专题03 Unit1 ～Unit14重点语法归纳-2024-2025学年九年级英语上学期期末复习（人教版）

Unit1 ~Unit14重点语法归纳 目录 Unit1 ~Unit14重点语法归纳 1 一．定语从句 2 1. 常见关系代词的用法 3 2.在定语从句中只用that,不用which的情况 3 3.在定语从句中只用that,不用who的情况 3 4. 在定语从句中只用which,不用 that的情况 4 5. 在定语从句中只用who(whom),不用that的情况 4 定语从句专练 4 二．宾语从句 7 1．that、if/whether引导的宾语从句 7 2．wh-引导的宾语从句 7 宾语从句专练 8 三．被动语态 11 1.一般现在时的被动语态 11 2.一般过去时的被动语态 12 3.含情态动词的被动语态 13 被动语态专练 13 四．过去完成时 15 过去完成时专练 16 五．感叹句 17 1. 以what开头的感叹句 17 2. 以how开头的感叹句 17 感叹句专练 17 六．used to的用法 18 used to的用法专练 18 七．情态动词 19 情态动词专练 19 八．be supposed to do sth.与 be expected to do sth.结构 20 be supposed to do sth.与 be expected to do sth.结构专练 20 九．make 的用法 21 make 的用法专练 21 十．by+doing sth. 22 by+doing sth.专练 22 十二．动词的时态语态复习 23 1.一般现在时 23 2.一般过去时 23 3.一般将来时 24 4.现在进行时 24 5.过去进行时 24 6.现在完成时 24 动词的语态 24 1.一般现在时的被动语态 24 2.一般过去时的被动语态 24 3.一般将来时的被动语态 25 4.现在完成时的被动语态 25 5.含有情态动词的被动语态 25 一．定语从句 　　在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词,通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的关系代词有 that、which、who、whom、whose等,关系副词有when(时间)、where(地点)、why(原因)等。关系代词或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间,它既起连接作用,又充当从句中的某一句子成分。因初中阶段只学关系代词,此处重点讲解关系代词引导定语从句的用法。 1. 常见关系代词的用法 (1)that作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略),指物或人。通常可与which互换。 A plane is a machine that/which can fly.飞机是一种可以飞行的机器。(作主语) This is the book(that/which) you are looking for.这是你正在找的书。(作宾语) (2)which作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略),指物。通常可与that互换。 Basketball is a sport which/that was invented by a PE teacher.篮球是一项由一名体育老师发明的运动。(作主语) I love books(which/that) I can learn something from.我喜欢能让我从中学到东西的书。(作宾语) (3)who常作主语,指人。通常可与that互换。 We believe that success always belongs to the people who/that never say "give up". 我们认为成功总是属于那些从不说放弃的人。(作主语) (4)whom作宾语,指人。 Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked about.刘先生是你们谈论的那个人。(作宾语) (5)whose作定语,指人或物。 I know the girl whose name is Linda.我认识那个名叫琳达的女孩。(作定语) 2.在定语从句中只用that,不用which的情况 具体情况 例句 当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,none 等不定代词时 Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?你记下李老师所说的一切了吗? 当先行词被 the only,the very,the last 等修饰时 This is the only schoolbag that he owns.这是他所拥有的唯一的书包。 当先行词(指物)是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时 The first book that he read was The Little Prince.他读的第一本书是《小王子》。 3.在定语从句中只用that,不用who的情况 具体情况 例句 当先行词既指人又指物时 She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.她把她感兴趣的物和人拍了下来。 当主句是以疑问词 who开头的特殊疑问句时 Who is the young man that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个年轻人是谁? 4. 在定语从句中只用which,不用 that的情况 具体情况 例句 关系代词前有介词时 This is the city in which I have lived for ten years.这是我生活了10年的城市。 非限制性定语从句 His book,which we lost last week,has been found now.上周我们弄丢的那本他的书,现在已经找到了。 5. 在定语从句中只用who(whom),不用that的情况 具体情况 例句 当先行词为表示人的集体名词且代表其中的成员时 The family who were all asleep forgot to lock the door.已入睡的这一家人忘记锁门了。 当先行词为人称代词he、they和指示代词those时 Those who smoke should have their lungs X-rayed regularly.吸烟者应定期做肺部X光透视。 当一个表示人的先行词后有两个定语从句时,第二个定语从句必须用who/whom引导,不能用that代替,也不能省略 She's about the only friend I've met whom I really like.她大概是我遇到并真正喜欢的唯一的朋友。 当先行词(指人)是the +序数词或由序数词来修饰时,多用who引导 Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the Moon.尼尔·阿姆斯特朗是第一个在月球上行走的人。 定语从句专练 一.根据句意选择方框中所给的关系代词或关系副词填空 who　which　that　whose　where　whom 1.I still remember the time 　　　we spent together last year.  2.Success will belong to those　　　never say “impossible”.  3.—There are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister? —The one　　　hat is yellow.  4.One of the most delicious drinks　　　I like is orange juice.   5.This is the primary school　　　I studied three years ago.   6.The young lady　　　we met yesterday is our new maths teacher.  二.单项选择 7.The story tells some exciting stories about a boy 　　　has many adventures.  A.what　　 B.which C.whose　　 D.who 8. This is the CD 　　　I bought last year.  A.who　 B.that　 C.whom 9. The book 　　　cover has a beautiful picture is Lily’s.  A.which　 B.whose 　 C.that 10.On December 31, 2020, the New Year speech 　　　President Xi Jinping made encouraged us Chinese to work harder for our motherland.  A.who　　 B.whose C.which　　 D.what 11.—Please tell me something about Yang Liwei. —He is a great astronaut of 　　　all the Chinese are proud.  A.that　　 B.whose C.who　　 D.whom 12.All of the classmates prefer the song Shao Nian 　　　.  A.that they can sing along with B.which can they sing along with C.who they can sing along with 13.I like the city 　　　the people are really kind and friendly.  A.that 　　 B.which C.where　　 D.who 14.It is the most important day 　　　I’ll never forget.  A.whom　 B.who　 C.that　 D.what 15.—What kind of movies do you prefer? —I prefer the movies　　　me think about something.  A.which make　 B.that makes C.which makes　 D.who make 16.My cousin is a boy 　　　lots of trouble to his parents.  A.who bring　　 B.which brings C.who brings　 D.that bring 二．宾语从句 1．that、if/whether引导的宾语从句 　　宾语从句是名词性从句的一种,在主从复合句中充当宾语,通常位于及物动词、介词或形容词之后。宾语从句主要分为三类:动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词包括连接词、连接代词和连接副词。常见的从属连词有that、if和 whether。 1. 连接词that引导的宾语从句 连接词that引导宾语从句时在句中无词义,不充当句子成分,口语中一般可以省略。 I think (that) we should pull together to achieve our dream. 我认为我们应该齐心协力,实现我们的梦想。 易错点当主句主语为第一人称,且谓语动词是think、 believe、 suppose、 expect等词时,若宾语从句要表示否定含义,常把否定转移至主句。 I don't think it is right for him to treat you like that. 我认为他那样对待你是不对的。 2. 连接词whether/if 引导的宾语从句 whether/if 意为"是否",它们引导的宾语从句实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的,宾语从句要用陈述语序。一般说来,在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换。 I wonder whether/if they will come to our party. 我想知道他们是否会来我们的晚会。 易错点whether与if引导宾语从句时的差异 (1)whether引导的宾语从句可置于主句之前,而if则不能。 Whether it is true or not, I'm not sure. 这是真的还是假的,我说不上来。 (2)whether引导的宾语从句可用于介词之后,而if则不能。 Success depends on whether we make enough efforts. 成功取决于我们是否作出足够的努力。 (3)whether可与or not直接连用,而if则不能。 Let me know whether or not you can come. 让我知道你是否能来。 2．wh-引导的宾语从句 　　当宾语从句由特殊疑问句转化而来时,疑问词就是宾语从句的引导词。连接代词 (who、 whom、 whose、 what、 which等)和连接副词(when、 where、 how、 why)用于引导宾语从句,并在从句中作一定成分。 1. 宾语从句的引导词 (1)连接代词在宾语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或者表语。 Can you tell me gave you this gift?你能告诉我是谁给你的这个礼物吗? Can you tell me you are waiting for? 你能告诉我你正在等谁吗? He asked me skirt I liked best.他问我最喜欢哪条裙子。 I don’t know this book is.我不知道这本书是谁的。 (2)连接副词在宾语从句中作状语。 —Could you tell me you’d like me to pay you?你能告诉我你想让我如何付款给你吗? —You’d better use WeChat or Alipay.你最好用微信或支付宝。 2． 宾语从句的语序 在含有宾语从句的复合句中,宾语从句应使用陈述语序。 Could you tell me when the train will leave? 你能告诉我火车什么时间将会离开吗? I wonder where it is from.我想知道它来自哪里。 He doesn't know whose book it is.他不知道这是谁的书。 3． 宾语从句的时态 (1)主句如果是一般现在时或一般将来时,从句根据实际情况选用时态。 We hope everything goes well. 我们希望一切顺利。 I wonder whom that letter was from.我不知道是谁来的信。 (2)主句如果是过去时态,从句应用过去的某种时态。 I knew that she hadn't finished her work on time. 我知道她没有按时完成工作。 (3)当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,其时态不受主句影响,使用一般现在时。 The teacher told his students that light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉他的学生光比声音传播得快。 宾语从句专练 1.Lisa can speak English very well. We are sure 　　　she will win the English speech competition.   A.whether　　　 B.why　　　 C.that　　　 D.when 2.—I wonder　　　 Jane gets on so well with her classmates.  —Because she always cares much about others. A.whether　　　 B.how　　　 C.when　　　 D.why 3.—Could you tell me 　　　you'd like me to pay you?  —You'd better use mobile payment. I don't care 　　　it is Alipay or WeChat Pay.  A.how;whether　　　 B.how;why C.what;whether　　　 D.what;why 4.—Could you please tell me 　　　?   —Walk along the road and you'll see it on your left. A.how the Centre Square was B.how the Centre Square is C.where the Centre Square was D.where the Centre Square is 5.—Could you tell me 　　　on weekdays?  —I usually go to school on foot, but sometimes by bike. A.why do you go to school B.when you went to school C.how you go to school 6.—Could you please tell me 　　　when they meet for the first time in China?  —They usually shake hands. A.what do people usually do B.what people usually do C.where do people usually go D.where people usually go 7.—Can I help you? —Yes, please. I want to find out 　　　.  A.where was the hospital B.the hospital is where C.where is the nearest hospital D.where the nearest hospital is 8.—Do you know 　　　?  —Yes. We should try to waste less but recycle more. A.how can we live a green life B.how we can live a green life C.why should we live a green life D.when we should live a green life 二.根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词 1.地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。 The geography teacher told us 　　　the earth 　　　around the sun.   2.我想知道你是否通过了驾照考试。 I wonder 　　　or not you 　　　 　　　the driver's license test.   3.迈克问我上周是如何去北京的。 Mike asked me 　　　I 　　　in Beijing last week.   4.我问玛丽她下个月打算去哪里度假。 I asked Mary 　　　she 　　　going on vacation the next month.   5.在我们做决定之前,你能先告诉我洗手间在哪里吗? Before we decide, could you first tell me 　　　the restrooms 　　　?   三．被动语态 1.一般现在时的被动语态 　　语态是动词的一种形式,用于说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。被动语态中的执行者可由介词by引出。 Lots of students love this English song. 很多学生都喜欢这首英文歌。(主动语态,句子的主语Lots of students是动作love的执行者) This English song is loved by lots of students. 这首英文歌受到很多学生的喜爱。(被动语态,句子的主语This English song是动作love的承受者) 1. 一般现在时的被动语态的构成 被动语态由"be动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成,其中的be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。一般现在时的被动语态的各种句式如下: 句式 结构 例句 肯定句 主语+am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词(+其他). The task is finished by us together.这项任务由我们共同完成。 否定句 主语+am/is/are+not+及物动词的过去分词(+其他). The school uniforms are not worn by students every day.学生们不是每天都穿校服。 一般疑问句 Am/Is/Are+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+其他)? Is his homework finished?他的家庭作业做完了吗? 2. 主动语态变被动语态的方法 把主动语态的句子转换为被动语态的句子,需遵循以下几个步骤:①先找出谓语动词;②再找出谓语动词后的宾语;③把宾语用作被动语态句子的主语(宾语若是人称代词,须将宾格变为主格);④再将主动句中的主语置于介词by之后(若是人称代词,须将主格变为宾格);⑤注意人称、时态和数等的变化。 We plant trees every year.Trees are planted by us every year.我们每年都种树。 3. 一些关于被动语态的特殊情况 (1)不及物动词(短语)如happen, rise, appear, come out, take place等没有被动语态。 (2)含有动词短语(如talk about, pay attention to, deal with, take care of等)的主动语态的句子在变为被动语态时,其中的介词不可漏掉。 How will people deal with this problem?How will this problem be dealt with by people?人们将怎么解决这个问题? (3)在主动语态的句子中,感官动词和使役动词后面接省略to的动词不定式,但在变为被动语态时,to要还原。 They often make me repeat the whole story. I am often made to repeat the whole story by them. 他们经常让我重复整个故事。 (4)某些表示主语的内在"品质"或"性能"的不及物动词,如sell, wash, read, write等,在主语为物时,可用主动形式表示被动含义。 These books sell well. 这些书卖得很好。 (5)系动词如seem, look, smell, feel, prove等后接形容词作表语时,用主动形式表示被动含义。 The soup tastes terrible.这个汤尝起来很难喝。 Tom proves very patient and kind.事实证明汤姆很有耐心、很善良。 2.一般过去时的被动语态 一般过去时的被动语态表示过去某一时间的被动动作或过去经常性、习惯性的被动动作。 1. 一般过去时的被动语态的句型结构 (1)肯定句:主语+was/were+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者). The book was written by Mr. Smith last year. 这本书是史密斯先生去年写的。 (2)否定句:主语+was/were +not +及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者). The machine wasn't repaired last week. 这台机器上周没有修理。 (3)一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)? Was the desk made by your father? 这张桌子是你爸爸做的吗? (4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)? When was the tree planted? 那棵树是什么时候种的? 2. 一般过去时的主动语态与被动语态的转换 3.含情态动词的被动语态 1. 含情态动词的被动语态句式 (1)肯定句:主语+情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者). Teenagers should be allowed to go out with their friends. 应该允许青少年和朋友们一起外出。 (2)否定句:主语+情态动词+not+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者). These books must not be taken out of the library. 禁止把这些书带出图书馆。 (3)一般疑问句:情态动词+主语+be +及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)? Can these children be allowed to play outside now? 可以允许这些孩子们现在在外面玩耍吗? (4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句? When can the bridge be completed?这座桥什么时候能够完工? 2.含情态动词的主动句变被动句 含有情态动词的主动句变为被动句时,要把主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语;主动句中的谓语动词变为"情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词",主动句中的主语变为介词by的宾语,放在句尾。 如果不强调动作的执行者,by短语可以省略 We should plant lots of trees. 我们应该种很多树。Lots of trees should be planted by us. 很多树应该被我们种植。 被动语态专练 一.单项选择 1.The work must 　　　by you and your team members at the end of this month.  A.finish　　　 B.finished C.be finishing　　　 D.be finished 2.As China grows stronger and stronger, Chinese 　　　in more and more schools out of our country.   A.teaches　　　 B.is taught C.has taught　　　 D.was taught 3.The Shenzhou 􀃽 　　　into the space on June 5th, 2022.It marked another achievement in exploring the space.   A.is sent　　　 B.sends C.was sent　　　 D.will be sent 4.These heavy and boring jobs 　　　by the robots in the future so that we will have more free time.  A.are done　　　 B.were done C.will be done　　　 D.have been done 5.The popular book Gone with the Wind 　　　a score of 9.2 by Chinese readers on Douban last month.  A.gave　　　 B.was given C.was giving　　　 D.were given 6.Now teenagers 　　　to do voluntary work for their local communities.  A.are encouraged　　　 B.were encouraged C.have encouraged　　　 D.are encouraging 二．完成句子 1.你认为学生们应该被允许做出自己的决定吗? Do you think students should 　　　 　　　 　　　make their own decisions?   2.这些家务活必须在五点之前完成。 These chores 　　　 　　　 　　　by five o'clock.   3.这个智能机器是那个科学家三年前发明出来的。 This smart machine 　　　 　　　 　　　the scientist three years ago.  4.我的生日聚会是在下周五。我所有的朋友都将被邀请。 My birthday party is next Friday. All of my friends 　　　 　　　 　　　.  5.如果给我这个机会,我会让你大吃一惊的。 I will give you a surprise if I 　　　 　　　this chance.   三.把下面的句子改为被动语态,每空一词 1.The farmer built a new house for his horses. A new house 　　　 　　　by the farmer for his horses.  2.You must finish your homework by 8:00. Your homework 　　　 　　　 　　　by 8:00.  3.We plant some trees on the hills. Some trees 　　　 　　　by us on the hills.  4.They are going to build a bridge next year. A bridge 　　　 　　　 　　　 　　　 　　　by them next year.  四．过去完成时 1. 含义 过去完成时表示在过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,它表示动作发生的时间是"过去的过去"。 By the time I got up, my sister had already brushed her teeth.在我起床前,我妹妹就已经把她的牙刷了。 2. 构成 句式 结构 肯定句 主语+had+动词的过去分词+其他. 否定句 主语+hadn't+动词的过去分词+其他. 疑问句及简略回答 Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其他? Yes,主语+had./No, 主语+hadn't. 3. 用法 (1)表示某一动作在过去某一时间或动作之前已经开始或完成,即动作发生在"过去的过去"。这个过去的时间可以用by、before等构成的介词短语或when、before引导的时间状语从句来表示。 We had planted over 100 trees by yesterday.到昨天为止,我们已经栽了100多棵树了。 When we got there, the football match had already started.当我们赶到那里时,足球比赛已经开始了。 (2)表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去的时间。常与时间段连用。 By the end of last year, she had worked in the factory for thirty years.到去年年底,她已经在这家工厂工作30年了。 (3)常用在said、 told、 knew、 heard、 realized等后面的宾语从句中。 I suddenly realized that I had left my ID card at home.我突然意识到我把身份证忘在家里了。 (4)want、plan、hope、wish、intend、think、expect等表示"打算""计划""希望""试图"和"认为"等的动词用于过去完成时表示"本打算(本计划、本希望、本以为……)做而未做"。 I had hoped to come to your party,but I was too busy.我本希望参加你的派对,但我太忙了。 4. 过去完成时的判定 (1)根据时间状语来判定:by/before+过去的时间点;by the end of+过去的时间。 He had finished reading the book by 8 o'clock yesterday morning.到昨天上午8点钟,他已经读完了这本书。 (2)根据上下文判定。 I met Jim in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.我昨天在街上碰见了吉姆。自从他去北京后,我们还没有见过面。 过去完成时专练 一.用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。 1．By the time I reached home，my mother (cook) supper already. 2．Catherine (finish) the letter before her mother came into her bedroom. 3．The train (leave) when I got to the station. 4．The little girl (lie) in bed for almost a month since she fell(fall) sick. 5．By the end of last year，he (learn) 3，000 English words. 6．It was the third time that the girl (invite) him. 7．I  (not find) the dog until last night. 8．He told his mother that he (run) out of money to buy new clothes. 9．Tom said that he (keep)  the book for two weeks. 10．I suddenly remembered that I (leave)the key in my classroom when I got(get) home yesterday. 五．感叹句 　　感叹句表示说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪,句末通常用感叹号,朗读时一般用降调。 1. 以what开头的感叹句 what作定语,修饰名词或名词短语。其句式结构为: What an interesting movie(it is)!(它是)多么有趣的一部电影呀! What interesting movies(they are)! (它们是)多么有趣的电影呀! What delicious food!多么美味的食物呀! What a mess!真是一团糟! What luck!真幸运! 2. 以how开头的感叹句 how作状语,主要用来修饰形容词或副词。其句式结构为: How interesting the movie is!这部电影多么有趣呀! How time flies!时光飞逝! 感叹句专练 选择题 1. Look at the blue sky. ______ fine weather it is！ A. How B. How a C. What D. What a 2.-______ good grades I hope to get in this exam！ -I’m sure you will. A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 3.-Wow！ ______ clean air we have today！ -Yes .Look！ A lot of adults are doing kung fu over there. A. How B. What a C. How a D. What 4. ______ special classes we had！ We have learned a lot about paper cutting. A. What a B. What C. How a D. How 5. ______ nice weather it is！ Let’s go for a picnic, Frank. A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 6. ______ lucky they are, I thought, to have each other. A. What a B. What C. How 六．used to的用法 used to意为"过去常常",其后接动词原形,表示过去存在的某种状态或经常发生的某个动作,而该状态或动作现在已经不存在。 He used to live in Paris. 他过去住在巴黎。 He didn't use to live in Paris. 他过去没有住在巴黎。 —Did he use to live in Paris?他过去住在巴黎吗?—Yes,he did./No, he didn't. 是的,他是。/不,他不是。 辨析used to do sth.、 be used to do sth.与get/be used to doing sth. 结构 用法 例句 used to do sth. 意为"过去常常做某事",表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,有与现在对比的含义。 There used to be many kinds of dinosaurs on earth.地球上曾有很多种恐龙。 be used to do sth. 意为"被用来做某事",强调用途 ,句中的主语应为表示"物"的名词或代词。 The shoes are used to climb the mountains. 这双鞋是用来爬山的。 get/be used to doing sth. 意为"习惯于做某事",句中的主语常是表示"人"的名词或代词。 More and more people get/are used to shopping on the Internet. 越来越多的人习惯网购。 used to的用法专练 一.根据汉语意思完成句子 1.多年以来，他已经习惯开工前为自己泡杯咖啡。 He a cup of coffee before work since many years ago. 2.过去我们学校周围有许多树。 There many trees around our school. 3.现在在十堰，大多数司机习惯了在斑马线前停下来等人先行。 These days, most drivers to wait for people to cross the road first at the zebra crossing in Shiyan. 二.翻译句子 4.我过去常常害羞。（used to） . 5.这位老人习惯于早上7点起床。 . 七．情态动词 1. 可表示推测的情态动词 一般来说,英语中可以用于表示推测或可能性的情态动词有must、may、might、could和can。 (1)must 表示很大的可能性,只用于肯定句,意为"一定;必定"。 You must be tired after the long work. 长时间工作之后,你一定累了。 (2)may、might、could都能表示"可能"。其中might语气最为缓和,说话人更不确定。 It may/might snow tonight. 今天晚上可能下雪。 Her aunt may/might come back this afternoon, but she's not sure. 她姑姑今天下午可能回来,但是她不确定。 It could be Mei's hair band.Or it might belong to Linda.They both have long hair.这有可能是梅的发带,也有可能是琳达的。她们俩都是长发。 (3)can常用于否定句或疑问句中表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等。can't表示"不可能"。 Can it be true?那可能是真的吗? The man can't be David because he has gone to Beijing. 那个人不可能是戴维,因为他去北京了。 2. 情态动词表示推测的句式结构 (1)"情态动词+动词原形"表示对目前事情的推测。 The book must be Jim's because his name is on the front cover. 这本书一定是吉姆的,因为他的名字在封面上。 (2)"情态动词+be+动词-ing形式"表示对正在发生的事情的推测。 She might be doing her homework at home now. 现在她可能正在家里做作业。 (3)"情态动词+have+动词的过去分词"可以表示对过去情况的推测。 The ground is clean. It must have been cleaned by someone just now. 地面很干净,一定是刚刚有人打扫过了。 易错点must 在表示肯定推测时,意为"一定",但是用于否定句时,mustn't 表示"不能;禁止",而不是"不一定"。 情态动词专练 1.-Is the woman Miss Zhao？ -It ______ be her. She has gone to Qingdao for a meeting. A. can’t B. needn’t C. must D. may 2.The man ______ be a doctor in this hospital, but I’m not sure. A. must B. would C. can D might 3.That ______ be an alien-there’s no such thing！ A. might B. must C. can’t 4.The dictionary ______ belong to Sam. You can see his name on it. A. can B. must C. need D. would 5.He ______ like coffee. I see him drink a cup at times. A. must B. may C. can’t D. mustn’t 八．be supposed to do sth.与 be expected to do sth.结构 1.be supposed to do sth. be supposed to do sth. 意为"应该做某事"。其时态、人称和句式的变化体现在be动词上。to为不定式符号,后接动词原形。 (1)be supposed to do sth.的句式结构 ①肯定句:主语+be supposed to do sth. You were supposed to arrive at 6:00,but you arrived at 7:00.你应该在6点到,可你7点才到。 ②否定句:主语+be +not + supposed to do sth. You're not supposed to eat in the classroom.你不应该在教室里吃东西。 ③一般疑问句:Be+主语+supposed to do sth.? Are you supposed to play computer games after school?你放学后应该玩电脑游戏吗? ④特殊疑问句:疑问词+be+主语+supposed to do (+其他)? What are you supposed to do after school?放学后你应该做什么? 当疑问词为who时,句式应为:Who +be supposed to do sth.? Who is supposed to give a report today?今天该谁作报告了? (2) be supposed to do sth.的用法 ①当 be supposed to do sth.的主语是"人"时,意为"应该做某事;被期望做某事",可用来表示劝告、建议、义务、 责任等。　 相当于should/ought to do sth. You're supposed to put up your hand if you have some questions in class.如果你在课堂上有问题,你应该举手。 ②当be supposed to do sth.的主语是"物"时,意为"本该做某事",用于表示某事本应该发生而实际并没有发生。 The train was supposed to come an hour ago.火车本应在一个小时前到。 2.be expected to do sth. be expected to do sth. 表示"被期待做某事;应该做某事"。它比 be supposed to do sth. 的主观性更强。 Parents can't be expected to watch their children 24 hours a day.不能指望父母全天24小时都照看自己的孩子。 be supposed to do sth.与 be expected to do sth.结构专练 一.用What are you supposed to do，I was supposed to或You're supposed to填空。 1． when you are late for school? 2． your hands before a meal. 3． when you are invited for a Chinese dinner? 4． bow when I met someone for the first time in Korea. 5． when you have a bowl of rice in China? 二.用suppose的适当形式填空。 6．I that she is not yet thirty years old. 7．You were to be here at 2：00.I have been waiting for you for almost an hour! 8．I that my father will be back in half an hour. 9．You are not to trouble her again. 10．—Is it going to rain this afternoon? —Yes，I so. 九．make 的用法 　　make作使役动词,意为"使;让",其后可接复合宾语,即"宾语+宾语补足语",宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、过去分词、动词不定式等来充当。具体用法如下: 用法 例句 make+名词/代词+名词 We made him our team leader last week.上周我们推选他当我们的队长。 make+名词/代词+形容词 The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.这项新科技的目的是使生活更加简单,而不是更加困难。 make+名词/代词+过去分词 The teacher raised his voice so that he could make himself heard.那个老师提高了嗓门以便别人能听到。 make+名词/代词+动词不定式(省略to) 该结构改为被动语态时,省略的动词不定式符号to要还原 Nobody made us go to bed at a certain time.没有人让我们在某一固定时间就寝。 Children should be made to understand the importance of protecting wild animals.应该让孩子们理解保护野生动物的重要性。 make+名词/代词+介词短语 You made him into an honest person.你使他成了一个诚实的人。 make+it(形式宾语)+形容词或名词+带to的动词不定式(真正的宾语) This makes it possible for industry and agriculture to develop quickly.这使工农业有可能快速发展。 make+it(形式宾语)+形容词或名词+从句(真正的宾语) They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job. 他们想要向公众表明,他们做的是一项重要和必要的工作。 make 的用法专练 一.用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。 1.We must make computers (serve) us better. 2.I am often made (do) some housework. 3.I just couldn't make myself (understand) while talking to a foreigner. 4.The news made me (surprise)． 5.Soccer makes him (excite)． 二.根据汉语意思完成句子，每空一词。 6.那位父亲想让他的女儿学法语。The father his daughter to learn French. 7.吃得太多使他生病了。Eating too much him ． 8.昨晚我的父亲让我学习到12点钟。My father till twelve last night. 9.莉莉使小女孩停止了哭泣。Lily the little girl ． 10．学生们被要求下课前做完作业。 The students were the homework before the class was over. 十．by+doing sth. 表示做某事的方式时,用介词by。by后常接动词-ing形式,表示"使用某种手段/方式",如by keeping a diary(通过写日记), by taking notes(通过记笔记);其后也可接表示交通工具的名词,表示"使用(交通工具)",如by bike(骑自行车), by bus(乘公共汽车)。 by、 with与in 三个词都可表示"用",具体用法如下: 单词 用法 例句 by 表示使用某种手段、方式或使用交通工具,后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。 He improved his listening by listening to English songs.他通过听英文歌曲提高了他的听力水平。 We got to this beautiful island by ship.我们乘船到达了这座美丽的岛。 with 表示使用某种工具或身体某个部位,后接名词或代词。 Please cut it with a knife.请用刀把它切开。 We see with our eyes and hear with our ears. 我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听。 in 表示使用语言、语调、笔墨或材料,后接名词或代词。 We always talk with each other in English.我们总是用英语与对方交谈。 Our teacher likes writing in ink. 我们老师喜欢用墨水写字。 　 介词by的其他常见用法 (1)by+地点,意为"靠近;在……旁边"。 The girl standing by the big tree is my sister.站在大树旁边的那个女孩是我妹妹。 (2)by+时间,意为"不迟于;在……之前"。 I'll come back by 10:00.我会在十点之前回来。 (3)by意为"由……所作"。 Erquan Yingyue by Abing is famous all over the world.阿炳所作的《二泉映月》举世闻名。 (4)by在被动语态中,常置于表示被动的动词或动词短语后,表示施事者。 He was knocked down by a bus.他被一辆公共汽车撞倒了。 by+doing sth.专练 一.用所给词的适当形式填空 1.Do you learn English by （work）with a group？ 2.He has helped me a lot by （offer）me some useful suggestions. 3.Let’s review new words by （make）vocabulary lists. 4.He broke my window （without）a ball. 5.Mary’s parents always talk to her in （Germany）。 二.句型转换 1.We can become good learners by asking the teacher for help.（对画线部分提问） you become good learners？ 2.The Blacks will go to Canada by plane.（对画线部分提问） the Blacks go to Canada？ 3.His brother learns French by listening to tapes.（对画线部分提问） his brother learn French？ 4.Most of them take the train to work.（同义句转换） Most of them go to work . 5.The man makes a living by teaching.（对画线部分提问） the man make a living？ 十二．动词的时态语态复习 根据最新教学大纲规定，初中阶段要求学生必须掌握的动词时态包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时及现在完成时。 1.一般现在时 一般现在时表示现阶段经常发生的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态和客观真理，常用的时间状语有often，usually，always，sometimes，every day(week，month)等。如： He usually goes to school by bike.他通常骑自行车上学。 The sun rises from the east.太阳从东方升起。 【注意】在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。如： If you don't go soon，you'll be late.如果你不快点去，你将会迟到的。 You mustn't eat anything until you see the doctor.看医生之前你不能吃东西。 2.一般过去时 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有yesterday，ago，last night(week，month)，just now，in 2000等。如： It snowed heavily last night.昨天晚上雪下得很大。 It was very cold yesterday.昨天非常冷。 3.一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有tomorrow，next week(year，month)，in two days等。如：  Mr.Wu will teach us English this term.这学期吴老师将教我们英语。  I will go to my hometown next week.下周我要回老家。 【注意】(1)“be going to＋动词原形”表示即将发生某事或者打算、计划要做某事。如： I'm going to do my homework this evening.我打算今天晚上做作业。 (2)come，go，start，move，leave等动词常用进行时态表示按计划将要发生的事。如：  The whole family's going for two months.全家将要去两个月。  They are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.他们明天动身去北京。 4.现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，常用的时间状语有now，at this moment等或句首有提示词look，listen等。如： I'm reading a book now.我现在正在读一本书。 Look! They are playing football on the playground.看！他们正在操场上踢足球。 5.过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常用时间状语有at this(that) time yesterday，at nine o'clock yesterday等。如： They were working in class this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他们正在上课。 I was drawing a horse when the teacher came in.老师进来时，我正在画一匹马。 6.现在完成时 现在完成时表示过去发生的某个动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态。常与already，never，ever，just，yet等时间状语或these days，for two years，“since＋过去时态”等连用。如： I have already posted the photos.我已经把这些照片寄出去了。 He has taught at this school since 2000.他从2000年起一直在这所学校任教。 二、动词的语态 被动语态是指主语是动作的承受者。常考的动词的被动语态主要有： 1.一般现在时的被动语态 由“am/is/are＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。如： Computers are made in the USA.计算机是在美国被制造的。 Our classroom is cleaned every day.我们的教室每天都被打扫。 2.一般过去时的被动语态 由“was/were＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。如： This park was built in 1999.这个公园建造于1999年。 Last year many trees and flowers were planted in our school.去年我们学校种植了许多树和花。 3.一般将来时的被动语态 由“will be＋动词的过去分词”构成。如： The classroom will be cleaned by Li Lei tomorrow.明天李磊将打扫教室。 The homework will be finished in ten minutes.作业将在10分钟内完成。 4.现在完成时的被动语态 由“has/have been＋动词的过去分词”构成。 如： The dirty clothes have been washed.这些脏衣服都已经洗了。 The child has been taken care of by her all these years.这些年来，这个孩子都由她照顾。 5.含有情态动词的被动语态 其结构为：情态动词＋be＋及物动词的过去分词。如： The young trees should be planted in spring.应该在春天植树。 My homework can be finished in one hour today.今天我的家庭作业可以在一个小时内完成。 一.用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。 1．A serious car accident (happen) in this street last Sunday. 2．—What will the weather be like this coming Saturday? —I hope it  (be) a fine day for our picnic! I can't wait! 3．—Do you like junk food，Linda? —That's my favorite.The more junk food I (have)，the happier I (be)． 4．—What did your mother say about this? —She (say) that she (try) her best to help me with my English next term. 5．—Don't get off the bus until it (stop)，Tom. —I won't，Dad.Don't worry about me. 6．—Is your father a doctor? —Yes，he is.He (work) in the Children's Hospital. 7．—I called you yesterday evening，but there was no answer. —Oh，I'm sorry.I (have) dinner at my friend's house  at that time. 8．—Is this jacket yours，Linda? —No，I think it (belong) to Maria.She has a red one. 9．Bill is a good student.He always (finish) his homework on time. 10．I  (not read) the book Little Women yet，but I'll let you read it first. 11．A talk on science (give) in our school next Sunday. 12．The letter (write) in Japanese.Can you read it for me? 13．Chinese (speak) by more and more people in the world now. 14．The magazines (must return) to the library in two weeks. 15．—What kind of rice do you think is the best to eat? —I like to eat the rice that (grow) in the south of China. 16．Something must (do) to make our city a better place to live in. 17．Three patients (operate) on by the famous doctor in the past 10 hours. 18．We (tell) not to play computer games at school. 19．The little boy was often seen to (read) books by the lake after school. 20．The phone  (invent) by Bell.He is very great. 二.按要求完成句子，每空一词。 21．I have just learned five hundred English words.(改为一般疑问句) you just  five hundred English words? 22．They built a new park in our city last year.(改为被动语态) A new park in our city last year. 23．People used radios to learn English in the past.(改为被动语态) Radios to learn English in the past. 24．You can bring your friends to my birthday party tomorrow evening.(改为被动语态) Your friends to my birthday party tomorrow evening. 25．The students clean the classroom every day.(用now作时间状语改写句子) The students the classroom now. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit1 ~Unit14重点语法归纳 目录 Unit1 ~Unit14重点语法归纳 1 一．定语从句 2 1. 常见关系代词的用法 3 2.在定语从句中只用that,不用which的情况 3 3.在定语从句中只用that,不用who的情况 3 4. 在定语从句中只用which,不用 that的情况 4 5. 在定语从句中只用who(whom),不用that的情况 4 定语从句专练 4 二．宾语从句 7 1．that、if/whether引导的宾语从句 7 2．wh-引导的宾语从句 7 宾语从句专练 8 三．被动语态 11 1.一般现在时的被动语态 11 2.一般过去时的被动语态 12 3.含情态动词的被动语态 13 被动语态专练 13 四．过去完成时 15 过去完成时专练 16 五．感叹句 17 1. 以what开头的感叹句 17 2. 以how开头的感叹句 17 感叹句专练 17 六．used to的用法 18 used to的用法专练 18 七．情态动词 19 情态动词专练 19 八．be supposed to do sth.与 be expected to do sth.结构 20 be supposed to do sth.与 be expected to do sth.结构专练 20 九．make 的用法 21 make 的用法专练 21 十．by+doing sth. 22 by+doing sth.专练 22 十二．动词的时态语态复习 23 1.一般现在时 23 2.一般过去时 23 3.一般将来时 24 4.现在进行时 24 5.过去进行时 24 6.现在完成时 24 动词的语态 24 1.一般现在时的被动语态 24 2.一般过去时的被动语态 24 3.一般将来时的被动语态 25 4.现在完成时的被动语态 25 5.含有情态动词的被动语态 25 一．定语从句 　　在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词,通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的关系代词有 that、which、who、whom、whose等,关系副词有when(时间)、where(地点)、why(原因)等。关系代词或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间,它既起连接作用,又充当从句中的某一句子成分。因初中阶段只学关系代词,此处重点讲解关系代词引导定语从句的用法。 1. 常见关系代词的用法 (1)that作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略),指物或人。通常可与which互换。 A plane is a machine that/which can fly.飞机是一种可以飞行的机器。(作主语) This is the book(that/which) you are looking for.这是你正在找的书。(作宾语) (2)which作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略),指物。通常可与that互换。 Basketball is a sport which/that was invented by a PE teacher.篮球是一项由一名体育老师发明的运动。(作主语) I love books(which/that) I can learn something from.我喜欢能让我从中学到东西的书。(作宾语) (3)who常作主语,指人。通常可与that互换。 We believe that success always belongs to the people who/that never say "give up". 我们认为成功总是属于那些从不说放弃的人。(作主语) (4)whom作宾语,指人。 Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked about.刘先生是你们谈论的那个人。(作宾语) (5)whose作定语,指人或物。 I know the girl whose name is Linda.我认识那个名叫琳达的女孩。(作定语) 2.在定语从句中只用that,不用which的情况 具体情况 例句 当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,none 等不定代词时 Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?你记下李老师所说的一切了吗? 当先行词被 the only,the very,the last 等修饰时 This is the only schoolbag that he owns.这是他所拥有的唯一的书包。 当先行词(指物)是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时 The first book that he read was The Little Prince.他读的第一本书是《小王子》。 3.在定语从句中只用that,不用who的情况 具体情况 例句 当先行词既指人又指物时 She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.她把她感兴趣的物和人拍了下来。 当主句是以疑问词 who开头的特殊疑问句时 Who is the young man that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个年轻人是谁? 4. 在定语从句中只用which,不用 that的情况 具体情况 例句 关系代词前有介词时 This is the city in which I have lived for ten years.这是我生活了10年的城市。 非限制性定语从句 His book,which we lost last week,has been found now.上周我们弄丢的那本他的书,现在已经找到了。 5. 在定语从句中只用who(whom),不用that的情况 具体情况 例句 当先行词为表示人的集体名词且代表其中的成员时 The family who were all asleep forgot to lock the door.已入睡的这一家人忘记锁门了。 当先行词为人称代词he、they和指示代词those时 Those who smoke should have their lungs X-rayed regularly.吸烟者应定期做肺部X光透视。 当一个表示人的先行词后有两个定语从句时,第二个定语从句必须用who/whom引导,不能用that代替,也不能省略 She's about the only friend I've met whom I really like.她大概是我遇到并真正喜欢的唯一的朋友。 当先行词(指人)是the +序数词或由序数词来修饰时,多用who引导 Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the Moon.尼尔·阿姆斯特朗是第一个在月球上行走的人。 定语从句专练 一.根据句意选择方框中所给的关系代词或关系副词填空 who　which　that　whose　where　whom 1.I still remember the time 　　　we spent together last year.  2.Success will belong to those　　　never say “impossible”.  3.—There are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister? —The one　　　hat is yellow.  4.One of the most delicious drinks　　　I like is orange juice.   5.This is the primary school　　　I studied three years ago.   6.The young lady　　　we met yesterday is our new maths teacher.  答案 1.which/that　2.who　3.whose　4.that　5.where　6.whom/who/that 二.单项选择 7.The story tells some exciting stories about a boy 　　　has many adventures.  A.what　　 B.which C.whose　　 D.who 答案 D　本句为含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词是a boy,关系词在定语从句中作主语。故选D。 8. This is the CD 　　　I bought last year.  A.who　 B.that　 C.whom 答案 B　句意:这是我去年买的光盘。本句为含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词the CD指物,关系词在定语从句中作宾语,应用that或which。故选B。 9. The book 　　　cover has a beautiful picture is Lily’s.  A.which　 B.whose 　 C.that 答案 B　句意:封面上有一幅漂亮图画的那本书是莉莉的。分析句子可知,The book和cover之间为所属关系,应用whose引导定语从句。故选B。 10.On December 31, 2020, the New Year speech 　　　President Xi Jinping made encouraged us Chinese to work harder for our motherland.  A.who　　 B.whose C.which　　 D.what 答案 C　句意:2020年12月31日,习近平主席的新年讲话鼓舞了我们中国人民更加努力地为祖国奋斗。先行词the New Year speech指物,关系代词应用that或which。故选C。 11.—Please tell me something about Yang Liwei. —He is a great astronaut of 　　　all the Chinese are proud.  A.that　　 B.whose C.who　　 D.whom 答案 D　考查定语从句。句意:——请告诉我关于杨利伟的一些情况。——他是一位伟大的航天员,所有中国人都以他为傲。先行词astronaut是人,且关系代词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语,只能用whom引导定语从句。故选D。 12.All of the classmates prefer the song Shao Nian 　　　.  A.that they can sing along with B.which can they sing along with C.who they can sing along with 答案 A　考查定语从句。句意:所有的同学都更喜欢他们能跟着唱的歌曲《少年》。分析句子结构可知,设空处所在句是含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词是表示物的the song Shao Nian,所以要用that/which引导,从句应该使用陈述句语序,故选A。 13.I like the city 　　　the people are really kind and friendly.  A.that 　　 B.which C.where　　 D.who 答案 C　考查定语从句。句意:我喜欢这座城市,这儿的人们很善良、友好。此定语从句的先行词the city表示地点,且关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,故选C。 14.It is the most important day 　　　I’ll never forget.  A.whom　 B.who　 C.that　 D.what 答案 C　考查定语从句。句意:这是我永远不会忘记的最重要的一天。本句为含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词被最高级修饰,关系代词要用that。故选C。 15.—What kind of movies do you prefer? —I prefer the movies　　　me think about something.  A.which make　 B.that makes C.which makes　 D.who make 答案 A　考查定语从句。句意:——你更喜欢哪种电影?——我更喜欢让我思考一些事情的电影。答语为含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词the movies为物,且为复数,关系代词用that/which且谓语动词用复数形式。故选A。 16.My cousin is a boy 　　　lots of trouble to his parents.  A.who bring　　 B.which brings C.who brings　 D.that bring 答案 C　考查定语从句及主谓一致。句意:我表弟是一个给他父母带来很多麻烦的男孩。本句是含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词a boy是人,先排除B项;boy为单数,从句中的谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故选C。 二．宾语从句 1．that、if/whether引导的宾语从句 　　宾语从句是名词性从句的一种,在主从复合句中充当宾语,通常位于及物动词、介词或形容词之后。宾语从句主要分为三类:动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词包括连接词、连接代词和连接副词。常见的从属连词有that、if和 whether。 1. 连接词that引导的宾语从句 连接词that引导宾语从句时在句中无词义,不充当句子成分,口语中一般可以省略。 I think (that) we should pull together to achieve our dream. 我认为我们应该齐心协力,实现我们的梦想。 易错点当主句主语为第一人称,且谓语动词是think、 believe、 suppose、 expect等词时,若宾语从句要表示否定含义,常把否定转移至主句。 I don't think it is right for him to treat you like that. 我认为他那样对待你是不对的。 2. 连接词whether/if 引导的宾语从句 whether/if 意为"是否",它们引导的宾语从句实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的,宾语从句要用陈述语序。一般说来,在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换。 I wonder whether/if they will come to our party. 我想知道他们是否会来我们的晚会。 易错点whether与if引导宾语从句时的差异 (1)whether引导的宾语从句可置于主句之前,而if则不能。 Whether it is true or not, I'm not sure. 这是真的还是假的,我说不上来。 (2)whether引导的宾语从句可用于介词之后,而if则不能。 Success depends on whether we make enough efforts. 成功取决于我们是否作出足够的努力。 (3)whether可与or not直接连用,而if则不能。 Let me know whether or not you can come. 让我知道你是否能来。 2．wh-引导的宾语从句 　　当宾语从句由特殊疑问句转化而来时,疑问词就是宾语从句的引导词。连接代词 (who、 whom、 whose、 what、 which等)和连接副词(when、 where、 how、 why)用于引导宾语从句,并在从句中作一定成分。 1. 宾语从句的引导词 (1)连接代词在宾语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或者表语。 Can you tell me gave you this gift?你能告诉我是谁给你的这个礼物吗? Can you tell me you are waiting for? 你能告诉我你正在等谁吗? He asked me skirt I liked best.他问我最喜欢哪条裙子。 I don’t know this book is.我不知道这本书是谁的。 (2)连接副词在宾语从句中作状语。 —Could you tell me you’d like me to pay you?你能告诉我你想让我如何付款给你吗? —You’d better use WeChat or Alipay.你最好用微信或支付宝。 2． 宾语从句的语序 在含有宾语从句的复合句中,宾语从句应使用陈述语序。 Could you tell me when the train will leave? 你能告诉我火车什么时间将会离开吗? I wonder where it is from.我想知道它来自哪里。 He doesn't know whose book it is.他不知道这是谁的书。 3． 宾语从句的时态 (1)主句如果是一般现在时或一般将来时,从句根据实际情况选用时态。 We hope everything goes well. 我们希望一切顺利。 I wonder whom that letter was from.我不知道是谁来的信。 (2)主句如果是过去时态,从句应用过去的某种时态。 I knew that she hadn't finished her work on time. 我知道她没有按时完成工作。 (3)当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,其时态不受主句影响,使用一般现在时。 The teacher told his students that light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉他的学生光比声音传播得快。 宾语从句专练 1.Lisa can speak English very well. We are sure 　　　she will win the English speech competition.   A.whether　　　 B.why　　　 C.that　　　 D.when 答案C　根据本题语境可知,我们确信她会赢得英语演讲比赛,所缺的词是that。 2.—I wonder　　　 Jane gets on so well with her classmates.  —Because she always cares much about others. A.whether　　　 B.how　　　 C.when　　　 D.why 答案D　本题考查宾语从句的引导词。根据答语“因为她总是很关心别人”可推断,设空句的含义是“我想知道Jane为什么和她的同班同学相处得这么融洽”,故所缺的引导词是why。 3.—Could you tell me 　　　you'd like me to pay you?  —You'd better use mobile payment. I don't care 　　　it is Alipay or WeChat Pay.  A.how;whether　　　 B.how;why C.what;whether　　　 D.what;why 答案A　本题考查宾语从句的引导词。句意:——你能告诉我你想要我怎样付钱给你吗?——你最好使用手机支付。我不在乎是用支付宝还是用微信支付。第一空要用how表示“怎样”;第二空要用whether表示“是否”。 4.—Could you please tell me 　　　?   —Walk along the road and you'll see it on your left. A.how the Centre Square was B.how the Centre Square is C.where the Centre Square was D.where the Centre Square is 答案D　根据宾语从句的时态“一般现在时”可排除选项A和C;根据答语中关于路线的描述可知,所缺的宾语从句是D。 5.—Could you tell me 　　　on weekdays?  —I usually go to school on foot, but sometimes by bike. A.why do you go to school B.when you went to school C.how you go to school 答案C　根据答语“我通常步行去上学,但有时骑自行车”可知,宾语从句的引导词是how,故答案为C。 6.—Could you please tell me 　　　when they meet for the first time in China?  —They usually shake hands. A.what do people usually do B.what people usually do C.where do people usually go D.where people usually go 答案B　宾语从句要用陈述句语序,先排除选项A和C;再根据答语“他们通常握手”可推断,问句的含义是“你能告诉我在中国人们第一次见面时做什么吗?”,故答案为B。 7.—Can I help you? —Yes, please. I want to find out 　　　.  A.where was the hospital B.the hospital is where C.where is the nearest hospital D.where the nearest hospital is 答案D　宾语从句要用陈述句语序,而且宾语从句的引导词在前,只有选项D符合题意。 8.—Do you know 　　　?  —Yes. We should try to waste less but recycle more. A.how can we live a green life B.how we can live a green life C.why should we live a green life D.when we should live a green life 答案B　宾语从句要用陈述句语序,先排除选项A和C;再根据答语中的“我们应该尽力少浪费,多回收利用”可知,问句的含义是“你知道我们怎样能过得环保吗?”,故答案为B。 二.根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词 1.地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。 The geography teacher told us 　　　the earth 　　　around the sun.   2.我想知道你是否通过了驾照考试。 I wonder 　　　or not you 　　　 　　　the driver's license test.   3.迈克问我上周是如何去北京的。 Mike asked me 　　　I 　　　in Beijing last week.   4.我问玛丽她下个月打算去哪里度假。 I asked Mary 　　　she 　　　going on vacation the next month.   5.在我们做决定之前,你能先告诉我洗手间在哪里吗? Before we decide, could you first tell me 　　　the restrooms 　　　?   答案1.that;goes　2.whether;have passed　3.how;arrived　4.where;is　5.where;are 三．被动语态 1.一般现在时的被动语态 　　语态是动词的一种形式,用于说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。被动语态中的执行者可由介词by引出。 Lots of students love this English song. 很多学生都喜欢这首英文歌。(主动语态,句子的主语Lots of students是动作love的执行者) This English song is loved by lots of students. 这首英文歌受到很多学生的喜爱。(被动语态,句子的主语This English song是动作love的承受者) 1. 一般现在时的被动语态的构成 被动语态由"be动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成,其中的be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。一般现在时的被动语态的各种句式如下: 句式 结构 例句 肯定句 主语+am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词(+其他). The task is finished by us together.这项任务由我们共同完成。 否定句 主语+am/is/are+not+及物动词的过去分词(+其他). The school uniforms are not worn by students every day.学生们不是每天都穿校服。 一般疑问句 Am/Is/Are+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+其他)? Is his homework finished?他的家庭作业做完了吗? 2. 主动语态变被动语态的方法 把主动语态的句子转换为被动语态的句子,需遵循以下几个步骤:①先找出谓语动词;②再找出谓语动词后的宾语;③把宾语用作被动语态句子的主语(宾语若是人称代词,须将宾格变为主格);④再将主动句中的主语置于介词by之后(若是人称代词,须将主格变为宾格);⑤注意人称、时态和数等的变化。 We plant trees every year.Trees are planted by us every year.我们每年都种树。 3. 一些关于被动语态的特殊情况 (1)不及物动词(短语)如happen, rise, appear, come out, take place等没有被动语态。 (2)含有动词短语(如talk about, pay attention to, deal with, take care of等)的主动语态的句子在变为被动语态时,其中的介词不可漏掉。 How will people deal with this problem?How will this problem be dealt with by people?人们将怎么解决这个问题? (3)在主动语态的句子中,感官动词和使役动词后面接省略to的动词不定式,但在变为被动语态时,to要还原。 They often make me repeat the whole story. I am often made to repeat the whole story by them. 他们经常让我重复整个故事。 (4)某些表示主语的内在"品质"或"性能"的不及物动词,如sell, wash, read, write等,在主语为物时,可用主动形式表示被动含义。 These books sell well. 这些书卖得很好。 (5)系动词如seem, look, smell, feel, prove等后接形容词作表语时,用主动形式表示被动含义。 The soup tastes terrible.这个汤尝起来很难喝。 Tom proves very patient and kind.事实证明汤姆很有耐心、很善良。 2.一般过去时的被动语态 一般过去时的被动语态表示过去某一时间的被动动作或过去经常性、习惯性的被动动作。 1. 一般过去时的被动语态的句型结构 (1)肯定句:主语+was/were+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者). The book was written by Mr. Smith last year. 这本书是史密斯先生去年写的。 (2)否定句:主语+was/were +not +及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者). The machine wasn't repaired last week. 这台机器上周没有修理。 (3)一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)? Was the desk made by your father? 这张桌子是你爸爸做的吗? (4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)? When was the tree planted? 那棵树是什么时候种的? 2. 一般过去时的主动语态与被动语态的转换 3.含情态动词的被动语态 1. 含情态动词的被动语态句式 (1)肯定句:主语+情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者). Teenagers should be allowed to go out with their friends. 应该允许青少年和朋友们一起外出。 (2)否定句:主语+情态动词+not+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者). These books must not be taken out of the library. 禁止把这些书带出图书馆。 (3)一般疑问句:情态动词+主语+be +及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)? Can these children be allowed to play outside now? 可以允许这些孩子们现在在外面玩耍吗? (4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句? When can the bridge be completed?这座桥什么时候能够完工? 2.含情态动词的主动句变被动句 含有情态动词的主动句变为被动句时,要把主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语;主动句中的谓语动词变为"情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词",主动句中的主语变为介词by的宾语,放在句尾。 如果不强调动作的执行者,by短语可以省略 We should plant lots of trees. 我们应该种很多树。Lots of trees should be planted by us. 很多树应该被我们种植。 被动语态专练 一.单项选择 1.The work must 　　　by you and your team members at the end of this month.  A.finish　　　 B.finished C.be finishing　　　 D.be finished 答案D　主语是The work,它和finish之间是被动关系,对应的结构是must be finished。 2.As China grows stronger and stronger, Chinese 　　　in more and more schools out of our country.   A.teaches　　　 B.is taught C.has taught　　　 D.was taught 答案B　主句的主语是Chinese,它和teach之间是被动关系,再根据从句的时态是一般现在时可知,is taught符合题意。 3.The Shenzhou 􀃽 　　　into the space on June 5th, 2022.It marked another achievement in exploring the space.   A.is sent　　　 B.sends C.was sent　　　 D.will be sent 答案C　主语是The Shenzhou 􀃽,它和send之间是被动关系;再根据on June 5th, 2022可知,时态是一般过去时,was sent符合题意。 4.These heavy and boring jobs 　　　by the robots in the future so that we will have more free time.  A.are done　　　 B.were done C.will be done　　　 D.have been done 答案C　根据主语These heavy and boring jobs和do之间的关系可知,要用被动语态;再根据in the future可知,对应的时态是一般将来时,will be done符合题意。 5.The popular book Gone with the Wind 　　　a score of 9.2 by Chinese readers on Douban last month.  A.gave　　　 B.was given C.was giving　　　 D.were given 答案B　表示“被评分”时,要用被动语态;再根据last month可知,时态是一般过去时;The popular book为单数,故对应的结构是was given。 6.Now teenagers 　　　to do voluntary work for their local communities.  A.are encouraged　　　 B.were encouraged C.have encouraged　　　 D.are encouraging 答案A　句意:现在青少年被鼓励为他们当地的社区做志愿工作。主语是teenagers,它和encourage之间是被动关系;再根据Now可知,时态是一般现在时,对应的结构是are encouraged。 二．完成句子 1.你认为学生们应该被允许做出自己的决定吗? Do you think students should 　　　 　　　 　　　make their own decisions?   2.这些家务活必须在五点之前完成。 These chores 　　　 　　　 　　　by five o'clock.   3.这个智能机器是那个科学家三年前发明出来的。 This smart machine 　　　 　　　 　　　the scientist three years ago.  4.我的生日聚会是在下周五。我所有的朋友都将被邀请。 My birthday party is next Friday. All of my friends 　　　 　　　 　　　.  5.如果给我这个机会,我会让你大吃一惊的。 I will give you a surprise if I 　　　 　　　this chance.   1.be allowed to　2.must be finished　3.was invented by　4.will be invited　5.am given　 三.把下面的句子改为被动语态,每空一词 1.The farmer built a new house for his horses. A new house 　　　 　　　by the farmer for his horses.  2.You must finish your homework by 8:00. Your homework 　　　 　　　 　　　by 8:00.  3.We plant some trees on the hills. Some trees 　　　 　　　by us on the hills.  4.They are going to build a bridge next year. A bridge 　　　 　　　 　　　 　　　 　　　by them next year.  答案1.was built　2.must be finished　3.are planted4.is going to be built 四．过去完成时 1. 含义 过去完成时表示在过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,它表示动作发生的时间是"过去的过去"。 By the time I got up, my sister had already brushed her teeth.在我起床前,我妹妹就已经把她的牙刷了。 2. 构成 句式 结构 肯定句 主语+had+动词的过去分词+其他. 否定句 主语+hadn't+动词的过去分词+其他. 疑问句及简略回答 Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其他? Yes,主语+had./No, 主语+hadn't. 3. 用法 (1)表示某一动作在过去某一时间或动作之前已经开始或完成,即动作发生在"过去的过去"。这个过去的时间可以用by、before等构成的介词短语或when、before引导的时间状语从句来表示。 We had planted over 100 trees by yesterday.到昨天为止,我们已经栽了100多棵树了。 When we got there, the football match had already started.当我们赶到那里时,足球比赛已经开始了。 (2)表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去的时间。常与时间段连用。 By the end of last year, she had worked in the factory for thirty years.到去年年底,她已经在这家工厂工作30年了。 (3)常用在said、 told、 knew、 heard、 realized等后面的宾语从句中。 I suddenly realized that I had left my ID card at home.我突然意识到我把身份证忘在家里了。 (4)want、plan、hope、wish、intend、think、expect等表示"打算""计划""希望""试图"和"认为"等的动词用于过去完成时表示"本打算(本计划、本希望、本以为……)做而未做"。 I had hoped to come to your party,but I was too busy.我本希望参加你的派对,但我太忙了。 4. 过去完成时的判定 (1)根据时间状语来判定:by/before+过去的时间点;by the end of+过去的时间。 He had finished reading the book by 8 o'clock yesterday morning.到昨天上午8点钟,他已经读完了这本书。 (2)根据上下文判定。 I met Jim in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.我昨天在街上碰见了吉姆。自从他去北京后,我们还没有见过面。 过去完成时专练 一.用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。 1．By the time I reached home，my mother had cooked(cook) supper already. 2．Catherine had finished(finish) the letter before her mother came into her bedroom. 3．The train had left(leave) when I got to the station. 4．The little girl has lain(lie) in bed for almost a month since she fell(fall) sick. 5．By the end of last year，he had learned/learnt(learn) 3，000 English words. 6．It was the third time that the girl had__invited(invite) him. 7．I  hadn't found(not find) the dog until last night. 8．He told his mother that he had run(run) out of money to buy new clothes. 9．Tom said that he had kept(keep)  the book for two weeks. 10．I suddenly remembered that I had _left(leave)the key in my classroom when I got(get) home yesterday. 五．感叹句 　　感叹句表示说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪,句末通常用感叹号,朗读时一般用降调。 1. 以what开头的感叹句 what作定语,修饰名词或名词短语。其句式结构为: What an interesting movie(it is)!(它是)多么有趣的一部电影呀! What interesting movies(they are)! (它们是)多么有趣的电影呀! What delicious food!多么美味的食物呀! What a mess!真是一团糟! What luck!真幸运! 2. 以how开头的感叹句 how作状语,主要用来修饰形容词或副词。其句式结构为: How interesting the movie is!这部电影多么有趣呀! How time flies!时光飞逝! 感叹句专练 选择题 1. Look at the blue sky. ___C___ fine weather it is！ A. How B. How a C. What D. What a 2.-___A___ good grades I hope to get in this exam！ -I’m sure you will. A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 3.-Wow！ ___D___ clean air we have today！ -Yes .Look！ A lot of adults are doing kung fu over there. A. How B. What a C. How a D. What 4. ___B___ special classes we had！ We have learned a lot about paper cutting. A. What a B. What C. How a D. How 5. ___A___ nice weather it is！ Let’s go for a picnic, Frank. A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 6. ___C___ lucky they are, I thought, to have each other. A. What a B. What C. How 六．used to的用法 used to意为"过去常常",其后接动词原形,表示过去存在的某种状态或经常发生的某个动作,而该状态或动作现在已经不存在。 He used to live in Paris. 他过去住在巴黎。 He didn't use to live in Paris. 他过去没有住在巴黎。 —Did he use to live in Paris?他过去住在巴黎吗?—Yes,he did./No, he didn't. 是的,他是。/不,他不是。 辨析used to do sth.、 be used to do sth.与get/be used to doing sth. 结构 用法 例句 used to do sth. 意为"过去常常做某事",表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,有与现在对比的含义。 There used to be many kinds of dinosaurs on earth.地球上曾有很多种恐龙。 be used to do sth. 意为"被用来做某事",强调用途 ,句中的主语应为表示"物"的名词或代词。 The shoes are used to climb the mountains. 这双鞋是用来爬山的。 get/be used to doing sth. 意为"习惯于做某事",句中的主语常是表示"人"的名词或代词。 More and more people get/are used to shopping on the Internet. 越来越多的人习惯网购。 used to的用法专练 一.根据汉语意思完成句子 1.多年以来，他已经习惯开工前为自己泡杯咖啡。 He has been used to making himself a cup of coffee before work since many years ago. 2.过去我们学校周围有许多树。 There used to be many trees around our school. 3.现在在十堰，大多数司机习惯了在斑马线前停下来等人先行。 These days, most drivers are used to stopping to wait for people to cross the road first at the zebra crossing in Shiyan. 二.翻译句子 4.我过去常常害羞。（used to） I used to be shy. 5.这位老人习惯于早上7点起床。 The old person is used to getting up at 7:00 a.m. 七．情态动词 1. 可表示推测的情态动词 一般来说,英语中可以用于表示推测或可能性的情态动词有must、may、might、could和can。 (1)must 表示很大的可能性,只用于肯定句,意为"一定;必定"。 You must be tired after the long work. 长时间工作之后,你一定累了。 (2)may、might、could都能表示"可能"。其中might语气最为缓和,说话人更不确定。 It may/might snow tonight. 今天晚上可能下雪。 Her aunt may/might come back this afternoon, but she's not sure. 她姑姑今天下午可能回来,但是她不确定。 It could be Mei's hair band.Or it might belong to Linda.They both have long hair.这有可能是梅的发带,也有可能是琳达的。她们俩都是长发。 (3)can常用于否定句或疑问句中表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等。can't表示"不可能"。 Can it be true?那可能是真的吗? The man can't be David because he has gone to Beijing. 那个人不可能是戴维,因为他去北京了。 2. 情态动词表示推测的句式结构 (1)"情态动词+动词原形"表示对目前事情的推测。 The book must be Jim's because his name is on the front cover. 这本书一定是吉姆的,因为他的名字在封面上。 (2)"情态动词+be+动词-ing形式"表示对正在发生的事情的推测。 She might be doing her homework at home now. 现在她可能正在家里做作业。 (3)"情态动词+have+动词的过去分词"可以表示对过去情况的推测。 The ground is clean. It must have been cleaned by someone just now. 地面很干净,一定是刚刚有人打扫过了。 易错点must 在表示肯定推测时,意为"一定",但是用于否定句时,mustn't 表示"不能;禁止",而不是"不一定"。 情态动词专练 1.-Is the woman Miss Zhao？ -It ___A___ be her. She has gone to Qingdao for a meeting. A. can’t B. needn’t C. must D. may 2.The man ___D___ be a doctor in this hospital, but I’m not sure. A. must B. would C. can D might 3.That ___C___ be an alien-there’s no such thing！ A. might B. must C. can’t 4.The dictionary ___B___ belong to Sam. You can see his name on it. A. can B. must C. need D. would 5.He ___B___ like coffee. I see him drink a cup at times. A. must B. may C. can’t D. mustn’t 八．be supposed to do sth.与 be expected to do sth.结构 1.be supposed to do sth. be supposed to do sth. 意为"应该做某事"。其时态、人称和句式的变化体现在be动词上。to为不定式符号,后接动词原形。 (1)be supposed to do sth.的句式结构 ①肯定句:主语+be supposed to do sth. You were supposed to arrive at 6:00,but you arrived at 7:00.你应该在6点到,可你7点才到。 ②否定句:主语+be +not + supposed to do sth. You're not supposed to eat in the classroom.你不应该在教室里吃东西。 ③一般疑问句:Be+主语+supposed to do sth.? Are you supposed to play computer games after school?你放学后应该玩电脑游戏吗? ④特殊疑问句:疑问词+be+主语+supposed to do (+其他)? What are you supposed to do after school?放学后你应该做什么? 当疑问词为who时,句式应为:Who +be supposed to do sth.? Who is supposed to give a report today?今天该谁作报告了? (2) be supposed to do sth.的用法 ①当 be supposed to do sth.的主语是"人"时,意为"应该做某事;被期望做某事",可用来表示劝告、建议、义务、 责任等。　 相当于should/ought to do sth. You're supposed to put up your hand if you have some questions in class.如果你在课堂上有问题,你应该举手。 ②当be supposed to do sth.的主语是"物"时,意为"本该做某事",用于表示某事本应该发生而实际并没有发生。 The train was supposed to come an hour ago.火车本应在一个小时前到。 2.be expected to do sth. be expected to do sth. 表示"被期待做某事;应该做某事"。它比 be supposed to do sth. 的主观性更强。 Parents can't be expected to watch their children 24 hours a day.不能指望父母全天24小时都照看自己的孩子。 be supposed to do sth.与 be expected to do sth.结构专练 一.用What are you supposed to do，I was supposed to或You're supposed to填空。 1．What are you supposed to do when you are late for school? 2．You're supposed to wash your hands before a meal. 3．What are you supposed to do when you are invited for a Chinese dinner? 4．I was supposed to bow when I met someone for the first time in Korea. 5．What are you supposed to do when you have a bowl of rice in China? 二.用suppose的适当形式填空。 6．I suppose that she is not yet thirty years old. 7．You were supposed to be here at 2：00.I have been waiting for you for almost an hour! 8．I suppose that my father will be back in half an hour. 9．You are not supposed to trouble her again. 10．—Is it going to rain this afternoon? —Yes，I suppose so. 九．make 的用法 　　make作使役动词,意为"使;让",其后可接复合宾语,即"宾语+宾语补足语",宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、过去分词、动词不定式等来充当。具体用法如下: 用法 例句 make+名词/代词+名词 We made him our team leader last week.上周我们推选他当我们的队长。 make+名词/代词+形容词 The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.这项新科技的目的是使生活更加简单,而不是更加困难。 make+名词/代词+过去分词 The teacher raised his voice so that he could make himself heard.那个老师提高了嗓门以便别人能听到。 make+名词/代词+动词不定式(省略to) 该结构改为被动语态时,省略的动词不定式符号to要还原 Nobody made us go to bed at a certain time.没有人让我们在某一固定时间就寝。 Children should be made to understand the importance of protecting wild animals.应该让孩子们理解保护野生动物的重要性。 make+名词/代词+介词短语 You made him into an honest person.你使他成了一个诚实的人。 make+it(形式宾语)+形容词或名词+带to的动词不定式(真正的宾语) This makes it possible for industry and agriculture to develop quickly.这使工农业有可能快速发展。 make+it(形式宾语)+形容词或名词+从句(真正的宾语) They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job. 他们想要向公众表明,他们做的是一项重要和必要的工作。 make 的用法专练 一.用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。 1.We must make computers serve(serve) us better. 2.I am often made to__do(do) some housework. 3.I just couldn't make myself understood(understand) while talking to a foreigner. 4.The news made me surprised(surprise)． 5.Soccer makes him excited(excite)． 二.根据汉语意思完成句子，每空一词。 6.那位父亲想让他的女儿学法语。The father wants his daughter to learn French. 7.吃得太多使他生病了。Eating too much made him ill． 8.昨晚我的父亲让我学习到12点钟。My father made me study till twelve last night. 9.莉莉使小女孩停止了哭泣。Lily made the little girl stop crying． 10．学生们被要求下课前做完作业。 The students were made to finish the homework before the class was over. 十．by+doing sth. 表示做某事的方式时,用介词by。by后常接动词-ing形式,表示"使用某种手段/方式",如by keeping a diary(通过写日记), by taking notes(通过记笔记);其后也可接表示交通工具的名词,表示"使用(交通工具)",如by bike(骑自行车), by bus(乘公共汽车)。 by、 with与in 三个词都可表示"用",具体用法如下: 单词 用法 例句 by 表示使用某种手段、方式或使用交通工具,后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。 He improved his listening by listening to English songs.他通过听英文歌曲提高了他的听力水平。 We got to this beautiful island by ship.我们乘船到达了这座美丽的岛。 with 表示使用某种工具或身体某个部位,后接名词或代词。 Please cut it with a knife.请用刀把它切开。 We see with our eyes and hear with our ears. 我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听。 in 表示使用语言、语调、笔墨或材料,后接名词或代词。 We always talk with each other in English.我们总是用英语与对方交谈。 Our teacher likes writing in ink. 我们老师喜欢用墨水写字。 　 介词by的其他常见用法 (1)by+地点,意为"靠近;在……旁边"。 The girl standing by the big tree is my sister.站在大树旁边的那个女孩是我妹妹。 (2)by+时间,意为"不迟于;在……之前"。 I'll come back by 10:00.我会在十点之前回来。 (3)by意为"由……所作"。 Erquan Yingyue by Abing is famous all over the world.阿炳所作的《二泉映月》举世闻名。 (4)by在被动语态中,常置于表示被动的动词或动词短语后,表示施事者。 He was knocked down by a bus.他被一辆公共汽车撞倒了。 by+doing sth.专练 一.用所给词的适当形式填空 1.Do you learn English by working（work）with a group？ 2.He has helped me a lot by offering（offer）me some useful suggestions. 3.Let’s review new words by making（make）vocabulary lists. 4.He broke my window with（without）a ball. 5.Mary’s parents always talk to her in German（Germany）。 二.句型转换 1.We can become good learners by asking the teacher for help.（对画线部分提问） How can you become good learners？ 2.The Blacks will go to Canada by plane.（对画线部分提问） How will the Blacks go to Canada？ 3.His brother learns French by listening to tapes.（对画线部分提问） How does his brother learn French？ 4.Most of them take the train to work.（同义句转换） Most of them go to work by train. 5.The man makes a living by teaching.（对画线部分提问） How does the man make a living？ 十二．动词的时态语态复习 根据最新教学大纲规定，初中阶段要求学生必须掌握的动词时态包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时及现在完成时。 1.一般现在时 一般现在时表示现阶段经常发生的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态和客观真理，常用的时间状语有often，usually，always，sometimes，every day(week，month)等。如： He usually goes to school by bike.他通常骑自行车上学。 The sun rises from the east.太阳从东方升起。 【注意】在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。如： If you don't go soon，you'll be late.如果你不快点去，你将会迟到的。 You mustn't eat anything until you see the doctor.看医生之前你不能吃东西。 2.一般过去时 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有yesterday，ago，last night(week，month)，just now，in 2000等。如： It snowed heavily last night.昨天晚上雪下得很大。 It was very cold yesterday.昨天非常冷。 3.一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有tomorrow，next week(year，month)，in two days等。如：  Mr.Wu will teach us English this term.这学期吴老师将教我们英语。  I will go to my hometown next week.下周我要回老家。 【注意】(1)“be going to＋动词原形”表示即将发生某事或者打算、计划要做某事。如： I'm going to do my homework this evening.我打算今天晚上做作业。 (2)come，go，start，move，leave等动词常用进行时态表示按计划将要发生的事。如：  The whole family's going for two months.全家将要去两个月。  They are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.他们明天动身去北京。 4.现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，常用的时间状语有now，at this moment等或句首有提示词look，listen等。如： I'm reading a book now.我现在正在读一本书。 Look! They are playing football on the playground.看！他们正在操场上踢足球。 5.过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常用时间状语有at this(that) time yesterday，at nine o'clock yesterday等。如： They were working in class this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他们正在上课。 I was drawing a horse when the teacher came in.老师进来时，我正在画一匹马。 6.现在完成时 现在完成时表示过去发生的某个动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态。常与already，never，ever，just，yet等时间状语或these days，for two years，“since＋过去时态”等连用。如： I have already posted the photos.我已经把这些照片寄出去了。 He has taught at this school since 2000.他从2000年起一直在这所学校任教。 二、动词的语态 被动语态是指主语是动作的承受者。常考的动词的被动语态主要有： 1.一般现在时的被动语态 由“am/is/are＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。如： Computers are made in the USA.计算机是在美国被制造的。 Our classroom is cleaned every day.我们的教室每天都被打扫。 2.一般过去时的被动语态 由“was/were＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。如： This park was built in 1999.这个公园建造于1999年。 Last year many trees and flowers were planted in our school.去年我们学校种植了许多树和花。 3.一般将来时的被动语态 由“will be＋动词的过去分词”构成。如： The classroom will be cleaned by Li Lei tomorrow.明天李磊将打扫教室。 The homework will be finished in ten minutes.作业将在10分钟内完成。 4.现在完成时的被动语态 由“has/have been＋动词的过去分词”构成。 如： The dirty clothes have been washed.这些脏衣服都已经洗了。 The child has been taken care of by her all these years.这些年来，这个孩子都由她照顾。 5.含有情态动词的被动语态 其结构为：情态动词＋be＋及物动词的过去分词。如： The young trees should be planted in spring.应该在春天植树。 My homework can be finished in one hour today.今天我的家庭作业可以在一个小时内完成。 一.用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。 1．A serious car accident happened(happen) in this street last Sunday. 2．—What will the weather be like this coming Saturday? —I hope it  will be(be) a fine day for our picnic! I can't wait! 3．—Do you like junk food，Linda? —That's my favorite.The more junk food I have(have)，the happier I will be(be)． 4．—What did your mother say about this? —She said(say) that she would try(try) her best to help me with my English next term. 5．—Don't get off the bus until it stops(stop)，Tom. —I won't，Dad.Don't worry about me. 6．—Is your father a doctor? —Yes，he is.He works(work) in the Children's Hospital. 7．—I called you yesterday evening，but there was no answer. —Oh，I'm sorry.I was having(have) dinner at my friend's house  at that time. 8．—Is this jacket yours，Linda? —No，I think it belongs(belong) to Maria.She has a red one. 9．Bill is a good student.He always finishes(finish) his homework on time. 10．I  haven't read(not read) the book Little Women yet，but I'll let you read it first. 11．A talk on science will be given(give) in our school next Sunday. 12．The letter is written(write) in Japanese.Can you read it for me? 13．Chinese is spoken(speak) by more and more people in the world now. 14．The magazines must be returned (must return) to the library in two weeks. 15．—What kind of rice do you think is the best to eat? —I like to eat the rice that is grown(grow) in the south of China. 16．Something must be done(do) to make our city a better place to live in. 17．Three patients have been operated(operate) on by the famous doctor in the past 10 hours. 18．We are told(tell) not to play computer games at school. 19．The little boy was often seen to read(read) books by the lake after school. 20．The phone  was invented(invent) by Bell.He is very great. 二.按要求完成句子，每空一词。 21．I have just learned five hundred English words.(改为一般疑问句) Have you just  learned five hundred English words? 22．They built a new park in our city last year.(改为被动语态) A new park was built in our city last year. 23．People used radios to learn English in the past.(改为被动语态) Radios were used to learn English in the past. 24．You can bring your friends to my birthday party tomorrow evening.(改为被动语态) Your friends can be brought to my birthday party tomorrow evening. 25．The students clean the classroom every day.(用now作时间状语改写句子) The students are cleaning  the classroom now. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$