UNIT 1 Section Ⅱ Welcome to the unit and Reading—Language Points（Word教参）-【优化指导】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第二册（译林版2020）

Section Ⅱ　Welcome to the unit and Reading—Language Points [对应学生用书P3] 难词注解 教材原文 课文翻译 ①trap vt.使落入险境；卡住，绊住n.陷阱，罗网；圈套；困境，牢笼 ②release vt.发布；释放；松开；发泄n.释放；发行；排放，泄漏 ③ambulance n．救护车 ④extend vi.& vt. 延伸(距离)；扩大；延长；伸展 ⑤construction n．建筑，建造；建筑物 ⑥dozen n．许多；(一)打；十来个 dozens of很多，许多 ⑦minor adj.轻微的，次要的 ⑧bath n．洗澡，洗浴；浴缸，浴盆 ⑨scream vi.& vt.尖叫；高声喊；发出大而尖的声音n.尖叫，尖锐刺耳的声音 bark vi.(狗)吠叫 vt.厉声发令n.(狗)吠声；短促响亮的人声；树皮 ⑪choke vt.& vi.(使)窒息；(使)哽咽，(尤指感情激动而)说不出话来 ⑫service n．部门 ⑬cigarette n．香烟 ⑭carpet n．地毯；覆盖地面的一层厚东西 ⑮automatic adj.自动的；无意识的，不假思索的 ⑯investigate vt.& vi.侦查，调查；研究 ⑰come about发生 ⑱journalist n．新闻记者，新闻工作者 ⑲priority n．优先事项，首要事情；优先权，重点 ⑳contradict vt.相矛盾，相反；反驳，驳斥 factual adj.事实的，真实的 instance n．例子，事例 for instance例如，比如 differ vi.相异；意见相左 conclusion n．结论，推论；结束，结果；签订，达成 bring sth. to light揭露，披露 minimum n．最小值，最少量adj.最低的，最小的 maximum n．最大量，最大限度adj.最高的，最多的 sum vt.总结，概括 n．金额，款项；总和，总数；全部 sum up总结，概括 accurate adj.正确无误的；精确的 commit vt.承诺，保证；犯(罪)；花(钱或时间) vi.全身心投入；忠于 be committed to 致力于 discrimination n．辨别力，识别力；歧视，区别对待 Be a critical news reader! 10 July Firefighters put out tower block fire Firefighters quickly put out the Henderson Tower fire last night. The fire, which is thought to have started from the 8th floor, spread quickly through the tower block on Sunday night, leaving people on the upper floors trapped①. Fears grew that the number of deaths could reach 5, according to figures released② by emergency services. Fire engines and ambulances③， called at 9：30 p．m., reached the scene within 15 minutes. By this time, the fire had extended④ to the 15th floor. Firefighters got the situation under control around 11 p.m. There is concern that the construction⑤ company that built the tower block had not followed fire safety rules. 句中which is thought to have started from the 8th floor是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The fire；leaving people on the upper floors trapped是分词短语作结果状语。 11 July　　Local news Deadly fire in tower block causes serious damage A terrible fire broke out on Sunday night, leaving the Henderson Tower seriously damaged. Emergency services estimate that the number of deaths could reach 9. By this morning, 4 people have been confirmed dead. The fire has also left dozens of⑥ people injured, 5 of whom are in a critical condition. Lisa Mayer, 29, is among the lucky ones who only suffered minor⑦ injuries. She recalled, “I was about to have a bath⑧ when I heard people screaming⑨ and dogs barking. I looked outside and the smoke was choking⑪ me. It was like an awful dream.” 本句是be about to do sth. when ...意为“正要做某事，这时……”句式。 Mr Peterson, head of the fire service⑫， confirms that a dropped cigarette⑬ end on the carpet⑭ of the 8th floor started the fire and that the automatic⑮ fire alarms did not go off quickly enough to prevent the disaster. A team is currently investigating⑯ the accident further. Reading news reports critically We rely on news to learn about what is happening in the world around us. However, we usually find that reports on the same events contain different or even contradictory information. How do these differences come about⑰？ 句子中rely on意为“依赖”；what is happening in the world around us为about的宾语从句。 It is advisable to remember that journalists⑱ may have different priorities⑲， which would influence how they report an event. Let's take the two news reports on the Henderson Tower fire as an example. We can see that the first news report pays more attention to the rescue efforts, while the second talks more about deaths and injuries. When we read more than one report, we come to understand an event in a more comprehensive way. It是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to remember ...；which would influence how they report an event为定语从句，修饰前面的句子。 Even if news reports are written from basically the same perspective, they may contradict⑳ each other in terms of factual details, as events in the real world are usually complicated and constantly changing. For instance, the numbers of deaths differ  in the two news reports on the Henderson Tower fire. When we come across such factual differences, we should not rush to the conclusion that one of the news reports gives false information. Instead, check when the reports were written. News reports written at different stages of an event could contain different information as new facts are brought to light. Another aspect worthy of mention is that journalists may approach information they get from research or interviews differently. Suppose emergency services' estimates of the number of deaths vary between 5 and 9. Journalists may choose to present the minimum, the maximum or something in between in their news reports. Therefore, checking different sources enables us to draw a more informed conclusion. To sum up, it is wise to read news reports written from various perspectives and at different stages, which brings us a more accurate understanding of a situation. We also need to be critical about the information we receive and remember not to blindly trust what we have read. Though journalists are committed to presenting the truth, it is better to use our own judgement than rely entirely on news reports.With great discrimination, every one of us has the potential to be a critical news reader. written from various perspectives and at different stages是过去分词短语作定语，修饰名词 reports；which brings us a more accurate understanding of a situation为非限制性定语从句。 做一名有判断力 的新闻读者！ 7月10日 消防员扑灭高楼大火 昨晚消防员迅速扑灭了亨德森大楼的大火。周日晚上的大火被认为是从八楼开始的，并迅速蔓延至整栋大楼，导致高楼层的人被困。 根据应急服务机构发布的数据，人们更加担心死亡人数可能达到5人。昨晚9点30分，消防车和救护车接到呼叫，并于15分钟内赶到火灾现场。此时火势已蔓延至十五楼。晚上11点左右，消防员控制住了火势。有人担心建造这栋高楼的建筑公司没有遵守消防安全规范。 7月11日　本地新闻 高楼致命大火造成 严重损失 周日晚间突发一场可怕的大火，致使亨德森大楼严重受损。应急服务机构估计死亡人数可能达到9人。截至今天上午，已有4人确认死亡。大火还造成数十人受伤，其中5人伤势严重。29岁的莉萨·迈耶是只受了轻伤的幸运人士之一。她回忆说：“我正要洗澡，就听到有人尖叫，还有狗在叫。我向外看，却被浓烟呛住。那就像一场可怕的梦。” 消防队队长彼得森先生证实，一根掉在八楼一块地毯上的烟头引起了火灾，而自动火警报警器没有及时报警，因而导致了灾难的发生。调查组目前正在进一步调查这起事故。 批判性地阅读新闻报道 我们依赖新闻来了解周围的世界正在发生什么事情。然而，我们经常发现，对同一事件的不同报道往往包含不同甚至互相矛盾的信息。这些差异是如何产生的？ 明智的做法是记住记者眼中的首要事项可能会有所不同，这会影响他们如何报道一则事件。让我们以这两篇有关亨德森大楼火灾的新闻报道为例。我们可以看到，第一篇新闻报道更关注救援工作，而第二篇谈论更多的则是伤亡情况。当我们读到不止一篇报道时，我们就能更全面地了解一起事件。 即使新闻报道的撰写角度基本相同，它们也可能在事实性的细节上相互矛盾，因为现实世界中的事件通常是复杂且不断变化的。例如，在两篇有关亨德森大楼火灾的新闻报道中，死亡人数截然不同。当我们发现这些事实性差异时，不应急于下结论，认为其中一篇新闻报道提供了错误信息。相反，要核查这些报道的撰写时间。随着新的事实被披露，在一起事件的不同阶段撰写的新闻报道可能包含不同的信息。另一个值得一提的方面是，记者可能会以不同的方式处理他们从调查或采访中获得的信息。假设应急服务机构估计的死亡人数在5人到9人之间，记者可能会选择在他们的新闻报道中呈现数据的最小值、最大值或中间的某个数值。因此，核实信息的不同来源能够让我们得出更有根据的结论。 总之，阅读从不同角度、不同阶段写就的新闻报道是明智之举，这样可以让我们更准确地了解情况。我们也需要批判性地看待我们接收到的信息，并且记住不要盲目相信我们读到的新闻报道。尽管记者致力于呈现真相，我们最好还是运用自己的判断力，而非完全依赖新闻报道。有了明辨是非的能力，我们每个人都有潜力成为一名有判断力的新闻读者。 1．critical adj.批评的，批判性的；关键的；危急的 2．trap vt.使落入险境；卡住，绊住n.陷阱，罗网；圈套；困境，牢笼 3．release vt.发布；释放；松开；发泄n.释放；发行；排放，泄漏 4．ambulance n．救护车 5．dozen n．许多；(一)打；十来个 6．minor adj.轻微的，次要的 7．bath n．洗澡，洗浴；浴缸，浴盆 8．scream vi.& vt.尖叫；高声喊；发出大而尖的声音 n．尖叫，尖锐刺耳的声音 9．bark vi.(狗)吠叫 vt.厉声发令 n．(狗)吠声；短促响亮的人声；树皮 10．choke vt.& vi.(使)窒息；(使)哽咽，(尤指感情激动而)说不出话来 11．cigarette n．香烟 12．carpet n．地毯；覆盖地面的一层厚东西 13．investigate vt.& vi.侦查，调查；研究 14．journalist n．新闻记者，新闻工作者 15．priority n．优先事项，首要事情；优先权，重点 16．false adj.错误的，不真实的；非天生的；假的，伪造的；不真诚的 17．minimum n．最小值，最少量adj.最低的，最小的 18．maximum n．最大量，最大限度adj.最高的，最多的 19．extend vi.& vt. 延伸(距离)；扩大；延长；伸展 extended adj.延伸的；扩大的；伸展的；广大的 20．construction n．建筑，建造；建造物 construct v．建筑；建造；建立；构筑；构成 constructive adj.建设性的；有用的；有益的 constructor n．建造者 21．automatic adj.自动的；无意识的，不假思索的 automatically adv.自动地；机械地 22．contradict vt.相矛盾，相反；反驳，驳斥 contradiction n．矛盾；反驳；否认 contradictive adj.矛盾的；抵触的 23．differ vi.相异；意见相左 different adj.不同的；差异的 difference n．差异点；不同之处 24．conclusion n．结论，推论；结束，结果；签订，达成 conclude vt.推断出；使结束 25．accurate adj.正确无误的，精确的 accuracy n．准确；精确；准确度 1．dozens of很多，许多 2．come about发生 3．put out扑灭；熄灭 4．under control处于控制下 5．break out爆发 6．bring sth. to light揭露；披露 7．get across被传达；被理解 8．rely on依赖 9．for instance例如，比如 10．sum up总结，概括 11．be committed to致力于 1．动词­ing短语作状语 The fire, which is thought to have started from the 8th floor, spread quickly through the tower block on Sunday night, leaving people on the upper floors trapped． 周日晚上的大火被认为是从八楼开始的，很快蔓延到整座公寓大楼，把高楼层的人们困在里面。 2．同位语从句 When we come across such factual differences, we should not rush to the conclusion that one of the news reports gives false information． 当我们发现这些事实性差异时，不应该急于下结论，认为其中一篇新闻报道提供了错误的信息。 1．critical adj.批评的，批判性的；关键的；危急的 [教材P2]　The two news reports and the article below encourage you to be a critical news reader. 两份新闻报道和下面的文章鼓励你成为一名批判性的新闻读者。 (1)be critical about对……挑剔 (2)criticize v．批评；挑剔；评论；非难；吹毛求疵 criticize for因……指责(某人) (3)criticism n．批评；批判；指责；评论；评价 (4)critically adv.极为重要地；严重地；批判性地 (1)Would you like to read and criticize my new novel? 您愿意阅读并评论一下我的新小说吗？ (2)She is critical about everything. 她对一切都吹毛求疵。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ① I don't like people who are too critical about everything. ②(2021·全国甲卷改编)According to the World Wildlife Fund，the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5，500, giving the rhinos a “critically(critical) endangered” status. 完成句子 ③The mother criticized her son for being too lazy. 母亲批评儿子太懒了。 ④You can not afford to criticize others when you behave so badly yourself. 本身行为不正，则不宜批评别人。 2．trap vt.使落入险境；卡住，绊住n.陷阱，罗网；圈套；困境，牢笼 [教材P2]　The fire, which is thought to have started from the 8th floor, spread quickly through the tower block on Sunday night, leaving people on the upper floors trapped． 周日晚上的大火被认为是从八楼开始的，很快蔓延到整座公寓大楼，把高楼层的人们困在里面。 (1)trap sb. into sth./v.­ing诱骗某人…… trap in用……捕捉； 使困于 (2)set a trap for...为……设下圈套 (3)trapped adj.陷入困境的；受到限制的 (1)They were trapped in the burning hotel. 他们被困在发生火灾的旅馆里。 (2)She had trapped him so neatly that he wanted to slap her. 她骗他骗得如此干净利落，他恨不得给她一记耳光。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The police set a trap for the thieves. ②Time is running out for the trapped(trap) miners. 完成句子 ③She had set a trap for him and he had walked straight into it. 她给他设下圈套，他就径直钻了进去。 ④I was trapped into telling the police all I knew. 我中计了，把所有的一切都告诉了警方。 3．release vt.发布；释放；松开；发泄 n．释放；发行；排放，泄漏 [教材P2]　Fears grew that the number of deaths could reach 5, according to figures released by emergency services. 根据紧急服务部门发布的数据，人们担心死亡人数可能会达到5人。 (1)release ...to ...把……泄露给…… (2)release ...from ...把……从……解脱出来 (1)Don't release this news to the public until we give you the go­ahead. 在我们准许你之前不要向公众公布这一消息。 (2)The accident caused the release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. 这次事故导致放射性物质泄漏到大气中。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①He was released from prison after serving a sentence of five years. ②Details of the scheme have not yet been released to the public. 完成句子 ③The patient asked the doctor to give him something that would release him from his pain. 病人要求医生给他一点止痛药物。 ④The manager has released a statement explaining the reasons for his resignation. 经理发表了一份声明，解释他辞职的原因。 4．extend vi.& vt. 延伸(距离)；扩大；延长；伸展 [教材P2]　By this time, the fire had extended to the 15th floor. 此时，火势已蔓延至十五楼。 (1)extend into ...扩大或延长到…… extend over ...(使)持续，延续 extend to ...(使)达到，伸展到 (2)extensive adj.广阔的；广大的；规模大的 (3)extended adj.延伸的；扩大的；伸展的；广大的 (1)China has greatly extended its influence in world affairs. 在世界事务中，中国的影响已大大地扩大了。 (2)Please allow me to extend to you my sincerest congratulations on your success. 请允许我对你的成功致以最诚挚的祝贺。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①This country extends its power and influence into neighbouring countries. ②High unemployment extends over the whole of Britain. 完成句子 ③Enlarge one's vocabulary through extensive reading． 博览群书以丰富词汇。 ④Obviously, any child who receives dedicated teaching over an extended period is likely to improve. 很明显，任何接受了很长时期用心教导的儿童都可能会进步。 5．come about发生 [教材P3]　How do these differences come about? 这些差异是如何产生的？ (1)How does it come about that ...？……是怎么发生的？ (2)come across偶然碰到 (3)come out出版； 出现； 显露； 结果是 (4)come down倒塌； 病倒； 流传下来 (1) I would never understand how it came about that you were an hour late on such a short journey. 我真不明白这么短的路程你怎么会迟到一个小时。 (2)We've just come across an old friend. 我们刚碰到了一位老朋友。 [易混辨析]　 come about “发生， 产生”， 通常与how连用 happen “发生”， 指偶然的、 意外的事情发生 take place “发生”， 指事件或事故的发生是在预料中， 进而引申为按计划“进行， 举行” break out 指战争、 火灾、 疾病等的突然“发生， 爆发” [即学即用]　选词填空(come about/happen/take place/break out) ①A fire broke out during the night and caused great damage. ②Luckily the earthquake didn't happen in the center of the city. ③How did it come about that the dairy products were harmful to children? ④Great changes have taken place in our school in the past few years. 完成句子 ⑤Sometimes when this thought come across my mind, I realize that I really miss this. 有些时候，当这种想法忽然袭来的时候，我发现自己真的很怀念那种日子。 ⑥Her best qualities come out in a crisis. 在危急关头显露出了她的优秀品质。 6．differ vi.相异；意见相左 [教材P3]　For instance, the numbers of deaths differ in the two news reports on the Henderson Tower fire. 例如，在两篇有关亨德森大楼火灾的新闻报道中，死亡人数截然不同。 (1)differ from ...不同于(某意见或某人) differ in ...在(某方面)不同 differ on/about ...对(某问题)持不同意见 differ with ...不同意(某人或某种意见) (2)different adj.不同的；差异的 (3)difference n．差异，差别 (1)She differs from her brother in character. 她与她哥哥性格不同。 (2)These bags differ in size, but not in shape. 这些手提包只是大小不同，并无形状之异。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①I think that the desk in the shop differs from the one I have at home. ②We differ about/on moral standards. ③However, I differ with the man who is speaking. 完成句子 ④I must differ with your opinion on the matter. 在这件事上，我不能同意你的意见。 ⑤When matter changes to a substance different from what it was, the change is a chemical change. 当物质变成和原来不同的物质时，这种变化是化学变化。 ⑥How do you account for the difference between them? 你怎么解释它们之间的差异呢？ 7．sum up总结，概括 [教材P3]　To sum up, it is wise to read news reports written from various perspectives and at different stages，... 总之，阅读从不同角度、不同阶段写就的新闻报道是明智之举，…… (1)sum vt.总结，概括 (2)sum n．金额，款项；总和，总数；全部 in sum总而言之；大体上 (1)We can sum up the main point of the lesson in three sentences. 我们可以用三句话来概括本课要点。 (2)In sum, talent is not so important as working hard in either study or daily work. 总之，无论是在学习中或是在日常工作中，天赋并不像努力工作那么重要。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The last section sums up all the arguments on either side. ②In sum, his speech is excellent. ③Each individual improvement can have a positive effect, but when taken in sum, they can result in dramatic results. 完成句子 ④In sum, anything looks good on her slender figure. 总之，她身材好，看上去一切都好。 ⑤A large sum has been allocated for buying new books for the library. 已划拨了一大笔款给图书馆购买新书。 8．动词­ing短语作状语 [教材P2]　The fire, which is thought to have started from the 8th floor, spread quickly through the tower block on Sunday night, leaving people on the upper floors trapped. 周日晚上的大火被认为是从八楼开始的，很快蔓延到整座公寓大楼，把高楼层的人们困在里面。 句子中“which is thought to have started from the 8th floor”是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The fire；“leaving people on the upper floors trapped”是分词短语作结果状语。 现在分词(动词的­ing形式)作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，且必须与句子的主语是逻辑上的主谓关系；动词­ing形式表示的动作是次要动作。现在分词可以作时间、条件、结果、让步、方式等状语，相当于相应的状语从句。作时间、原因或条件时，通常位于主句前面，作方式、伴随或结果状语时，通常位于主句后面。如果分词所表示的动作和谓语的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，用现在分词的一般式。如果分词动作明显在谓语动词之前发生，用现在分词的完成式having done。在作时间状语的分词前，可加连词while，when，介词after，before，on等。 (1)Some students spend too much time on QQ and micro­blogs, making their teachers and parents worried.(结果状语) 有些学生花太多的时间在QQ和微博上， 这让老师和家长很担忧。 (2)Do you wake up every morning feeling energetic and ready to start a new day？(伴随状语) 你每天早晨醒来都感到精力充沛并准备好开始新的一天吗？ [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Newly­built wooden cottages line the street，turning (turn) the old town into a dreamland. ②Sweeping(sweep) the street with her grandma every day，the five­year­old girl caught our attention. 完成句子 ③There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, staring at the night sky． 没有什么能比躺在草地中央凝视着夜空更让人感到高兴的事儿了。 ④The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 孩子们跑出房间，愉快地笑着，说着。 9．同位语从句 [教材P3]　When we come across such factual differences, we should not rush to the conclusion that one of the news reports gives false information. 当我们发现这些事实性差异时，不应该急于下结论，认为其中一篇新闻报道提供了错误的信息。 “When we come across such factual differences”是时间状语从句；“that one of the news reports gives false information”是同位语从句。 同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，位于该名词之后，用以说明该名词的具体内容。常见该名词有：advice，conclusion，doubt，fact，hope，idea，news，promise，question，suggestion，thought，truth，wish，word等。引导同位语从句的引导词：that，whether，how，where，when，why等。 (1)The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. 经理提出一个建议， 我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。 (2)Then came the exciting news that Tu Youyou, a Chinese woman scientist, won the Nobel Prize. 接着传来了屠呦呦——中国的一位女科学家， 获得诺贝尔奖的令人兴奋的消息。 [名师点津]　that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that引导定语从句时，that既起引导词的作用，又在从句中充当句子成分；如果在从句中作宾语that还可以省略，所修饰的名词指物时可用which替换。引导同位语从句时，that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，不能省略。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①A baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has. ②The thought came to him that he could use the money to help the poor. 完成句子 ③We came to the decision that we must act at once. 我们作出决定：我们必须立即行动。 ④He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there． 他还没有作出决定是否去那里。 1．You criticize(critical)him all the time, but he always speaks highly of you. 2．Some miners were trapped (trap)underground after the collapse. 3．She burst into tears, releasing (release)all her sad emotions. 4．There are dozens (dozen)of guests offering their congratulations. 5．Chinese differs (different) greatly from English in spelling. 6．There seems to be a contradiction (contradict)between her words and actions. 7．Some doors have locks which automatically (automatic) lock the doors when we close them. 1．Her careful description enabled us to form an accurate picture of what had happened. 她描述得十分细致，使我们对所发生的事历历如见。 2．It seems to me that each writer's style differs from that of another. 依我来看每个作家的风格各不相同。 3．A good learner's dictionary should give both the meanings of the words and examples of the constructions in which they are used. 一本好的学生字典应该既提供词语的含义，又举出应用这些词语的例子。 4．The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对他们没有完成工作的事实。 5．Looking out of the window，I saw groups of children passing by the house. 我从窗口望出去，看见成群的孩子们从房子前面经过。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$