专题01 句子成分与句子结构【考点串讲】-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期末考点大串讲（外研版2019）

高一英语期末考试复习 外研版 必修第一册 句子成分与句子结构 八大句子成分 1 PART ONE 句子成分的定义: 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 P DO O A C (subject) S V (verb) (object) (predicative) (adverbial) (direct object) I0 (object complement) (indirect object) （同位语） appositive （定语） attribute 主语 状语 宾语补足语 直接宾语 表语 宾语 间接宾语 谓语 Subject(主语S） Verb（谓语V） Object（宾语O） Predicative（表语P） Complemet(补语C） Attributive(定语Attrib.） Adverbial（状语Adv.） 8. Appositive（同位语Appo.） Main elements主干/核心要素 Modifiers 修饰语 １．主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句充当。它的位置一般在句首，倒装句除外。 1.Jane is good at playing the piano. 2.She went out in a hurry. 3.Four plus four is eight. 4.To see is to believe. 5.Smoking is bad for health. 6.The young should respect the old. 7.What he has said is true. （名词） （代词） （数词） （不定式） （动名词） （名词化的形容词） （句子） 2.谓语：说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．谓语动词有各种时态和人称的变化。 (1)由单一动词/动词短语做谓语 He practices running every morning. The plane took off at 10’clock. (2)情态动词 + 动词原形 You may keep the book for two weeks. (3)助动词 +动词原形 She is talking with her sister. He has caught a bad cold. They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday. The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. He pretended not to see me. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 3.宾语：是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后． （名词 ） 　( 代词） (数词) (名词化的形容词) （句子） （动名词） （不定式） 介宾： 介词后的名词、代词和动名词 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 双宾语：间接宾语（人）和直接宾语（物） He gave me a book yesterday. =He gave a book to me. She passed him the salt. =She passed the salt to him. He bought her a dictionary. =He bought a dictionary for her. Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours? The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one His job is to teach English. His hobby is playing football. The machine must be out of order. Time is up. The class is over. The truth is that he has never been abroad. 4.表语：说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面． 　( 形容词） 　( 名词） 　( 代词） 　( 动名词） 　( 不定式） 　( 句子） 　( 介词短语） 　( 数词） 　( 副词） 　( 形容词） His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room. We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now. 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用． 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当． 　( 名词） 　( 副词） 　( 形容词） 　( 不定式） 　( 动名词） 　( 介词短语） 　( 句子） Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） 定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语． Light travels most quickly.（副词） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） How about meeting again at six?（介词短语作时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. （介词短语作原因状语） 5. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（从句作条件状语） 6. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（从句作结果状语） 7. She works very hard though she is old.（从句作让步状语） 状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度．一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当． 五种基本句型 2 PART TWO 英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句式及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句式，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。五种基本句式如下： 1．S V(主＋谓) 2．S V P(主＋系＋表) 3．S V O(主＋谓＋宾) 4．S V O O(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾) 5．S V O C(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补) 基本句式一：S V(主＋谓) 该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)，能表达完整的意思，但可以加副词、介词短语、动词不定式等作状语。 We │will learn│ from 8：00 am to 10：00 am. 我们将要从上午8点至10点学习。 In order to keep fit，we │should exercise│ regularly. 为了保持健康，我们应该经常锻炼。 基本句式二：S V P(主＋系＋表) 该句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。系动词亦称连系动词。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后面必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词的分类如下： 1．状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。 He │is│ a teacher.他是一名教师。 2．持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep，remain，stay等。 This matter │remains│ a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。 3．表像系动词 用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem，appear，look等。 He │seems│ (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。 基本句式二：S V P(主＋系＋表) 4．感官系动词 感官系动词主要有look，feel，smell，sound，taste等。 This kind of cloth │feels│ very soft. 这种布手感很软。 5．变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become，grow，turn，fall，get，go等。 She │grew│ rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就变富了。 6．终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove，turn out，表达“证实”，“变成”之意。 His plan │turned out│ a success. 他的计划终于成功了。 [名师指津]　 使用系动词时要注意： (1)其后常接形容词作表语。试比较： The food tastes quite delicious. 这种食物品尝起来很美味。 The chef is tasting the fish carefully. 厨师长正在认真品尝这道鱼。 注意：在第一句中，taste作系动词，后面接形容词作表语。在第二句中，taste作实义动词，可以使用进行时，并且后面接副词作状语。 (2)英语中某些动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态；而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。 The apple is tasted good.(×) The apple tastes good.(√) 注意：因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态。 基本句式三：S V O(主＋谓＋宾) 该句型的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实际意义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟上一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。有些不及物动词后加介词构成及物动词短语后可以接宾语，构成主谓宾结构。 He │has refused│ to help them. 他拒绝帮助他们。 He │admitted│ that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。 As an outgoing girl，I │get along well with│ my classmates. 作为一个外向的女孩，我和同学们相处得很好。 基本句式四：S V O O(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾) 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；另一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。 I │showed│ him│ my pictures. 我给他看了我的照片。 She │cooked│her husband│a delicious meal. 她给丈夫做了一顿美餐。 He │taught│me│ how to run the machine. 他教我如何开机器。 [名师指津]　 双宾语结构有时可以用for或to进行替换，如上面第一、二句可以改为： I │showed│my pictures│ to him. She │cooked│a delicious meal│ for her husband. 基本句式五：S V O C(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补) 该句型的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语有以下几种形式： 1．名词/代词宾格＋名词 The war │made│him│ a soldier. 战争使他成为一名战士。 2．名词/代词宾格＋形容词 New methods │make│the job│ easy. 新方法使这项工作变得轻松。 3．名词/代词宾格＋介词短语 I │often find│him│ at work.我经常发现他在工作。 该句型的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语有以下几种形式： 4．名词/代词宾格＋动词不定式 The teacher │asked │ the students│ to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户。 5．名词/代词宾格＋现在分词 I │saw│a cat│ running across the road. 我看见一只猫正跑过马路。 6．名词/代词宾格＋过去分词 I │saw│the boy│ taken away by two men. 我看到这个男孩被两个人带走了。 Basic sentence structures 1.I saw a white-haired man. 2.I replied. 4.He give me a smile. 5.His words made me a lot more relaxed. 3.He was friendly. S+V+O S+V S+V+P S+V+o+O S+V+O+C Analyse the sentence structure Plants need water. We should keep the plants in the shade. He asked me to get back soon. Last week I went to the supermarket. He always leaves his girlfriend waiting for a long time. I looked at the young woman angrily He has already visited a great number of different places. To learn English is not easy. His wish was to become a scientist. He found it very difficult to get to sleep. Lucy asked me to turn down the radio. The other students in the class keep their eyes closed. S+V+O S+V+O S+V+O S+V+O+C S+V+O+C S+V+O+C S+V+O+C S+V+O+C S+V+O+C S+V S+V+P S+V+P 针对训练 一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 ① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? ⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. (二) 挑出下列句中的表语 1. The old man was feeling very tired. 2. The leaves have turned yellow. 3. Soon They all became interested in the subject. (三) 挑出下列句中的定语 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. (五) 挑出下列句中的状语 ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. Ⅱ. 指出下列句子属于哪种基本句式 A．S V (主＋谓) B．S V P(主＋系＋表) C．S V O (主＋谓＋宾) D．S V O O(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾) E．S V O C (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补) 1．To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. 2．Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. 3．Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 4．The days get longer and longer when summer comes. 5．My father bought a new bike for me last week. 6．They found the house decorated with beautiful flowers. 7．They arrived here at 10：00 yesterday morning. 8．The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. B C E B D E A C $$