UNIT 3 Section Ⅱ Welcome to the unit and Reading—Language Points（Word教参）-【优化指导】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第二册（译林版2020）

Section Ⅱ　Welcome to the unit and Reading—Language Points [对应学生用书P54] 难词注解 教材原文 课文翻译 ①gene n．基因 ②game­changing adj.改变游戏规则的(指彻底改变事态发展的) ③genome n. 基因组，染色体组 ④cell n．细胞 ⑤being n．生物；存在；身心 ⑥lifespan n．寿命，有效期 ⑦affect vt.影响；侵袭，使感染；深深打动 ⑧contract vt.感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n．合同，合约 ⑨virus n．病毒；(计算机程序中的)病毒 cancer n．癌症；邪恶，毒瘤 ⑪identify vt.找到，发现；确认，认出；显示，说明身份 ⑫means n．(pl.means)方法，方式；财富，钱财 ⑬delete vt.删去，删除 ⑭restore vt.恢复；修复；使复原，使复位 ⑮ultimately adv.最终；根本上 ⑯abnormal adj.反常的，畸形的 ⑰weapon n．武器，手段；兵器 ⑱fundamental adj.十分重大的，根本的；基础的，基本的n.基本规律，根本法则，基础 ⑲pace n．发生的速度，节奏；步速；快节奏vi.& vt.来回踱步，走来走去；确定速度，调整节奏 ⑳arise vi.(arose, arisen)发生，出现；(由……)引起，(因……)产生 restrict vt.限制，限定；束缚，妨碍；约束，管束 prohibit vt.(尤指以法令)禁止；使不可能 prohibit sb. from doing sth.禁止某人做某事 resistance n．抵抗力；抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗 flu n．流行性感冒，流感 characteristic n．特征，特点 adj.典型的，独特的 wrestle vi. & vt.奋力对付，努力处理；摔跤 wrestle with努力处理，全力解决 put sth. in place准备就绪 debate vt.& vi.讨论，辩论；仔细考虑，思考 n．讨论，争论；辩论 without doubt毫无疑问，的确 The future is in our genes① Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you all for coming to this lecture. Over the course of my career, I have seen many wonderful scientific developments, but none are as game­changing② as genome③ editing. I am full of excitement about the possibilities this scientific advance can bring and I hope to share my excitement with you today. 句中I have seen many wonderful scientific developments是现在完成时； but是表示转折的连词，连接两个分句。 As many of you may already know, genes play a critical role in shaping our lives. Everything from the colour of our eyes to our talent for maths depends on genes. The complete set of genes inside a cell④ or a living being⑤ is called a genome. Our own personal genome carries all the information needed to make us grow and develop. It also contains information that helps determine our lifespan⑥ and affects⑦ our chances of contracting⑧ certain diseases. Some people, for example, carry a gene that makes them more likely to catch a certain virus⑨ or develop a particular form of cancer. 句中Some people作主语，for example为插入语；that makes them more likely to catch a certain virus or develop a particular form of cancer为定语从句。 Geneticists have been trying to identify⑪ which genes relate to which diseases, as they believe genome editing is an effective means⑫ of disease treatment and prevention. It allows geneticists to make changes to the genome by correcting, adding, deleting⑬ or replacing specific parts of the genetic material. In the near future, geneticists hope to apply this technology to treat a wide range of health problems. Soon we may be able to use such treatments to restore⑭ a blind person's vision or give someone who was born deaf an excellent sense of hearing. Ultimately⑮， this new technology might even make it possible to prevent diseases from ever developing by correcting abnormal⑯ genes early on. Genome editing, serving as a new weapon⑰ in the fight against diseases, will lead to a fundamental⑱ change in our approach to health care. 句中have been trying to...是现在完成进行时，which genes relate to which diseases是宾语从句； as 引导的是原因状语从句。 句中use sth. to do sth.用……做……； who was born deaf是定语从句，先行词为someone。 As the technology continues to develop at a fast pace⑲， however, questions arise⑳ about how to use it appropriately. Should we restrict our use of this technology to the treatment and prevention of diseases? Should we prohibit geneticists from using it to enhance healthy bodies? One day soon we will be able to use genome editing to increase the human resistance to colds and flus, to make people taller, to help their muscles develop faster, to sharpen all of their senses or to make them more intelligent. We will be able to select specific characteristics for children before they are born, creating what some have called “designer babies”. However, is this a good thing? What consequences might it have? Philosophers, geneticists and government officials have all started to wrestle with such moral issues. We have to figure out how to keep the technology from running wild. This means putting appropriate controls in place to make sure that genome editing will work to our advantage. Without them, genome editing could be as dangerous as a car out of control. There is still much to be explored and debated on the subject of genome editing. Despite the public argument over this technology, its possibilities have been creating much excitement throughout the entire medical community and beyond. Without doubt, genome editing is one of the greatest inventions in the history of science. Thank you for listening. 未来就在我们的基因之中 女士们、先生们，下午好。感谢各位来到本场讲座。在我的职业生涯中，我见证过许多了不起的科研成果，但没有一项能像基因组编辑一样具有颠覆性。我对这项科学进展能够带来的可能性兴奋不已，并且希望在今天与各位分享这份兴奋之情。 在座的很多人可能已经知道，基因对于塑造生命起着决定性作用。从眼睛的颜色到数学天赋，一切都取决于基因。一个细胞或一个生物体内的一套完整的基因就称为一个基因组。每个人自己的基因组都携带着各自生长发育所需的全部信息。基因组包含的信息也有助于决定我们寿命长短并影响我们罹患某种疾病的概率。比如，有些人携带的某个基因会使他们更易感染某种病毒，或是患上某种特定类型的癌症。 遗传学家相信基因组编辑是治疗和预防疾病的一种有效手段，因此他们一直试图找出哪些基因与哪些疾病有关。基因组编辑使得遗传学家可以通过修正、嵌入、移除或替换基因材料的特定部分改变基因组。在不久的将来，遗传学家期待运用这项技术解决多种健康问题。也许我们很快就能用这些疗法帮助盲人恢复视力，或使先天性耳聋患者获得敏锐的听力。最终，这项新技术甚至有可能通过及早修正异常基因来预防疾病。基因组编辑技术作为对抗疾病的一种新武器，将从根本上改变我们的医疗保健方式。 然而，随着基因组编辑不断迅猛发展，如何恰当地利用这项技术成为了问题。我们是否应该将其应用限制在治疗和预防疾病方面？我们是否应该禁止遗传学家利用它来优化健康的身体？不久之后，我们将能利用基因组编辑技术提高人体对感冒和流感的抵抗力，也能让人长得更高、肌肉生长得更快，让人体的各种感官更加灵敏或者智商更高。我们也将能够在孩子出生前就为他们选择特定的特征，制造出有些人所谓的“设计婴儿”。但这是一件好事吗？会有什么后果？哲学家、遗传学家和政府官员都已着手设法解决这些道德问题。我们必须想办法防止这项技术失控。这意味着我们需要采取恰当的管制措施，以确保基因组编辑对人类有利。否则，它可能会像失控的汽车一样危险。 对于基因组编辑这一话题，要探索和讨论的还有很多。虽然公众对这项技术存在争论，但它蕴含的可能性让整个医学界和外界都感到非常兴奋。毫无疑问，基因组编辑是科学史上最伟大的发明之一。感谢各位聆听。 1．surgeon n．外科医生 2．dentist n．牙科医生 3．gene n．基因 4．game­changing adj.改变游戏规则的(指彻底改变事态发展的) 5．genome n．基因组，染色体组 6．cell n．细胞 7．being n．生物；存在；身心 8．lifespan n．寿命，有效期 9．affect vt.影响；侵袭，使感染；深深打动 10．contract vt.感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n．合同，合约 11．virus n．病毒；(计算机程序中的)病毒 12．cancer n．癌症；邪恶，毒瘤 13．identify vt.找到，发现；确认，认出；显示，说明身份 14．means n．(pl.means)方法，方式；财富，钱财 15．delete vt.删去，删除 16．restore vt.恢复；修复；使复原，使复位 17．ultimately adv.最终；根本上 18．weapon n．武器，手段；兵器 19．fundamental adj.十分重大的，根本的；基础的，基本的 n．基本规律，根本法则，基础 20. pace n．发生的速度，节奏；步速；快节奏vi.& vt. 来回踱步，走来走去；确定速度，调整节奏 21．arise vi.(arose, arisen)发生，出现；(由……)引起，(因……)产生 22．restrict vt.限制，限定；束缚，妨碍；约束，管束 23．wrestle vi. & vt.奋力对付，努力处理；摔跤 24．debate vt.& vi.讨论，辩论；仔细考虑，思考 n．讨论，争论；辩论 25．flu n．流行性感冒，流感 26．physician n．医师，内科医生 physicist n．物理学家 physical adj.身体的；肉体的；物质的 27．chemist n．药剂师，药商；化学家 chemistry n．化学 chemical adj. (与)化学(有关)的n. 化学制品；化学药品 28．specialize vi.专门研究(或从事)，专攻 special adj.特别的；特殊的；专门的n.特别的东西；特色菜 specialty n．专业；专长 29．abnormal adj.反常的，畸形的 abnormality n. 异常； 反常 30．prohibit vt.(尤指以法令)禁止；使不可能 prohibition n．禁止； 禁酒令； 禁令； 禁律； 诉讼中止令 prohibitive adj.禁止的；抑制的 31．resistance n．抵抗力；抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗 resistant adj.抵抗的；反抗的 resist v. 抵抗； 抵御 32．characteristic n．特征，特点 adj.典型的，独特的 characteristically adv.典型地 1．be full of充满…… 2．depend on依赖；依靠 3．relate to涉及，与……相关 4．in the near future在不远的将来 5．apply to适用于；申请 6．a range of一系列 7．figure out弄清；找出；计算出 8．out of control失控 9．prohibit sb. from doing sth.禁止某人做某事 10．put sth. in place准备就绪 11．wrestle with努力处理，全力解决 12．without doubt毫无疑问，的确 1．全部否定句(none) Over the course of my career, I have seen many wonderful scientific developments，but none are as game­changing as genome editing． 在我的职业生涯中，我见证过许多了不起的科研成果，但没有一项能像基因组编辑一样具有颠覆性。 2．as引导非限制性定语从句 As many of you may already know, genes play a critical role in shaping our lives. 在座的很多人可能已经知道，基因对于塑造我们的生命起着决定性作用。 3．it作形式宾语 Ultimately, this new technology might even make it possible to prevent diseases from ever developing by correcting abnormal genes early on. 最终，这项新技术甚至有可能通过及早纠正异常基因来预防疾病的发展。 4．“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构作宾语 We have to figure out how to keep the technology from running wild. 我们必须弄清楚如何防止这一技术失控。 1．affect vt.影响；侵袭，使感染；深深打动 [教材P30]　It also contains information that helps determine our lifespan and affects our chances of contracting certain diseases. 基因组包含的信息也有助于决定我们寿命长短并影响我们罹患某种疾病的概率。 (1)be greatly/deeply affected by被……深深打动 be affected with high fever发高烧 (2)effect n．作用；影响 have an effect/influence on对……产生影响 (1)She was deeply affected by the sad story. 她被那个悲伤的故事深深感动了。 (2)The film affected us all strongly. 那部电影使我们所有的人深受感动。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①What kind of education can be “meaningful” to young people affected(affect) by conflict? ②Think of the movies，books，teachers，and friends that have an effect on you most deeply. 一句多译 听众被深深地打动了， 他们长时间热烈地鼓掌。 ③The audience were/was deeply affected, and they warmly applauded for a long time. ④Deeply affected, the audience warmly applauded for a long time.(过去分词作状语) ⑤The audience, deeply affected, warmly applauded for a long time.(过去分词作定语) 2．contract vt.感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n．合同，合约 [教材P30]　It also contains information that helps determine our lifespan and affects our chances of contracting certain diseases. 基因组包含的信息也有助于决定我们寿命长短并影响我们罹患某种疾病的概率。 contract for承建；承包，承办 contract in承诺参加 contract out拒绝参加 contract to缩写成 contract with 与……(某人或某公司)签订合同 (1)The builders have contracted for three bridges this year. 今年这些建筑工人已经承包了三座新桥梁。 (2)How many of the companies have contracted in so far? 到目前为止已有多少公司承诺加入呢？ [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①I don't want to be associated with your scheme; I'm contracting out． ②You have to contract with us for this business. 完成句子 ③In conversational English “is not” often contracts to “isn't”． 英语口语中“is not”常缩写为“isn't”。 ④By moving into smaller quarters he hoped shortly to contract his expenses. 他搬进了较小的住房，希望不久就会紧缩自己的开销。 3．identify vt.找到，发现；确认，认出；显示，说明身份 [教材P30]　Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to which diseases, as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention. 遗传学家相信基因组编辑是治疗和预防疾病的一种有效手段，因此他们一直试图找出哪些基因与哪些疾病有关。 (1)identify by根据(凭借)……辨认出 identify sb./sth. through sth.通过……辨认出 identify sth. with sth.把……与……等同；和……有同感 (2)identification n．辨认；鉴定 (1)Can you identify the man by his picture? 你能根据这个人的照片辨认出他吗？ (2)One cannot identify happiness with wealth. 我们不能把幸福与财富等同起来。 (3)His identification with the hero of the book made him sleepless. 对书中主人公的感同身受使他睡不着。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The porters may be identified by their red caps. ②(2021·浙江卷)This happened over and over, but we soon learned to identify(identify) different grasses like cockleburs, lamb's­quarters, foxtails, and the king of weeds, the pretty purple thistle. 完成句子 ③Li Hua identified the suspect by the scar on his face. 李华通过嫌疑犯脸上的伤疤辨认出了他。 ④Don't identify opinions with facts． 千万不要把看法和事实混为一谈。 4．means n. (pl. means)方法，方式；财富，钱财 [教材P30]　Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to which diseases, as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention. 遗传学家相信基因组编辑是治疗和预防疾病的一种有效手段，因此他们一直试图找出哪些基因与哪些疾病有关。 (1)by this means通过这种方法 by means of用……办法；借助…… by all means一定，务必；好的，当然可以 by no means决不，一点也不(位于句首时， 句子用部分倒装) (2)a means of communication一种通讯/交流工具 (1)(2021·全国乙卷)Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution... 塑料吸管绝不是塑料污染的最大来源…… (2)Millions of Chinese rely on bicycles as their important means of transportation. 自行车是数百万中国人赖以出行的重要交通工具。 (3)His means permit him to live comfortably. 他的财富使他能过上舒适的生活。 [名师点津]　means 用作“方式；方法”时单复数同形。若all/some/several/many means作主语， 谓语动词用复数形式； 若every/each/one/a means作主语， 谓语动词用单数形式。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Every possible means has been tried(try), but none has worked. ②We express our thoughts by means of words and body language. ③Some researchers point out that daydreaming is a means of relaxation. 一句多译 此外， 惩罚绝不是一个能帮助他们在精神上和身体上健康成长的明智选择。 ④Furthermore, punishment is by no means a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically. ⑤Furthermore，by no means is punishment a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically.(倒装) 5．put sth. in place准备就绪 [教材P31]　This means putting appropriate controls in place to make sure that genome editing will work to our advantage. 这意味着我们需要采取恰当的管制措施，以确保基因组编辑对人类有利。 (1)take the place of代替 take one's place代替；就位 take place发生 (2)in place在适当的位置，适当 in place of代替 (1)Before you leave the office, everything should be put in place. 你在离开办公室之前，应把所有物品摆放好。 (2)Put everything back in place after the washing up. 洗碗后每样东西都要放回原位。 (3)It would be difficult to find a man to take the place of the secretary. 找一个代替这位秘书的人会很难。 [即学即用]　一句多译 经理将要出差，我将代替他参加会议。 ①The manager will be away on business and I'll take his place to attend the meeting. ②The manager will be away on business and I'll take the place of him to attend the meeting. ③The manager will be away on business and I'll attend the meeting in place of him． 6．prohibit vt.(尤指以法令)禁止；使不可能 [教材P31]　Should we prohibit geneticists from using it to enhance healthy bodies? 我们是否应该禁止遗传学家利用它来优化健康的身体？ (1)prohibit sb. from doing sth.禁止某人做某事 prohibit (sb./sb.'s) v．­ing禁止(……)做某事 (2)prohibition n．禁止；禁酒令；禁令；禁律；诉讼中止令 (3)prohibitive adj.禁止的；抑制的 (1)We prohibit air guns and the weapons that might wound someone. 我们禁止使用气枪等伤人的武器。 (2)Many firms prohibit smoking in the office. 许多公司禁止在办公室抽烟。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The new rules prohibit smoking(smoke) in places like restaurants, hotels, railway stations or theatres. ②If prohibition(prohibit) is this harmful, you might ask, why is it so popular? ③The law prohibits tobacconists from selling(sell) cigarettes to children. 完成句子 ④Rainy weather and fog prohibited flying. 雨天和大雾妨碍了飞行。 ⑤It would be prohibitive for low­income riders. 低收入乘客将望而却步。 7．resistance n．抵抗力；抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗 [教材P31]　One day soon we will be able to use genome editing to increase the human resistance to colds and flus, to make people taller, to help their muscles develop faster, to sharpen all of their senses or to make them more intelligent. 不久之后，我们将能利用基因组编辑技术提高人体对感冒和流感的抵抗力，也能让人长得更高、肌肉生长得更快，让人体的各种感官更加灵敏或者智商更高。 (1)passive resistance消极抵抗 (2)resist v．抵抗；抵御 resist doing sth.抵制做某事；忍住…… resist temptation抵制诱惑；抵抗引诱 (3)resistant adj.抵抗的；反抗的 (1)There has been a lot of resistance to this new law. 反对这项新法律的人很多。 (2)I couldn't resist telling him the secret. 我忍不住要把秘密告诉他。 (3)A healthy diet creates a body resistant to disease. 保健饮食有助于增强身体对疾病的抵抗力。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①She could hardly resist laughing(laugh) on those occasions. ②Her resistance(resist) to the proposal has crumpled. 完成句子 ③She can't resist making jokes about his baldness. 她忍不住拿他的秃头开玩笑。 ④Elderly people are not always resistant to change． 上了年纪的人并不总是抵制变革。 8．without doubt毫无疑问，的确 [教材P31]　Without doubt, genome editing is one of the greatest inventions in the history of science. 毫无疑问，基因组编辑是科学史上最伟大的发明之一。 (1)in doubt存在疑问 no doubt很可能，无疑 There is no doubt that...“毫无疑问……”， that之后的从句为同位语从句， 说明doubt的内容。 (2)doubt v．拿不准，不能肯定，怀疑，疑惑 doubt在肯定句中，后多跟if/whether引导的宾语从句；在否定/疑问句中后跟that引导的宾语从句。 (1)He is, without doubt, the world's most powerful economist. 毫无疑问，他是世界上最有影响力的经济学家。 (2)I don't doubt that he wrote it himself. 我不怀疑那是他亲自写的。 (3)He doubted whether they would be able to help. 他拿不准他们是否能帮忙。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①(2021·全国甲卷)It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day. ②I don't doubt that he can finish the task on time because he is a reliable man. ③I doubt whether/if the new one will be any better. 完成句子 ④There is no doubt that staying up is more likely to result in over­anxiety. 毫无疑问，熬夜更有可能导致人的过分焦虑。 ⑤She doubted if he could make a success of it. 她怀疑他是否能把这件事干得很好。 9．全部否定句(none) [教材P30]　Over the course of my career, I have seen many wonderful scientific developments, but none are as game­changing as genome editing． 在我的职业生涯中，我见证过许多了不起的科研成果，但没有一项能像基因组编辑一样具有颠覆性。 该句是表示全部否定的句型，none表示“没有一个”。 (1)全部否定用法 英语中的no, none, never, nobody, nothing, neither, no one, nowhere, no more, no longer, no way等表否定意义的词(组)与肯定式谓语一起使用构成 “全部否定”。 (2)部分否定用法 含 “全部/所有/任何” 等意义的词， 如all, both, everything, always等，与not连用表示部分否定。 (1)(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷) Not all the customers are tourists. 不是所有的顾客都是游客。 (2)None of us like to go skating in winter. 我们之中没有人愿意在冬天去滑冰。 (3)None but fools have even believed it. 除了傻瓜，没有人相信这一点。 [即学即用]　完成句子 ①None of them dares even mutter dissent. 没有人敢说半个不字。 ②I knew that nothing would ever discourage him; he would never give up wanting to be a director. 我知道没有什么能够阻碍他， 他将永远不会放弃成为一名导演的想法。 ③It's impossible for all the applicants to get the jobs, because not all of them are fit for them． ＝It's impossible for all the applicants to get the jobs, because all of them aren't fit for them． 并非所有的求职者都能得到这些工作， 因为并非所有人都胜任这些工作。 ④Nobody but he is often late for school. 除他以外，没有人经常上学迟到。 10．“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构作宾语 [教材P31]　We have to figure out how to keep the technology from running wild． 我们必须弄清楚如何防止这一技术失控。 句中的how to keep the technology from running wild是“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构，作figure out的宾语。 “特殊疑问词/whether＋不定式”结构 (1)特殊疑问词：what，which，when，where，how，who，whom等。 (2)语法功能：在句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语、补语等。 (3)可接该结构作宾语的动词：ask, consider, decide，discuss, explain, forget, know, learn, remember, show, tell, wonder等。 (1)We haven't decided when to hold the speech contest. 我们还没有决定何时举行演讲比赛。 (2)Many people have asked me how to balance writing, work and life. 有很多人问我如何平衡写作、工作和生活。 (3)I don't know how to explain it to my parents. 我不知道该如何向父母解释这件事。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①I spent many days thinking over whether to accept the job. ②You have to know where to stand(stand) for a good viewpoint. ③Students want to attend the class that aims to teach how to read fast. 1．They are the ones who will be affected by the change. 2．A line of people are formed for identification(identify). 3．Scientists are working to devise a means of storing this type of power. 4．The cost of private treatment can be prohibitive (prohibit). 5．When she got to the place, she could not resist going (go) in. 6．There is some doubt among the people whether John will turn up on time. 7．(2021·全国乙卷) And it came to me then how much easier it would be if we had a range of words that express different grades of gratitude(感谢). 1．An unhappy home environment can affect children's behaviour. 不幸的家庭环境可能对孩子的行为造成影响。 2．He identifies beauty with goodness. 他认为外表美与内在美是一致的。 3．He lives above his means. 他过着超过自己收入的阔气生活。 4．The police prohibit parking in the city centre. 警方禁止在市中心停车。 5．Our manager is going to attend an international conference. You can take the place of him in his absence. 我们经理要去参加一个国际会议，在他不在期间你可以代替他的位置。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$