专题08 动词时态语态和主谓一致（知识梳理+考点精讲精练+实战训练）-【学考必备】2025年高中英语学业水平合格性考试总复习（江苏专用）

专题08 动词时态语态和主谓一致 目录 明晰学考要求 基础知识梳理 考点精讲讲练 考点一　动词的时态 考点二　动词的语态 考点三　主谓一致 实战能力训练 考点一 动词的时态 动词时态的知识网络 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般时 do/does did shall/will do should/would do 进行时 am/is/are doing was/were doing shall/will be doing should/would be doing 完成时 have/has done had done shall/will have done should/would have done 完成进 行时 have/has been doing had been doing shall/will have been doing should/would have been doing 1.一般时态 (1)一般现在时 ①表示经常性或习惯性的动作或叙述现在的状态。常用的时间状语有always、usually、often、sometimes、 seldom、every day/week/month/year、now and then、 from time to time、once a week、 at times等 ②表示客观事实、真理、格言、警句或者自然现象等 ③表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为,只限于go、come、leave、start、stop、arrive等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词 ④在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。引导此类从句的词有 when、 as、while、before、 after、 until、as soon as、the moment、 if、 unless、 once、 as long as、 on condition that等 ⑤以here、there开头的句子,动词用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态 We have meals three times a day.我们一日吃三餐。 The sun sets in the west.太阳从西方落下。 I’ll write to her when I have time.有时间我会写信给她。 (2)一般过去时 ①表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常用yesterday、last year、the other day 等作时间状语 ②时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。 ③在want、wonder、think、hope等少数几个动词后可用一般过去时表示婉转口气。表达“原以为;本来认为;原希望”等意义 ④It’s time...、I wish...、I’d rather...等结构后面的that分句中以及在假设条件句中,用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反或者表示对将来事实的主观设想 He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。 (3)一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某一时间的动作或状态,也可表示预见。既可以表示将来,也可以表示意愿、决心等。在疑问句中用来表示征求别人的意见。will do sth 有时候强调临时的、当即的决定,意为“要去做某事”。 be going to do sth 表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。 I will tell you all about it.我愿意把全部情况告诉你。 Will you come to the lecture this afternoon?你今天下午会来听讲座吗? 2. 进行时态 (1)现在进行时(am/is/are+现在分词) ①表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。 ②与always，often等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。 ③表示位置转移的动词可用进行时代替将来时。这样的动词有go，come，start，leave，arrive，begin，return等。 He is working on a paper.他在写一篇论文。 The girl is always talking aloud in public.这个女孩总是在公众场合大声说话。 I’m leaving for Beijing next month.我下个月要去北京。 (2)过去进行时(was/were+现在分词) 过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作或存在的状态。 He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他在读一本有趣的书。 (3)将来进行时(will/shall+be+现在分词)表示将来某时或某一时段正在进行的动作，常表示事情的正常发展。 I’ll be doing some housework tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我将要干些家务活。 3. 将来时态 (1)一般将来时 ①“will/shall+动词原形”表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。 I shall call you as soon as I arrive.我一到就给你打电话。 They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.他们可能去上海度假。 ②一般将来时的常用结构 ·用于“I expect, I’m sure, I think, I wonder+宾语从句”中 ·用于“祈使句+and+陈述句”中 ·与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用 Don’t worry about the exam.I’m sure you’ll pass. 不要担心这次考试，我确信你会通过的。 If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你请他帮忙，他会帮助你的。 ③表示一般将来时的特殊结构 ·be going to do sth表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。 ·be to do sth表示按计划或安排即将做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。 ·be about to do sth表示即将发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。 He is going to speak on TV this evening. 他今晚要在电视上讲话。 Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看这些乌云，要下雨了。 (2)过去将来时(should/would+动词原形) ①过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。 He said he would be here at eight o’clock.他说他将在八点钟到这里。 ②三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构 ·was/were going to+动词原形 ·was/were to+动词原形 ·was/were about to+动词原形 I thought it was going to rain.我当时觉得要下雨。 4. 完成时态 (1)现在完成时(have/has+过去分词) ①表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在(甚至到将来)。常与之连用的时间状语有：lately，recently，in the last(past) few days/years，since then，up to now，so far等。 ②表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有：already，ever，just(刚刚)，yet等。 ③在“最高级+名词”或“It/This is+the+序数词+time”之后的从句中谓语动词常用现在完成时。 In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。 He has turned off the light.(＝The light is off now.)他已经关掉灯了。 This is the first time(that)I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。 【易混辨析】 have gone to 意为“去某地了”，表示此人现在还在那里没有回来。 have been to 意为“去过某地”，表示此人已经回来了。 He has gone to live abroad.他到国外居住了。 Have you ever been to Shanghai?你去过上海吗？ (2)过去完成时(had+过去分词) ①一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表“过去的过去”)，那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时。 ②hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。 ③在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely...when...”和“No sooner...than...”句型中，when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚……就……”。 He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了3 年了。 I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿) Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。 (3)现在完成进行时(have/has+been+现在分词) ①表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作。 ②表示一个近期内一直重复发生、反复进行的动作。 ③现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语从句连用。 I have been reading Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms recently.我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。 You’ve been saying that for five years.这话你已经说了五年了。 He has been writing articles to the newspapers since he became a teacher.自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊撰稿。 考点二 动词的语态 1.被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子时态的不同而变化。 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 is/am/are done was/were done will/shall be done would/should be done 进行 is/am/are being done was/were being done will/shall be being done would/should be being done 完成 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done would/should have been done 2.主动形式表被动意义 (1)“系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste 等+形容词/名词”构成系表结构。 The steel feels cold.钢摸起来很凉。 (2)动词need, require, want, be worth后加动词－ing形式的主动结构表被动意义。 My watch can’t work; it needs repairing.我的手表不能用了，需要修了。 (3)某些可和well，easily 等副词连用的不及物动词，如read，write, draw，wash，clean，cook，sell 等。 Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易清洗。 考点三 主谓一致 主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。 1. 语法一致原则 主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。 (1)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。 Having to change trains is a small inconvenience. 不得不换乘火车多少有些不便。 (2)主语后接介词短语或其他插入语，如with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，rather than，including，in addition to等时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。 Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. 汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加聚会了。 (3)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。 My friend showed me around the small town，which was very attractive. 我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇，它非常迷人。 (4)“many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。each，every，no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。 Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday. 每个男生和女生都希望参加即将在周日举办的聚会。 2. 意义一致原则 意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。 (1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若被看作是集体中的每个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见有：family，class，team，group，public，committee，government，audience等。 The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls. 这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。 The class are doing an experiment. 全班学生都在做实验。 (2)“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all，some，half，most，the rest等作主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。 About one third of the books are worth reading. 这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。 (3)“the+形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. 病人已被治愈，失踪的人也都找到了。 (4)a quantity of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词时，谓语动词用复数。quantities of后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。 With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。 (5)“a number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，“the number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 The number of the students from the north is small. 来自北方的学生人数很少。 (6)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy. 对于一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一笔大数目。 3. 就近一致原则 就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。 (1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but (also). ..，not...but...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。 Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. 要么是你或者你的一名学生将出席明天的会议。 (2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。 There are three books and a pen on the desk. 桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。 考点一 动词的时态 例1. Where are my glasses? I ________ them a moment ago. A. will have B. had C. have D. have had 例2. My son knows nothing about his hometown. He ________ there. A. has ever been B. has never been C. has ever gone D. has never gone 例3. —I didn't see Mike at the party yesterday. —He ________ a driving test at that time. A. is taking B. was taking C. took D. has taken 考点二 动词的语态 例4. After the cake ________ 20 equal parts, the host took them before the guests. A. divided into B. had been divided into C. separated into D. had been separated from 例5. It is reported that more than 70% of water ________ in the past five years. A. was polluted B. were polluted C. have been polluted D. has been polluted 例6. The Spring Festival ________ at the start of the lunar year. A. celebrates B. celebrated C. is celebrated D. was celebrated 考点三 主谓一致 例7. How nice it ________ to be back home again after such a long absence! A. is felt B. will be felt C. feels D. is feeling 例8. Neither Jim nor Tom ________ Australia before, but they know the country very well. A. has gone to B. has been to C. have gone to D. have been to 例9. The number of the students in our school ________ about 30,000 and ________ them study hard. A. is; a large amount of B. are; a number of C. are; large amount of D. is; a large number of 例10 Every possible means ________ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. A. are being used B. have been used C. has been used D. had been used I. 单项选择 1. Look! There ________ some pencils on the table. A. are B. is C. was D. were 2. Be quiet! A bird ________ something on the window. A. ate B. eats C. is eating 3. China, together with other countries, ________ against the policy on the conference. A. are B. were C. is D. had been 4. He ________ as a teacher for 10 years but now he turns businessman. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. was working 5. The fridge ________ still full. It’s unnecessary to go shopping now. A. are B. is C. were D. was 6. In the past few years all citizens ________ efforts to make the town more beautiful and civilized. A. have made B. made C. have been made D. had made 7. More trees ________ on both sides of the road in our city this coming winter holidays. A. are planted B. were planted C. will be planted D. have been planted 8. We have to go another way because the road ________ now. A. is rebuilt B. is being rebuilt C. is rebuilding D. has rebuilt 9. Many modern trains in the world ________ in Zhuzhou. A. are creating B. created C. are created 10. I’ll go to the party if I ________. A. invited B. am invited C. was invited D. invite 11. Over the Huangpu River ________ four grand bridges in Shanghai so far. A. have been built B. have built C. has been built D. built 12. The bike ________ to you as soon as you place an order. A. will deliver B. will be delivered C. has delivered D. is delivered 13. —John, may I use your bicycle? —Sorry, it________ now. A. is repaired B. is being repaired C. is repairing D. has been repaired 14. In the past few years, important advances ________ in environmental science thanks to increasing computer power. A. are making B. have made C. are being made D. have been made 15. Teenagers have to be 18 years old before they ________ to drive a car. A. are allowed B. allowed C. will be allowed D. allow 16. ________ in the library regulations that any book borrowed should be returned by due time, or the borrower will be fined. A. What is required B. It is required C. What requires D. It requires II. 单句语法填空 1. The first person in each group writes a sentence and ________(fold) the paper over his/her writing, so the next person cannot see it. 2. Our headmaster ________(arrange) for me to show the visitors around our school. 3. He often ________(quarrel) with his wife over unimportant matters. 4. Since I was a kid, I ________(consider) different jobs I would like to do. 5. First, his two sledges ________(break) down and then the horses began to have serious difficulties with the snow and the cold. 6. A storm ________(arise) last night. 7. Esteban ________(throw) his bike over his shoulders and raced towards the finishing line. 8. It’s reported that the accident ________(occur) in broad daylight yesterday. 9. Joan ________(stare) at herself in the mirror, satisfied with her school uniform. 10. She was ________(thrill) by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum. 11. In 1943, many people ________(treat) unfairly due to their skin color in America. 12. You ________(prohibit) from hitting the other person with your head, shoulder or arm. 13. Many teenagers today ________(attract) to online games, but they should manage their time so that they won’t be addicted to those games. 14. Every year, the moment I get on the train, I ________(surround) by Shanxi accents. 15. His handwriting can be ________(improve) after a lot of practice. 16. The other day, Amy, called a naive girl by most, ________(forbid) from joining in any activity as a punishment. ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题08 动词时态语态和主谓一致 目录 明晰学考要求 基础知识梳理 考点精讲讲练 考点一　动词的时态 3 考点二　动词的语态 考点三　主谓一致 4 实战能力训练 考点一 动词的时态 动词时态的知识网络 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般时 do/does did shall/will do should/would do 进行时 am/is/are doing was/were doing shall/will be doing should/would be doing 完成时 have/has done had done shall/will have done should/would have done 完成进 行时 have/has been doing had been doing shall/will have been doing should/would have been doing 1.一般时态 (1)一般现在时 ①表示经常性或习惯性的动作或叙述现在的状态。常用的时间状语有always、usually、often、sometimes、 seldom、every day/week/month/year、now and then、 from time to time、once a week、 at times等 ②表示客观事实、真理、格言、警句或者自然现象等 ③表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为,只限于go、come、leave、start、stop、arrive等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词 ④在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。引导此类从句的词有 when、 as、while、before、 after、 until、as soon as、the moment、 if、 unless、 once、 as long as、 on condition that等 ⑤以here、there开头的句子,动词用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态 We have meals three times a day.我们一日吃三餐。 The sun sets in the west.太阳从西方落下。 I’ll write to her when I have time.有时间我会写信给她。 (2)一般过去时 ①表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常用yesterday、last year、the other day 等作时间状语 ②时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。 ③在want、wonder、think、hope等少数几个动词后可用一般过去时表示婉转口气。表达“原以为;本来认为;原希望”等意义 ④It’s time...、I wish...、I’d rather...等结构后面的that分句中以及在假设条件句中,用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反或者表示对将来事实的主观设想 He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。 (3)一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某一时间的动作或状态,也可表示预见。既可以表示将来,也可以表示意愿、决心等。在疑问句中用来表示征求别人的意见。will do sth 有时候强调临时的、当即的决定,意为“要去做某事”。 be going to do sth 表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。 I will tell you all about it.我愿意把全部情况告诉你。 Will you come to the lecture this afternoon?你今天下午会来听讲座吗? 2. 进行时态 (1)现在进行时(am/is/are+现在分词) ①表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。 ②与always，often等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。 ③表示位置转移的动词可用进行时代替将来时。这样的动词有go，come，start，leave，arrive，begin，return等。 He is working on a paper.他在写一篇论文。 The girl is always talking aloud in public.这个女孩总是在公众场合大声说话。 I’m leaving for Beijing next month.我下个月要去北京。 (2)过去进行时(was/were+现在分词) 过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作或存在的状态。 He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他在读一本有趣的书。 (3)将来进行时(will/shall+be+现在分词)表示将来某时或某一时段正在进行的动作，常表示事情的正常发展。 I’ll be doing some housework tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我将要干些家务活。 3. 将来时态 (1)一般将来时 ①“will/shall+动词原形”表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。 I shall call you as soon as I arrive.我一到就给你打电话。 They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.他们可能去上海度假。 ②一般将来时的常用结构 ·用于“I expect, I’m sure, I think, I wonder+宾语从句”中 ·用于“祈使句+and+陈述句”中 ·与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用 Don’t worry about the exam.I’m sure you’ll pass. 不要担心这次考试，我确信你会通过的。 If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你请他帮忙，他会帮助你的。 ③表示一般将来时的特殊结构 ·be going to do sth表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。 ·be to do sth表示按计划或安排即将做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。 ·be about to do sth表示即将发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。 He is going to speak on TV this evening. 他今晚要在电视上讲话。 Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看这些乌云，要下雨了。 (2)过去将来时(should/would+动词原形) ①过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。 He said he would be here at eight o’clock.他说他将在八点钟到这里。 ②三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构 ·was/were going to+动词原形 ·was/were to+动词原形 ·was/were about to+动词原形 I thought it was going to rain.我当时觉得要下雨。 4. 完成时态 (1)现在完成时(have/has+过去分词) ①表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在(甚至到将来)。常与之连用的时间状语有：lately，recently，in the last(past) few days/years，since then，up to now，so far等。 ②表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有：already，ever，just(刚刚)，yet等。 ③在“最高级+名词”或“It/This is+the+序数词+time”之后的从句中谓语动词常用现在完成时。 In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。 He has turned off the light.(＝The light is off now.)他已经关掉灯了。 This is the first time(that)I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。 【易混辨析】 have gone to 意为“去某地了”，表示此人现在还在那里没有回来。 have been to 意为“去过某地”，表示此人已经回来了。 He has gone to live abroad.他到国外居住了。 Have you ever been to Shanghai?你去过上海吗？ (2)过去完成时(had+过去分词) ①一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表“过去的过去”)，那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时。 ②hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。 ③在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely...when...”和“No sooner...than...”句型中，when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚……就……”。 He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了3 年了。 I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿) Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。 (3)现在完成进行时(have/has+been+现在分词) ①表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作。 ②表示一个近期内一直重复发生、反复进行的动作。 ③现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语从句连用。 I have been reading Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms recently.我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。 You’ve been saying that for five years.这话你已经说了五年了。 He has been writing articles to the newspapers since he became a teacher.自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊撰稿。 考点二 动词的语态 1.被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子时态的不同而变化。 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 is/am/are done was/were done will/shall be done would/should be done 进行 is/am/are being done was/were being done will/shall be being done would/should be being done 完成 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done would/should have been done 2.主动形式表被动意义 (1)“系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste 等+形容词/名词”构成系表结构。 The steel feels cold.钢摸起来很凉。 (2)动词need, require, want, be worth后加动词－ing形式的主动结构表被动意义。 My watch can’t work; it needs repairing.我的手表不能用了，需要修了。 (3)某些可和well，easily 等副词连用的不及物动词，如read，write, draw，wash，clean，cook，sell 等。 Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易清洗。 考点三 主谓一致 主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。 1. 语法一致原则 主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。 (1)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。 Having to change trains is a small inconvenience. 不得不换乘火车多少有些不便。 (2)主语后接介词短语或其他插入语，如with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，rather than，including，in addition to等时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。 Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. 汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加聚会了。 (3)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。 My friend showed me around the small town，which was very attractive. 我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇，它非常迷人。 (4)“many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。each，every，no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。 Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday. 每个男生和女生都希望参加即将在周日举办的聚会。 2. 意义一致原则 意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。 (1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若被看作是集体中的每个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见有：family，class，team，group，public，committee，government，audience等。 The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls. 这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。 The class are doing an experiment. 全班学生都在做实验。 (2)“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all，some，half，most，the rest等作主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。 About one third of the books are worth reading. 这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。 (3)“the+形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. 病人已被治愈，失踪的人也都找到了。 (4)a quantity of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词时，谓语动词用复数。quantities of后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。 With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。 (5)“a number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，“the number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 The number of the students from the north is small. 来自北方的学生人数很少。 (6)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy. 对于一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一笔大数目。 3. 就近一致原则 就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。 (1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but (also). ..，not...but...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。 Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. 要么是你或者你的一名学生将出席明天的会议。 (2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。 There are three books and a pen on the desk. 桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。 考点一 动词的时态 例1. Where are my glasses? I ________ them a moment ago. A. will have B. had C. have D. have had 【答案】B 【详解】考查时态。句意：我的眼镜在哪儿？我刚才还戴着呢。根据时间状语a moment ago可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时。A.一般将来时，B.一般过去时，C.一般现在时，D.现在完成时，故选B项。 例2. My son knows nothing about his hometown. He ________ there. A. has ever been B. has never been C. has ever gone D. has never gone 【答案】B 【详解】考查现在完成时。句意：我儿子对他的家乡一无所知。他从未去过那里。由“My son knows nothing about his hometown”可知，句子表示“我儿子对他的家乡一无所知。他从未去过那里”，空格处用现在完成时，排除A和C选项，has gone表示去了还没回来，而has been表示去过，因此B选项正确。故选B。 例3. —I didn't see Mike at the party yesterday. —He ________ a driving test at that time. A. is taking B. was taking C. took D. has taken 【答案】B 【详解】考查过去进行时。句意：——我昨天在聚会上没看见迈克。——那时他正在参加驾驶考试。结合句意“我昨天在聚会上没看见迈克”及时间状语“at that time”可知，此处应该用过去进行时，表示“过去某个时间点正在发生的事”。故选B项。 考点二 动词的语态 例4. After the cake ________ 20 equal parts, the host took them before the guests. A. divided into B. had been divided into C. separated into D. had been separated from 【答案】B 【详解】考查动词短语辨析和时态。句意：蛋糕被分成20等份后，主人把蛋糕拿到客人面前。此处主语与谓语构成被动关系，表示过去的过去，为过去完成时的被动语态，故排除A、C选项；由后面的20 equal parts可知，此处表示将整体分为几个部分，故用divide…into…表示“将……分为……”之意；而separate…from…表示“把……和……分开”之意，不符合语境。故选B。 例5. It is reported that more than 70% of water ________ in the past five years. A. was polluted B. were polluted C. have been polluted D. has been polluted 【答案】D 【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：据报道，在过去的五年里，超过70%的水被污染了。主语more than 70% of water与谓语构成被动关系，应用被动语态，根据后文in the past five years可知，应用现在完成时的被动语态，主语是不可数名词，助动词用has。故选D。 例6. The Spring Festival ________ at the start of the lunar year. A. celebrates B. celebrated C. is celebrated D. was celebrated 【答案】C 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：春节是在农历年初庆祝的。此处在句中作谓语，句子描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，主语The Spring Festival和动词celebrate(庆祝)是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态，故选C。 考点三 主谓一致 例7. How nice it ________ to be back home again after such a long absence! A. is felt B. will be felt C. feels D. is feeling 【答案】C 【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：离家这么久又回到家，感觉真好!  feel是句中感官系动词，意为“感受到”，描述当前的感觉，用一般现在时态，主语it是第三人称单数代词，谓语用单数形式feels。故选C项。 例8. Neither Jim nor Tom ________ Australia before, but they know the country very well. A. has gone to B. has been to C. have gone to D. have been to 【答案】B 【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：吉姆和汤姆以前都没去过澳大利亚，但他们对这个国家很了解。A. has gone to去了某地，还未回来；B. has been to去过某地；C. have gone to去了某地，还未回来；D. have been to去过某地。结合语意，吉姆和汤姆以前都没去过澳大利亚，空处应用短语have been to，neither...nor...表示“既不……也不……”，连接并列单词作主语时，谓语动词的数采取就近原则，Tom是单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式，即has been to。故选B项。 例9. The number of the students in our school ________ about 30,000 and ________ them study hard. A. is; a large amount of B. are; a number of C. are; large amount of D. is; a large number of 【答案】D 【详解】考查主谓一致和量词。句意：我们学校的学生大约有3万人，他们中的许多人学习很努力。the number作主语，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式，所以第一空应用is；a large amount of意为“大量的，许多的”，修饰不可数名词，a (large/huge/big) number of意为“大量的，许多的”，修饰可数名词复数。故选D。 例10 Every possible means ________ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. A. are being used B. have been used C. has been used D. had been used 【答案】C 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：防治空气污染的每种可能的方式都被使用了，但是天空还是不明朗。But后的句子使用的是一般现在时，所以前半句表达的意思是到目前为止，所有可能的方法都试了，所以时态应用现在完成时。句子中means意为“方法、手段”，是单数形式。“every+可数名词的单数形式”表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数。故选C。 I. 单项选择 1. Look! There ________ some pencils on the table. A. are B. is C. was D. were 【答案】A 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：看！桌子上有一些铅笔。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。there be句型，be动词应遵循就近原则，主语some pencils 是复数，be动词用are。故选A。 2. Be quiet! A bird ________ something on the window. A. ate B. eats C. is eating 【答案】C 【详解】考查时态。句意：安静点！一只鸟正在吃窗户上的东西。A.ate 吃，过去式形式；B.eats 吃，第三人称单数形式；C.is eating正在吃，构成现在进行时。根据“Be quiet!”可知，小鸟正在吃东西，所以用现在进行时。故选C。 3. China, together with other countries, ________ against the policy on the conference. A. are B. were C. is D. had been 【答案】C 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：中方同其他国家一道，反对有关会议的政策。分析句子结构可知，together with other countries是插入语，在句中起补充说明的作用，本句的主语是China，结合句意可知，句子用一般现在时，故be动词应使用is。故选C。 4. He ________ as a teacher for 10 years but now he turns businessman. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. was working 【答案】C 【详解】考查时态。句意：他当了10年的教师，但现在他转行经商了。根据“ but now he turns businessman.”可知，陈述过去事实，所以用一般过去时。故选C。 5. The fridge ________ still full. It’s unnecessary to go shopping now. A. are B. is C. were D. was 【答案】B 【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：冰箱还满着。现在没有必要去购物。分析句子结构可知，此处为谓语动词，结合下文时间状语now可知，陈述现在的事实，此处应用一般现在时，且句子主语为第三人称单数，所以应用谓语动词is。故选B项。 6. In the past few years all citizens ________ efforts to make the town more beautiful and civilized. A. have made B. made C. have been made D. had made 【答案】A 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的几年里，所有的市民都在努力使这个城镇变得更加美丽和文明。由“In the past few years”可知，句子时态用现在完成时，主语citizens是复数，因此空格处是have made，故选A。 7. More trees ________ on both sides of the road in our city this coming winter holidays. A. are planted B. were planted C. will be planted D. have been planted 【答案】C 【详解】考查一般将来时的被动语态。句意：在即将到来的寒假里，更多的树木将会被种植在我们城市的道路两旁。根据句中“this coming winter holidays”可知，此处种植树木是将来要发生的事情，且trees与plant之间是逻辑上的被动关系，所以此处使用一般将来时的被动语态，结构为will be done。故选C。 8. We have to go another way because the road ________ now. A. is rebuilt B. is being rebuilt C. is rebuilding D. has rebuilt 【答案】B 【详解】考查谓语动词。句意：我们得走另一条路，因为道路正在重建。分析句子结构可知，此处应为谓语动词，根据时间状语now和句意可知，此处表示rebuild动作正在进行，且rebuild与句子主语the road之间为被动关系，所以此处使用现在进行时态的被动语态，且主语为第三人称单数，应使用is being rebuilt。故选B项。 9. Many modern trains in the world ________ in Zhuzhou. A. are creating B. created C. are created 【答案】C 【详解】考查一般那现在时的被动语态和主谓一致。句意：世界上许多现代火车都是在株洲制造的。该句在描述一个客观事实，且句子主语Many modern trains是复数形式，和谓语动词create之间是被动关系，是一般现在时的被动语态。故选C。 10. I’ll go to the party if I ________. A. invited B. am invited C. was invited D. invite 【答案】B 【详解】考查时态。句意：如果我被邀请了，我就会回去参加聚会。分析句子可知，设空处使用动词作谓语，主句使用一般将来时，if引导的条件状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来，即“主将从现”，且I和invite之间是被动关系，故使用一般现在时的被动语态，即am invited。故选B。 11. Over the Huangpu River ________ four grand bridges in Shanghai so far. A. have been built B. have built C. has been built D. built 【答案】A 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：到目前为止，上海已经在黄浦江上建起了四座大桥。分析句子结构可知，本句为倒装句。主语 four grand bridges in Shanghai 为复数，与build之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。再结合句中时间状语so far可知，用现在完成时。故选A。 12. The bike ________ to you as soon as you place an order. A. will deliver B. will be delivered C. has delivered D. is delivered 【答案】B 【详解】考查一般将来时的被动语态。句意：您一下单，自行车就会送到。as soon as引导时间状语从句，用一般现在时表示将来，故主句用一般将来时，且主语bike和动词deliver之间是被动关系，故此处用一般将来时的被动语态。故选B。 13. —John, may I use your bicycle? —Sorry, it________ now. A. is repaired B. is being repaired C. is repairing D. has been repaired 【答案】B 【详解】考查动词。句意：——约翰，我可以用一下你的自行车吗？——对不起，正在修理中。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，由now时间状语可知，此处应为现在进行时，结合it和动词repair为被动关系，所以为现在进行时的被动语态结构。故选B项。 14. In the past few years, important advances ________ in environmental science thanks to increasing computer power. A. are making B. have made C. are being made D. have been made 【答案】D 【详解】考查现在完成时的被动语态。句意：在过去的几年中，由于计算机能力的提高，环境科学取得了重要的进展。根据时间状语“In the past few years”可知应该用现在完成时，且主语important advances与动词make是被动关系，所以应该用现在完成时的被动语态。故选D项。 15. Teenagers have to be 18 years old before they ________ to drive a car. A. are allowed B. allowed C. will be allowed D. allow 【答案】A 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：青少年必须年满18岁才能被允许开车。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。主语they 与allow之间为被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。故选A。 16. ________ in the library regulations that any book borrowed should be returned by due time, or the borrower will be fined. A. What is required B. It is required C. What requires D. It requires 【答案】B 【详解】考查形式主语和语态。句意：图书馆规章规定，任何借的书都要按时归还，否则借阅者将被罚款。分析可知，本句真正主语为that引导的从句，句首应用it作形式主语，排除AC两项；动词require“规定”和主语之间是动宾关系，应用被动语态，排除D项。故选B项。 II. 单句语法填空 1. The first person in each group writes a sentence and ________(fold) the paper over his/her writing, so the next person cannot see it. 【答案】folds 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：每组的第一个人写一个句子，把纸折起来盖住他或她写的东西，这样下一个人就看不见了。此空与writes并列作谓语，时态应保持一致。句子用的是一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，故填folds。 2. Our headmaster ________(arrange) for me to show the visitors around our school. 【答案】arranged 【详解】考查时态。句意：我们的校长安排我带领参观者参观我们的学校。arrange(安排)是谓语动词，与主语Our headmaster之间是主动关系，描述发生在过去的事情，句子时态用一般过去时态，空格处填入过去式arranged。故填arranged。 3. He often ________(quarrel) with his wife over unimportant matters. 【答案】quarrels 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：他经常为一些鸡毛蒜皮的事和妻子吵架。根据often可知是经常反复发生的事情，所以用一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，故填quarrels。 4. Since I was a kid, I ________(consider) different jobs I would like to do. 【答案】have considered 【详解】考查时态。句意：从我小时候起，我就考虑过我想做的不同的工作。根据时间状语Since I was a kid可知，consider“考虑”这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，主句时态应用现在完成时，主语为I，助动词用have，consider的过去分词是considered。故填have considered。 5. First, his two sledges ________(break) down and then the horses began to have serious difficulties with the snow and the cold. 【答案】broke 【详解】考查时态。句意：首先，他的两辆雪橇坏了，然后马开始在雪和寒冷中遇到严重的困难。此处作谓语动词，主语为his two sledges，break down为不及物动词作谓语动词，且根据后文的began可知，此处应用过去时，故填broke。 6. A storm ________(arise) last night. 【答案】arose 【详解】考查时态。句意：昨晚下了一场暴风雨。arise是动词，意为“发生”，没有被动语态，由last night可知，句子描述过去发生的事，应用一般过去时，故填arose。 7. Esteban ________(throw) his bike over his shoulders and raced towards the finishing line. 【答案】threw 【详解】考查时态。句意：埃斯特班把自行车扛在肩上，冲向终点线。空处和下文raced并列作谓语，结合语境可知，也应用一般过去时。故填threw。 8. It’s reported that the accident ________(occur) in broad daylight yesterday. 【答案】occurred 【详解】考查时态。句意：据报道，事故发生在昨天白天发生的。根据“yesterday”可知，从句为一般过去时。故填occurred。 9. Joan ________(stare) at herself in the mirror, satisfied with her school uniform. 【答案】stared 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：琼盯着镜子里的自己，对她的校服很满意。此处为句子谓语动词，陈述过去发生的事情，需用一般过去时，stare的过去式是stared。故填stared。 10. She was ________(thrill) by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum. 【答案】thrilled 【详解】考查语态。句意：她被博物馆里展示的这么多来自不同文化的珍品惊呆了。She与thrill之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态，结合was可知为一般过去时的被动语态，使用其过去分词thrilled，已转化为形容词。填thrilled。 11. In 1943, many people ________(treat) unfairly due to their skin color in America. 【答案】were treated 【详解】考查动词时态、语态。句意：1943年，在美国，许多人因为他们的肤色而受到不公平的对待。空处缺少谓语，根据In 1943可知，为一般过去时，主语people为复数，与treat“对待”为被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were treated。 12. You ________(prohibit) from hitting the other person with your head, shoulder or arm. 【答案】are prohibited 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：禁止用头、肩膀或手臂撞击他人。句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。主语You与prohibit之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填are prohibited。 13. Many teenagers today ________(attract) to online games, but they should manage their time so that they won’t be addicted to those games. 【答案】are attracted 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：现在许多青少年都被网络游戏所吸引，但是他们应该管理好自己的时间，这样他们就不会沉迷于这些游戏。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。主语Many teenagers 为复数，与attract之间为被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态，be动词用are。故填are attracted。 14. Every year, the moment I get on the train, I ________(surround) by Shanxi accents. 【答案】am surrounded 【详解】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：每年，当我上火车的那一刻，我都被山西口音所包围。分析句子可知，空格处作谓语。根据时间状语从句the moment I get on the train可知，此处应用一般现在时；主语I与动词surround是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用被动语态。故填am surrounded。 15. His handwriting can be ________(improve) after a lot of practice. 【答案】improved 【详解】考查语态。句意：经过大量练习，他的书法可以提高。主语his handwriting(他的书写)和谓语动词improve(提高)之间是被动关系，所以与空格前的be构成被动语态。故填improved。 16. The other day, Amy, called a naive girl by most, ________(forbid) from joining in any activity as a punishment. 【答案】was forbidden 【详解】考查动词时态语态。句意：前几天，被很多人称为天真女孩的Amy被禁止参加任何活动作为惩罚。根据上文The other day可知应用一般过去时，且主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为Amy，谓语动词应用单数。故填was forbidden。 ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$