择题中每题约 1 分,在书面表达中,准确运用状语从句可提升作文质量,间接影响得分。高考对状语从句的考查注重在具体语境中的灵活运用,常结合日常生活、社会热点等话题设置题目,要求考生准确理解句子结构和语境意义,选择恰当的连词或判断从句的类型及用法。
二、常考题型
(一)语法填空
给出一篇短文,在文中的某个句子里设置空白,要求考生根据上下文语境和语法规则,填入合适的状语从句引导词。He didn't leave ______ he finished his work.此处应填 until 。
(二)短文改错
主要考查考生对状语从句中连词的误用、从句语序错误等问题的识别和改正能力。I won't go to the party if I'm not invited.此句中 if 使用正确,若错用成 when 等则需改正。
三、考频分析
(一)高频考点
1.时间状语从句
2.名词词组作连词引导时间状语从句
3.让步状语从句
4.结果状语从句
(二)中频考点
1.条件状语从句
2.地点状语从句
3.原因状语从句
(三)低频考点
1.方式状语从句
2.比较状语从句
3.状语从句的省略
考点一 时间状语从句 ★★★
时间状语从句在复合句中充当时间状语,用来表示主句动作发生的时间。简单来说,它可以告诉我们主句中的动作是 “什么时候” 发生的。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)when
1.既指时间点,也指时间段
when 引导的从句中的动词可以是短暂性动词,也可以是延续性动词。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
When I lived in Beijing, I visited many places.
2.从句动作和主句动作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生
(二)while
1.强调主句和从句的动作同时进行
从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
While I was reading, my sister was watching TV.
2.表示对比关系
While some people like reading, others like sports.(while在这里表示然而,用于对比不同人的喜好)
(三)as
1.强调两个动作同时进行
译为 一边…… 一边…… 或 随着
As we walked, we talked.(一边走一边聊天)
As time goes by, we are getting older.(随着时间的流逝)
2.用于引导短暂性动作
表示 当…… 时,这种用法和 when 类似,但更强调两个动作同时发生
As I opened the door, a gust of wind blew in.(打开门和风吹进来几乎同时发生)
(四)before
1.表示 在…… 之前,从句动作先于主句动作发生
Wash your hands before you have a meal.(吃饭前洗手,洗手 这个动作在 吃饭 之前)
2.用于一些固定句式
It will be + 一段时间 + before...(还要过多久才……)
It was + 一段时间 + before...(过了多久才……)
It will be two years before we meet again.(我们还要过两年才能再见面)
It was a long time before I got used to the new environment.(过了很长时间我才适应新环境)
(五)after
表示在…… 之后,主句动作发生在从句动作之后
After I finished my homework, I watched TV.(完成作业后看电视,看电视 这个动作在 完成作业 之后)
(六)since
1.表示自从
从句用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时或过去完成时(根据语境)
Since I came to this school, I have made many friends.(came 是一般过去时,have made 是现在完成时,表示从过去某个时间点到现在的情况)
2.引导原因状语从句
意为既然,但这不属于时间状语从句范畴,要注意区分
Since you are here, you can help me.(既然你在这儿,你可以帮我,这里是原因状语从句)
(七)until/till
表示直到…… 为止,主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生时结束
He didn't leave until/till his mother came back.(他直到妈妈回来才离开,不离开 这个动作一直持续到 妈妈回来)
二、时态搭配规则
(一)主将从现
在时间状语从句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时来表示将来的动作。
I will call you when I arrive home.
(二)主过从过
当主句是一般过去时,从句一般也用过去的某种时态。
After he had finished his work, he went home.
★即学即练
1.I was about to leave ______ the phone rang.
A. when B. while C. as D. after
2.______ I got home, my mother was cooking dinner.
A. When B. While C. As D. Since
3.The students were reading loudly ______ the teacher came into the classroom.
A. when B. while C. as D. until
考点二 让步状语从句 ★★★
让步状语从句,主要表示 虽然、尽管、即使 等让步含义,在句子中用来强调主句内容与从句内容之间的对比和让步关系。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)although & though
意思都是 虽然,尽管,在引导让步状语从句时可以互换,从句可以放在主句前或主句后。
Though/Although he is young, he knows a lot.(从句在主句前)
He is still happy, though/although he has little money.(从句在主句后)
(二)even though & even if
都有即使的意思,引导的让步状语从句都带有假设的意味。even though更侧重于已经存在的事实,even if更侧重于假设的情况。
Even though he was tired, he continued working.(他已经累了是事实)
Even if it rains tomorrow, we will still go on a picnic.(明天是否下雨是假设情况)
(三)while
while 在引导让步状语从句时有虽然,尽管的意思,它强调主句和从句的对比关系。从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
While I understand your point of view, I can't agree with you.
(四)as
as 引导让步状语从句时,从句的表语、状语或动词原形要放在句首,形成倒装结构,意思是虽然,尽管。Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Try as he might, he couldn't open the door.
二、让步状语从句的语气和强调重点
(一)语气特点
让步状语从句的语气带有让步、转折的感觉,通过承认从句中的不利或相反情况,来突出主句内容的重要性或意外性。
No matter how hard he tried, he still failed.(不管他多么努力尝试,他还是失败了。)
(二)强调重点
重点在于主句所表达的内容,让步状语从句只是为了衬托出主句内容在不利或相反条件下的依然成立或发生。
Whatever difficulties we may face, we should never give up.(不管我们可能面对什么困难,我们都绝不应该放弃。)
★即学即练
1.______ hard he tried, he still couldn't understand the content of the book.
A. Though B. As C. However D. Since
2.______ she is young, she knows a lot.
A. While B. When C. As D. Because
3.______ much advice I gave him, he did exactly what he wanted to do.
A. How B. Whatever C. However D. No matter how
考点三 条件状语从句 ★★★
条件状语从句表示主句动作发生的条件。简单地说,就是在什么情况下主句的动作会发生。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)if
1.表示真实条件,即假设的情况很有可能发生
在这种情况下,遵循主将从现的时态搭配原则。
If you study hard, you will get good grades.
2.表示虚拟条件(非真实条件),即假设的情况与现在、过去或将来的事实不符
(1)与现在事实不符
从句用一般过去时(be 动词用 were),主句用 would/should/could/might + 动词原形。
If I were you, I would accept the offer.(实际上我不是你,这是与现在事实不符的假设)
(2)与过去事实不符
从句用过去完成时,主句用 would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词。
If you had come earlier, you would have caught the train.(实际上你没早来,错过了火车,这是对过去已经发生事情的假设)
(3)与将来事实不符(可能性较小)
从句用 should + 动词原形 或 were to + 动词原形,主句用 would/should/could/might + 动词原形。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would cancel the picnic.(明天下雨的可能性较小)
(2)unless
意思是 除非,如果不,相当于 if...not
You won't succeed unless you work hard.(相当于 You won't succeed if you don't work hard.,意思是除非你努力工作,否则你不会成功)
(3)as/so long as
意思是 只要,强调主句动作发生的条件一直持续
As long as you keep trying, you will make progress.(只要你一直尝试,你就会取得进步)
(四)in case
1.表示 以防,万一
引导的从句可以用一般现在时或 should + 动词原形(虚拟语气)
Take an umbrella in case it rains.(用一般现在时 rains);
Take an umbrella in case it should rain.(用虚拟语气 should rain,这种用法更加强调可能性较小的情况)
2.用于目的状语从句
意思是以免,免得,这一点要和条件状语从句的用法区分开
I'll write it down in case I forget.(我把它写下来以免我忘记,这里更强调目的)
(五)on condition that
意思是 在…… 条件下,引导的从句可以根据具体语境使用不同时态
He will come on condition that you invite him.(他会来,条件是你邀请他,从句 you invite him 用一般现在时)
二、时态搭配规则
(一)主将从现(真实条件)
当条件状语从句表示真实可能发生的条件,且主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时。
If he arrives late, we will start without him.(arrives 是从句的一般现在时,will start 是主句的一般将来时)
(二)虚拟语气时态搭配(非真实条件)
1.与现在事实不符
从句用一般过去时(be 动词用 were),主句用 would/should/could/might + 动词原形。
If I had more time, I would read more books.(实际上没有更多时间,这是与现在事实不符的假设)
2.与过去事实不符
从句用过去完成时,主句用 would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词。
If you had told me earlier, I could have helped you.(实际上没早告诉我,这是对过去的假设)
3.与将来事实不符(可能性较小)
从句用 should + 动词原形 或 were to + 动词原形,主句用 would/should/could/might + 动词原形。
If it were to snow tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed.(明天下雪可能性较小)
★即学即练
1.You will succeed in the end ______ you give up halfway.
A. if B. unless C. even though D. as long as
2.______ it rains tomorrow, we will have to put off the sports meeting.
A. If B. Unless C. When D. As
3.I'll come to see you ______ I have time this weekend.
A. if B. while C. as D. until
考点四 原因状语从句 ★★
原因状语从句用于说明主句动作发生的原因。它在句子中起到解释主句行为或状态产生的缘由的作用。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)because
1.强调直接原因,语气最强
它引导的从句是主句的直接原因,通常用于回答 why 引导的疑问句。
Why are you late? Because I missed the bus.(because 引导的从句明确回答了迟到的原因)
2.从句可放在主句前或主句后,但放在主句前时,要用逗号与主句隔开
Because I was ill, I didn't go to school.(从句在主句前,有逗号)
I didn't go to school because I was ill.(从句在主句后)
(二)since
1.表示既然,由于
侧重主句和从句在内容上的因果关系,语气稍弱于 because,它强调的原因往往是已知的或者是说话双方都能理解的。
Since you are here, you can help me.(既然你在这儿,你可以帮我,这里 你在这儿 是双方都能看到的已知情况,所以用 since 引导原因)
2.从句通常放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,但放在主句后时较少见
Since it's too late, we'd better stay here.(从句在主句前)
(三)as
1.意思是由于,因为
语气比 because 和 since 更弱,引导的原因比较明显或者是附带说明的原因
As it was getting dark, we hurried home.(天色渐暗 是比较明显的原因,所以用 as 来引导,有一种自然而然的因果关系)
2.从句可放在主句前或主句后,放在主句后时,一般不用逗号隔开
As we had no money, we couldn't buy anything.(从句在主句前)
We couldn't buy anything as we had no money.(从句在主句后,没有逗号)
(四)for
1.表示原因
是并列连词,引导的句子不是从句,而是并列句,对前面的句子进行补充说明,语气最弱
He must be ill, for he didn't come to school today.(for 引导的句子是对前面 他一定是病了 这个猜测的补充说明,它所引导的句子和前面的句子是并列关系)
2.for 引导的句子一般放在主句后,且要用逗号与主句隔开
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.(for 引导的句子在主句后,有逗号,用于解释地面湿的原因)
二、原因状语从句与其他从句的区别
(一)与结果状语从句的区别
1.语义重点不同
原因状语从句重点在于解释原因,而结果状语从句重点在于说明主句动作所导致的结果。
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语从句,重点是他累得立刻睡着了这个结果)
Because he was tired, he fell asleep immediately.(原因状语从句,重点是解释睡着的原因是累了)
2.引导词不同
原因状语从句常用 because、since、as、for 引导,结果状语从句常用 so...that、such...that 引导。
(二)与让步状语从句的区别
1.语义关系不同
原因状语从句是因果关系,让步状语从句是让步关系。
Although/Though it was raining heavily, he still went to school on time.(让步状语从句,强调尽管下雨,他还是按时上学 这种让步关系)
Because it was raining heavily, he was late for school.(原因状语从句,强调因为下雨,他上学迟到了这种因果关系)
2.引导词不同
让步状语从句常用 although、though、even though、even if 等引导,与原因状语从句的引导词不同。
★即学即练
1.______ he was ill, he still went to school on time.
A. Because B. Although C. As D. Since
2.______ you are here, you can help me with my work.
A. Now that B. Because of C. As for D. Even if
3.______ she didn't catch the first bus, she was late for school.
A. Because B. For C. As D. Since
考点五 结果状语从句 ★★★
结果状语从句用于表示主句动作所产生的结果。它强调主句动作或状态导致的后果,使句子的语义更加完整。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)so...that & such...that
1.so...that
(1)so + 形容词 / 副词 + that 从句
用于强调形容词或副词所描述的程度,从而引出结果。
The book is so interesting that I can't put it down.(interesting 是形容词,so...that 结构表示书有趣的程度导致 我放不下它 这个结果)
He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow him.(fast 是副词,同样通过 so...that 结构表明说话速度快的结果)
(2)so + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 + that 从句(也可以是 such a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + that 从句)
It's so beautiful a flower that everyone likes it.(等同于 It's such a beautiful flower that everyone likes it.)
2.such...that 的用法
such + (a/an) + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词 + that 从句
用于强调名词(包括可数名词复数和不可数名词)所带来的结果。
They are such good students that the teacher likes them very much.(students 是可数名词复数,such...that 结构表示学生好的程度使得 老师非常喜欢他们)
It's such fine weather that we can go for a picnic.(weather 是不可数名词)
3.so that
(1)引导目的状语从句
意思是以便,为了,从句中通常有情态动词(如 can、could、may、might 等)
He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.
(2)引导结果状语从句
意思是结果,以至于,从句中一般没有情态动词
He didn't plan his time well, so that he didn't finish the work on time.
★即学即练
1.He made such a stupid mistake ______ everyone laughed at him.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
2.She is so kind a girl ______ all her classmates like her.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
3.The box is so heavy ______ I can't lift it.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
考点六 目的状语从句 ★★
目的状语从句用于说明主句动作发生的目的。它在句子中表达 为了……以便…… 的意思,强调动作实施的意图。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)so that
1.从句中通常有情态动词(如 can、could、may、might、should 等),表示 为了,以便
He studies hard so that he can get good grades.
2.so that 引导的从句可以放在主句之前或之后。放在主句之前时,通常用逗号隔开;放在主句之后时,一般不用逗号
So that he could see better, he stood on a chair.
He wore a warm coat so that he wouldn't feel cold.
(二)in order that
意思和 so that 相似,也是 为了,以便,从句中同样通常有情态动词,并且从句可放在主句前或主句后。放在主句前时,一般用逗号隔开;放在主句后时,可用逗号也可不用逗号
In order that we might arrive on time, we took a taxi.
We left early in order that we could catch the train.
(三)for fear that 和 in case
1.for fear that
意思是 以免,生怕,从句中通常用 should + 动词原形 或一般现在时(虚拟语气),表示一种担忧或避免的目的。
She locked the door for fear that someone should break in.
He ran away for fear that his mother saw him.
2.in case
意思是以防,万一,从句中可以用一般现在时或 should + 动词原形。
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
Take your ID card in case you should need it.
★即学即练
1.I got up early ______ I could catch the first bus.
A. in order to B. so that C. such that D. because
2.She took a taxi to the airport ______ she wouldn't be late for the flight.
A. so that B. in order that C. for fear that D. on condition that
3.We should work hard ______ we can achieve our dreams.
A. in case B. provided that C. so as to D. so that
考点七 地点状语从句 ★
地点状语从句在复合句中用来表示主句动作发生的地点或位置。它可以明确地指出动作发生在哪里,使句子的信息更加完整。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)where
1.基本用法
表示 在…… 的地方,引导地点状语从句时,从句在主句之前或之后都可以
Where I live, there are many trees.
You should stay where you are.
2.where 引导的从句可以修饰抽象名词
如 point、situation、case 等,表示 在…… 情况下 等类似的意思
There are many cases where people misunderstand each other.(在很多情况下人们会互相误解,where people misunderstand each other 修饰 cases)
(二)wherever
意思是 无论在哪里,无论什么地方,强调在任何地点都适用的情况
Wherever you go, I will follow you.(无论你去哪里,我都会跟着你)
★即学即练
1.You should put the book ______ you can find it easily.
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
2.Please stay ______ you are and wait for me.
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
3.Make a mark ______ you have any questions.
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
考点八 方式状语从句 ★
方式状语从句用于描述主句动作发生的方式或手段。它能够回答 如何做 这个问题,使句子在表达动作的同时,也能体现出动作进行的方式。
常见引导词及用法
(一)as
1.表示按照,如同
引导方式状语从句时,从句的谓语动词通常用一般现在时(表示客观事实或经常的情况)或一般过去时(表示过去的情况)
Please do it as I show you.(按照我给你展示的方式做,show 是一般现在时,因为这是在说明当下的操作方式)
He did as his father told him.(他按照他父亲告诉他的做,told 是一般过去时,因为动作发生在过去)
2.as if 和 as though
意思是 好像,仿佛,引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在事实不符,从句用一般过去时(be 动词用 were);如果表示与过去事实不符,从句用过去完成时;如果表示将来不太可能发生的情况,从句用 would/could + 动词原形
He looks as if he were ill.(实际上他没生病,与现在事实不符,所以从句用一般过去时,be 动词用were)
She talked as though she had been to the moon.(实际上她没去过月球,与过去事实不符,所以从句用过去完成时)
He behaves as if he would win the lottery.(他表现得好像他会中彩票,将来不太可能发生,所以从句用 would + 动词原形)
(二)the way
the way(后面可接从句)可以引导方式状语从句,相当于 in the way that 或 as,意思是以…… 的方式
I don't like the way he speaks.(我不喜欢他说话的方式,he speaks 是方式状语从句,the way 引导这个从句)
★即学即练
1.When in Rome, do as the Romans ______.
A. do B. did C. does D. done
2.He spoke in such a low voice ______ few people could hear him.
A. as B. that C. so D. which
3.You must do the work ______ I showed you.
A. like B. as C. for D. with
一、理解状语从句的类型和功能
二、分析引导词的用法和特点
1.when、while 和 as 的区别
2.since 和 until/till 的用法
3.because、since 和 as 的区别
4.if 和 unless 的区别:
5.although/though 和 even if/even though 的区别:
6.so that 和 in order that 的区别:
三、根据句子的逻辑关系和语境解题
首先判断句子是在表达时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的还是结果等关系。例如,如果句子是在说 “一个动作发生在另一个动作之前”,可能涉及时间状语从句,引导词可能是 before;如果是 “为了达到某个目的而做某事”,可能是目的状语从句,引导词可能是 so that 或 in order that。
四、注意从句和主句的时态搭配
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,当主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时(主将从现)。例如:If it snows tomorrow, we will make a snowman.(从句 “if it snows” 用一般现在时,主句 “we will make a snowman” 用一般将来时)。
基础巩固
1.I was reading a book ______ my sister was watching TV.
A. when B. while C. as D. after
2.______ I got home, I found my mother cooking in the kitchen.
A. When B. While C. As D. Since
3.The moment ______ I saw her, I recognized her.
A. when B. while C. as D. since
4.______ it was raining heavily, he still arrived at school on time.
A. Though B. Because C. However D. As
5.______ hard he tried, he still couldn't solve the math problem.
A. Though B. As C. However D. Since
6.You won't pass the exam ______ you study hard.
A. if B. unless C. when D. as
7.______ it snows tomorrow, we'll have a snowball fight.
A. If B. Unless C. When D. As
8.______ he was ill, he didn't go to school.
A. Because B. Although C. As D. Since
9.______ you are here, you can help me with the housework.
A. Now that B. Because of C. As for D. Even if
10.He is such a clever boy ______ he can answer all the questions.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
11.She ran so fast ______ no one could catch up with her.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
12.I got up early ______ I could catch the first bus.
A. in order to B. so that C. such that D. because
13.She took a taxi to the airport ______ she wouldn't be late for the flight.
A. so that B. in order that C. for fear that D. on condition that
14.You should put the book ______ you can find it easily.
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
15.When in Rome, do as the Romans ______.
A. do B. did C. does D. done
真题模拟
1.【2023 年全国甲卷】It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn’t work, ______ somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination.
2.【2023 年全国乙卷】She put the new color on her hair ______ sat still for 30 minutes, just as the directions said.
3.【2023 年新高考 I 卷】To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), ______ to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.
4.【2023 年新高考 II 卷】It’s been an honor ______ watch the panda programme develop and to see the pandas settle into their new home.
5.【2023 年浙江卷 1 月】During China’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing ______ arranged the residential areas according to social classes.
6.【2022 年全国甲卷】The disagreement was ______ sharp that neither he nor I knew what to do to settle it.
7.【2022 年全国乙卷】______ you ride a bicycle, you don’t use petrol.
8.【2022 年新高考 I 卷】The GPNP is designed to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, ______ preserving biological diversity, ______ protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets for future generations”.
9.【2021 年全国甲卷】They kept very much to themselves. In my opinion, when/whenever in trouble, we should seek help from those we trust most.
10.【2021 年全国乙卷】It was not widely accepted as a travel concept ______ the late 1980s.
11.【2021 年天津卷】We all need to get involved in saving energy ______ it’s at work, at home, or at school.
12.【2020 年全国 I 卷】The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so ______ the familiar near side.
13.【2020 年全国 III 卷】______ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
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专题10
状语从句
一、考情分析
状语从句是高考英语的重要语法考点之一,近三年来在全国各套试卷中均有出现,每年一般会有 1-3 题左右的考查量。在语法填空、短文改错等题型中,每题分值通常为 1-2 分,单项选择题中每题约 1 分,在书面表达中,准确运用状语从句可提升作文质量,间接影响得分。高考对状语从句的考查注重在具体语境中的灵活运用,常结合日常生活、社会热点等话题设置题目,要求考生准确理解句子结构和语境意义,选择恰当的连词或判断从句的类型及用法。
二、常考题型
(一)语法填空
给出一篇短文,在文中的某个句子里设置空白,要求考生根据上下文语境和语法规则,填入合适的状语从句引导词。He didn't leave ______ he finished his work.此处应填 until 。
(二)短文改错
主要考查考生对状语从句中连词的误用、从句语序错误等问题的识别和改正能力。I won't go to the party if I'm not invited.此句中 if 使用正确,若错用成 when 等则需改正。
三、考频分析
(一)高频考点
1.时间状语从句
2.名词词组作连词引导时间状语从句
3.让步状语从句
4.结果状语从句
(二)中频考点
1.条件状语从句
2.地点状语从句
3.原因状语从句
(三)低频考点
1.方式状语从句
2.比较状语从句
3.状语从句的省略
考点一 时间状语从句 ★★★
时间状语从句在复合句中充当时间状语,用来表示主句动作发生的时间。简单来说,它可以告诉我们主句中的动作是 “什么时候” 发生的。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)when
1.既指时间点,也指时间段
when 引导的从句中的动词可以是短暂性动词,也可以是延续性动词。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
When I lived in Beijing, I visited many places.
2.从句动作和主句动作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生
(二)while
1.强调主句和从句的动作同时进行
从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
While I was reading, my sister was watching TV.
2.表示对比关系
While some people like reading, others like sports.(while在这里表示然而,用于对比不同人的喜好)
(三)as
1.强调两个动作同时进行
译为 一边…… 一边…… 或 随着
As we walked, we talked.(一边走一边聊天)
As time goes by, we are getting older.(随着时间的流逝)
2.用于引导短暂性动作
表示 当…… 时,这种用法和 when 类似,但更强调两个动作同时发生
As I opened the door, a gust of wind blew in.(打开门和风吹进来几乎同时发生)
(四)before
1.表示 在…… 之前,从句动作先于主句动作发生
Wash your hands before you have a meal.(吃饭前洗手,洗手 这个动作在 吃饭 之前)
2.用于一些固定句式
It will be + 一段时间 + before...(还要过多久才……)
It was + 一段时间 + before...(过了多久才……)
It will be two years before we meet again.(我们还要过两年才能再见面)
It was a long time before I got used to the new environment.(过了很长时间我才适应新环境)
(五)after
表示在…… 之后,主句动作发生在从句动作之后
After I finished my homework, I watched TV.(完成作业后看电视,看电视 这个动作在 完成作业 之后)
(六)since
1.表示自从
从句用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时或过去完成时(根据语境)
Since I came to this school, I have made many friends.(came 是一般过去时,have made 是现在完成时,表示从过去某个时间点到现在的情况)
2.引导原因状语从句
意为既然,但这不属于时间状语从句范畴,要注意区分
Since you are here, you can help me.(既然你在这儿,你可以帮我,这里是原因状语从句)
(七)until/till
表示直到…… 为止,主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生时结束
He didn't leave until/till his mother came back.(他直到妈妈回来才离开,不离开 这个动作一直持续到 妈妈回来)
二、时态搭配规则
(一)主将从现
在时间状语从句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时来表示将来的动作。
I will call you when I arrive home.
(二)主过从过
当主句是一般过去时,从句一般也用过去的某种时态。
After he had finished his work, he went home.
★即学即练
1.I was about to leave ______ the phone rang.
A. when B. while C. as D. after
答案:A
解析:“be about to do sth. when...” 是一个固定句型,意思是 “正要做某事,这时……”。这句话的意思是 “我正要离开,这时电话响了”,所以用 when,答案是 A。while 强调主句和从句的动作同时进行,从句中的动词必须是延续性动词;as 表示 “一边…… 一边……” 或 “随着”;after 表示 “在…… 之后”,都不符合这个句子的语境。
2.______ I got home, my mother was cooking dinner.
A. When B. While C. As D. Since
答案:A
解析:“when” 引导时间状语从句时,从句中的动词可以是短暂性动词也可以是延续性动词。“got” 是短暂性动词,“我到家的时候,妈妈正在做晚饭”,所以用 When,答案是 A。While 引导时间状语从句时,从句中的动词应该是延续性动词;As 有 “一边…… 一边……” 或 “随着” 的意思;Since 表示 “自从” 或 “既然”,不符合语境。
3.The students were reading loudly ______ the teacher came into the classroom.
A. when B. while C. as D. until
答案:A
解析:“when” 在这里表示 “当…… 时候”,从句 “the teacher came into the classroom” 是短暂性动作,“学生们正在大声读书,这时老师走进了教室”,用 when 合适,答案是 A。While 引导时间状语从句时,强调主句和从句的动作同时进行,从句中的动词一般是延续性动词;As 表示 “一边…… 一边……” 或 “随着”;Until 表示 “直到”,不符合句子的意思。
考点二 让步状语从句 ★★★
让步状语从句,主要表示 虽然、尽管、即使 等让步含义,在句子中用来强调主句内容与从句内容之间的对比和让步关系。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)although & though
意思都是 虽然,尽管,在引导让步状语从句时可以互换,从句可以放在主句前或主句后。
Though/Although he is young, he knows a lot.(从句在主句前)
He is still happy, though/although he has little money.(从句在主句后)
(二)even though & even if
都有即使的意思,引导的让步状语从句都带有假设的意味。even though更侧重于已经存在的事实,even if更侧重于假设的情况。
Even though he was tired, he continued working.(他已经累了是事实)
Even if it rains tomorrow, we will still go on a picnic.(明天是否下雨是假设情况)
(三)while
while 在引导让步状语从句时有虽然,尽管的意思,它强调主句和从句的对比关系。从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
While I understand your point of view, I can't agree with you.
(四)as
as 引导让步状语从句时,从句的表语、状语或动词原形要放在句首,形成倒装结构,意思是虽然,尽管。Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Try as he might, he couldn't open the door.
二、让步状语从句的语气和强调重点
(一)语气特点
让步状语从句的语气带有让步、转折的感觉,通过承认从句中的不利或相反情况,来突出主句内容的重要性或意外性。
No matter how hard he tried, he still failed.(不管他多么努力尝试,他还是失败了。)
(二)强调重点
重点在于主句所表达的内容,让步状语从句只是为了衬托出主句内容在不利或相反条件下的依然成立或发生。
Whatever difficulties we may face, we should never give up.(不管我们可能面对什么困难,我们都绝不应该放弃。)
★即学即练
1.______ hard he tried, he still couldn't understand the content of the book.
A. Though B. As C. However D. Since
答案:C
解析:“However + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语” 是让步状语从句的一种结构,在这里表示 “无论他多么努力尝试”。Though 引导让步状语从句时,直接接句子,如 “Though he tried hard”;As 引导让步状语从句时,句子要倒装,如 “Hard as he tried”;Since 表示 “既然,由于”,引导原因状语从句,不符合语境,所以答案是 C。
2.______ she is young, she knows a lot.
A. While B. When C. As D. Because
答案:A
解析:While 引导让步状语从句,意思是 “虽然,尽管”,这句话的意思是 “虽然她很年轻,但她知道很多”。When 引导时间状语从句;As 引导原因状语从句或时间状语从句(意为 “随着”)等;Because 引导原因状语从句,均不符合句子的让步关系,所以答案是 A。
3.______ much advice I gave him, he did exactly what he wanted to do.
A. How B. Whatever C. However D. No matter how
答案:D
解析:“No matter how + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语” 相当于 “However + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语”,都表示 “无论多么……”,在这里意思是 “无论我给他多少建议”。How 不能引导让步状语从句;Whatever 后接名词,如 “Whatever advice”,但在这里不符合句子结构;However 单独使用时不能修饰名词 “much advice”,所以答案是 D。
考点三 条件状语从句 ★★★
条件状语从句表示主句动作发生的条件。简单地说,就是在什么情况下主句的动作会发生。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)if
1.表示真实条件,即假设的情况很有可能发生
在这种情况下,遵循主将从现的时态搭配原则。
If you study hard, you will get good grades.
2.表示虚拟条件(非真实条件),即假设的情况与现在、过去或将来的事实不符
(1)与现在事实不符
从句用一般过去时(be 动词用 were),主句用 would/should/could/might + 动词原形。
If I were you, I would accept the offer.(实际上我不是你,这是与现在事实不符的假设)
(2)与过去事实不符
从句用过去完成时,主句用 would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词。
If you had come earlier, you would have caught the train.(实际上你没早来,错过了火车,这是对过去已经发生事情的假设)
(3)与将来事实不符(可能性较小)
从句用 should + 动词原形 或 were to + 动词原形,主句用 would/should/could/might + 动词原形。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would cancel the picnic.(明天下雨的可能性较小)
(2)unless
意思是 除非,如果不,相当于 if...not
You won't succeed unless you work hard.(相当于 You won't succeed if you don't work hard.,意思是除非你努力工作,否则你不会成功)
(3)as/so long as
意思是 只要,强调主句动作发生的条件一直持续
As long as you keep trying, you will make progress.(只要你一直尝试,你就会取得进步)
(四)in case
1.表示 以防,万一
引导的从句可以用一般现在时或 should + 动词原形(虚拟语气)
Take an umbrella in case it rains.(用一般现在时 rains);
Take an umbrella in case it should rain.(用虚拟语气 should rain,这种用法更加强调可能性较小的情况)
2.用于目的状语从句
意思是以免,免得,这一点要和条件状语从句的用法区分开
I'll write it down in case I forget.(我把它写下来以免我忘记,这里更强调目的)
(五)on condition that
意思是 在…… 条件下,引导的从句可以根据具体语境使用不同时态
He will come on condition that you invite him.(他会来,条件是你邀请他,从句 you invite him 用一般现在时)
二、时态搭配规则
(一)主将从现(真实条件)
当条件状语从句表示真实可能发生的条件,且主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时。
If he arrives late, we will start without him.(arrives 是从句的一般现在时,will start 是主句的一般将来时)
(二)虚拟语气时态搭配(非真实条件)
1.与现在事实不符
从句用一般过去时(be 动词用 were),主句用 would/should/could/might + 动词原形。
If I had more time, I would read more books.(实际上没有更多时间,这是与现在事实不符的假设)
2.与过去事实不符
从句用过去完成时,主句用 would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词。
If you had told me earlier, I could have helped you.(实际上没早告诉我,这是对过去的假设)
3.与将来事实不符(可能性较小)
从句用 should + 动词原形 或 were to + 动词原形,主句用 would/should/could/might + 动词原形。
If it were to snow tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed.(明天下雪可能性较小)
★即学即练
1.You will succeed in the end ______ you give up halfway.
A. if B. unless C. even though D. as long as
答案:B
解析:这句话的意思是 “你最终会成功的,除非你中途放弃”。unless 意思是 “除非”,引导条件状语从句,符合语境。if 表示 “如果”,代入句子逻辑不符;even though 表示 “即使”,引导让步状语从句;as long as 表示 “只要”,代入句子后逻辑也不符合,所以答案是 B。
2.______ it rains tomorrow, we will have to put off the sports meeting.
A. If B. Unless C. When D. As
答案:A
解析:“如果明天下雨,我们将不得不推迟运动会”,if 引导条件状语从句,表示假设的情况。Unless 意思是 “除非”,不符合句子逻辑;When 引导时间状语从句;As 引导原因状语从句或时间状语从句(意为 “随着”)等,所以答案是 A。
3.I'll come to see you ______ I have time this weekend.
A. if B. while C. as D. until
答案:A
解析:句子意思是 “如果这个周末我有时间,我会来看你”。if 引导条件状语从句,表示 “如果”,符合语境。while 引导时间状语从句,强调主句和从句的动作同时进行;as 引导原因状语从句或时间状语从句(意为 “随着”)等;until 表示 “直到”,不符合句子的逻辑,所以答案是 A。
考点四 原因状语从句 ★★
原因状语从句用于说明主句动作发生的原因。它在句子中起到解释主句行为或状态产生的缘由的作用。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)because
1.强调直接原因,语气最强
它引导的从句是主句的直接原因,通常用于回答 why 引导的疑问句。
Why are you late? Because I missed the bus.(because 引导的从句明确回答了迟到的原因)
2.从句可放在主句前或主句后,但放在主句前时,要用逗号与主句隔开
Because I was ill, I didn't go to school.(从句在主句前,有逗号)
I didn't go to school because I was ill.(从句在主句后)
(二)since
1.表示既然,由于
侧重主句和从句在内容上的因果关系,语气稍弱于 because,它强调的原因往往是已知的或者是说话双方都能理解的。
Since you are here, you can help me.(既然你在这儿,你可以帮我,这里 你在这儿 是双方都能看到的已知情况,所以用 since 引导原因)
2.从句通常放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,但放在主句后时较少见
Since it's too late, we'd better stay here.(从句在主句前)
(三)as
1.意思是由于,因为
语气比 because 和 since 更弱,引导的原因比较明显或者是附带说明的原因
As it was getting dark, we hurried home.(天色渐暗 是比较明显的原因,所以用 as 来引导,有一种自然而然的因果关系)
2.从句可放在主句前或主句后,放在主句后时,一般不用逗号隔开
As we had no money, we couldn't buy anything.(从句在主句前)
We couldn't buy anything as we had no money.(从句在主句后,没有逗号)
(四)for
1.表示原因
是并列连词,引导的句子不是从句,而是并列句,对前面的句子进行补充说明,语气最弱
He must be ill, for he didn't come to school today.(for 引导的句子是对前面 他一定是病了 这个猜测的补充说明,它所引导的句子和前面的句子是并列关系)
2.for 引导的句子一般放在主句后,且要用逗号与主句隔开
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.(for 引导的句子在主句后,有逗号,用于解释地面湿的原因)
二、原因状语从句与其他从句的区别
(一)与结果状语从句的区别
1.语义重点不同
原因状语从句重点在于解释原因,而结果状语从句重点在于说明主句动作所导致的结果。
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语从句,重点是他累得立刻睡着了这个结果)
Because he was tired, he fell asleep immediately.(原因状语从句,重点是解释睡着的原因是累了)
2.引导词不同
原因状语从句常用 because、since、as、for 引导,结果状语从句常用 so...that、such...that 引导。
(二)与让步状语从句的区别
1.语义关系不同
原因状语从句是因果关系,让步状语从句是让步关系。
Although/Though it was raining heavily, he still went to school on time.(让步状语从句,强调尽管下雨,他还是按时上学 这种让步关系)
Because it was raining heavily, he was late for school.(原因状语从句,强调因为下雨,他上学迟到了这种因果关系)
2.引导词不同
让步状语从句常用 although、though、even though、even if 等引导,与原因状语从句的引导词不同。
★即学即练
1.______ he was ill, he still went to school on time.
A. Because B. Although C. As D. Since
答案:B
解析:这句话的意思是 “虽然他生病了,但他仍然按时去上学”。Although 引导让步状语从句,表示 “虽然,尽管”。Because 引导原因状语从句时,表示 “因为”,若用 Because,句子逻辑会变成 “因为他生病了,所以他仍然按时上学”,不符合常理;As 引导原因状语从句时,意为 “由于”,同样不符合句子想要表达的让步关系;Since 引导原因状语从句时,意思是 “既然”,也不符合语境,所以答案是 B。
2.______ you are here, you can help me with my work.
A. Now that B. Because of C. As for D. Even if
答案:A
解析:“Now that” 引导原因状语从句,意思是 “既然”,句子意思是 “既然你在这儿,你可以帮我做我的工作”。Because of 后接名词、代词或动名词,不能接句子;As for 意思是 “至于,关于”,不符合句子的因果关系;Even if 引导让步状语从句,意思是 “即使”,不符合语境,所以答案是 A。
3.______ she didn't catch the first bus, she was late for school.
A. Because B. For C. As D. Since
答案:A
解析:“因为她没赶上第一班公交车,所以她上学迟到了”。Because 引导原因状语从句,强调直接原因,符合语境。For 引导原因状语从句时,一般放在句子中间,且语气较弱;As 引导原因状语从句时,强调双方都知道的原因;Since 引导原因状语从句时,意思是 “既然”,在这个句子中,Because 最能体现因果关系的直接性,所以答案是 A。
考点五 结果状语从句 ★★★
结果状语从句用于表示主句动作所产生的结果。它强调主句动作或状态导致的后果,使句子的语义更加完整。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)so...that & such...that
1.so...that
(1)so + 形容词 / 副词 + that 从句
用于强调形容词或副词所描述的程度,从而引出结果。
The book is so interesting that I can't put it down.(interesting 是形容词,so...that 结构表示书有趣的程度导致 我放不下它 这个结果)
He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow him.(fast 是副词,同样通过 so...that 结构表明说话速度快的结果)
(2)so + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 + that 从句(也可以是 such a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + that 从句)
It's so beautiful a flower that everyone likes it.(等同于 It's such a beautiful flower that everyone likes it.)
2.such...that 的用法
such + (a/an) + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词 + that 从句
用于强调名词(包括可数名词复数和不可数名词)所带来的结果。
They are such good students that the teacher likes them very much.(students 是可数名词复数,such...that 结构表示学生好的程度使得 老师非常喜欢他们)
It's such fine weather that we can go for a picnic.(weather 是不可数名词)
3.so that
(1)引导目的状语从句
意思是以便,为了,从句中通常有情态动词(如 can、could、may、might 等)
He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.
(2)引导结果状语从句
意思是结果,以至于,从句中一般没有情态动词
He didn't plan his time well, so that he didn't finish the work on time.
★即学即练
1.He made such a stupid mistake ______ everyone laughed at him.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
答案:A
解析:“such...that...” 是一个结果状语从句的结构,表示 “如此…… 以至于……”。这句话的意思是 “他犯了一个如此愚蠢的错误,以至于每个人都嘲笑他”,所以答案是 A。which 一般用于引导定语从句;as 在引导状语从句时意思较多,如 “当…… 时候”“因为”“正如” 等,但不用于此结构表示 “如此…… 以至于”;what 不能用于引导结果状语从句。
2.She is so kind a girl ______ all her classmates like her.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
答案:A
解析:“so...that...” 也是结果状语从句的常用结构,意思是 “如此…… 以至于……”。句子意思是 “她是如此善良的一个女孩,以至于她所有的同学都喜欢她”,所以答案是 A。which 引导定语从句;as 在这种语境下不符合要求;what 不能引导结果状语从句。
3.The box is so heavy ______ I can't lift it.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
答案:A
解析:“so...that...” 结构,“这个箱子如此重,以至于我抬不起来”,that 引导结果状语从句,符合句子逻辑。which 用于引导定语从句;as 在这种表示结果的语境下不合适;what 不能引导结果状语从句,所以答案是 A。
考点六 目的状语从句 ★★
目的状语从句用于说明主句动作发生的目的。它在句子中表达 为了……以便…… 的意思,强调动作实施的意图。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)so that
1.从句中通常有情态动词(如 can、could、may、might、should 等),表示 为了,以便
He studies hard so that he can get good grades.
2.so that 引导的从句可以放在主句之前或之后。放在主句之前时,通常用逗号隔开;放在主句之后时,一般不用逗号
So that he could see better, he stood on a chair.
He wore a warm coat so that he wouldn't feel cold.
(二)in order that
意思和 so that 相似,也是 为了,以便,从句中同样通常有情态动词,并且从句可放在主句前或主句后。放在主句前时,一般用逗号隔开;放在主句后时,可用逗号也可不用逗号
In order that we might arrive on time, we took a taxi.
We left early in order that we could catch the train.
(三)for fear that 和 in case
1.for fear that
意思是 以免,生怕,从句中通常用 should + 动词原形 或一般现在时(虚拟语气),表示一种担忧或避免的目的。
She locked the door for fear that someone should break in.
He ran away for fear that his mother saw him.
2.in case
意思是以防,万一,从句中可以用一般现在时或 should + 动词原形。
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
Take your ID card in case you should need it.
★即学即练
1.I got up early ______ I could catch the first bus.
A. in order to B. so that C. such that D. because
答案:B
解析:“so that” 引导目的状语从句,意思是 “以便,为了”,从句中一般会有情态动词。这句话的意思是 “我早起是为了能赶上第一班公交车”。“in order to” 也有 “为了” 的意思,但后面接动词原形,不能接句子;“such that” 通常用于引导结果状语从句;“because” 引导原因状语从句,不符合句子的目的逻辑,所以答案是 B。
2.She took a taxi to the airport ______ she wouldn't be late for the flight.
A. so that B. in order that C. for fear that D. on condition that
答案:A/B
解析:“so that” 和 “in order that” 都可以引导目的状语从句,意思是 “为了,以便”。这句话的意思是 “她乘出租车去机场,为的是她不会赶不上航班”。“for fear that” 引导目的状语从句时,意思是 “以免,生怕”,不符合句子的积极目的意图;“on condition that” 意思是 “条件是”,引导条件状语从句,不符合语境,所以答案是 A 或 B。
3.We should work hard ______ we can achieve our dreams.
A. in case B. provided that C. so as to D. so that
答案:D
解析:“so that” 引导目的状语从句,意思是 “以便,为了”。句子意思是 “我们应该努力工作,这样我们就能实现我们的梦想”。“in case” 引导目的状语从句时,意思是 “以防,万一”;“provided that” 引导条件状语从句,意思是 “假如,倘若”;“so as to” 后面接动词原形,不能接句子,不符合要求,所以答案是 D。
考点七 地点状语从句 ★
地点状语从句在复合句中用来表示主句动作发生的地点或位置。它可以明确地指出动作发生在哪里,使句子的信息更加完整。
一、常见引导词及用法
(一)where
1.基本用法
表示 在…… 的地方,引导地点状语从句时,从句在主句之前或之后都可以
Where I live, there are many trees.
You should stay where you are.
2.where 引导的从句可以修饰抽象名词
如 point、situation、case 等,表示 在…… 情况下 等类似的意思
There are many cases where people misunderstand each other.(在很多情况下人们会互相误解,where people misunderstand each other 修饰 cases)
(二)wherever
意思是 无论在哪里,无论什么地方,强调在任何地点都适用的情况
Wherever you go, I will follow you.(无论你去哪里,我都会跟着你)
★即学即练
1.You should put the book ______ you can find it easily.
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
答案:B
解析:“where” 引导地点状语从句,在句中作地点状语,表示 “在…… 的地方”。这句话的意思是 “你应该把书放在你能容易找到它的地方”,所以答案是 B。which 和 that 在定语从句中作主语或宾语;in which 在定语从句中相当于 where,但这里不是定语从句,不符合要求。
2.Please stay ______ you are and wait for me.
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
答案:B
解析:“where” 引导地点状语从句,“请待在你所在的地方等我”,表示在某个特定的地点,所以用 where,答案是 B。which 和 that 不能引导地点状语从句;in which 一般用于定语从句,不符合本题语境。
3.Make a mark ______ you have any questions.
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
答案:B
解析:“where” 引导地点状语从句,意思是 “在你有问题的地方做个标记”,强调在某个位置,答案是 B。which 和 that 不能引导地点状语从句;in which 用于定语从句,不适合本题,所以答案是 B。
考点八 方式状语从句 ★
方式状语从句用于描述主句动作发生的方式或手段。它能够回答 如何做 这个问题,使句子在表达动作的同时,也能体现出动作进行的方式。
常见引导词及用法
(一)as
1.表示按照,如同
引导方式状语从句时,从句的谓语动词通常用一般现在时(表示客观事实或经常的情况)或一般过去时(表示过去的情况)
Please do it as I show you.(按照我给你展示的方式做,show 是一般现在时,因为这是在说明当下的操作方式)
He did as his father told him.(他按照他父亲告诉他的做,told 是一般过去时,因为动作发生在过去)
2.as if 和 as though
意思是 好像,仿佛,引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在事实不符,从句用一般过去时(be 动词用 were);如果表示与过去事实不符,从句用过去完成时;如果表示将来不太可能发生的情况,从句用 would/could + 动词原形
He looks as if he were ill.(实际上他没生病,与现在事实不符,所以从句用一般过去时,be 动词用were)
She talked as though she had been to the moon.(实际上她没去过月球,与过去事实不符,所以从句用过去完成时)
He behaves as if he would win the lottery.(他表现得好像他会中彩票,将来不太可能发生,所以从句用 would + 动词原形)
(二)the way
the way(后面可接从句)可以引导方式状语从句,相当于 in the way that 或 as,意思是以…… 的方式
I don't like the way he speaks.(我不喜欢他说话的方式,he speaks 是方式状语从句,the way 引导这个从句)
★即学即练
1.When in Rome, do as the Romans ______.
A. do B. did C. does D. done
答案:A
解析:这是一个方式状语从句,“as” 引导方式状语从句,意思是 “像…… 一样”。句子意思是 “在罗马的时候,要像罗马人(做事的方式)一样做事”。主句是一般现在时,从句的主语是 the Romans(复数),所以从句也用一般现在时的复数形式 do,答案是 A。
2.He spoke in such a low voice ______ few people could hear him.
A. as B. that C. so D. which
答案:B
解析:“such...that...” 引导结果状语从句,在这里表示 “他说话的声音如此低,以至于几乎没人能听到他说话”。如果是 “such...as...” 结构,as 引导定语从句,不符合句子表达的结果意思;so 不能和 such 直接搭配构成这种表示结果的结构用于此句;which 引导定语从句,不符合语境,所以答案是 B。
3.You must do the work ______ I showed you.
A. like B. as C. for D. with
答案:B
解析:“as” 引导方式状语从句,表示 “按照,如同”。句子意思是 “你必须按照我给你展示的方式做这个工作”。like 也有 “像” 的意思,但在正式的方式状语从句中,as 更常用;for 表示 “为了”;with 表示 “和,带有”,都不符合句子表达的方式关系,所以答案是 B。
一、理解状语从句的类型和功能
二、分析引导词的用法和特点
1.when、while 和 as 的区别
2.since 和 until/till 的用法
3.because、since 和 as 的区别
4.if 和 unless 的区别:
5.although/though 和 even if/even though 的区别:
6.so that 和 in order that 的区别:
三、根据句子的逻辑关系和语境解题
首先判断句子是在表达时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的还是结果等关系。例如,如果句子是在说 “一个动作发生在另一个动作之前”,可能涉及时间状语从句,引导词可能是 before;如果是 “为了达到某个目的而做某事”,可能是目的状语从句,引导词可能是 so that 或 in order that。
四、注意从句和主句的时态搭配
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,当主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时(主将从现)。例如:If it snows tomorrow, we will make a snowman.(从句 “if it snows” 用一般现在时,主句 “we will make a snowman” 用一般将来时)。
基础巩固
1.I was reading a book ______ my sister was watching TV.
A. when B. while C. as D. after
答案:B
解析:while 引导时间状语从句,强调主句和从句的动作同时进行,从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。这里 “reading” 和 “watching” 都是延续性动词,所以用 while。when 引导时间状语从句时,从句中的动词可以是短暂性动词也可以是延续性动词;as 表示 “一边…… 一边……” 或 “随着”;after 表示 “在…… 之后”。
2.______ I got home, I found my mother cooking in the kitchen.
A. When B. While C. As D. Since
答案:A
解析:when 引导时间状语从句时,从句中的动词可以是短暂性动词,“got” 是短暂性动词,“当我到家的时候,我发现妈妈在厨房做饭”,所以用 When。While 引导时间状语从句时,从句中的动词应该是延续性动词;As 有 “一边…… 一边……” 或 “随着” 的意思;Since 表示 “自从” 或 “既然”。
3.The moment ______ I saw her, I recognized her.
A. when B. while C. as D. since
答案:A
解析:“the moment” 引导时间状语从句,相当于 “as soon as”,意思是 “一…… 就……”,从句 “I saw her” 中动词是短暂性动词,也可以用 when 来替换,在这里表示 “我一看到她,就认出她来了”。While 引导时间状语从句时要求从句动词是延续性动词;as 在这里不符合这种 “一…… 就……” 的语境;since 表示 “自从” 或 “既然”。
4.______ it was raining heavily, he still arrived at school on time.
A. Though B. Because C. However D. As
答案:A
解析:Though 引导让步状语从句,表示 “虽然,尽管”,句子意思是 “尽管雨下得很大,他仍然按时到达学校”。Because 引导原因状语从句;However 引导让步状语从句时,结构一般是 “However + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语”;As 引导让步状语从句时,句子要倒装。
5.______ hard he tried, he still couldn't solve the math problem.
A. Though B. As C. However D. Since
答案:C
解析:“However + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语” 是让步状语从句的一种结构,在这里 “hard” 是副词,“However hard he tried” 意思是 “无论他多么努力尝试”。Though 引导让步状语从句时,直接接句子;As 引导让步状语从句时,句子要倒装;Since 表示 “既然,由于”,引导原因状语从句。
6.You won't pass the exam ______ you study hard.
A. if B. unless C. when D. as
答案:B
解析:这句话的意思是 “你不会通过考试,除非你努力学习”。unless 意思是 “除非”,引导条件状语从句,符合语境。if 表示 “如果”,代入句子逻辑不符;when 引导时间状语从句;as 引导原因状语从句或时间状语从句(意为 “随着”)等。
7.______ it snows tomorrow, we'll have a snowball fight.
A. If B. Unless C. When D. As
答案:A
解析:“如果明天下雪,我们就打雪仗”,if 引导条件状语从句,表示假设的情况。Unless 意思是 “除非”,不符合句子逻辑;When 引导时间状语从句;As 引导原因状语从句或时间状语从句(意为 “随着”)等。
8.______ he was ill, he didn't go to school.
A. Because B. Although C. As D. Since
答案:A
解析:Because 引导原因状语从句,强调直接原因,句子意思是 “因为他生病了,所以他没去上学”。Although 引导让步状语从句;As 引导原因状语从句时,强调双方都知道的原因;Since 引导原因状语从句时,意思是 “既然”。
9.______ you are here, you can help me with the housework.
A. Now that B. Because of C. As for D. Even if
答案:A
解析:“Now that” 引导原因状语从句,意思是 “既然”,句子意思是 “既然你在这儿,你可以帮我做家务”。Because of 后接名词、代词或动名词,不能接句子;As for 意思是 “至于,关于”;Even if 引导让步状语从句,意思是 “即使”。
10.He is such a clever boy ______ he can answer all the questions.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
答案:A
解析:“such...that...” 是一个结果状语从句的结构,表示 “如此…… 以至于……”,这句话的意思是 “他是如此聪明的一个男孩,以至于他能回答所有的问题”。which 一般用于引导定语从句;as 在引导状语从句时意思较多,但不用于此结构表示 “如此…… 以至于”;what 不能用于引导结果状语从句。
11.She ran so fast ______ no one could catch up with her.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
答案:A
解析:“so...that...” 也是结果状语从句的常用结构,意思是 “如此…… 以至于……”,句子意思是 “她跑得如此快,以至于没人能追上她”。which 用于引导定语从句;as 在这种表示结果的语境下不合适;what 不能引导结果状语从句。
12.I got up early ______ I could catch the first bus.
A. in order to B. so that C. such that D. because
答案:B
解析:“so that” 引导目的状语从句,意思是 “以便,为了”,从句中一般会有情态动词。这句话的意思是 “我早起是为了能赶上第一班公交车”。“in order to” 也有 “为了” 的意思,但后面接动词原形,不能接句子;“such that” 通常用于引导结果状语从句;“because” 引导原因状语从句。
13.She took a taxi to the airport ______ she wouldn't be late for the flight.
A. so that B. in order that C. for fear that D. on condition that
答案:A/B
解析:“so that” 和 “in order that” 都可以引导目的状语从句,意思是 “为了,以便”。这句话的意思是 “她乘出租车去机场,为的是她不会赶不上航班”。“for fear that” 引导目的状语从句时,意思是 “以免,生怕”;“on condition that” 意思是 “条件是”,引导条件状语从句。
14.You should put the book ______ you can find it easily.
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
答案:B
解析:“where” 引导地点状语从句,在句中作地点状语,表示 “在…… 的地方”。这句话的意思是 “你应该把书放在你能容易找到它的地方”。which 和 that 在定语从句中作主语或宾语;in which 在定语从句中相当于 where,但这里不是定语从句。
15.When in Rome, do as the Romans ______.
A. do B. did C. does D. done
答案:A
解析:这是一个方式状语从句,“as” 引导方式状语从句,意思是 “像…… 一样”。句子意思是 “在罗马的时候,要像罗马人(做事的方式)一样做事”。主句是一般现在时,从句的主语是 the Romans(复数),所以从句也用一般现在时的复数形式 do。
真题模拟
1.【2023 年全国甲卷】It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn’t work, ______ somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination.
答案:but
解析:考查连词。空前表示这种视觉反差不应该起作用,空后表示两个截然不同的世界却很好地结合在了一起,前后存在转折关系,故用 but 。
2.【2023 年全国乙卷】She put the new color on her hair ______ sat still for 30 minutes, just as the directions said.
答案:and
解析:考查连词。此处是并列顺承关系,她把头发染成新颜色后接着静静地坐了 30 分钟,不存在选择关系,所以用 and 。
3.【2023 年新高考 I 卷】To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), ______ to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.
答案:or
解析:考查连词。“whether...or...” 为固定搭配,连接两个并列的不定式短语,表示选择关系,即吃小笼包时是先咬个小口还是把整个放进嘴里的两种选择。
4.【2023 年新高考 II 卷】It’s been an honor ______ watch the panda programme develop and to see the pandas settle into their new home.
答案:and
解析:考查连词。分析句子结构可知,“to watch the panda programme develop” 和 “to see the pandas settle into their new home” 两者是并列关系,共同作句子的真正主语,所以用 and 连接。
5.【2023 年浙江卷 1 月】During China’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing ______ arranged the residential areas according to social classes.
答案:and
解析:考查连词。planned 和 arranged 是并列的谓语动词,表示皇帝做的两件并列的事情,应用连词 and 连接。
6.【2022 年全国甲卷】The disagreement was ______ sharp that neither he nor I knew what to do to settle it.
答案:so
解析:考查状语从句。“so...that...” 为固定句型,意为 “如此…… 以至于……”,引导结果状语从句,此处表示分歧如此尖锐,以至于两人都不知如何解决。
7.【2022 年全国乙卷】______ you ride a bicycle, you don’t use petrol.
答案:If / When
解析:考查状语从句连接词。该句阐述的是一个事实,“if” 引导条件状语从句表示 “如果”,“when” 引导时间状语从句表示 “当…… 时候”,在此处均符合句意,即骑自行车的时候不用汽油。
8.【2022 年新高考 I 卷】The GPNP is designed to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, ______ preserving biological diversity, ______ protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets for future generations”.
答案:and
解析:考查连词。设空处无提示词,且前后为并列关系,应用 and 连接三个指导原则 “protecting..., preserving..., and leaving...” 。
9.【2021 年全国甲卷】They kept very much to themselves. In my opinion, when/whenever in trouble, we should seek help from those we trust most.
答案:when / whenever
解析:考查状语从句连词。分析可知,本句为含有状语从句的复合句,从句表示 “当我们有麻烦时(无论什么时候我们有麻烦时)”,所以应用 when/whenever 引导时间状语从句或让步状语从句。
10.【2021 年全国乙卷】It was not widely accepted as a travel concept ______ the late 1980s.
答案:until
解析:考查状语从句连词。根据空前有 not 可知,此处 until 与 not 一起构成固定用法 not...until,意为 “直到…… 才……”,表示直到 20 世纪 80 年代后期,它才作为一种旅游概念被广泛接受。
11.【2021 年天津卷】We all need to get involved in saving energy ______ it’s at work, at home, or at school.
答案:whether
解析:考查状语从句。该空需要一个连词引导让步状语从句,根据句意及后面的 “or”,表示 “无论是…… 还是……”,whether 符合题意 。
12.【2020 年全国 I 卷】The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so ______ the familiar near side.
答案:than
解析:考查状语从句。根据空前的比较级 more so 可知,此处填介词 than,用于比较,表示 “比…… 更”,即月球背面比正面有更多的深环形山。
13.【2020 年全国 III 卷】______ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
答案:When / As
解析:考查状语从句。本句为时间状语从句,表示 “当…… 时候”,且从句中动词 asked 为短暂性动作动词,不能用 while 引导,故应用 when 或 as 引导 。
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