专题02 重点语法归纳-2024-2025学年九年级英语上学期期末复习（牛津译林版）

重点语法归纳 目录 一．限制性定语从句和关系代词 2 1.定语从句的基本概念 2 2.关系代词的用法 2 3. 关系代词只能用that而不能用which的情况 3 4. 关系代词只能用which而不能用that的情况 3 定语从句练习 3 二．状语从句 4 1.时间状语从句 4 2.because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句 6 3.if和unless引导的条件状语从句 7 if引导的条件状语从句 7 unless引导的条件状语从句 8 4.although和though引导的让步状语从句 9 5. so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句 9 6.so that引导的目的状语从句 9 状语从句综合训练 10 三.宾语从句 11 1.由that、if或whether引导的宾语从句 11 2.连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 12 四．并列连词的用法 13 1. 并列连词and、but、or和so 14 2. 并列连词both...and...、not only...but(also)...、either...or...和neither...nor... 15 五．提建议的句型 16 一．限制性定语从句和关系代词 1.定语从句的基本概念 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词作定语的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般用关系词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又在从句中作一定成分。 　　关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose等;常见的关系副词有when、where、why等。 Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?你认识刚才在会议上发言的人吗? That is the house where he lived ten years ago.那是他十年前住的房子。 2.关系代词的用法 关系 代词 在从句中 的作用 指代 例句 that 作主语或宾语(作直接宾语时可省略) The train that has just left is for Shenzhen.刚离开的那辆火车开往深圳。(作主语) The fish soup (that) you cooked was delicious.你做的鱼汤很美味。(作宾语) He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。(作主语) Who is the man (that) I saw this morning?我今天早上看见的那个人是谁?(作宾语) which 作主语或宾语 Basketball is a game which is liked by people around the world.篮球是一项受到全世界人们青睐的运动。(作主语) This is the bag (which) he lost yesterday.这是他昨天丢的那个包。(作宾语) who 作主语(在口语中也可作宾语) The girls who are playing volleyball are from Class Three.正在打排球的女孩们来自3班。(作主语) The man (who) you just talked about is my father.你刚谈到的那个人是我爸爸。(作宾语) whom who的宾格形式, 作宾语 The teacher whom you want to see has gone home.你想见的老师已经回家了。(作宾语) whose 作定语 He is the man whose car was stolen last week.他就是上周车被偷的那个人。(作定语) I live in a house whose door faces south.我住在一个门朝南的房子里。(作定语) 易错点 当关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。 The boys who are playing basketball are my friends.正在打篮球的那些男孩是我的朋友。 The man who is talking with my father is my teacher.正在和我爸爸说话的那个人是我的老师。 3. 关系代词只能用that而不能用which的情况 (1)当先行词是something、 anything、 everything、 nothing等不定代词时。 I did nothing that might hurt you.伤害你的事我一点儿也没做。 (2)当先行词被all、 any、 few、 little、 no等限定词修饰时。 That's all that I could do at that time. 我当时只能做那么多了。 Do you have any food that I can eat? 你有我能吃的东西吗? (3)当先行词既有人又有物时。 They are talking about the pianist and the piano that appeared in yesterday's concert. 他们正在谈论昨天音乐会上亮相的钢琴家和钢琴。 (4)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。 That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。 The first thing that we should do is to get some food.我们应该做的第一件事是弄点食物。 4. 关系代词只能用which而不能用that的情况 (1)当先行词为that时。 The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟表是可以告诉我们时间的装置。 (2)当先行词指物,且关系代词前面有介词时。 This is the room in which James once lived.=This is the room which/that James once lived in.这就是詹姆斯曾经住过的房间。 定语从句练习 一、用that, which或who填空 1. Is the girl ________ we saw yesterday your sister? 2. I’m sure there’s a lot of work ________ you can do. 3. He left the book ________ he bought on the bus. 4. Sophie is the student ________ has won this year’s Most Helpful Student Award. 5. They talked about the things and persons ________ they remember in the factory. 6. This is the factory ________ I’ve visited before. 7. AIDS is a terrible disease ________ has killed many people. 8. The person ________ taught me maths is my father. 二、用适当的关系代词合并句子 1. I’m reading a book. The book was written by Bill Gates. ______________________________________________________ 2. He is a teacher. The teacher teaches us Chinese. ______________________________________________________ 3. I don’t like the man. He is smoking. ______________________________________________________ 4. Where is the picture? You bought it last week. ______________________________________________________ 5. They are talking about the concert. They attended it last night. ______________________________________________________ 三、根据汉语意思完成句子 1. 原来那对夫妇就是向警方提供重要信息的人。 __________________ were the people __________________ the police. 2. 你推荐的这篇文章和我的专业没有什么关系。 The article ____________________________________ my major. 3. 作为一个破案高手, 他总是检查每个细节以寻找案件的可能线索。 As __________________ , he always checks every detail __________________ criminal cases. 4. 如果你匆忙做事, 那你很有可能要出错。 If you are __________________ , ____________________________________ . 二．状语从句 1.时间状语从句 时间状语从句是指在复合句中充当时间状语的句子。 1.before、 after、 when和while引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 before 意为"在……之前",表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前。 Don't say anything before you look at the picture.在看图之前,不要说任何话。 after 意为"在……之后",表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。 I went boating after I finished my homework. 我完成家庭作业后去划船了。 when 意为"当……时",既可指较短的时间(即某一具体时间),也可指一段时间。两个动作可以是同时发生,也可以是先后发生;从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是瞬时性的。 He was cleaning the room when I went to see him. 当我去看他时,他正在打扫房间。 I loved history when I was at school.我上学时喜欢历史。 I'll phone you again when I get home.我到家后再给你打电话。 while while意为"在……期间",表示主句动作发生在从句动作进行的过程中;while意为"当……时",强调主句动作和从句动作是同时发生的。while引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的。 While I was cooking, the telephone rang. 我正在做饭时,电话响了。 My sister is watching TV while I'm having lunch. 我吃午饭时,我姐姐在看电视。 (1) while还可意为"(对比两件事物)而,然而",表示对比。 I like playing football while my brother likes playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而我的哥哥喜欢打篮球。 (2)在含有when/while引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,当主句和从句的主语一致,并且从句中有be动词时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。 When (she is) in trouble, she always asks me for help.她遇到困难时总是向我求助。 2. since、 till和until引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 since He has worked in the company since it opened in 2002. 从2002年这家公司建立以来他就在这家公司工作。 till/until Let's wait till/until the rain stops. 咱们等到雨停吧。 Until now I have always lived alone.直到现在,我一直独自生活。 易错点当主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,该动词用否定形式。 "not ...till/until"结构,意为"直到……才(开始)"。 He didn't go to bed till/until he finished his homework. 他直到做完家庭作业才上床睡觉。 3. as soon as和whenever引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 as soon as I'll tell him the news as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就告诉他这个消息。 whenever Whenever I have a cold,I get a nosebleed.每次我感冒都会流鼻血。 You can ask for help whenever you need it.你如果需要帮助随时可以提出来。 一、用连词when, while, after或before填空 1. He brushed his teeth ________ he went to bed. 2. The children asked some questions ________ the teacher left the classroom. 3. ________ I was writing a letter last night, he was chatting with his friends on the Internet. 4. Mr. Black went out ________ he answered the phone. 5. They were playing tennis ________ it began to rain heavily. 6. Rebecca went to bed ________ she got home because she was so tired. 7. People should be very careful ________ they cross busy roads. 8. Paul found somebody’s wallet on the ground ________ he was walking to the bus stop. 二、用as soon as或whenever填空 1. ________ we got out of the car, it started to rain. 2. You are welcome to come and stay with us ________ you like. 3. ________ she comes to my home, she brings me a bunch of flowers. 4. ________ I see them, they are talking about football. 5. I’m going to have a shower ________ I get home. 6. He will be back tomorrow. I’ll give him the message ________ I see him. 2.because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句 原因状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的原因的句子,其引导词有because, since和 as等。 连词 用法 例句 because 意为"因为",语气最强,常用于回答why引导的疑问句,表示动作发生的直接原因。 I like playing football just because it can make me strong. 我喜欢踢足球只是因为它能使我身体强壮。 since 意为"既然;由于;因为",表示已知的、显然的理由,较正式,引导的原因状语从句常位于主句之前,语气比because弱。 Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting. 既然人到齐了,咱们开会吧。 as 意为"由于;因为",与since的用法大体相同,表示附带说明的"双方已知的原因",语气比 since弱。 As you were not there, I left a message. 由于你不在那里,我就留了个信息。 She may need some help as she's new.因为她是新来的,可能需要一些帮助。 易错点汉语里我们习惯说"因为……所以……",但使用英语时不能将because与so连用。 for作连词,意为"因为,由于",不用于句首,连接并列分句,表示原因。其前常用逗号与前一分句隔开,对前一分句的内容起补充说明的作用。 They were certainly there, for I saw them.他们肯定在那里,因为我看见他们了。 根据汉语意思完成句子 1. 我喜欢画画, 因为它能给我的身心带来平静。 I like painting ___________________________________ . 2. 由于她擅长弹钢琴, 她就为我们弹奏了一首名曲。 ___________________________________ , she played a famous piece of music for us. 3. 因为出发晚了, 所以他们气喘吁吁地赶到电影院。 ___________________________________ they started late. 4. 因为他工作努力, 所以上司(boss)对他高度赞扬。 ___________________________________ he worked hard. 5. 既然这个艺术展只开放两天, 我们今天下午就去吧。 ___________________________________ for only two days, let’s go there this afternoon. 3.if和unless引导的条件状语从句 　　条件状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的条件的句子,一般用连词if或unless引导。 一 .if引导的条件状语从句 1.if引导的条件状语从句在句中的位置 　　if意为"如果",表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。if引导的条件状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。当放在主句前面时,通常要用逗号同主句隔开。 We won't go out if it tomorrow.如果明天下雨的话,我们就不出去。 If we pay more attention to the earth, we have a better world.如果我们多关注地球,我们就会拥有一个更好的世界。 2.if引导的条件状语从句与主句的时态 　　在含有由if引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,从句在下面几种情况下应使用一般现在时: (1) 当主句是一般将来时时,如: If everyone the environment, it will become better.如果人人都保护环境,它就会变得更好。 (2)当主句使用must, may, can等情态动词时,如: If it is fine tomorrow, we and fly the kite.如果明天天气好,我们可以去放风筝。 (3)当主句是祈使句时,如: the computer if you aren't allowed.没被允许的话,别碰这台电脑。 3.if 引导的条件状语从句与if引导的宾语从句的不同 　　if引导宾语从句时,意为"是否",相当于whether,位于及物动词之后,且宾语从句的时态要根据语境确定。如果主句用一般现在时,从句可以根据具体情况选用时态;如果主句用一般过去时,从句也要用过去的某种时态。 I don't know if he will come tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否会来。 The boy asked me if I knew the way to the library.那个男孩问我是否知道去图书馆的路。 二． unless引导的条件状语从句 　　unless意为"除非,如果不",相当于if...not。在含有由unless引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,若主句时态为一般将来时、主句为祈使句或主句中含有情态动词,从句则常用一般现在时 。 He is sure to come unless he has something urgent.=He is sure to come if he has nothing urgent.除非有紧急事务,否则他一定会来的。 He cannot see clearly unless he wears glasses.=He cannot see clearly if he does not wear glasses.他不戴眼镜就看不清楚。 易错点(1)如果表示的是客观事实、真理或经常发生的动作,那么含条件状语从句的复合句中的主从句都用一般现在时。 Water turns into ice if it is cold enough. 如果天气足够冷,水会结冰。 Unless it is rainy, he runs every day. 除非下雨,否则他每天跑步。 (2)当某种条件所引起的结果是一种情绪或想法时,不能使用unless,只能用if...not。 I will be angry if I am not invited to the party. (√) I will be angry unless I am invited to the party. ( 一、根据句意, 用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空 1. You will hurt your teeth if you ________ (eat) too much candy. 2. Do not watch the horror film if you ________ (get) scared easily. 3. If there ________ (be) fewer trees, there ________ (be) more pollution. 4. If our flight is on time, we ________ (arrive) in Beijing at 10 a. m. 5. What will you buy if you ________ (have) a lot of money? 6. If she gets up late, she ________ (not catch) the early bus. 7. Unless it ________ (rain), we are going on a picnic this Saturday. 8. I ________ (not lend) the book to you unless you return it to me on time. 9. I won’t go unless he ________ (come) to invite me himself. 10. —Can we play football in the playground, Mr. Li? —No, unless you ________ (finish) your homework first. 11. We will be late unless we ________ (leave) now. 12. The little boy ________ (not stop) crying unless you give him what he wants. 二、根据汉语意思完成句子 1. 除非乘坐地铁, 否则你会赶不上去南京的火车。 You __________________ to Nanjing __________________ . 2. 如果你发现一个节目有趣的话, 会把它推荐给朋友吗? Will you __________________ your friends __________________ ? 3. 如果明天不下雨, 运动会将准时举行。 ________________________________________________________________________ 4. 如果你仔细地听老师讲, 你就会知道接下来该做什么。 ________________________________________________________________________ 5. 除非你没什么兴趣, 否则你将有机会看看电视节目是怎么录制的。 Unless________________________________________________________ 6. 我不会告诉他们任何事, 除非你说可以。 ________________________________________________________ you say I can. 4.although和though引导的让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示即便出现从句中的情况, 主句动作仍然会发生,有"退一步说……"的意思。although和though意为"尽管;虽然",都可以引导让步状语从句,从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。 the sun was shining, it wasn't very warm.尽管太阳高照,却不是很暖和。 She doesn't put on weight she eats a lot every day. 虽然她每天吃很多,但体重并没有增加。 易错点(1)although和though不能与but连用, 但可以和yet连用。 Although/Though we are very different, yet we are good friends. 虽然我们很不一样,但我们仍然还是好朋友。 (2)though还可以与even连用构成even though,意为"即使;纵然;虽然",而although不可以这样用。 it was snowing, the little girl still went to school.虽然下着雪,这个小女孩还是上学去了。 5. so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句 so/such...that意为 "如此……以至于",引导结果状语从句,用来补充说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。 (1)so用来修饰形容词或副词,句型结构为:so + adj./adv.+ that从句。 He was tired that he could not walk farther. 他太累了,不能再走了。 Everything happened quickly that I had no time to think. 一切都发生得太快了,我没有时间思考。 (2)such修饰名词(短语),其句型结构有以下几种情况: ①such+a(n)+adj.+可数名词单数+that从句 Mike is honest man that we all believe him. 迈克是个很诚实的人,大家都相信他。 ② such+adj.+可数名词复数+that从句 He told funny stories that I laughed. 他讲了那么有趣的故事,我笑了。 ③ such+adj.+不可数名词+that从句 It was such terrible food that I didn't want to eat it at all. 这食物太难吃了,我根本不想吃。 易错点(1)当名词前有many, much, few, little(少的)等限定词时,只能用so,不能用such。 There are so many people on the bus that we can't even move. 公共汽车上的人太多了,我们都动不了。 (2)当单数名词前有形容词修饰时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词和形容词的位置不同。 The Rescue is so good a film that many people think highly of it.=The Rescue is such a good film that many people think highly of it. 《紧急救援》这部电影如此精彩以至于许多人对它评价很高。 6.so that引导的目的状语从句 目的状语从句用以说明主句动作发生的目的。so that意为"为了,以便",引导目的状语从句,从句中的谓语常含有can/could,may/might,should,would等情态动词。so that可与in order that互换。 We should learn English well so that/in order that we can tell Chinese stories to the world. 我们应该学好英语,这样我们才能向世界讲述中国故事。 状语从句综合训练 一、用although/though 合并句子 1. he lives alone / he feels happy ______________________________________________________ 2. she went to the supermarket / it was snowing hard ______________________________________________________ 3. I still can’t find a seat to sit on / the talk has already been on for five minutes ______________________________________________________ 4. he is a five-year-old boy / he is willing to help others ______________________________________________________ 5. we decide to make greater achievements / there are lots of difficulties ahead ______________________________________________________ 二、用so...that或such...that合并句子 1. The snow fell very fast. Our footsteps were covered up in a few minutes. ______________________________________________________ 2. They were little children. They couldn’t finish all the work in a day. ______________________________________________________ 3. Mr. Wu is a funny person. He always makes us laugh. ______________________________________________________ 4. Our Maths teacher is very clever. He can work out any difficult problem. ______________________________________________________ 5. It was fine weather last Sunday. We all went to the beach. ______________________________________________________ 三、用so that连词成句 1. I wouldn’t get wet / an umbrella / in the rain / Justin lent me ______________________________________________________ 2. Mike / save / online / bought a TV set / he could / some money ______________________________________________________ 3. they / could understand it / foreigners / wrote the notice / in several languages ______________________________________________________ 4. she / her friends / show them to / took many photos / she could ______________________________________________________ 5. the students / him / spoke loudly / the teacher / clearly / could hear ______________________________________________________ 三.宾语从句 1.由that、if或whether引导的宾语从句 　　宾语从句是指在复合句中充当宾语的句子。 一. that引导的宾语从句 1.that在宾语从句中只起连接作用,并不作任何句子成分,其本身也没有实际意义。在口语或非正式文体中常常被省略,省略之后并不影响原句性质和意义。宾语从句可跟在主句的谓语动词(know、think、believe、wish、mean、hope、say等)或主句的形容词(afraid、certain、sure、glad、sorry等)之后。 I wish(that)she would understand me.我希望她能理解我。 I hope (that) she will become a great woman just like her mother.我希望她会成为一位像她母亲一样伟大的女性。 I am afraid (that) I have made a mistake.恐怕我犯了一个错误。 I am glad (that) you can come for dinner.我很开心你能来吃晚餐。 易错点在以下情况下,that不可省略 (1)当宾语从句的主语是this、that,或主语的定语是this、that时。 He said that that was a real golden necklace.他说那是一条真的金项链。 (2)当宾语从句前有插入语时。 He says, for example,that he is interested in Maths.例如,他说他对数学感兴趣。 2.由that引导的宾语从句的否定形式 　　当主句的主语是I或we,时态是一般现在时,且主句谓语动词表示的是"认为,相信,猜测"等概念,如think、guess、believe、suppose、expect等时,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定形式,这种情况叫作"否定前移"。 I don't think (that) he can do it better than me.我想他不会比我做得更好。 二． if/whether引导的宾语从句 　　在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,if和whether都可作引导词,意为"是否"。一般情况下,在宾语从句中if和whether可以互换,if多用于口语或非正式文体中 。 He asked me if/whether I could help him.他问我是否可以帮助他。 易错点在下列几种情况下,只能用whether,不能用if 用法 例句 直接与or not连用时 Could you tell me whether or not I can go shopping with you?你能告诉我我是否能和你一起去购物吗? 与动词不定式连用时 I am just wondering whether to stay for another hour or start off right away.我正琢磨着再等一个小时还是现在就开始。 作discuss等词的宾语时 We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论了是否该关闭那家商店。 作介词的宾语时 I'm worried about whether I hurt her feeling. 我担心我是否伤害了她的感情。 一、用适当的连词(that, if/whether)填空 1. Scientists believe ________ dolphins can save energy by swimming by the side of ships. 2. I am not sure ________ the white sand beaches will be still there in a hundred years. 3. I don’t think ________ you’ve forgotten the trip we went on last summer. 4. The little boy doesn’t know ________ the new teacher will like him. 5. It is certain ________ light green can make our class more energetic. 6. He still can’t decide ________ he will go to the party tomorrow. 二、将下列句子改为宾语从句 1. Can yellow bring people success? It isn’t certain ____________________________________ . 2. Kitty will come to my birthday party. I hope ____________________________________ . 3. Do red roses represent love? Can you tell me ____________________________________ ? 4. Some college students in China have difficulty finding jobs. A recent report says ____________________________________ . 5. Have you been to Shanghai? The teacher asks ____________________________________ . 2.连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 　　我们可以用连接代词(who、whom、whose、which、what)或连接副词(where、how、why、when)引导宾语从句,连接代词或连接副词有具体的含义,并在从句中充当成分,因此不可省略。 一．连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 引导词 含义 在宾语从句中的功能 连接 代词 who(m) 谁 可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语 whose 谁的 which 哪一个 what 什么 连接 副词 when 何时 在从句中作状语 where 哪里 why 为什么 how 怎么样 Do you know who is singing in the classroom?你知道谁正在教室里唱歌吗? I wonder whose this is.我想知道这是谁的。 Do you know when he was born?你知道他何时出生的吗? 连接代词who与whom都指人。who为主格,在从句中作主语;whom为宾格,在从句中作宾语。whom在口语中很少使用,大多数情况下,我们可以用who代替whom。 I don't know who is playing the piano next door.我不知道谁在隔壁弹钢琴。 Could you tell me whom you spoke to just now?你能告诉我你刚才在和谁说话吗? Can you tell me who you are waiting for?你能告诉我你正在等谁吗? 易错点如果介词位于宾语之前,则必须用whom。 He asked me with whom I had discussed it.他问我和谁讨论过此事。 二． 宾语从句的语序 宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序,即"引导词+主语+谓语+其他"。 She wants to know why that little boy is crying.她想知道那个小男孩为什么哭。 三． 宾语从句的时态 (1)若主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,则宾语从句可以根据语境选择所需要的任何时态。 I know when she will come tomorrow.我知道明天她什么时候来。 I know he didn't tell you the truth.我知道他没告诉你实情。 (2)若主句为过去时,则宾语从句也要用过去的某种时态。 He knew when Tom would come the next day.他知道汤姆第二天什么时候来。 He knew where Tom had gone.他知道汤姆去哪儿了。 (3)若宾语从句表示的是客观事实、自然现象或谚语等,那么无论主句是什么时态,从句都要用一般现在时。 He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光比声音传播得快得多。 一、用括号中所给提示将下列句子改为宾语从句 1. How many letters have I got from my e-friend? (Do you know...) ____________________________________________________________________ 2. What is he worrying about? (She wonders...) ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Whom should I go to for advice? (Can you tell me...) ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Why are you late for class again? (Can you explain...) ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Where can I find a quiet place to study? (I don’t know...) ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Whose mobile phone is this? (I forget...) ____________________________________________________________________ 四．并列连词的用法 1. 并列连词and、but、or和so 连词 用法 例句 and and意为"和;又",用来连接两个词性相同的词、短语或句子,表示并列关系。 Playing basketball and swimming are both my hobbies. 打篮球和游泳都是我的业余爱好。 如果连接两个含有相同主语的句子或两个含有相同主语和谓语的句子时,and后的句子可省去相同的部分。 We saw the tower and liked it very much.我们看到了那座塔,非常喜欢它。 The little girl felt cold and hungry on such a rainy day.在这样的一个雨天里,这个小女孩感到又冷又饿。 在"祈使句 + and + 陈述句"句型中,祈使句表示一个条件,并列连词and后的陈述句通常表示一个较好的结果且陈述句常用一般将来时。 Work hard, and you'll make great progress.= If you work hard, you'll make great progress.努力学习,你就会取得很大的进步。 but but意为"但是",表达转折关系,所连接的成分意思往往相反或相对。 He is a top student, but he never shows off. 他是个尖子生,但是他从不炫耀。 如果连接两个含有相同主语的句子或两个含有相同主语和谓语的句子时,but后的句子可省去相同的部分。 Our school is small but beautiful. 我们学校很小但是很漂亮。 or or意为"或者,还是"时,表示选择关系。 Are you coming or not? 你来还是不来? or意为"否则,要不然",可用于"祈使句 + or + 陈述句"中。其中祈使句表示条件,相当于"if...not...",连词or后的陈述句通常表示一个不愉快的或不理想的结果。 Get up early, or you'll miss the early bus.= If you don't get up early, you'll miss the early bus. 早点起床,否则你会错过早班车。 or连接两个主语时,谓语动词应和or后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致,即遵循"就近原则"。 You or I am going to attend the meeting next week. 你或者我下周要参加那个会议。 so so意为"所以,因此",表示因果关系。 Lily asked me to look for a book, so I went to the library.莉莉叫我找一本书,所以我去了图书馆。 so不能和because一起使用。因为because是从属连词,而so是并列连词,用来连接并列分句。 Because it's raining heavily outside, we have to stay at home.= It's raining heavily outside, so we have to stay at home. 因为外面正在下大雨,所以我们不得不待在家里。 易错点(1)and连接的并列成分作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。 A table, two chairs and a sofa are in my room.我房间里有一张桌子、两把椅子和一张沙发。 Coffee and milk are on sale in the shop.这家商店出售咖啡和牛奶。 (2)如果and连接的名词表达的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念,则两个名词共用一个限定词,谓语动词用单数形式。 a knife and fork一副刀叉 The singer and dancer歌唱家兼舞蹈家 (3)and和or都可以表示"和"的意思,前者常用于肯定句中;后者常用于否定句或疑问句中。 I don't like tea or coffee.我既不喜欢茶也不喜欢咖啡。 2. 并列连词both...and...、not only...but(also)...、either...or...和neither...nor... 连词 用法 例句 both... and... 意为"……和……两者都;既……又……"。当both...and...连接的两个成分在句中作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。 I'm interested in both English and Chinese.我既对英语感兴趣又对汉语感兴趣。 Both David and Daniel are members of the Reading Club. 戴维和丹尼尔都是读书俱乐部的成员。 not only... but (also)... also可 以省略 意为"不但……而且……;不仅……还有……"。当not only...but(also)...连接两个名词作主语时,其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就是我们所说的"就近原则"。 My sister is good at not only singing but (also) dancing.我的姐姐不仅擅长唱歌,也擅长跳舞。 Not only the students but (also) the teacher is working hard.不仅学生在努力学习,而且老师也在努力工作。 either... or... 意为"不是……就是……;或者……或者……;要么……要么……"。当either...or...连接两个主语时,应遵循"就近原则"。 You may either stay or go.你可以留下,也可以走。 Either my brothers or my father is coming here.不是我的哥哥就是我的爸爸要来这里。 neither... nor... 意为"既不……也不……",具有否定含义。当neither...nor...连接两个主语时,应遵循"就近原则"。 He neither drinks nor smokes.他既不喝酒也不吸烟。 Neither he nor I am tired. 他和我都不累。 一、 用并列连词and, but, so或or填空 1. Let’s help each other ________ learn from each other. 2. Work hard, ________ you’ll fall behind. 3. She is very busy, ________ she still spends some time taking care of sick animals. 4. Every day, I can smell the flowers ________ hear the birds sing. 5. It was too cold outside, ________ we stayed at home all the day. 6. You can watch TV at home ________ go for a walk with me. 7. I know him, ________ I can’t remember his name. 8. My glasses are broken, ________ I need a new pair. 二、用并列连词both...and...not only...but (also)..., either...or...或neither...nor...填空 1. ________ Saturday ________ Sunday is OK. I will be free at the weekend. 2. ________ humans ________ animals can live without air. 3. ________ she ________ her twin sister impress the fans with their beautiful dance. 4. Since last month ________ the students ________ the teacher has devoted most of their time to the competition. 5. ________ the boy ________ the girl knows the way. They are lost. 6. You may choose ________ the bike ________ the toy. You can’t have them both, kid. 7. ________ he ________ his son enjoys fishing by the lake when it is sunny. It’s great fun for them. 8. ________ Jane ________ Jim are interested in music. They won’t miss this concert. 三、根据汉语意思完成句子 1. 基蒂周末不是做饭, 就是洗碗。 Kitty ____________________________________ at the weekend. 2. “杂交水稻之父”袁隆平在国内外都很有名。 Yuan Longping, Father of Hybrid Rice, is famous ____________ at home ____________ abroad. 3. 你们不仅要三思而行, 还应接受别人好的建议。 You should ________________________________ . 4. 海伦. 凯勒既看不见也听不见, 但她以杰出的作品和慈善工作赢得了全世界的赞誉。 Helen Keller could __________________ , but she __________________ for her great works and her charity activities from all over the world. 5. 比利急躁粗心, 因此不适合做这项工作。 Billy is __________________ , ______________ he __________________ the job. 五．提建议的句型 (1)当主语是第一人称I或we时,我们可以用"Shall I/we+动词原形?"来提出建议或征求对方意见,意为"我(们)……好吗?/要不要……?"。 Shall I send you the book?我把书给你寄去,好不好? (2)"Let's + 动词原形!"意为"让咱(我)们做……吧!";"Let's + 动词原形,OK/all right/shall we?"意为"咱们做……,好(行)吗?",常用来征求对方的意见和看法。 —Let's go to the beach!咱们去海滩吧!—OK.好。 (3)"What/How about + 名词/代词/动词-ing形式?"意为"……怎么样?",用来提出建议,征求对方意见,询问对方的看法等。 What/How about going for a meal?去吃饭怎么样? (4)"Why don't you + 动词原形?"相当于"Why not+动词原形?",意为"(你)为什么不……呢?"。 Why don't you go to see the film — New Gods:Yang Jian?=Why not go to see the film — New Gods:Yang Jian?(你们)为什么不去看《新神榜:杨戬》这部电影呢? 回答建议的表达方式 同意对方的建议 委婉谢绝 Yes, please./All right./That's a good idea./Good idea./OK./I'd like/love to./Sure./ Certainly. No, thanks./I'm sorry, I can't./I'd like/love to,but.../I'm afraid I can't. 1. 你最好让你的父母知道你现在最需要他们。 ____________________________________________________________________ 2. 让我们得到他的答复后再做决定吧! ____________________________________________________________________ 3. 你为什么不与别人分享你的烦恼呢? ____________________________________________________________________ 4. 读一读这本关于青少年问题的书怎么样? ____________________________________________________________________ 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 重点语法归纳 目录 一．限制性定语从句和关系代词 2 1.定语从句的基本概念 2 2.关系代词的用法 2 3. 关系代词只能用that而不能用which的情况 3 4. 关系代词只能用which而不能用that的情况 3 定语从句练习 3 二．状语从句 4 1.时间状语从句 4 2.because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句 6 3.if和unless引导的条件状语从句 7 if引导的条件状语从句 7 unless引导的条件状语从句 8 4.although和though引导的让步状语从句 9 5. so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句 9 6.so that引导的目的状语从句 9 状语从句综合训练 10 三.宾语从句 11 1.由that、if或whether引导的宾语从句 11 2.连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 12 四．并列连词的用法 13 1. 并列连词and、but、or和so 14 2. 并列连词both...and...、not only...but(also)...、either...or...和neither...nor... 15 五．提建议的句型 16 一．限制性定语从句和关系代词 1.定语从句的基本概念 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词作定语的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般用关系词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又在从句中作一定成分。 　　关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose等;常见的关系副词有when、where、why等。 Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?你认识刚才在会议上发言的人吗? That is the house where he lived ten years ago.那是他十年前住的房子。 2.关系代词的用法 关系 代词 在从句中 的作用 指代 例句 that 作主语或宾语(作直接宾语时可省略) 指物 The train that has just left is for Shenzhen.刚离开的那辆火车开往深圳。(作主语) The fish soup (that) you cooked was delicious.你做的鱼汤很美味。(作宾语) 指人 He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。(作主语) Who is the man (that) I saw this morning?我今天早上看见的那个人是谁?(作宾语) which 作主语或宾语 指物(常可与that互换) Basketball is a game which is liked by people around the world.篮球是一项受到全世界人们青睐的运动。(作主语) This is the bag (which) he lost yesterday.这是他昨天丢的那个包。(作宾语) who 作主语(在口语中也可作宾语) 指人(常可与that互换) The girls who are playing volleyball are from Class Three.正在打排球的女孩们来自3班。(作主语) The man (who) you just talked about is my father.你刚谈到的那个人是我爸爸。(作宾语) whom who的宾格形式, 作宾语 指人 The teacher whom you want to see has gone home.你想见的老师已经回家了。(作宾语) whose 作定语 指人 He is the man whose car was stolen last week.他就是上周车被偷的那个人。(作定语) 指物 I live in a house whose door faces south.我住在一个门朝南的房子里。(作定语) 易错点 当关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。 The boys who are playing basketball are my friends.正在打篮球的那些男孩是我的朋友。 The man who is talking with my father is my teacher.正在和我爸爸说话的那个人是我的老师。 3. 关系代词只能用that而不能用which的情况 (1)当先行词是something、 anything、 everything、 nothing等不定代词时。 I did nothing that might hurt you.伤害你的事我一点儿也没做。 (2)当先行词被all、 any、 few、 little、 no等限定词修饰时。 That's all that I could do at that time. 我当时只能做那么多了。 Do you have any food that I can eat? 你有我能吃的东西吗? (3)当先行词既有人又有物时。 They are talking about the pianist and the piano that appeared in yesterday's concert. 他们正在谈论昨天音乐会上亮相的钢琴家和钢琴。 (4)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。 That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。 The first thing that we should do is to get some food.我们应该做的第一件事是弄点食物。 4. 关系代词只能用which而不能用that的情况 (1)当先行词为that时。 The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟表是可以告诉我们时间的装置。 (2)当先行词指物,且关系代词前面有介词时。 This is the room in which James once lived.=This is the room which/that James once lived in.这就是詹姆斯曾经住过的房间。 定语从句练习 一、用that, which或who填空 1. Is the girl ________ we saw yesterday your sister? 2. I’m sure there’s a lot of work ________ you can do. 3. He left the book ________ he bought on the bus. 4. Sophie is the student ________ has won this year’s Most Helpful Student Award. 5. They talked about the things and persons ________ they remember in the factory. 6. This is the factory ________ I’ve visited before. 7. AIDS is a terrible disease ________ has killed many people. 8. The person ________ taught me maths is my father. 1. who/that 2. that/which 3. that/which 4. who/that 5. that 6. which/that 7. that/which 8. who/that 二、用适当的关系代词合并句子 1. I’m reading a book. The book was written by Bill Gates. ______________________________________________________ 2. He is a teacher. The teacher teaches us Chinese. ______________________________________________________ 3. I don’t like the man. He is smoking. ______________________________________________________ 4. Where is the picture? You bought it last week. ______________________________________________________ 5. They are talking about the concert. They attended it last night. ______________________________________________________ 1. I’m reading a book that/which was written by Bill Gates. 2. He is a teacher who/that teaches us Chinese. 3. I don’t like the man who is smoking. 4. Where is the picture that/which you bought last week? 5. They are talking about the concert that/which they attended last night. 三、根据汉语意思完成句子 1. 原来那对夫妇就是向警方提供重要信息的人。 __________________ were the people __________________ the police. 2. 你推荐的这篇文章和我的专业没有什么关系。 The article ____________________________________ my major. 3. 作为一个破案高手, 他总是检查每个细节以寻找案件的可能线索。 As __________________ , he always checks every detail __________________ criminal cases. 4. 如果你匆忙做事, 那你很有可能要出错。 If you are __________________ , ____________________________________ . 1. It turned out that the couple; who provided important information for 2. that/which you recommended has nothing to do with 3. a master at solving crimes; for possible clues to 4. in a hurry to do things; you will probably make mistakes 二．状语从句 1.时间状语从句 时间状语从句是指在复合句中充当时间状语的句子。 1.before、 after、 when和while引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 before 意为"在……之前",表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前。 Don't say anything before you look at the picture.在看图之前,不要说任何话。 after 意为"在……之后",表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。 I went boating after I finished my homework. 我完成家庭作业后去划船了。 when 意为"当……时",既可指较短的时间(即某一具体时间),也可指一段时间。两个动作可以是同时发生,也可以是先后发生;从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是瞬时性的。 He was cleaning the room when I went to see him. 当我去看他时,他正在打扫房间。 I loved history when I was at school.我上学时喜欢历史。 I'll phone you again when I get home.我到家后再给你打电话。 while while意为"在……期间",表示主句动作发生在从句动作进行的过程中;while意为"当……时",强调主句动作和从句动作是同时发生的。while引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的。 While I was cooking, the telephone rang. 我正在做饭时,电话响了。 My sister is watching TV while I'm having lunch. 我吃午饭时,我姐姐在看电视。 (1) while还可意为"(对比两件事物)而,然而",表示对比。 I like playing football while my brother likes playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而我的哥哥喜欢打篮球。 (2)在含有when/while引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,当主句和从句的主语一致,并且从句中有be动词时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。 When (she is) in trouble, she always asks me for help.她遇到困难时总是向我求助。 2. since、 till和until引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 since 意为"自……以来",从句谓语动词常用一般过去时,对应的主句的谓语动词多用现在完成时。 He has worked in the company since it opened in 2002. 从2002年这家公司建立以来他就在这家公司工作。 till/until 意为"到……为止",一般情况下两者可以互换,但till不如until正式。until可以放在句首或句中,而till不可以放在句首。 Let's wait till/until the rain stops. 咱们等到雨停吧。 Until now I have always lived alone.直到现在,我一直独自生活。 易错点当主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,该动词用否定形式。 "not ...till/until"结构,意为"直到……才(开始)"。 He didn't go to bed till/until he finished his homework. 他直到做完家庭作业才上床睡觉。 3. as soon as和whenever引导的时间状语从句 连词 用法 例句 as soon as 意为"一……就",可以放在句首或句中,可以用于各种时态。 I'll tell him the news as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就告诉他这个消息。 whenever 意为"每当,每次;任何时候"。 Whenever I have a cold,I get a nosebleed.每次我感冒都会流鼻血。 You can ask for help whenever you need it.你如果需要帮助随时可以提出来。 一、用连词when, while, after或before填空 1. He brushed his teeth ________ he went to bed. 2. The children asked some questions ________ the teacher left the classroom. 3. ________ I was writing a letter last night, he was chatting with his friends on the Internet. 4. Mr. Black went out ________ he answered the phone. 5. They were playing tennis ________ it began to rain heavily. 6. Rebecca went to bed ________ she got home because she was so tired. 7. People should be very careful ________ they cross busy roads. 8. Paul found somebody’s wallet on the ground ________ he was walking to the bus stop. 1. before 2. before 3. While 4. after 5. when 6. after 7. when 8. while/when 二、用as soon as或whenever填空 1. ________ we got out of the car, it started to rain. 2. You are welcome to come and stay with us ________ you like. 3. ________ she comes to my home, she brings me a bunch of flowers. 4. ________ I see them, they are talking about football. 5. I’m going to have a shower ________ I get home. 6. He will be back tomorrow. I’ll give him the message ________ I see him. 1. As soon as 2. whenever 3. Whenever 4. Whenever 5. as soon as 6. as soon as 2.because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句 原因状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的原因的句子,其引导词有because, since和 as等。 连词 用法 例句 because 意为"因为",语气最强,常用于回答why引导的疑问句,表示动作发生的直接原因。 I like playing football just because it can make me strong. 我喜欢踢足球只是因为它能使我身体强壮。 since 意为"既然;由于;因为",表示已知的、显然的理由,较正式,引导的原因状语从句常位于主句之前,语气比because弱。 Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting. 既然人到齐了,咱们开会吧。 as 意为"由于;因为",与since的用法大体相同,表示附带说明的"双方已知的原因",语气比 since弱。 As you were not there, I left a message. 由于你不在那里,我就留了个信息。 She may need some help as she's new.因为她是新来的,可能需要一些帮助。 易错点汉语里我们习惯说"因为……所以……",但使用英语时不能将because与so连用。 for作连词,意为"因为,由于",不用于句首,连接并列分句,表示原因。其前常用逗号与前一分句隔开,对前一分句的内容起补充说明的作用。 They were certainly there, for I saw them.他们肯定在那里,因为我看见他们了。 根据汉语意思完成句子 1. 我喜欢画画, 因为它能给我的身心带来平静。 I like painting ___________________________________ . 2. 由于她擅长弹钢琴, 她就为我们弹奏了一首名曲。 ___________________________________ , she played a famous piece of music for us. 3. 因为出发晚了, 所以他们气喘吁吁地赶到电影院。 ___________________________________ they started late. 4. 因为他工作努力, 所以上司(boss)对他高度赞扬。 ___________________________________ he worked hard. 5. 既然这个艺术展只开放两天, 我们今天下午就去吧。 ___________________________________ for only two days, let’s go there this afternoon. 1. because it can bring peace to my mind and body 2. Since/As she is/was good at playing the piano 3. They arrived at the cinema out of breath because 4. His boss thought highly of him because 5. Since/As the art show is open 3.if和unless引导的条件状语从句 　　条件状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的条件的句子,一般用连词if或unless引导。 一 .if引导的条件状语从句 1.if引导的条件状语从句在句中的位置 　　if意为"如果",表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。if引导的条件状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。当放在主句前面时,通常要用逗号同主句隔开。 We won't go out if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨的话,我们就不出去。 If we pay more attention to the earth, we'll have a better world.如果我们多关注地球,我们就会拥有一个更好的世界。 2.if引导的条件状语从句与主句的时态 　　在含有由if引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,从句在下面几种情况下应使用一般现在时: (1) 当主句是一般将来时时,如: If everyone protects the environment, it will become better.如果人人都保护环境,它就会变得更好。 (2)当主句使用must, may, can等情态动词时,如: If it is fine tomorrow, we can go and fly the kite.如果明天天气好,我们可以去放风筝。 (3)当主句是祈使句时,如: Don't touch the computer if you aren't allowed.没被允许的话,别碰这台电脑。 3.if 引导的条件状语从句与if引导的宾语从句的不同 　　if引导宾语从句时,意为"是否",相当于whether,位于及物动词之后,且宾语从句的时态要根据语境确定。如果主句用一般现在时,从句可以根据具体情况选用时态;如果主句用一般过去时,从句也要用过去的某种时态。 I don't know if he will come tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否会来。 The boy asked me if I knew the way to the library.那个男孩问我是否知道去图书馆的路。 二． unless引导的条件状语从句 　　unless意为"除非,如果不",相当于if...not。在含有由unless引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,若主句时态为一般将来时、主句为祈使句或主句中含有情态动词,从句则常用一般现在时 。 He is sure to come unless he has something urgent.=He is sure to come if he has nothing urgent.除非有紧急事务,否则他一定会来的。 He cannot see clearly unless he wears glasses.=He cannot see clearly if he does not wear glasses.他不戴眼镜就看不清楚。 易错点(1)如果表示的是客观事实、真理或经常发生的动作,那么含条件状语从句的复合句中的主从句都用一般现在时。 Water turns into ice if it is cold enough. 如果天气足够冷,水会结冰。 Unless it is rainy, he runs every day. 除非下雨,否则他每天跑步。 (2)当某种条件所引起的结果是一种情绪或想法时,不能使用unless,只能用if...not。 I will be angry if I am not invited to the party. (√) I will be angry unless I am invited to the party. ( 一、根据句意, 用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空 1. You will hurt your teeth if you ________ (eat) too much candy. 2. Do not watch the horror film if you ________ (get) scared easily. 3. If there ________ (be) fewer trees, there ________ (be) more pollution. 4. If our flight is on time, we ________ (arrive) in Beijing at 10 a. m. 5. What will you buy if you ________ (have) a lot of money? 6. If she gets up late, she ________ (not catch) the early bus. 7. Unless it ________ (rain), we are going on a picnic this Saturday. 8. I ________ (not lend) the book to you unless you return it to me on time. 9. I won’t go unless he ________ (come) to invite me himself. 10. —Can we play football in the playground, Mr. Li? —No, unless you ________ (finish) your homework first. 11. We will be late unless we ________ (leave) now. 12. The little boy ________ (not stop) crying unless you give him what he wants. 1. eat 2. get 3. are; will be 4. will arrive 5. have 6. won’t catch 7. rains 8. won’t lend 9. comes 10. finish 11. leave 12. won’t stop 二、根据汉语意思完成句子 1. 除非乘坐地铁, 否则你会赶不上去南京的火车。 You __________________ to Nanjing __________________ . 2. 如果你发现一个节目有趣的话, 会把它推荐给朋友吗? Will you __________________ your friends __________________ ? 3. 如果明天不下雨, 运动会将准时举行。 ________________________________________________________________________ 4. 如果你仔细地听老师讲, 你就会知道接下来该做什么。 ________________________________________________________________________ 5. 除非你没什么兴趣, 否则你将有机会看看电视节目是怎么录制的。 Unless________________________________________________________ 6. 我不会告诉他们任何事, 除非你说可以。 ________________________________________________________ you say I can. 1. won’t catch the train; unless you take the underground 2. recommend a programme to; if you find it interesting 3. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, the sports meeting will be held on time. 4. If you listen to your teacher carefully, you will know what to do next. 5. you have little interest, you will have a chance to see how a TV programme is recorded 6. I won’t tell them anything unless 4.although和though引导的让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示即便出现从句中的情况, 主句动作仍然会发生,有"退一步说……"的意思。although和though意为"尽管;虽然",都可以引导让步状语从句,从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。 Although/Though the sun was shining, it wasn't very warm.尽管太阳高照,却不是很暖和。 She doesn't put on weight although/though she eats a lot every day. 虽然她每天吃很多,但体重并没有增加。 易错点(1)although和though不能与but连用, 但可以和yet连用。 Although/Though we are very different, yet we are good friends. 虽然我们很不一样,但我们仍然还是好朋友。 (2)though还可以与even连用构成even though,意为"即使;纵然;虽然",而although不可以这样用。 Even though it was snowing, the little girl still went to school.虽然下着雪,这个小女孩还是上学去了。 5. so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句 so/such...that意为 "如此……以至于",引导结果状语从句,用来补充说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。 (1)so用来修饰形容词或副词,句型结构为:so + adj./adv.+ that从句。 He was so tired that he could not walk farther. 他太累了,不能再走了。 Everything happened so quickly that I had no time to think. 一切都发生得太快了,我没有时间思考。 (2)such修饰名词(短语),其句型结构有以下几种情况: ①such+a(n)+adj.+可数名词单数+that从句 Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him. 迈克是个很诚实的人,大家都相信他。 ② such+adj.+可数名词复数+that从句 He told such funny stories that I laughed. 他讲了那么有趣的故事,我笑了。 ③ such+adj.+不可数名词+that从句 It was such terrible food that I didn't want to eat it at all. 这食物太难吃了,我根本不想吃。 易错点(1)当名词前有many, much, few, little(少的)等限定词时,只能用so,不能用such。 There are so many people on the bus that we can't even move. 公共汽车上的人太多了,我们都动不了。 (2)当单数名词前有形容词修饰时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词和形容词的位置不同。 The Rescue is so good a film that many people think highly of it.=The Rescue is such a good film that many people think highly of it. 《紧急救援》这部电影如此精彩以至于许多人对它评价很高。 6.so that引导的目的状语从句 目的状语从句用以说明主句动作发生的目的。so that意为"为了,以便",引导目的状语从句,从句中的谓语常含有can/could,may/might,should,would等情态动词。so that可与in order that互换。 We should learn English well so that/in order that we can tell Chinese stories to the world. 我们应该学好英语,这样我们才能向世界讲述中国故事。 状语从句综合训练 一、用although/though 合并句子 1. he lives alone / he feels happy ______________________________________________________ 2. she went to the supermarket / it was snowing hard ______________________________________________________ 3. I still can’t find a seat to sit on / the talk has already been on for five minutes ______________________________________________________ 4. he is a five-year-old boy / he is willing to help others ______________________________________________________ 5. we decide to make greater achievements / there are lots of difficulties ahead ______________________________________________________ 1. Although/Though he lives alone, he feels happy. 2. She went to the supermarket, although/though it was snowing hard. 3. I still can’t find a seat to sit on, although/though the talk has already been on for five minutes. 4. Although/Though he is a five-year-old boy, he is willing to help others. 5. We decide to make greater achievements, although/though there are lots of difficulties ahead. 二、用so...that或such...that合并句子 1. The snow fell very fast. Our footsteps were covered up in a few minutes. ______________________________________________________ 2. They were little children. They couldn’t finish all the work in a day. ______________________________________________________ 3. Mr. Wu is a funny person. He always makes us laugh. ______________________________________________________ 4. Our Maths teacher is very clever. He can work out any difficult problem. ______________________________________________________ 5. It was fine weather last Sunday. We all went to the beach. ______________________________________________________ 1. The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were covered up in a few minutes. 2. They were such little children that they couldn’t finish all the work in a day. 3. Mr. Wu is such a funny person that he always makes us laugh. 4. Our Maths teacher is so clever that he can work out any difficult problem. 5. It was such fine weather last Sunday that we all went to the beach. 三、用so that连词成句 1. I wouldn’t get wet / an umbrella / in the rain / Justin lent me ______________________________________________________ 2. Mike / save / online / bought a TV set / he could / some money ______________________________________________________ 3. they / could understand it / foreigners / wrote the notice / in several languages ______________________________________________________ 4. she / her friends / show them to / took many photos / she could ______________________________________________________ 5. the students / him / spoke loudly / the teacher / clearly / could hear ______________________________________________________ 1. Justin lent me an umbrella so that I wouldn’t get wet in the rain. 2. Mike bought a TV set online so that he could save some money. 3. They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it. 4. She took many photos so that she could show them to her friends. 5. The teacher spoke loudly so that the students could hear him clearly. 三.宾语从句 1.由that、if或whether引导的宾语从句 　　宾语从句是指在复合句中充当宾语的句子。 一. that引导的宾语从句 1.that在宾语从句中只起连接作用,并不作任何句子成分,其本身也没有实际意义。在口语或非正式文体中常常被省略,省略之后并不影响原句性质和意义。宾语从句可跟在主句的谓语动词(know、think、believe、wish、mean、hope、say等)或主句的形容词(afraid、certain、sure、glad、sorry等)之后。 I wish(that)she would understand me.我希望她能理解我。 I hope (that) she will become a great woman just like her mother.我希望她会成为一位像她母亲一样伟大的女性。 I am afraid (that) I have made a mistake.恐怕我犯了一个错误。 I am glad (that) you can come for dinner.我很开心你能来吃晚餐。 易错点在以下情况下,that不可省略 (1)当宾语从句的主语是this、that,或主语的定语是this、that时。 He said that that was a real golden necklace.他说那是一条真的金项链。 (2)当宾语从句前有插入语时。 He says, for example,that he is interested in Maths.例如,他说他对数学感兴趣。 2.由that引导的宾语从句的否定形式 　　当主句的主语是I或we,时态是一般现在时,且主句谓语动词表示的是"认为,相信,猜测"等概念,如think、guess、believe、suppose、expect等时,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定形式,这种情况叫作"否定前移"。 I don't think (that) he can do it better than me.我想他不会比我做得更好。 二． if/whether引导的宾语从句 　　在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,if和whether都可作引导词,意为"是否"。一般情况下,在宾语从句中if和whether可以互换,if多用于口语或非正式文体中 。 He asked me if/whether I could help him.他问我是否可以帮助他。 易错点在下列几种情况下,只能用whether,不能用if 用法 例句 直接与or not连用时 Could you tell me whether or not I can go shopping with you?你能告诉我我是否能和你一起去购物吗? 与动词不定式连用时 I am just wondering whether to stay for another hour or start off right away.我正琢磨着再等一个小时还是现在就开始。 作discuss等词的宾语时 We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论了是否该关闭那家商店。 作介词的宾语时 I'm worried about whether I hurt her feeling. 我担心我是否伤害了她的感情。 一、用适当的连词(that, if/whether)填空 1. Scientists believe ________ dolphins can save energy by swimming by the side of ships. 2. I am not sure ________ the white sand beaches will be still there in a hundred years. 3. I don’t think ________ you’ve forgotten the trip we went on last summer. 4. The little boy doesn’t know ________ the new teacher will like him. 5. It is certain ________ light green can make our class more energetic. 6. He still can’t decide ________ he will go to the party tomorrow. 1. that 2. if/whether 3. that 4. if/whether 5. that 6. if/whether 二、将下列句子改为宾语从句 1. Can yellow bring people success? It isn’t certain ____________________________________ . 2. Kitty will come to my birthday party. I hope ____________________________________ . 3. Do red roses represent love? Can you tell me ____________________________________ ? 4. Some college students in China have difficulty finding jobs. A recent report says ____________________________________ . 5. Have you been to Shanghai? The teacher asks ____________________________________ . 1. if/whether yellow can bring people success 2. (that) Kitty will come to my birthday party 3. if/whether red roses represent love 4. (that) some college students in China have difficulty finding jobs 5. if/whether you have been to Shanghai 2.连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 　　我们可以用连接代词(who、whom、whose、which、what)或连接副词(where、how、why、when)引导宾语从句,连接代词或连接副词有具体的含义,并在从句中充当成分,因此不可省略。 一．连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 引导词 含义 在宾语从句中的功能 连接 代词 who(m) 谁 可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语 whose 谁的 which 哪一个 what 什么 连接 副词 when 何时 在从句中作状语 where 哪里 why 为什么 how 怎么样 Do you know who is singing in the classroom?你知道谁正在教室里唱歌吗? I wonder whose this is.我想知道这是谁的。 Do you know when he was born?你知道他何时出生的吗? 连接代词who与whom都指人。who为主格,在从句中作主语;whom为宾格,在从句中作宾语。whom在口语中很少使用,大多数情况下,我们可以用who代替whom。 I don't know who is playing the piano next door.我不知道谁在隔壁弹钢琴。 Could you tell me whom you spoke to just now?你能告诉我你刚才在和谁说话吗? Can you tell me who you are waiting for?你能告诉我你正在等谁吗? 易错点如果介词位于宾语之前,则必须用whom。 He asked me with whom I had discussed it.他问我和谁讨论过此事。 二． 宾语从句的语序 宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序,即"引导词+主语+谓语+其他"。 She wants to know why that little boy is crying.她想知道那个小男孩为什么哭。 三． 宾语从句的时态 (1)若主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,则宾语从句可以根据语境选择所需要的任何时态。 I know when she will come tomorrow.我知道明天她什么时候来。 I know he didn't tell you the truth.我知道他没告诉你实情。 (2)若主句为过去时,则宾语从句也要用过去的某种时态。 He knew when Tom would come the next day.他知道汤姆第二天什么时候来。 He knew where Tom had gone.他知道汤姆去哪儿了。 (3)若宾语从句表示的是客观事实、自然现象或谚语等,那么无论主句是什么时态,从句都要用一般现在时。 He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光比声音传播得快得多。 一、用括号中所给提示将下列句子改为宾语从句 1. How many letters have I got from my e-friend? (Do you know...) ____________________________________________________________________ 2. What is he worrying about? (She wonders...) ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Whom should I go to for advice? (Can you tell me...) ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Why are you late for class again? (Can you explain...) ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Where can I find a quiet place to study? (I don’t know...) ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Whose mobile phone is this? (I forget...) ____________________________________________________________________ 1. Do you know how many letters I have got from my e-friends? 2. She wonders what he is worrying about. 3. Can you tell me whom I should go to for advice? 4. Can you explain why you are late for class again? 5. I don’t know where I can find a quiet place to study. 6. I forget whose mobile phone this is. 四．并列连词的用法 1. 并列连词and、but、or和so 连词 用法 例句 and and意为"和;又",用来连接两个词性相同的词、短语或句子,表示并列关系。 Playing basketball and swimming are both my hobbies. 打篮球和游泳都是我的业余爱好。 如果连接两个含有相同主语的句子或两个含有相同主语和谓语的句子时,and后的句子可省去相同的部分。 We saw the tower and liked it very much.我们看到了那座塔,非常喜欢它。 The little girl felt cold and hungry on such a rainy day.在这样的一个雨天里,这个小女孩感到又冷又饿。 在"祈使句 + and + 陈述句"句型中,祈使句表示一个条件,并列连词and后的陈述句通常表示一个较好的结果且陈述句常用一般将来时。 Work hard, and you'll make great progress.= If you work hard, you'll make great progress.努力学习,你就会取得很大的进步。 but but意为"但是",表达转折关系,所连接的成分意思往往相反或相对。 He is a top student, but he never shows off. 他是个尖子生,但是他从不炫耀。 如果连接两个含有相同主语的句子或两个含有相同主语和谓语的句子时,but后的句子可省去相同的部分。 Our school is small but beautiful. 我们学校很小但是很漂亮。 or or意为"或者,还是"时,表示选择关系。 Are you coming or not? 你来还是不来? or意为"否则,要不然",可用于"祈使句 + or + 陈述句"中。其中祈使句表示条件,相当于"if...not...",连词or后的陈述句通常表示一个不愉快的或不理想的结果。 Get up early, or you'll miss the early bus.= If you don't get up early, you'll miss the early bus. 早点起床,否则你会错过早班车。 or连接两个主语时,谓语动词应和or后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致,即遵循"就近原则"。 You or I am going to attend the meeting next week. 你或者我下周要参加那个会议。 so so意为"所以,因此",表示因果关系。 Lily asked me to look for a book, so I went to the library.莉莉叫我找一本书,所以我去了图书馆。 so不能和because一起使用。因为because是从属连词,而so是并列连词,用来连接并列分句。 Because it's raining heavily outside, we have to stay at home.= It's raining heavily outside, so we have to stay at home. 因为外面正在下大雨,所以我们不得不待在家里。 易错点(1)and连接的并列成分作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。 A table, two chairs and a sofa are in my room.我房间里有一张桌子、两把椅子和一张沙发。 Coffee and milk are on sale in the shop.这家商店出售咖啡和牛奶。 (2)如果and连接的名词表达的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念,则两个名词共用一个限定词,谓语动词用单数形式。 a knife and fork一副刀叉 The singer and dancer歌唱家兼舞蹈家 (3)and和or都可以表示"和"的意思,前者常用于肯定句中;后者常用于否定句或疑问句中。 I don't like tea or coffee.我既不喜欢茶也不喜欢咖啡。 2. 并列连词both...and...、not only...but(also)...、either...or...和neither...nor... 连词 用法 例句 both... and... 意为"……和……两者都;既……又……"。当both...and...连接的两个成分在句中作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。 I'm interested in both English and Chinese.我既对英语感兴趣又对汉语感兴趣。 Both David and Daniel are members of the Reading Club. 戴维和丹尼尔都是读书俱乐部的成员。 not only... but (also)... also可 以省略 意为"不但……而且……;不仅……还有……"。当not only...but(also)...连接两个名词作主语时,其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就是我们所说的"就近原则"。 My sister is good at not only singing but (also) dancing.我的姐姐不仅擅长唱歌,也擅长跳舞。 Not only the students but (also) the teacher is working hard.不仅学生在努力学习,而且老师也在努力工作。 either... or... 意为"不是……就是……;或者……或者……;要么……要么……"。当either...or...连接两个主语时,应遵循"就近原则"。 You may either stay or go.你可以留下,也可以走。 Either my brothers or my father is coming here.不是我的哥哥就是我的爸爸要来这里。 neither... nor... 意为"既不……也不……",具有否定含义。当neither...nor...连接两个主语时,应遵循"就近原则"。 He neither drinks nor smokes.他既不喝酒也不吸烟。 Neither he nor I am tired. 他和我都不累。 一、 用并列连词and, but, so或or填空 1. Let’s help each other ________ learn from each other. 2. Work hard, ________ you’ll fall behind. 3. She is very busy, ________ she still spends some time taking care of sick animals. 4. Every day, I can smell the flowers ________ hear the birds sing. 5. It was too cold outside, ________ we stayed at home all the day. 6. You can watch TV at home ________ go for a walk with me. 7. I know him, ________ I can’t remember his name. 8. My glasses are broken, ________ I need a new pair. 1. and2. or3. but4. and5. so 6. or 7. but8. so 二、用并列连词both...and...not only...but (also)..., either...or...或neither...nor...填空 1. ________ Saturday ________ Sunday is OK. I will be free at the weekend. 2. ________ humans ________ animals can live without air. 3. ________ she ________ her twin sister impress the fans with their beautiful dance. 4. Since last month ________ the students ________ the teacher has devoted most of their time to the competition. 5. ________ the boy ________ the girl knows the way. They are lost. 6. You may choose ________ the bike ________ the toy. You can’t have them both, kid. 7. ________ he ________ his son enjoys fishing by the lake when it is sunny. It’s great fun for them. 8. ________ Jane ________ Jim are interested in music. They won’t miss this concert. 1. Either; or 2. Neither; nor 3. Both; and 4. not only; but (also) 5. Neither; nor 6. either; or 7. Not only; but (also) 8. Both; and 三、根据汉语意思完成句子 1. 基蒂周末不是做饭, 就是洗碗。 Kitty ____________________________________ at the weekend. 2. “杂交水稻之父”袁隆平在国内外都很有名。 Yuan Longping, Father of Hybrid Rice, is famous ____________ at home ____________ abroad. 3. 你们不仅要三思而行, 还应接受别人好的建议。 You should ________________________________ . 4. 海伦. 凯勒既看不见也听不见, 但她以杰出的作品和慈善工作赢得了全世界的赞誉。 Helen Keller could __________________ , but she __________________ for her great works and her charity activities from all over the world. 5. 比利急躁粗心, 因此不适合做这项工作。 Billy is __________________ , ______________ he __________________ the job. 1. either makes/cooks meals or does the dishes 2. both; and 3. not only think twice but(also) accept others’ good advice 4. neither see nor hear; won high praise 5. impatient and careless; so; is not suitable for 五．提建议的句型 (1)当主语是第一人称I或we时,我们可以用"Shall I/we+动词原形?"来提出建议或征求对方意见,意为"我(们)……好吗?/要不要……?"。 Shall I send you the book?我把书给你寄去,好不好? (2)"Let's + 动词原形!"意为"让咱(我)们做……吧!";"Let's + 动词原形,OK/all right/shall we?"意为"咱们做……,好(行)吗?",常用来征求对方的意见和看法。 —Let's go to the beach!咱们去海滩吧!—OK.好。 (3)"What/How about + 名词/代词/动词-ing形式?"意为"……怎么样?",用来提出建议,征求对方意见,询问对方的看法等。 What/How about going for a meal?去吃饭怎么样? (4)"Why don't you + 动词原形?"相当于"Why not+动词原形?",意为"(你)为什么不……呢?"。 Why don't you go to see the film — New Gods:Yang Jian?=Why not go to see the film — New Gods:Yang Jian?(你们)为什么不去看《新神榜:杨戬》这部电影呢? 回答建议的表达方式 同意对方的建议 委婉谢绝 Yes, please./All right./That's a good idea./Good idea./OK./I'd like/love to./Sure./ Certainly. No, thanks./I'm sorry, I can't./I'd like/love to,but.../I'm afraid I can't. 1. 你最好让你的父母知道你现在最需要他们。 ____________________________________________________________________ 2. 让我们得到他的答复后再做决定吧! ____________________________________________________________________ 3. 你为什么不与别人分享你的烦恼呢? ____________________________________________________________________ 4. 读一读这本关于青少年问题的书怎么样? ____________________________________________________________________ 1. You had better 1et your parents know (that) you need them most now. 2. Let’s make a decision after we get his reply/replies. 3. Why do you/Why not share your worries with others? 4. What/How about reading the book on teenage problems? 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$