必修第三册Unit 4 Space Exploration(人与自然：太空探索)-【同步拓展阅读】2024-2025学年高一英语单元阅读提升（人教版2019）

必修第三册Unit 4 Space Exploration （人教版2019） 人与自然：太空探索 单元引言解读 Mystery creates wonder and wonder is the basis of man's desire to understand. —Neil Armstrong 释义：本单元开篇页选取了第一位登上月球的美国宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的名言：“神秘感激发好奇心，而好奇心则是人们探索未知事物的前提。” 启示：太空探索对人类来说是一种挑战。正是这种挑战激励着一些国家不断努力地进行太空探索。对未知领域的好奇是促使人类不断探索的源泉，也是推动人类进步的动力。探索无止境，只有怀着一颗好奇之心，我们才能在探索的道路上不断地进取，攻克一个个难关，才能有一个个令人惊叹的发现。 名言名句积累 人与自然：太空探索 1．Space exploration contributes not only to the improvement of the quality of human life, but also to our understanding of the interdependence of all beings. 太空探索不仅有助于改善人类的生活质量，而且也有助于我们理解所有生物的相互依赖性。 2．That's one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind. —Neil Armstrong 对一个人来说，这是一小步；对人类来说，这是一大步。 ——尼尔·阿姆斯特朗 3．Almost every day we may see something in the newspaper or on TV about the latest exciting developments in space exploration. 几乎每天，我们都会在报纸或电视上看到一些关于太空探索的最新的令人兴奋的进展。 4．The pursuit of the ultimate truth of the universe is the final objective and destination of civilization. —Liu Cixin 对宇宙终极真理的追求，是文明的最终目标和归宿。 ——刘慈欣 5．Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet.Try to make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist.Be curious. —Stephen Hawking 记住要仰望星空，而不是低头看脚下。尝试去理解你所看到的事物，并思考宇宙何以存在。保持好奇心。 ——斯蒂芬·霍金 时文拓展阅读 How to make Britain’s new innovation agency work When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first ever satellite, in 1957, Americans were blindsided. They could scarcely believe that they had been beaten into space. “Now, somehow, in some new way, the sky seemed almost alien,” said Lyndon Johnson, then the majority leader of the Senate, describing what he called “the profound shock of realising that it might be possible for another nation to achieve technological superiority over this great country of ours”. America’s leaders did not want to be beaten again. In 1958 President Dwight Eisenhower approved the creation of a new institution—the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Its task would be to scan the technological horizon and “invent the future”. Six decades later ARPA’s modern incarnation, DARPA (the D stands for defence) has proved itself so useful—with decisive roles in creating everything from the internet to mRNA covid-19 vaccines—that many medium-sized countries want their own versions. One of those countries is Britain, which this month announced that its new body—the Advanced Research and Invention Agency (ARIA)—would be led by Peter Highnam, a computer scientist poached, promisingly, from DARPA itself. ARIA’s stated purpose is to fund high-risk, high-reward research and it will start with a budget of $1.1bn over four years. This new addition to Britain’s research-funding landscape is welcome—two years after the country left the European Union, it is still unclear whether British scientists will continue to receive any support from the EU’s $108bn Horizon Europe programme. Yet MrHighnam will face challenges in bringing the DARPA model to a country that has never seen anything like it. Copying his previous employer wholesale is unlikely to succeed—DARPA’s scope and scale (it currently has a budget of $3.5bn per year) far outweigh anything possible in Britain. Instead of trying to replicate DARPA, he should focus on bringing two elements of its model across the Atlantic. The first is independence. Government interference has hobbled other experimental research bodies, such as Germany’s version of DARPA. British ministers have promised the new agency will be free from political interference and the bureaucracy associated with the country’s usual research agencies. But the civil service, science establishment and press may not react kindly to a hands-off agency that is given big chunks of money and resists scrutiny. MrHighnam should go on a charm offensive to explain what ARIA is. That includes the tough task of preparing Britain for failures. Lots of them. DARPA has succeeded over the decades in part because many of its gambles have not paid off. That is a sign that it is investigating truly radical ideas, rather than confining itself to the sorts of safe scientific bets best left to industry or more conventional research institutions. The second element is to have a centre of gravity. DARPA’s early successes came from its relationship with America’s Department of Defence, which was trying to win a decades-long cold war. It gave a strategic direction to research and acted as a deep-pocketed customer. As a middling power, Britain does not have a defence budget that remotely matches that of Uncle Sam. Instead ARIA should focus on another area, where the country has critical mass: life sciences. Britain is world-class in this domain—as demonstrated in both its academic citations and its scientific response to covid-19. British life-sciences firms raised $3.4bn of venture capital in 2021; more than anywhere else in Europe but far less than the American biotech hubs, Massachusetts ($11.5bn) and San Francisco ($4.9bn). There is ample room, therefore, for stimulation and investment that would direct existing British academic and industrial strengths into tackling long-term health concerns. And with Britain’s National Health Service, ARIA has a giant customer with a burning need for technological breakthroughs and the resources to buy them. By identifying the challenges that people and health systems are likely to face in the next few decades, ARIA could show that medium-sized countries can be at science’s cutting edge. 【译文欣赏】 如何让英国新成立的创新机构发挥作用 1957年，苏联发射了世界上第一颗人造卫星斯普特尼克号（Sputnik），打了美国一个措手不及。美国人简直不敢相信自己居然在太空领域败下阵来。时任参议院多数党领袖林登·约翰逊（Lyndon Johnson）表示，“现如今，不知何故，天空似乎以一种前所未见的方式变得陌生起来”，这让他“深感震惊，意识到另一个国家可能比我们这个伟大的国度更具科技优势”。 美国领导人不想再次品尝惨败的滋味。1958年，德怀特·艾森豪威尔（Dwight Eisenhower）总统批准成立了一家新的机构——高级研究计划局 （ARPA），任务是全面着眼科技领域并“创造未来”。60多年过去了，ARPA现已更名为DARPA（国防部高级研究计划局），并在几乎一切发明创造中发挥了决定性作用，从创造互联网到研发mRNA新冠肺炎疫苗都是如此。难怪许多中型国家纷纷想要在本国成立此类机构。 英国便是其中之一。本月，英国宣布其新成立的高级研究与发明局（ARIA）将由彼得·海纳姆（Peter Highnam）领导，他正是英国从DARPA挖来的计算机科学家，可望大有作为。ARIA宣称，其宗旨是资助高风险、高回报的研究，将在未来四年内提供11亿美元的预算支持。作为英国研究基金版图的新成员，ARIA广受欢迎。英国脱欧两年后，国内科学家是否能继续从欧盟1080亿欧元的“欧洲地平线”计划（Horizon Europe）中获得支持，尚无定数。 然而，要将DARPA模式应用到一个从未有过类似经验的国家，海纳姆将面临重重挑战。全盘照搬前任雇主的做法是不太可能成功的，因为DARPA的研究领域和规模（目前年预算达35亿美元）远超英国，ARIA难以企及。因此，海纳姆不应该想着怎样复制DARPA，而应专注于将该模式的两大要素带到大西洋彼岸。 一是保持独立性。政府干预阻碍了其他试验性研究机构（例如德国版的DARPA）的发展。尽管英国部长们纷纷允诺，新机构ARIA将不会受到政治干涉，也不会像传统研究机构那样“官僚风”盛行，但是行政部门、科学界当权派和媒体们可不会给这样一个坐拥大笔资金，同时拒绝审查的独立机构任何好脸色。 海纳姆需要做的是展开魅力攻势，好好解释一下ARIA是做什么的，其中包括一项艰巨的任务就是让英国做好迎接多次失败的准备。过去数十年，DARPA之所以风生水起，部分原因就是其开展了许多最终并未有所收获的冒险研究。而这恰恰表明，DARPA在进行真正革命性的研究，而不是将研究范围局限于更适合产业发展或传统研究机构探索的常规科研领域。 二是找准重心。DARPA早期的成功得益于背靠美国国防部，后者在美苏几十年冷战中一直想占据上风。它既能对研究做出战略性引导，又能提供雄厚的财力支持。但英国作为一个中等强国，其国防预算远不能与美国相比。因此，ARIA应该转向本国具有核心优势的领域：生命科学。 英国在生命科学领域位居世界一流，这一点从其学术引用情况和应对新冠疫情的科学举措可见一斑。2021年，全英生命科学企业共获得34亿美元的风险投资，这一金额虽然稳居欧洲第一，但却远不及美国马萨诸塞州（115亿美元）和旧金山（49亿美元）这两大美国生物科技中心。 因此，英国在该领域的发展空间还很广阔，可以通过刺激和投资转化已有的学术力量和产业优势，解决长期医疗难题。 此外，英国的国家医疗服务体系（NHS）可以成为ARIA的大客户，NHS亟需技术突破以及购买技术转换成果的资金。通过预测未来几十年人类和医疗系统可能面临的挑战，ARIA可以证明，即便是中型国家，也可以引领前沿科技发展。 【词汇积累】 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 satellite [ˈsætəlaɪt] n. 人造卫星 landscape [ˈlændskeɪp] n. 版图 blindside [ˈblaɪndsaɪd] v. 攻其不备 previous [ˈpriːviəs] adj. 上一次的 profound [prəˈfaʊnd] adj. 意义深远的 outweigh [ˌaʊtˈweɪ] v. 胜过；大于 institution [ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn] n. 机构 interference [ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns] n. 干扰 horizon [həˈraɪzn] n. 地平线；眼界 offensive [əˈfensɪv] n. 进攻；攻势 decisive [dɪˈsaɪsɪv] adj. 果断的 ample [ˈæmpl] adj. 充足的；足够的 purpose [ˈpɜːpəs] n. 意图；目的 edge [edʒ] n. 边；边线 【知识拓展】 英国政府成立了一个新的独立研究机构，以资助高风险、高回报的科学研究。该机构名为高级研究与发明局（ARIA），获得了英国政府8亿英镑资助，将由世界领先的杰出科学家领导，以确定和资助快速转化的科学和技术。该新机构旨在巩固英国作为全球科学超级大国的地位。ARIA将以其他国家/地区的成功案例为基础和目标，特别是具有影响力的美国国防高级研究计划局（DARPA），推动诸如互联网、GPS、隐形战斗机等转型技术的探索和发展。最近，DARPA正在研发可以发射多枚空-空导弹的无人机，该机构已与通用原子公司，洛马公司和诺格公司签订合同，以进行“远射”（LongShot）计划的第一阶段初步设计工作。 【词汇延伸】 blindsided ：出其不意地攻击；使遭受意外打击 incarnation ：化身；典型 poach ：偷猎；挖走（人员等） hobble ：阻碍；蹒跚 scrutiny ：仔细审查；监视 gravity ：重力；严重性；重要性 venture ：冒险；风险 stimulation ：刺激；激励 综合实战演练 （一） （2022高三上·全国·专题练习）Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1．Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A．sympathetic B．unconcerned C．doubtful D．excited 2．What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A．His dominance in physics. B．The competition in the field. C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies. 3．What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Open. B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? ( 结合高考题来看，猜测词义题要求考生正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义。词义并非完全等同词典中所标注的汉语意思，其在不同的语境中会有所不同。根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义。阅读文章时，对未见过的词，可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力。 从近几年高考真题来看，阅读理解 猜测词义题目常见设问方式有 ： 1.The underlined word “ … ” refers to/ (probably) means . 2.In paragraph..., “...” can be replaced by “...”. 3.“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as… 4.By saying that “...” in the first paragraph, the author means that_____ 5.What does the underlined word “…” refer to in the last paragraph? 6.Which of the following words can take the place of the word “ … ”? 7.The underlined word /sentence in the ... paragraph could best be replaced by… 8.Which of the following has the closest meaning to the word “ … ”? 解题技巧 ) ( 1.The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” 本句是一个复合句。主句为 The company is closer;he says为插入语；than any other firm为than引导的比较状语从句；句中还有两个that引导的定语从句，第一个定语从句修饰先行词one，第二个修饰先行词an impactful problem 翻译： ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “quantum”stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” ①something about quantum computing是about引导的介词短语做后置定语，来修饰something，意为：量子计算的某些特性； ②you shouldn’t be able to understand是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，that在从句中做宾语（①关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，可以省略；②定语从句先行词是不定代词的时候，引导词只能用that）； 翻译： ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ) (  laboratory n. _________ 2. curiosity n.  ________ 3. invest vt. _______ 4. opposite adj.  __________ 5. potentially adv.  __________ 6. mislead vt. ___________ 7. investor n. ________ 8.  excitement n.  ________ 9. apply vt.  ________ 10. impactful adj.  ________ 11. otherwise adv. ________ 12. discount  n. ________ 13. quantitatively adv. ________ 14. margin n. ________ 15. claim vt.  ________ 16. sympathetic adj. ________ 17. dominance n.  ________ 1 8 . take steps to do sth ________ 19 . keep one’s promise ________ ) 全文翻译 量子计算机最近一直萦绕在我的脑海里。一位朋友一直在给我发文章，介绍量子计算机如何帮助解决我们人类面临的一些最大挑战。我还与两位量子计算专家进行了交流。其中之一是计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊，我认为他是一个帮助保持该领域诚实的人。另一位是物理学家菲利普·泰勒。 几十年来，量子计算只不过是一种实验室的好奇心。现在，大型科技公司已经投资于量子计算，许多小型科技公司也是如此。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施使气候变化朝着相反的方向发展。”这是让约翰逊恼火的炒作。他担心研究人员正在做出他们无法兑现的承诺。约翰逊写道：“新的是，量子计算研究人员现在可能可以获得数百万美元。” 随着量子计算吸引更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，误导他们自己对其工作潜力的看法。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒。许多其他技术都经历了激动人心的阶段。但约翰逊认为，量子计算的某些方面使其特别容易被炒作，也许是因为“‘量子’代表了你不应该理解的很酷的东西。”这让我想起了泰勒，他建议我读他的《量子Q》一书。 在我读完这本书后，泰勒耐心地回答了我的问题。他还回答了我关于他于2016年共同创立的PyQuantum公司的问题。泰勒和约翰逊一样担心炒作，但他说这些担忧不适用于PyQuantum。 他说，该公司比其他任何公司都“以非常大的优势”更接近于构建一台“有用”的量子计算机，一台“解决了一个我们无法解决的有影响力的问题”的计算机。他补充道，“人们自然会否定我的意见，但我花了很多时间对我们正在做的事情与其他公司进行定量比较。” PyQuantum真的能像泰勒声称的那样“以很大的优势”领先所有的竞争吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他任何人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。 (二) （23-24高二下·广东佛山·期末）The concept of a space elevator, while once confined to the realm of science fiction, is gaining traction as a potential reality within the next few decades. This belief is not unfounded, but rather stems from the ongoing advancements in aerospace engineering and materials science. As an aerospace engineer and a physics professor, the allure of a space elevator — a colossal cable extending from Earth's surface into space, facilitating the transportation of both people and cargo — remains a compelling subject of study. In recent years, innovative approaches to design and engineering have surfaced, providing new insights into the feasibility and functionality of space elevators. The rationale for constructing a space elevator is multifaceted. Firstly, it presents a significant opportunity for energy and cost efficiency, offering a more practical alternative to traditional rocket-based space travel. The economic and environmental benefits are substantial, as the space elevator would reduce the need for fuel-intensive rocket launches. Secondly, the space elevator would revolutionize accessibility to space. The term "space mission" could evolve into “transit”, reflecting the routine and weather-independent nature of space travel. This shift would not only make space travel safer for astronauts, mitigating the risks associated with rocket launches, but also open up the cosmos to a broader range of individuals and purposes. Moreover, the space elevator acts as a gateway to the solar system. By releasing a payload at different points along the elevator, one could achieve orbit around Earth or the sun, depending on the release point, all without the need for propulsion. While it may seem that I am an advocate for the space elevator, my true passion lies in the study of its mechanics and the potential it holds for our future. In a world facing numerous challenges, the pursuit of such ambitious projects allows us to dream of a time when humanity becomes responsible stewards of our planet, reaching for the stars while preserving our home. 5．What's the function of Paragraph 1? A．To introduce the topic. B．To set a background. C．To make a comparison. D．To give an example. 6．What does the underlined phrase "tinker with" mean in Paragraph 3? A．Abandon. B．Improve. C．Establish. D．Discuss. 7．What is the purpose of building a space elevator? A．To please science fiction fans. B．To promote space tourism. C．To protect astronauts' safety. D．To make space travel easier. 8．What is the author's attitude towards space elevators? A．Unclear. B．Doubtful. C．Optimistic. D．Dismissive. （三） （23-24高二下·广东佛山·期末）We are currently experiencing an unprecedented era in the realm of space exploration, marked by a surge in the retrieval and study of celestial samples. This “golden age” is characterized by the active efforts of global space agencies to gather and analyze material from various celestial bodies, including asteroids, moons, and planets. China’s Chang’e 5 mission stands out as a recent triumph in this endeavor. On December 17, the Chang’e 5 lunar probe successfully concluded its journey by landing in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, as reported by China Daily. This mission, the first lunar sample-return endeavor since 1976, managed to secure an impressive 1,713 grams of lunar rocks and dust, utilizing advanced drilling technology and robotic arms. Similarly, on December 6, Japan’s Hayabusa 2 probe achieved a remarkable feat by returning a capsule filled with samples from the asteroid Ryugu. This marks the second instance of asteroid samples being collected and brought back to Earth, following the original Hayabusa spacecraft’s accomplishment in 2010. The momentum in this field is set to continue, with NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft anticipated to return to Earth in 2023, carrying samples from the asteroid Bennu. Additionally, Russia’s Lunar-25 mission is poised to launch in 2021, with the objective of collecting lunar samples. The significance of these sample-return missions cannot be overstated. They hold the potential to shed light on long-standing mysteries that have baffled scientists, such as the origins of life and the emergence of water on Earth. As Ann Nguyen, a NASA planetary scientist, emphasizes, “I cannot emphasize enough how valuable return samples are for increasing our understanding of the origin and evolution of our solar system and our place in the universe, and how we came to be.” Upon arrival on Earth, these celestial samples undergo meticulous analysis using sophisticated instruments. These analyses can yield more detailed insights than what can be gleaned from photographs or robotic rovers alone. In the case of the Chang’e 5 lunar samples, scientists will employ a variety of analytical methods, tests, and experiments to determine the composition, structure, and physical properties of the lunar material. This comprehensive understanding will contribute to a deeper comprehension of the moon’s history and, by extension, the broader history of our solar system. Though we have only begun to explore the surface of these celestial bodies, both in a literal and figurative sense, the knowledge we have gained is already substantial. The journey of discovery is far from over, with a wealth of mysteries still waiting to be unveiled. 9．What do we know about the Chang’e 5 lunar probe? A．It was launched on Dec 17. B．It collected the world’s first lunar sample. C．It brought back 1,713 grams of lunar samples. D．It completed the most successful mission recently. 10．Which of the following collected the first asteroid samples? A．Hayabusa. B．Hayabusa 2. C．OSIRIS-REx. D．Russia’s Lunar-25. 11．What can the samples shed light on (阐明)? A．The origin of life. B．Structure of the solar system. C．Which celestial bodies have water. D．How water first appeared on the moon. 12．What will scientists do with the samples? A．Analyze them and conduct experiments. B．Determine their sources. C．Compare them with space photos. D．Scratch their surfaces. （四） （23-24高一下·甘肃兰州·期末）A home science experiment recently took the world by storm. Two teens from Toronto, in Canada, sent a Lego man rising above the Earth and captured their tiny astronaut’s trip on film. Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad, both 17, used a weather balloon to launch their plastic lego model 16 miles above the Earth. This is inside a part of Earth’s atmosphere. The two teens were inspired by a similar project performed by students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The MIT students had launched a weather balloon with a camera into near space and taken many unusual images of the Earth. Mathew and Asad then spent four months figuring out how to launch their own spacecraft into the space. Traveling to space is expensive for NASA, but Mathew and Asad worked hard to keep their costs down. They bought much of their equipment used. In total, the project cost only $400. “We had a lot of anxiety on launch day because there were high winds when we were going up,” Mathew told reporters. They had to pump extra helium (氦) into the balloon so that it would rise quickly and avoid being blown too far off course by the strong winds. The toy astronaut’s journey lasted 97 minutes before the balloon broke and he fell back to Earth. Mathew and Asad then spent two weekends looking for their spacecraft. It had landed 76 miles away from the launch site. The student scientists are currently finishing up their final year of high school and applying for colleges. They are also looking into more do­it­yourself space projects. “I guess the sky is not really the limit anymore,” Mathew told reporters. “We never knew we’d get this far. It’s been a lesson for us that hard work pays off.” 13．By saying “took the world by storm” in the first paragraph, the writer meant the experiment ________. A．harmed the world B．flooded the world C．attracted the world D．managed the world 14．Which of the following about the students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is right? A．They were examples for Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad. B．They helped Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad to achieve dream. C．They launched weather balloon together with Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad. D．They studied with Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad in the same school. 15．How did Mathew and Asad keep their costs down? A．By making the weather balloon themselves. B．By borrowing spacecraft from the MIT students. C．By making their spacecraft by hand. D．By using second­hand equipment. 16．What problems did Mathew and Asad have on launch day? A．They ran out of helium. B．The wind was too strong. C．The balloon suddenly broke. D．Their spacecraft was blown away. （五） （23-24高二下·贵州毕节·期末）Astronaut Frank Rubiales made headlines by spending 371 days in space, far beyond his scheduled 180 days, due to a technical failure. This unexpected longer stay became an unforgettable experience for Rubiales and it was turned into a golden opportunity for researchers to explore the effects of long-term space travel on the human body. Although space exploration is of importance for human beings’ development, it brings about unique bad effects on both physical and mental well-being. The absence of gravity in space can cause astronauts to lose muscle and bone strength, which may cause their disabilities. To solve this problem, they must exercise for 150 minutes every week. Additionally, space traveler’s eyes can be affected in the zero-gravity environment, facing the danger of being blind. What’s worse, beyond earth’s protective layer, astronaut s face greater exposure to strong solar radiation, increasing the risk of serious health issues, including cancer. Astronauts’ mental health is also at risk. On Earth, daylight patterns help us sleep, but astronauts in space see 16 sunrises and sunsets each day. The unusual pattern disturbs their natural sleep cycles and leads to anxiety. Besides, the limited social interactions and the constant observation by experts on Earth can result in stress and loneliness. Therefore, these factors stress the importance of advancing technology and strategies to ensure astronauts’ health and well-being during long-time missions, such as space travel that could last up to years. The experience and data gathered from missions like Rubiales’ not only help prepare for more distant space explorations but also have improved applications on Earth. Technologies that once supported space exploration are now increasing medical qualities in hospitals and helping recovery from health conditions, bridgeing the gap between space achievements and daily life. 17．What happened to Rubiales? A．He stayed longer in space for a technical mistake. B．He returned to the Earth on time. C．He researched the effects of long-term space travel. D．He was scheduled to spend 371 days in space. 18．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Health problems caused by the absence of gravity. B．Bad effects on astronauts’ physical health in space. C．Astronauts’ bad experiences in space. D．Solutions to health issues including cancer. 19．What may mainly cause astronauts’ anxiety? A．Sunrises and sunsets. B．Observation by experts. C．Lack of sleep. D．Usual daylight patterns. 20．What is the author’s attitude toward space explorations? A．Disapproving. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Objective. （六） （23-24高二下·山东临沂·期末）Does alien life exist? It’s a question many people have tried to answer. 21 AI is a type of program that allows a computer to learn from experience and perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. AI works by taking in lots of data, then making predictions based on it. The research team used their AI method to analyze different materials and determine whether they were biotic (生物性的) or abiotic. 22 To train the AI program, the researchers gave it data on 134 biotic and abiotic materials. The program then used that knowledge to predict whether things like human hair, bones, teeth, eaves, coal, and chemicals were alive or not.   23 24 “We may be able to find a life-form from another planet.” said Robert Hazen of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC． “If we do find signs of life elsewhere, we can tell if life on Earth and other planets derived from a common or different origin.” For now, though, the team is focused on ancient rock samples from Earth to learn more about life on our own planet and where it originated. For example, the tool could be used to settle a disagreement among scientists about 3. 5-billion-year-old rocks from Western Australia. 25 However, others think the rocks just have unusual patterns. The AI could also be used to examine samples from Mars collected by the Perseverance over. NASA put this wheeled robot on the red planet to search for evidence that Mars has the right conditions to support life. Perseverance is gathering rock samples that will be brought to Earth in 2033. A．People’s answers are various. B．Some experts believe AI can’t tell their origin. C．The researchers said the AI was 90% accurate. D．The scientists also think the AI tool could detect alien life-forms. E．Some experts believe the rocks contain Earth’s oldest fossil samples. F．Now scientists have identified a new method for finding alien life using AI. G．The AI also could tell whether a biotic sample was currently living or a fossil. （七） 完形填空 （2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）For a little girl growing up in Colombia in the 1980s, a science career with NASA may have seemed like setting foot on a faraway planet. 26 , Diana Trujill has made it — she is a(n) 27 now, leading a 45-person team that’s responsible for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover. Born in 1983, even as a young girl, Diana was certain of her passion for science. When she was 17, her dad offered to send her to Miami, Florida to study Aerospace Engineering. Without any 28 , she followed her dad’s 29 . Arriving in the U.S. with just $300, Trujillo had to 30 through school by doing a series of housekeeping jobs. The 31 was definitely not easy, but Trujillo never complained. Then came another 32 moment for Trujillo. One of her professors casually mentioned an astronaut they were acquainted with. 33 she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut” was all it took to 34 Trujillo’s career goals. So she 35 her studies in space science and 36 became the first Hispanic (拉丁裔的) woman to be admitted to the NASA Academy in 2007. Since then, Trujillo has worn many hats at America’s space agency. But Diana hasn’t 37 there. She also leads by example, 38 women to pursue careers in STEM fields. Her own story is a 39 that just beyond that barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to 40 the stars. 26．A．Therefore B．Instead C．However D．Moreover 27．A．astronaut B．engineer C．pilot D．doctor 28．A．hesitation B．complaint C．expectation D．promise 29．A．command B．footstep C．request D．suggestion 30．A．go B．pass C．struggle D．push 31．A．mission B．career C．adventure D．process 32．A．risk-taking B．life-changing C．time-consuming D．energy-saving 33．A．Realizing B．Remembering C．Imagining D．Assuming 34．A．record B．share C．inspire D．finish 35．A．started B．abandoned C．suspended D．continued 36．A．immediately B．eventually C．gradually D．suddenly 37．A．left B．succeeded C．stopped D．reached 38．A．encouraging B．promising C．allowing D．persuading 39．A．symbol B．notice C．warning D．reminder 40．A．stare at B．reach for C．long for D．come after （八） 语法填空 （2025·浙江·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 China launched its complex and ambitious Chang’e-6 mission Friday to collect the first ever samples from the far side of the moon. A 57-meter-tall Long March 5 lifted off from the Wenchang Satellite Launch Center at 5:30 a.m. Eastern (0930 UTC) May 3, carrying the 41 8,200-kilogram Chang’e-6 into orbit. A first second stage burn was completed 12 minutes 42 launch, with a trans-lunar injection (跨月轨道) burn set for around 14 minutes later. Spacecraft 43 (separate) is scheduled for around 37 minutes into flight. If successful, samples 44 (deliver) by the 53-day-long mission could change our understanding of the Earth and the history of the early solar system. Chang’e-6 is a four-module spacecraft. Its orbiter (人造卫星) will put the mission in lunar orbit, after 45 a lander will detach to land in the Apollo crater on the moon’s far side. As the far side of the moon is never visible to Earth, due to our planet slowing the moon’s rotation 46   leaving it tidally locked — in a way that relates to the the rise and fall of the sea, a relay satellite is needed for communication between Earth and the moon’s hidden side. For this, China 47 (launch) Queqiao-2 in March into a specialized lunar orbit. After landing, the spacecraft will use a drill and scoop to gather 2,000 grams of lunar material, reaching down two meters. These samples will 48 (load) into an ascent vehicle that will return to lunar orbit and perform 49 complex, delicate docking (对接) with the orbiter. From here, the samples are sent to a reentry capsule. The orbiter will prepare for the return to Earth. The reentry capsule will be released just prior 50 reaching Earth and will first skip off the planet’s atmosphere. This will help it slow it down before landing in Inner Mongolia. （九） 短文填空 （23-24高一下·全国·课后作业）根据汉语提示补全短文 51 (和妈妈大吵之后), I stormed out of the house, slamming the door heavily. 52 (既失望又沮丧), I 53 (感觉好像漂浮在无限悲伤的海洋里). Later, I stood beside a stand and 54 (由于缺钱叹了口气). The seller noticed my dilemma, greeted me with a kind smile and 55 (示意我坐下). I was moved to tears. The seller smiled, “Girl, it is your mother 56 (为你提供生活所需) from when you were born!” I wiped my tears, leapt to my feet and ran for home like a wind. 思维素养提升 Task 1写作项目——Present an argument about space exploration 本单元的写作任务是写一篇议论文。议论文是通过剖析事物来论述事理、发表意见或提出主张的一种文体，要求作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等来确定某一观点的正确或错误，肯定或否定某种观点或主张。正反观点对比类议论文是从正反两个方面说明某个观点，进而表达自己的看法。请选择一篇你感兴趣的阅读语篇，尝试用思维导图绘制出文章脉络吧！ Task 2 （2024·陕西西安·模拟预测）从上个世纪50年代起，围绕“太空探索的巨大开支是否值得”的争论就不曾休止。有人辩称太空探索改变了我们的生活，但也有人说我们更应该用这些资金去应对气候变化，贫穷，饥饿等国际问题。请写一篇议论文表明你的观点，并给出相应的理由。 注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Since 1950s, there has been a debate about whether the money spent on space exploration is worthwhile. I ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ $$必修第三册Unit 4 Space Exploration （人教版2019） 人与自然：太空探索 单元引言解读 Mystery creates wonder and wonder is the basis of man's desire to understand. —Neil Armstrong 释义：本单元开篇页选取了第一位登上月球的美国宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的名言：“神秘感激发好奇心，而好奇心则是人们探索未知事物的前提。” 启示：太空探索对人类来说是一种挑战。正是这种挑战激励着一些国家不断努力地进行太空探索。对未知领域的好奇是促使人类不断探索的源泉，也是推动人类进步的动力。探索无止境，只有怀着一颗好奇之心，我们才能在探索的道路上不断地进取，攻克一个个难关，才能有一个个令人惊叹的发现。 名言名句积累 人与自然：太空探索 1．Space exploration contributes not only to the improvement of the quality of human life, but also to our understanding of the interdependence of all beings. 太空探索不仅有助于改善人类的生活质量，而且也有助于我们理解所有生物的相互依赖性。 2．That's one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind. —Neil Armstrong 对一个人来说，这是一小步；对人类来说，这是一大步。 ——尼尔·阿姆斯特朗 3．Almost every day we may see something in the newspaper or on TV about the latest exciting developments in space exploration. 几乎每天，我们都会在报纸或电视上看到一些关于太空探索的最新的令人兴奋的进展。 4．The pursuit of the ultimate truth of the universe is the final objective and destination of civilization. —Liu Cixin 对宇宙终极真理的追求，是文明的最终目标和归宿。 ——刘慈欣 5．Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet.Try to make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist.Be curious. —Stephen Hawking 记住要仰望星空，而不是低头看脚下。尝试去理解你所看到的事物，并思考宇宙何以存在。保持好奇心。 ——斯蒂芬·霍金 时文拓展阅读 How to make Britain’s new innovation agency work When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first ever satellite, in 1957, Americans were blindsided. They could scarcely believe that they had been beaten into space. “Now, somehow, in some new way, the sky seemed almost alien,” said Lyndon Johnson, then the majority leader of the Senate, describing what he called “the profound shock of realising that it might be possible for another nation to achieve technological superiority over this great country of ours”. America’s leaders did not want to be beaten again. In 1958 President Dwight Eisenhower approved the creation of a new institution—the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Its task would be to scan the technological horizon and “invent the future”. Six decades later ARPA’s modern incarnation, DARPA (the D stands for defence) has proved itself so useful—with decisive roles in creating everything from the internet to mRNA covid-19 vaccines—that many medium-sized countries want their own versions. One of those countries is Britain, which this month announced that its new body—the Advanced Research and Invention Agency (ARIA)—would be led by Peter Highnam, a computer scientist poached, promisingly, from DARPA itself. ARIA’s stated purpose is to fund high-risk, high-reward research and it will start with a budget of $1.1bn over four years. This new addition to Britain’s research-funding landscape is welcome—two years after the country left the European Union, it is still unclear whether British scientists will continue to receive any support from the EU’s $108bn Horizon Europe programme. Yet MrHighnam will face challenges in bringing the DARPA model to a country that has never seen anything like it. Copying his previous employer wholesale is unlikely to succeed—DARPA’s scope and scale (it currently has a budget of $3.5bn per year) far outweigh anything possible in Britain. Instead of trying to replicate DARPA, he should focus on bringing two elements of its model across the Atlantic. The first is independence. Government interference has hobbled other experimental research bodies, such as Germany’s version of DARPA. British ministers have promised the new agency will be free from political interference and the bureaucracy associated with the country’s usual research agencies. But the civil service, science establishment and press may not react kindly to a hands-off agency that is given big chunks of money and resists scrutiny. MrHighnam should go on a charm offensive to explain what ARIA is. That includes the tough task of preparing Britain for failures. Lots of them. DARPA has succeeded over the decades in part because many of its gambles have not paid off. That is a sign that it is investigating truly radical ideas, rather than confining itself to the sorts of safe scientific bets best left to industry or more conventional research institutions. The second element is to have a centre of gravity. DARPA’s early successes came from its relationship with America’s Department of Defence, which was trying to win a decades-long cold war. It gave a strategic direction to research and acted as a deep-pocketed customer. As a middling power, Britain does not have a defence budget that remotely matches that of Uncle Sam. Instead ARIA should focus on another area, where the country has critical mass: life sciences. Britain is world-class in this domain—as demonstrated in both its academic citations and its scientific response to covid-19. British life-sciences firms raised $3.4bn of venture capital in 2021; more than anywhere else in Europe but far less than the American biotech hubs, Massachusetts ($11.5bn) and San Francisco ($4.9bn). There is ample room, therefore, for stimulation and investment that would direct existing British academic and industrial strengths into tackling long-term health concerns. And with Britain’s National Health Service, ARIA has a giant customer with a burning need for technological breakthroughs and the resources to buy them. By identifying the challenges that people and health systems are likely to face in the next few decades, ARIA could show that medium-sized countries can be at science’s cutting edge. 【译文欣赏】 如何让英国新成立的创新机构发挥作用 1957年，苏联发射了世界上第一颗人造卫星斯普特尼克号（Sputnik），打了美国一个措手不及。美国人简直不敢相信自己居然在太空领域败下阵来。时任参议院多数党领袖林登·约翰逊（Lyndon Johnson）表示，“现如今，不知何故，天空似乎以一种前所未见的方式变得陌生起来”，这让他“深感震惊，意识到另一个国家可能比我们这个伟大的国度更具科技优势”。 美国领导人不想再次品尝惨败的滋味。1958年，德怀特·艾森豪威尔（Dwight Eisenhower）总统批准成立了一家新的机构——高级研究计划局 （ARPA），任务是全面着眼科技领域并“创造未来”。60多年过去了，ARPA现已更名为DARPA（国防部高级研究计划局），并在几乎一切发明创造中发挥了决定性作用，从创造互联网到研发mRNA新冠肺炎疫苗都是如此。难怪许多中型国家纷纷想要在本国成立此类机构。 英国便是其中之一。本月，英国宣布其新成立的高级研究与发明局（ARIA）将由彼得·海纳姆（Peter Highnam）领导，他正是英国从DARPA挖来的计算机科学家，可望大有作为。ARIA宣称，其宗旨是资助高风险、高回报的研究，将在未来四年内提供11亿美元的预算支持。作为英国研究基金版图的新成员，ARIA广受欢迎。英国脱欧两年后，国内科学家是否能继续从欧盟1080亿欧元的“欧洲地平线”计划（Horizon Europe）中获得支持，尚无定数。 然而，要将DARPA模式应用到一个从未有过类似经验的国家，海纳姆将面临重重挑战。全盘照搬前任雇主的做法是不太可能成功的，因为DARPA的研究领域和规模（目前年预算达35亿美元）远超英国，ARIA难以企及。因此，海纳姆不应该想着怎样复制DARPA，而应专注于将该模式的两大要素带到大西洋彼岸。 一是保持独立性。政府干预阻碍了其他试验性研究机构（例如德国版的DARPA）的发展。尽管英国部长们纷纷允诺，新机构ARIA将不会受到政治干涉，也不会像传统研究机构那样“官僚风”盛行，但是行政部门、科学界当权派和媒体们可不会给这样一个坐拥大笔资金，同时拒绝审查的独立机构任何好脸色。 海纳姆需要做的是展开魅力攻势，好好解释一下ARIA是做什么的，其中包括一项艰巨的任务就是让英国做好迎接多次失败的准备。过去数十年，DARPA之所以风生水起，部分原因就是其开展了许多最终并未有所收获的冒险研究。而这恰恰表明，DARPA在进行真正革命性的研究，而不是将研究范围局限于更适合产业发展或传统研究机构探索的常规科研领域。 二是找准重心。DARPA早期的成功得益于背靠美国国防部，后者在美苏几十年冷战中一直想占据上风。它既能对研究做出战略性引导，又能提供雄厚的财力支持。但英国作为一个中等强国，其国防预算远不能与美国相比。因此，ARIA应该转向本国具有核心优势的领域：生命科学。 英国在生命科学领域位居世界一流，这一点从其学术引用情况和应对新冠疫情的科学举措可见一斑。2021年，全英生命科学企业共获得34亿美元的风险投资，这一金额虽然稳居欧洲第一，但却远不及美国马萨诸塞州（115亿美元）和旧金山（49亿美元）这两大美国生物科技中心。 因此，英国在该领域的发展空间还很广阔，可以通过刺激和投资转化已有的学术力量和产业优势，解决长期医疗难题。 此外，英国的国家医疗服务体系（NHS）可以成为ARIA的大客户，NHS亟需技术突破以及购买技术转换成果的资金。通过预测未来几十年人类和医疗系统可能面临的挑战，ARIA可以证明，即便是中型国家，也可以引领前沿科技发展。 【词汇积累】 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 satellite [ˈsætəlaɪt] n. 人造卫星 landscape [ˈlændskeɪp] n. 版图 blindside [ˈblaɪndsaɪd] v. 攻其不备 previous [ˈpriːviəs] adj. 上一次的 profound [prəˈfaʊnd] adj. 意义深远的 outweigh [ˌaʊtˈweɪ] v. 胜过；大于 institution [ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn] n. 机构 interference [ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns] n. 干扰 horizon [həˈraɪzn] n. 地平线；眼界 offensive [əˈfensɪv] n. 进攻；攻势 decisive [dɪˈsaɪsɪv] adj. 果断的 ample [ˈæmpl] adj. 充足的；足够的 purpose [ˈpɜːpəs] n. 意图；目的 edge [edʒ] n. 边；边线 【知识拓展】 英国政府成立了一个新的独立研究机构，以资助高风险、高回报的科学研究。该机构名为高级研究与发明局（ARIA），获得了英国政府8亿英镑资助，将由世界领先的杰出科学家领导，以确定和资助快速转化的科学和技术。该新机构旨在巩固英国作为全球科学超级大国的地位。ARIA将以其他国家/地区的成功案例为基础和目标，特别是具有影响力的美国国防高级研究计划局（DARPA），推动诸如互联网、GPS、隐形战斗机等转型技术的探索和发展。最近，DARPA正在研发可以发射多枚空-空导弹的无人机，该机构已与通用原子公司，洛马公司和诺格公司签订合同，以进行“远射”（LongShot）计划的第一阶段初步设计工作。 【词汇延伸】 blindsided ：出其不意地攻击；使遭受意外打击 incarnation ：化身；典型 poach ：偷猎；挖走（人员等） hobble ：阻碍；蹒跚 scrutiny ：仔细审查；监视 gravity ：重力；严重性；重要性 venture ：冒险；风险 stimulation ：刺激；激励 综合实战演练 （一） （2022高三上·全国·专题练习）Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1．Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A．sympathetic B．unconcerned C．doubtful D．excited 2．What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A．His dominance in physics. B．The competition in the field. C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies. 3．What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Open. B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 1．推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 ( 结合高考题来看，猜测词义题要求考生正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义。词义并非完全等同词典中所标注的汉语意思，其在不同的语境中会有所不同。根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义。阅读文章时，对未见过的词，可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力。 从近几年高考真题来看，阅读理解 猜测词义题目常见设问方式有 ： 1.The underlined word “ … ” refers to/ (probably) means . 2.In paragraph..., “...” can be replaced by “...”. 3.“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as… 4.By saying that “...” in the first paragraph, the author means that_____ 5.What does the underlined word “…” refer to in the last paragraph? 6.Which of the following words can take the place of the word “ … ”? 7.The underlined word /sentence in the ... paragraph could best be replaced by… 8.Which of the following has the closest meaning to the word “ … ”? 解题技巧 ) ( 1.The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” 本句是一个复合句。主句为 The company is closer;he says为插入语；than any other firm为than引导的比较状语从句；句中还有两个that引导的定语从句，第一个定语从句修饰先行词one，第二个修饰先行词an impactful problem 翻译：他说，这家公司比任何其他公司“在很大程度上”更接近于建造一台“有用的”量子计算机，一台“解决一个我们无法解决的有影响力的问题”的计算机。 But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “quantum”stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” ①something about quantum computing是about引导的介词短语做后置定语，来修饰something，意为：量子计算的某些特性； ②you shouldn’t be able to understand是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，that在从句中做宾语（①关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，可以省略；②定语从句先行词是不定代词的时候，引导词只能用that）； 翻译：但约翰逊表示，量子计算的某些特性让它特别容易被炒作，可能是因为“‘量子’代表着一些你不应该能够理解的很酷的东西。” ) ( 1. laboratory n. 实验室 2. curiosity n. 好奇心 3. invest vt. 投资；耗费 4. opposite adj. 相反的；对面的；对立的 5. potentially adv. 潜在地;可能地 6. mislead vt. 误导；带错 7. investor n. 投资者;出资者 8.  excitement n. 兴奋, 激动; 令人兴奋的事 9. apply vt. 应用；申请；涂，敷 10. impactful adj. 有效的,有力的 11. otherwise adv. 否则；另外；在其他方面 12. discount  n. 数目，折扣 13. quantitatively adv. 数量上 14. margin n. 页边缘；利润，余裕 15. claim vt. 声称, 断言 16. sympathetic adj. 表示同情的; 赞同的, 支持的 17. dominance n. 优势;支配地位;控制力1 8 . take steps to do sth 采取行动做某事 19 . keep one’s promise 信守承诺; 守诺; 遵守诺言; ) 全文翻译 量子计算机最近一直萦绕在我的脑海里。一位朋友一直在给我发文章，介绍量子计算机如何帮助解决我们人类面临的一些最大挑战。我还与两位量子计算专家进行了交流。其中之一是计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊，我认为他是一个帮助保持该领域诚实的人。另一位是物理学家菲利普·泰勒。 几十年来，量子计算只不过是一种实验室的好奇心。现在，大型科技公司已经投资于量子计算，许多小型科技公司也是如此。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施使气候变化朝着相反的方向发展。”这是让约翰逊恼火的炒作。他担心研究人员正在做出他们无法兑现的承诺。约翰逊写道：“新的是，量子计算研究人员现在可能可以获得数百万美元。” 随着量子计算吸引更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，误导他们自己对其工作潜力的看法。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒。许多其他技术都经历了激动人心的阶段。但约翰逊认为，量子计算的某些方面使其特别容易被炒作，也许是因为“‘量子’代表了你不应该理解的很酷的东西。”这让我想起了泰勒，他建议我读他的《量子Q》一书。 在我读完这本书后，泰勒耐心地回答了我的问题。他还回答了我关于他于2016年共同创立的PyQuantum公司的问题。泰勒和约翰逊一样担心炒作，但他说这些担忧不适用于PyQuantum。 他说，该公司比其他任何公司都“以非常大的优势”更接近于构建一台“有用”的量子计算机，一台“解决了一个我们无法解决的有影响力的问题”的计算机。他补充道，“人们自然会否定我的意见，但我花了很多时间对我们正在做的事情与其他公司进行定量比较。” PyQuantum真的能像泰勒声称的那样“以很大的优势”领先所有的竞争吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他任何人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。 (二) （23-24高二下·广东佛山·期末）The concept of a space elevator, while once confined to the realm of science fiction, is gaining traction as a potential reality within the next few decades. This belief is not unfounded, but rather stems from the ongoing advancements in aerospace engineering and materials science. As an aerospace engineer and a physics professor, the allure of a space elevator — a colossal cable extending from Earth's surface into space, facilitating the transportation of both people and cargo — remains a compelling subject of study. In recent years, innovative approaches to design and engineering have surfaced, providing new insights into the feasibility and functionality of space elevators. The rationale for constructing a space elevator is multifaceted. Firstly, it presents a significant opportunity for energy and cost efficiency, offering a more practical alternative to traditional rocket-based space travel. The economic and environmental benefits are substantial, as the space elevator would reduce the need for fuel-intensive rocket launches. Secondly, the space elevator would revolutionize accessibility to space. The term "space mission" could evolve into “transit”, reflecting the routine and weather-independent nature of space travel. This shift would not only make space travel safer for astronauts, mitigating the risks associated with rocket launches, but also open up the cosmos to a broader range of individuals and purposes. Moreover, the space elevator acts as a gateway to the solar system. By releasing a payload at different points along the elevator, one could achieve orbit around Earth or the sun, depending on the release point, all without the need for propulsion. While it may seem that I am an advocate for the space elevator, my true passion lies in the study of its mechanics and the potential it holds for our future. In a world facing numerous challenges, the pursuit of such ambitious projects allows us to dream of a time when humanity becomes responsible stewards of our planet, reaching for the stars while preserving our home. 5．What's the function of Paragraph 1? A．To introduce the topic. B．To set a background. C．To make a comparison. D．To give an example. 6．What does the underlined phrase "tinker with" mean in Paragraph 3? A．Abandon. B．Improve. C．Establish. D．Discuss. 7．What is the purpose of building a space elevator? A．To please science fiction fans. B．To promote space tourism. C．To protect astronauts' safety. D．To make space travel easier. 8．What is the author's attitude towards space elevators? A．Unclear. B．Doubtful. C．Optimistic. D．Dismissive. 【答案】5．A 6．B 7．D 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了太空电梯的概念及其潜在的现实意义。文章讨论了太空电梯的设计、功能以及建造它的目的，并表达了作者对太空电梯的乐观态度。 5．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The concept of a space elevator, while once confined to the realm of science fiction, is gaining traction as a potential reality within the next few decades.(太空电梯的概念，虽然曾经局限于科幻领域，但在未来几十年内正逐渐成为一种潜在的现实。)”可知，第一段的主要功能是引入主题，即太空电梯的概念及其潜在的现实意义。故选A项。 6．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“The rationale for constructing a space elevator is multifaceted. Firstly, it presents a significant opportunity for energy and cost efficiency, offering a more practical alternative to traditional rocket-based space travel.(建造太空电梯的理由是多方面的。首先，它为能源和成本效率提供了一个重要的机会，提供了一个比传统的火箭太空旅行更实用的替代方案。)”可知，建造太空电梯的目的是为了提高能源和成本效率，提供一个更实用的替代方案。因此，“tinker with”在这里意味着“改进”，即改进传统的火箭太空旅行。故选B项。 7．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Secondly, the space elevator would revolutionize accessibility to space. The term “space mission” could evolve into “transit,” reflecting the routine and weather-independent nature of space travel.(其次，太空电梯将彻底改变进入太空的方式。“太空任务”这个词可能会演变成“过境”，反映了太空旅行的日常性和不受天气影响的特性。)”可知，建造太空电梯的目的是为了使太空旅行变得更加容易和日常化。故选D项。 8．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“While it may seem that I am an advocate for the space elevator, my true passion lies in the study of its mechanics and the potential it holds for our future.(虽然看起来我是太空电梯的支持者，但我真正的热情在于研究它的机械原理和它对我们未来的潜力。)”可知，作者对太空电梯持乐观态度，认为它有巨大的潜力和价值。故选C项。 （三） （23-24高二下·广东佛山·期末）We are currently experiencing an unprecedented era in the realm of space exploration, marked by a surge in the retrieval and study of celestial samples. This “golden age” is characterized by the active efforts of global space agencies to gather and analyze material from various celestial bodies, including asteroids, moons, and planets. China’s Chang’e 5 mission stands out as a recent triumph in this endeavor. On December 17, the Chang’e 5 lunar probe successfully concluded its journey by landing in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, as reported by China Daily. This mission, the first lunar sample-return endeavor since 1976, managed to secure an impressive 1,713 grams of lunar rocks and dust, utilizing advanced drilling technology and robotic arms. Similarly, on December 6, Japan’s Hayabusa 2 probe achieved a remarkable feat by returning a capsule filled with samples from the asteroid Ryugu. This marks the second instance of asteroid samples being collected and brought back to Earth, following the original Hayabusa spacecraft’s accomplishment in 2010. The momentum in this field is set to continue, with NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft anticipated to return to Earth in 2023, carrying samples from the asteroid Bennu. Additionally, Russia’s Lunar-25 mission is poised to launch in 2021, with the objective of collecting lunar samples. The significance of these sample-return missions cannot be overstated. They hold the potential to shed light on long-standing mysteries that have baffled scientists, such as the origins of life and the emergence of water on Earth. As Ann Nguyen, a NASA planetary scientist, emphasizes, “I cannot emphasize enough how valuable return samples are for increasing our understanding of the origin and evolution of our solar system and our place in the universe, and how we came to be.” Upon arrival on Earth, these celestial samples undergo meticulous analysis using sophisticated instruments. These analyses can yield more detailed insights than what can be gleaned from photographs or robotic rovers alone. In the case of the Chang’e 5 lunar samples, scientists will employ a variety of analytical methods, tests, and experiments to determine the composition, structure, and physical properties of the lunar material. This comprehensive understanding will contribute to a deeper comprehension of the moon’s history and, by extension, the broader history of our solar system. Though we have only begun to explore the surface of these celestial bodies, both in a literal and figurative sense, the knowledge we have gained is already substantial. The journey of discovery is far from over, with a wealth of mysteries still waiting to be unveiled. 9．What do we know about the Chang’e 5 lunar probe? A．It was launched on Dec 17. B．It collected the world’s first lunar sample. C．It brought back 1,713 grams of lunar samples. D．It completed the most successful mission recently. 10．Which of the following collected the first asteroid samples? A．Hayabusa. B．Hayabusa 2. C．OSIRIS-REx. D．Russia’s Lunar-25. 11．What can the samples shed light on (阐明)? A．The origin of life. B．Structure of the solar system. C．Which celestial bodies have water. D．How water first appeared on the moon. 12．What will scientists do with the samples? A．Analyze them and conduct experiments. B．Determine their sources. C．Compare them with space photos. D．Scratch their surfaces. 【答案】9．C 10．A 11．A 12．A 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。介绍了当前全球太空机构在回收和研究天体样本方面的活跃努力。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段“This mission, the first lunar sample-return endeavor since 1976, managed to secure an impressive 1,713 grams of lunar rocks and dust, utilizing advanced drilling technology and robotic arms.(这次任务是自1976年以来的第一次月球样本返回任务，利用先进的钻探技术和机械臂，成功地获得了令人印象深刻的1713克月球岩石和尘埃)”可知，嫦娥五号月球探测器带回了1713克月球样本。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“This marks the second instance of asteroid samples being collected and brought back to Earth, following the original Hayabusa spacecraft’s accomplishment in 2010.(这是继2010年第一次“隼鸟”号宇宙飞船之后，第二次收集并带回地球的小行星样本)”可知，隼鸟号收集了第一批小行星样本。故选A。 11．细节理解题。根据第五段“They hold the potential to shed light on long-standing mysteries that have baffled scientists, such as the origins of life and the emergence of water on Earth.(它们有可能解开长期困扰科学家的谜团，比如生命的起源和地球上水的出现)”可知，这些样本能说明生命的起源。故选A。 12．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“In the case of the Chang’e 5 lunar samples, scientists will employ a variety of analytical methods, tests, and experiments to determine the composition, structure, and physical properties of the lunar material.(就嫦娥五号月球样本而言，科学家将采用各种分析方法、测试和实验来确定月球物质的组成、结构和物理性质)”可知，科学家们将分析这些样本并进行实验。故选A。 （四） （23-24高一下·甘肃兰州·期末）A home science experiment recently took the world by storm. Two teens from Toronto, in Canada, sent a Lego man rising above the Earth and captured their tiny astronaut’s trip on film. Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad, both 17, used a weather balloon to launch their plastic lego model 16 miles above the Earth. This is inside a part of Earth’s atmosphere. The two teens were inspired by a similar project performed by students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The MIT students had launched a weather balloon with a camera into near space and taken many unusual images of the Earth. Mathew and Asad then spent four months figuring out how to launch their own spacecraft into the space. Traveling to space is expensive for NASA, but Mathew and Asad worked hard to keep their costs down. They bought much of their equipment used. In total, the project cost only $400. “We had a lot of anxiety on launch day because there were high winds when we were going up,” Mathew told reporters. They had to pump extra helium (氦) into the balloon so that it would rise quickly and avoid being blown too far off course by the strong winds. The toy astronaut’s journey lasted 97 minutes before the balloon broke and he fell back to Earth. Mathew and Asad then spent two weekends looking for their spacecraft. It had landed 76 miles away from the launch site. The student scientists are currently finishing up their final year of high school and applying for colleges. They are also looking into more do­it­yourself space projects. “I guess the sky is not really the limit anymore,” Mathew told reporters. “We never knew we’d get this far. It’s been a lesson for us that hard work pays off.” 13．By saying “took the world by storm” in the first paragraph, the writer meant the experiment ________. A．harmed the world B．flooded the world C．attracted the world D．managed the world 14．Which of the following about the students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is right? A．They were examples for Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad. B．They helped Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad to achieve dream. C．They launched weather balloon together with Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad. D．They studied with Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad in the same school. 15．How did Mathew and Asad keep their costs down? A．By making the weather balloon themselves. B．By borrowing spacecraft from the MIT students. C．By making their spacecraft by hand. D．By using second­hand equipment. 16．What problems did Mathew and Asad have on launch day? A．They ran out of helium. B．The wind was too strong. C．The balloon suddenly broke. D．Their spacecraft was blown away. 【答案】13．C 14．A 15．D 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要讲述了两名加拿大多伦多的青少年进行的一项自制科学实验，他们利用气象气球将乐高小人送入近太空并拍摄了整个过程，实验的成功引起了广泛的关注。 13．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Two teens from Toronto, in Canada, sent a Lego man rising above the Earth and captured their tiny astronaut’s trip on film. (来自加拿大多伦多的两名青少年把一个乐高人送上了地球，并把他们的小宇航员之旅拍了下来。)”可知，实验引起了全世界的极大关注和兴趣，就像一阵风暴席卷全球一样，因此took the world by storm的意思是“吸引了世界”。A. harmed the world伤害世界；B. flooded the world淹没世界；C. attracted the world吸引世界；D. managed the world管理世界。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The two teens were inspired by a similar project performed by students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). (这两名青少年的灵感来自于麻省理工学院（MIT）学生的一个类似项目。)”可知，麻省理工学院的学生项目给了二人灵感，是他们的范例。故选A。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Traveling to space is expensive for NASA, but Mathew and Asad worked hard to keep their costs down. They bought much of their equipment used. In total, the project cost only $400. (到太空旅行对美国宇航局来说是昂贵的，但马修和阿萨德努力降低成本。他们的大部分设备都是买来使用过的。这个项目总共只花了400美元。)”可知，他们通过购买二手设备来降低成本。故选D。 16．细节理解题。根据第四段中““We had a lot of anxiety on launch day because there were high winds when we were going up,” Mathew told reporters. (马修告诉记者：“我们在发射那天非常焦虑，因为我们升空的时候风很大。”)”可知，他们在发射当天遇到的问题是风太大。故选B。 （五） （23-24高二下·贵州毕节·期末）Astronaut Frank Rubiales made headlines by spending 371 days in space, far beyond his scheduled 180 days, due to a technical failure. This unexpected longer stay became an unforgettable experience for Rubiales and it was turned into a golden opportunity for researchers to explore the effects of long-term space travel on the human body. Although space exploration is of importance for human beings’ development, it brings about unique bad effects on both physical and mental well-being. The absence of gravity in space can cause astronauts to lose muscle and bone strength, which may cause their disabilities. To solve this problem, they must exercise for 150 minutes every week. Additionally, space traveler’s eyes can be affected in the zero-gravity environment, facing the danger of being blind. What’s worse, beyond earth’s protective layer, astronaut s face greater exposure to strong solar radiation, increasing the risk of serious health issues, including cancer. Astronauts’ mental health is also at risk. On Earth, daylight patterns help us sleep, but astronauts in space see 16 sunrises and sunsets each day. The unusual pattern disturbs their natural sleep cycles and leads to anxiety. Besides, the limited social interactions and the constant observation by experts on Earth can result in stress and loneliness. Therefore, these factors stress the importance of advancing technology and strategies to ensure astronauts’ health and well-being during long-time missions, such as space travel that could last up to years. The experience and data gathered from missions like Rubiales’ not only help prepare for more distant space explorations but also have improved applications on Earth. Technologies that once supported space exploration are now increasing medical qualities in hospitals and helping recovery from health conditions, bridgeing the gap between space achievements and daily life. 17．What happened to Rubiales? A．He stayed longer in space for a technical mistake. B．He returned to the Earth on time. C．He researched the effects of long-term space travel. D．He was scheduled to spend 371 days in space. 18．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Health problems caused by the absence of gravity. B．Bad effects on astronauts’ physical health in space. C．Astronauts’ bad experiences in space. D．Solutions to health issues including cancer. 19．What may mainly cause astronauts’ anxiety? A．Sunrises and sunsets. B．Observation by experts. C．Lack of sleep. D．Usual daylight patterns. 20．What is the author’s attitude toward space explorations? A．Disapproving. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Objective. 【答案】17．A 18．B 19．C 20．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了尽管太空探索对人类发展具有重要意义，但它也给宇航员的身心健康带来了独特的负面影响。 17．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Astronaut Frank Rubiales made headlines by spending 371 days in space, far beyond his scheduled 180 days, due to a technical failure.(由于技术故障，宇航员弗兰克·鲁比亚莱斯在太空中度过了371天，远远超出了他计划的180天，成为头条新闻。)”可知，由于一个技术错误，他在太空停留的时间更长。故选A。 18．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“The absence of gravity in space can cause astronauts to lose muscle and bone strength, which may cause their disabilities. To solve this problem, they must exercise for 150 minutes every week. Additionally, space traveler’s eyes can be affected in the zero-gravity environment, facing the danger of being blind. What’s worse, beyond earth’s protective layer, astronaut s face greater exposure to strong solar radiation, increasing the risk of serious health issues, including cancer.(太空中没有重力会导致宇航员失去肌肉和骨骼力量，这可能会导致他们的残疾。为了解决这个问题，他们必须每周锻炼150分钟。此外，太空旅行者的眼睛在零重力环境下会受到影响，面临失明的危险。更糟糕的是，在地球的保护层之外，宇航员面临着更大的太阳辐射，增加了患癌症等严重健康问题的风险。)”可知，第二段主要讲述了在太空中对宇航员身体健康的不良影响。故选B。 19．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The unusual pattern disturbs their natural sleep cycles and leads to anxiety.(这种不寻常的模式扰乱了他们的自然睡眠周期，导致焦虑。)”可知，导致宇航员焦虑的主要原因是睡眠不足。故选C。 20．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The absence of gravity in space can cause astronauts to lose muscle and bone strength, which may cause their disabilities.(太空中没有重力会导致宇航员失去肌肉和骨骼力量，这可能会导致他们的残疾。)”、文章第三段“Astronauts’ mental health is also at risk.( 宇航员的心理健康也处于危险之中。)”和文章最后一段“The experience and data gathered from missions like Rubiales’ not only help prepare for more distant space explorations but also have improved applications on Earth.(从像Rubiales这样的任务中收集的经验和数据不仅有助于为更遥远的太空探索做准备，而且还改善了地球上的应用。)”可知，作者在文章中提到了太空探索对人类发展的重要性，同时也指出了太空探索对人类身体和心理健康可能带来的负面影响。作者并没有表达出明显的赞成或反对的态度，而是客观地陈述了太空探索的利弊。故选D。 （六） （23-24高二下·山东临沂·期末）Does alien life exist? It’s a question many people have tried to answer. 21 AI is a type of program that allows a computer to learn from experience and perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. AI works by taking in lots of data, then making predictions based on it. The research team used their AI method to analyze different materials and determine whether they were biotic (生物性的) or abiotic. 22 To train the AI program, the researchers gave it data on 134 biotic and abiotic materials. The program then used that knowledge to predict whether things like human hair, bones, teeth, eaves, coal, and chemicals were alive or not.   23 24 “We may be able to find a life-form from another planet.” said Robert Hazen of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC． “If we do find signs of life elsewhere, we can tell if life on Earth and other planets derived from a common or different origin.” For now, though, the team is focused on ancient rock samples from Earth to learn more about life on our own planet and where it originated. For example, the tool could be used to settle a disagreement among scientists about 3. 5-billion-year-old rocks from Western Australia. 25 However, others think the rocks just have unusual patterns. The AI could also be used to examine samples from Mars collected by the Perseverance over. NASA put this wheeled robot on the red planet to search for evidence that Mars has the right conditions to support life. Perseverance is gathering rock samples that will be brought to Earth in 2033. A．People’s answers are various. B．Some experts believe AI can’t tell their origin. C．The researchers said the AI was 90% accurate. D．The scientists also think the AI tool could detect alien life-forms. E．Some experts believe the rocks contain Earth’s oldest fossil samples. F．Now scientists have identified a new method for finding alien life using AI. G．The AI also could tell whether a biotic sample was currently living or a fossil. 【答案】21．F 22．G 23．C 24．D 25．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新的方法，即使用人工智能（AI）来寻找外星生命。 21．根据前文“Does alien life exist? It’s a question many people have tried to answer.(外星生命存在吗？这是一个很多人都试图回答的问题)”以及后文“AI is a type of program that allows a computer to learn from experience and perform tasks that usually require human intelligence.(人工智能是一种允许计算机从经验中学习并执行通常需要人类智能的任务的程序)”可知，前文讲述外星生命，后文讲述人工智能，所以空处应是提及人工智能和外星生命有关，所以F项“Now scientists have identified a new method for finding alien life using AI.(现在，科学家们发现了一种利用人工智能寻找外星生命的新方法)”符合文意，承接上文，引出下文。故选F项。 22．根据前文“The research team used their AI method to analyze different materials and determine whether they were biotic (生物性的) or abiotic.(研究小组利用人工智能方法分析了不同的材料，并确定了它们是生物还是非生物)”可知，本段主要讲述人工智能在分析材料的运用，所以G项“The AI also could tell whether a biotic sample was currently living or a fossil.(人工智能还可以判断生物样本目前是活的还是化石)”承接上文，符合本段主题。故选G项。 23．设空位于段尾，是对前文的总结，根据前文“To train the AI program, the researchers gave it data on 134 biotic and abiotic materials. The program then used that knowledge to predict whether things like human hair, bones, teeth, eaves, coal, and chemicals were alive or not.(为了训练人工智能程序，研究人员给了它134种生物和非生物材料的数据。然后，该程序利用这些知识来预测人类的头发、骨骼、牙齿、屋檐、煤炭和化学品等是否有生命)”可知，本段讲述研究人员如何训练人工智能，所以C项“The researchers said the AI was 90% accurate.(研究人员表示，人工智能的准确率为90%)”说明训练的结果，符合本段主题。故选C项。 24．位于段首，为本段的中心句，根据后文““We may be able to find a life-form from another planet.” said Robert Hazen of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC.(“我们也许能在另一个星球上找到一种生命形式。”华盛顿卡内基科学研究所的Robert Hazen说)”可知，本段讲述人工智能能帮助探测生命形式，所以D项“The scientists also think the AI tool could detect alien life-forms.(科学家们还认为，这种人工智能工具可以探测到外星生命形式)”介绍科学家的观点，引出下文，符合本段主题，为本段中心句。故选D项。 25．根据前文“For example, the tool could be used to settle a disagreement among scientists about 3. 5-billion-year-old rocks from Western Australia.(例如，这个工具可以用来解决科学家们对来自西澳大利亚的35亿年前的岩石的分歧)”以及后文“However, others think the rocks just have unusual patterns.(然而，其他人认为这些岩石只是有不寻常的图案)”可知，此处在举例西澳大利亚的35亿年前的岩石进行说明，所以E项“Some experts believe the rocks contain Earth’s oldest fossil samples.(一些专家认为这些岩石含有地球上最古老的化石样本)”讲述岩石的研究，承上启下，符合此处主题。故选E项。 （七） 完形填空 （2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）For a little girl growing up in Colombia in the 1980s, a science career with NASA may have seemed like setting foot on a faraway planet. 26 , Diana Trujill has made it — she is a(n) 27 now, leading a 45-person team that’s responsible for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover. Born in 1983, even as a young girl, Diana was certain of her passion for science. When she was 17, her dad offered to send her to Miami, Florida to study Aerospace Engineering. Without any 28 , she followed her dad’s 29 . Arriving in the U.S. with just $300, Trujillo had to 30 through school by doing a series of housekeeping jobs. The 31 was definitely not easy, but Trujillo never complained. Then came another 32 moment for Trujillo. One of her professors casually mentioned an astronaut they were acquainted with. 33 she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut” was all it took to 34 Trujillo’s career goals. So she 35 her studies in space science and 36 became the first Hispanic (拉丁裔的) woman to be admitted to the NASA Academy in 2007. Since then, Trujillo has worn many hats at America’s space agency. But Diana hasn’t 37 there. She also leads by example, 38 women to pursue careers in STEM fields. Her own story is a 39 that just beyond that barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to 40 the stars. 26．A．Therefore B．Instead C．However D．Moreover 27．A．astronaut B．engineer C．pilot D．doctor 28．A．hesitation B．complaint C．expectation D．promise 29．A．command B．footstep C．request D．suggestion 30．A．go B．pass C．struggle D．push 31．A．mission B．career C．adventure D．process 32．A．risk-taking B．life-changing C．time-consuming D．energy-saving 33．A．Realizing B．Remembering C．Imagining D．Assuming 34．A．record B．share C．inspire D．finish 35．A．started B．abandoned C．suspended D．continued 36．A．immediately B．eventually C．gradually D．suddenly 37．A．left B．succeeded C．stopped D．reached 38．A．encouraging B．promising C．allowing D．persuading 39．A．symbol B．notice C．warning D．reminder 40．A．stare at B．reach for C．long for D．come after 【答案】 26．C 27．B 28．A 29．D 30．C 31．D 32．B 33．A 34．C 35．D 36．B 37．C 38．A 39．D 40．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了哥伦比亚长大的Diana Trujill克服重重困难，成为了美国宇航局的一名工程师，领导着团队负责火星探测器的机械臂的故事。 26．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，Diana Trujill做到了——她现在是一名工程师，领导着一个45人的团队，负责最新火星探测器的机械臂。A. Therefore因此；B. Instead相反；C. However然而；D. Moreover此外。根据上文“For a little girl growing up in Colombia in the 1980s, a science career with NASA may have seemed like setting foot on a faraway planet.”和下文“Diana Trujill has made it”可知，对于Diana Trujill这样身份的女性来说，在美国宇航局从事科学事业是不可及的事情，但她却做到了，上下文构成转折关系，应用However“然而”衔接。故选C。 27．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，Diana Trujill做到了——她现在是一名工程师，领导着一个45人的团队，负责最新火星探测器的机械臂。A. astronaut宇航员；B. engineer工程师；C. pilot飞行员；D. doctor医生。根据下文“leading a 45-person team that’s responsible for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover”“to study Aerospace Engineering”可知，Diana Trujill领导着团队负责最新火星探测器的机械臂，而且学的是航空航天工程，因此她应该是一名工程师。故选B。 28．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她毫不犹豫地听从了父亲的建议。A. hesitation犹豫；B. complaint抱怨；C. expectation期望；D. promise承诺。根据上文“Born in 1983, even as a young girl, Diana was certain of her passion for science.”可知，还是个小女孩的时候，Diana就对科学充满了热情，因此她会毫不犹豫地接受父亲提出的想法，固定短语without hesitation意为“毫不犹豫地”。故选A。 29．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她毫不犹豫地听从了父亲的建议。A. command命令；B. footstep脚步；C. request请求；D. suggestion建议。根据上文“her dad offered to send her to Miami, Florida to study Aerospace Engineering”可知，此处指父亲提出的送她去学习航空航天工程的建议。故选D。 30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：刚到美国时身上只有300美元，Trujill不得不通过做一系列家政工作来艰难地完成学业。A. go去；B. pass通过；C. struggle挣扎；D. push推动。根据上文“with just $300”和“by doing a series of housekeeping jobs”可知，Trujill当时经济比较困难，得做很多家政工作来赚钱，由此可知，她是艰难地完成了学业，固定短语struggle through意为“艰难地度过”。故选C。 31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个过程绝对不容易，但Trujill从不抱怨。A. mission任务；B. career职业；C. adventure冒险；D. process过程。根据上文“Arriving in the U.S. with just $300, Trujillo had to ___5___ through school by doing a series of housekeeping jobs.”可知，此处指Trujill通过打工赚钱来完成学业的过程。故选D。 32．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：接着，Trujill又经历了另一个改变人生的时刻。A. risk-taking冒险的；B. life-changing改变人生的；C. time-consuming耗时的；D. energy-saving节能的。根据下文“___8___ she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut” was all it took to ___9___ Trujillo’s career goals.”可知，Trujill由此更坚定地追求自己的职业目标，因此是经历了另一个改变人生的时刻。故选B。 33．考查动词词义辨析。句意：意识到自己“离认识宇航员只有一个人的距离”，这激励了Trujill的职业目标。A. Realizing意识到；B. Remembering记住；C. Imagining想象；D. Assuming假定。根据上文“One of her professors casually mentioned an astronaut they were acquainted with.”和下文“she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut””可推知，教授不经意提到的事情让她意识到了自己离认识宇航员其实很近。故选A。 34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：意识到自己“离认识宇航员只有一个人的距离”，这激励了Trujill的职业目标。A. record记录；B. share分享；C. inspire激励；D. finish完成。根据上文“she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut””可知，自己离认识宇航员其实很近这样的想法会激励Trujill的职业目标，让她继续努力学习。故选C。 35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，她继续学习空间科学，并最终在2007年成为第一位被美国宇航局学院录取的西班牙裔女性。A. started开始；B. abandoned放弃；C. suspended暂停；D. continued继续。根据上文“to study Aerospace Engineering”和下文“became the first Hispanic (拉丁裔的) woman to be admitted to the NASA Academy in 2007”可知，Trujill一开始学的就是空间科学相关的专业，后来她真的被美国宇航局学院录取了，因此她是继续学习这个专业。故选D。 36．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，她继续学习空间科学，并最终在2007年成为第一位被美国宇航局学院录取的西班牙裔女性。A. immediately立即地；B. eventually最终地；C. gradually逐渐地；D. suddenly突然地。根据上文叙述的Trujill克服经济困难，努力完成学业，以及在教授不经意提到的事情的启发下，继续学习可推知，此处指这个过程的结局是她最终成为第一位被美国宇航局学院录取的西班牙裔女性。故选B。 37．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但Diana并没有就此止步。A. left离开；B. succeeded成功；C. stopped停止；D. reached到达。根据下文“She also leads by example”可知，Diana还做了其他的事情，因此是并没有就此停止。故选C。 38．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她还以身作则，鼓励女性在STEM领域从事工作。A. encouraging鼓励；B. promising承诺；C. allowing允许；D. persuading劝说。根据上文“She also leads by example”可知，Diana在以身作则，因此是通过自己的故事来鼓励女性在STEM领域从事工作。故选A。 39．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她自己的故事提醒我们，在这个障碍之外，整个宇宙的机会都在等待着任何愿意努力工作去摘星星的人。A. symbol象征；B. notice通知；C. warning警告；D. reminder提醒。根据上文叙述的在哥伦比亚长大的Diana Trujill克服重重困难，成为了美国宇航局的一名工程师可推知，她的故事给予我们的是正面的提醒，告诉我们努力可以助力实现梦想。故选D。 40．考查动词短语辨析。句意：她自己的故事提醒我们，在这个障碍之外，整个宇宙的机会都在等待着任何愿意努力工作去摘星星的人。A. stare at盯着；B. reach for伸手够；C. long for渴望；D. come after跟随。根据上文“lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to”可推知，此处是用Trujill追寻太空梦的故事激励追寻梦想的人，想要伸手去够星星的人，只要努力工作，就有大量的机会实现梦想。故选B。 （八） 语法填空 （2025·浙江·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 China launched its complex and ambitious Chang’e-6 mission Friday to collect the first ever samples from the far side of the moon. A 57-meter-tall Long March 5 lifted off from the Wenchang Satellite Launch Center at 5:30 a.m. Eastern (0930 UTC) May 3, carrying the 41 8,200-kilogram Chang’e-6 into orbit. A first second stage burn was completed 12 minutes 42 launch, with a trans-lunar injection (跨月轨道) burn set for around 14 minutes later. Spacecraft 43 (separate) is scheduled for around 37 minutes into flight. If successful, samples 44 (deliver) by the 53-day-long mission could change our understanding of the Earth and the history of the early solar system. Chang’e-6 is a four-module spacecraft. Its orbiter (人造卫星) will put the mission in lunar orbit, after 45 a lander will detach to land in the Apollo crater on the moon’s far side. As the far side of the moon is never visible to Earth, due to our planet slowing the moon’s rotation 46   leaving it tidally locked — in a way that relates to the the rise and fall of the sea, a relay satellite is needed for communication between Earth and the moon’s hidden side. For this, China 47 (launch) Queqiao-2 in March into a specialized lunar orbit. After landing, the spacecraft will use a drill and scoop to gather 2,000 grams of lunar material, reaching down two meters. These samples will 48 (load) into an ascent vehicle that will return to lunar orbit and perform 49 complex, delicate docking (对接) with the orbiter. From here, the samples are sent to a reentry capsule. The orbiter will prepare for the return to Earth. The reentry capsule will be released just prior 50 reaching Earth and will first skip off the planet’s atmosphere. This will help it slow it down before landing in Inner Mongolia. 【答案】 41．roughly 42．after 43．separation 44．delivered/to be delivered 45．which 46．and 47．launched 48．be loaded 49．a 50．to 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲述了中国成功发射嫦娥六号月球探测器，执行首次从月球背面采集样本的复杂而雄心勃勃的任务，并详细描述了发射过程、任务目标、飞船构造以及返回地球的计划。 41．考查副词。句意：东部时间5月3日上午5点30分（世界标准时间9点30分），一枚57米高的长征五号火箭在文昌航天发射中心发射升空，将重约8200公斤的嫦娥六号送入轨道。空格处用副词作状语，rough的副词是roughly，意为“大约”。故填roughly。 42．考查介词。句意：二级火箭的首次点火燃烧在发射后12分钟完成，跨月注入燃烧在发射后约14分钟完成。根据语境可知，句子表示“二级火箭的首次点火燃烧在发射后12分钟完成”，空格处意为“在……之后”，用介词after。故填after。 43．考查名词。句意：飞船分离计划在飞行后37分钟左右进行。空格处用名词作主语，separate的名词是separation，意为“分离”，是不可数名词，故填separation。 44．考查非谓语动词。句意：如果成功的话，这次53天的任务所带来的样本可能会改变我们对地球和早期太阳系历史的认识。句中谓语是could change，空格处用非谓语动词，samples和deliver之间是逻辑上的被动关系，既可以用过去分词表被动，也可以用不定式的被动形式表将来的动作，因此空格处用delivered/to be delivered作后置定语，故填delivered/to be delivered。 45．考查非限制性定语从句。句意：它的轨道飞行器将把任务送入月球轨道，之后一个着陆器将分离，降落在月球背面的阿波罗陨石坑。空格处是“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，设空处指代主句阐述的内容，作after宾语，用关系代词。故填which。 46．考查连词。句意：由于地球减缓了月球的自转速度，使月球处于潮汐锁定状态（这与海平面的涨落有关），地球永远看不到月球的背面，因此需要一颗中继卫星来实现地球和月球背面之间的通信。slowing the moon’s rotation和leaving之间是并列关系，句子是肯定句，因此空格处用and表并列，故填and。 47．考查时态。句意：为此，中国于今年3月将鹊桥2号发射到一个专门的月球轨道上。句子描述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，空格处用过去式，故填launched。 48．考查被动语态。句意：这些样本将被装载到一个上升飞行器中，该飞行器将返回月球轨道，并与轨道飞行器进行复杂而精细的对接。These samples与动词laod之间为被动关系，结合空前will可知，句子用一般将来时的被动语态，空前有will，空格处用be done，故填be loaded。 49．考查冠词。句意：这些样本将被装载到一个上升飞行器中，该飞行器将返回月球轨道，并与轨道飞行器进行复杂而精细的对接。docking是可数名词的单数形式，表泛指，前面要加不定冠词，complex是辅音音素开头，因此不定冠词用a，故填a。 50．考查介词。句意：返回舱将在抵达地球之前释放，并将首先反弹入地球大气层。prior to是固定短语，意为“在……之前”，因此空格处是to，故填to。 （九） 短文填空 （23-24高一下·全国·课后作业）根据汉语提示补全短文 51 (和妈妈大吵之后), I stormed out of the house, slamming the door heavily. 52 (既失望又沮丧), I 53 (感觉好像漂浮在无限悲伤的海洋里). Later, I stood beside a stand and 54 (由于缺钱叹了口气). The seller noticed my dilemma, greeted me with a kind smile and 55 (示意我坐下). I was moved to tears. The seller smiled, “Girl, it is your mother 56 (为你提供生活所需) from when you were born!” I wiped my tears, leapt to my feet and ran for home like a wind. 【答案】51．Having argued with my mother fiercely 52．Disappointed and frustrated 53．felt like floating in an ocean of limitless sadness 54．sighed for lack of money 55．signaled me to sit down 56．who has been providing for you 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章通过讲述一个女孩与母亲发生激烈争吵后，感到失望和沮丧，并在一位卖家的善意提醒下意识到母亲的辛苦付出，最终决定回家的故事。 51．考查非谓语动词、动词短语。句意：在与母亲激烈争论之后，我怒气冲冲地走出了房子，重重地关上了门。表示“和妈妈大吵之后”含义的表达为：argue with my mother fiercely，因空白处在句子中作状语，与逻辑主语I之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，使用现在分词，且空白处表示的动作在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，空白处使用现在分词的完成式，故填Having argued with my mother fiercely。 52．考查形容词。句意：失望和沮丧，我感觉自己漂浮在无限悲伤的海洋中。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作状语表示主语的情绪状态，使用V-ed形式的形容词，所以表示“既失望又沮丧”含义的表达为：disappointed and frustrated，故填Disappointed and frustrated。 53．考查时态、动词短语。句意：同上。表示“感觉好像漂浮在无限悲伤的海洋里”含义的表达为：feel like floating in an ocean of limitless sadness，因句子表示的是过去发生的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时，故填felt like floating in an ocean of limitless sadness。 54．考查时态。句意：后来，我站在一个摊位旁，叹了口气说没钱。表示“叹了口气”含义的表达为：sigh for，因句子表示的是过去发生的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时；表示“由于缺钱”含义的表达为：lack of money，故填sighed for lack of money。 55．考查时态、动词短语。句意：卖家注意到了我的困境，友好地微笑着迎接我，并示意我坐下。表示“示意我坐下”含义的表达为：signal me to sit down，因句子表示的是过去发生的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时，故填signaled me to sit down。 56．考查定语从句。句意：卖家笑着说：“女孩，是你妈妈从你出生起就一直在供养你！”分析句子结构，空白处为定语从句，修饰先行词your mother，因先行词在定语从句中做主语指人，使用关系代词who引导定语从句，又因句子表示的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响，从句谓语动词使用现在完成时，所以表示“为你提供生活所需”含义的表达为：who has been providing for you，故填who has been providing for you。 思维素养提升 Task 1写作项目——Present an argument about space exploration 本单元的写作任务是写一篇议论文。议论文是通过剖析事物来论述事理、发表意见或提出主张的一种文体，要求作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等来确定某一观点的正确或错误，肯定或否定某种观点或主张。正反观点对比类议论文是从正反两个方面说明某个观点，进而表达自己的看法。请选择一篇你感兴趣的阅读语篇，尝试用思维导图绘制出文章脉络吧！ Task 2 （2024·陕西西安·模拟预测）从上个世纪50年代起，围绕“太空探索的巨大开支是否值得”的争论就不曾休止。有人辩称太空探索改变了我们的生活，但也有人说我们更应该用这些资金去应对气候变化，贫穷，饥饿等国际问题。请写一篇议论文表明你的观点，并给出相应的理由。 注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Since 1950s, there has been a debate about whether the money spent on space exploration is worthwhile. I ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文1 I completely agree with the view that the money spent on space exploration is a waste of resource. The reasons are as follows. It is extremely expensive to train scientists and other staff involved with space missions, and facilities and equipment also come at a huge cost to the government. Besides, many missions to space fail completely, and the smallest technological error can cost astronauts their lives. The money from space programmes should go to vital areas instead. It is much cheaper to train doctors, teachers, police and other public service workers to solve problems of health, education and security. Furthermore, many thousands of people could be lifted out of hunger and poverty and given a better quality of life. In conclusion, my view is that governments should spend money on public services rather than on space exploration. 范文2 I think space exploration is a venture that far exceeds its cost. The reasons are as follows. First, through the use of satellites, we’ve made strides in addressing global hunger by enhancing farming practices. Second, the technological innovations conceived for space missions have sparked new industries and jobs, while simultaneously improving our daily lives. Finally, the relentless pursuit of understanding the universe has led to significant breakthroughs in many areas, including medicine and agriculture. Any scientific progress needs financial support, which doesn’t contradict solutions to other problems like climate and poverty. In essence, the alignment of space exploration and our earthly goals solidifies my belief in the value of space exploration. 【导语】本篇书面表达属于开放性作文。要求考生写一篇议论文表明你对探索太空的观点，并给出相应的理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 观点：view→opinion 完全：completely→totally 此外：besides→in addition 总之：in conclusion→in short 2.句式拓展 合并简单句 原句：Besides, many missions to space fail completely, and the smallest technological error can cost astronauts their lives. 拓展句：Besides, many missions to space fail completely, where the smallest technological error can cost astronauts their lives. 【点睛】[高分句型1] I completely agree with the view that the money spent on space exploration is a waste of resource. (运用了that引导同位语从句) [高分句型2] In conclusion, my view is that governments should spend money on public services rather than on space exploration.(运用了that引导的表语从句) $$