2025年广东中考英语二轮复习语法专项突破课件：专题一名词

专题一　名词 编者按：“考情分析”模块以近三年(2022～2024年)广东中考真 题为样本分析，全书同。 知识点 考查题型 具体考查内容 可数名 词及 其单、 复数 短文填空 (2024)71.In cities like Chengdu and Beijing (2023)75.have a good of habit　 知识点 考查题型 具体考查内容 不可数 名词 短文填空 (2023)74.The of (2022)71.hot ⁠ 名词所 有格 语法选择 (2024)35.hour， hours， hour’s (2022)33.teacher， teachers， ⁠ invention　 water　 teacher’s　 知识点 考查题型 具体考查内容 名词辨 析 完形填空 (2024)41. ，book，excuse，exam 46. ，example，purpose， decision 50.dentist，lawyer，coach，scientist (2023)42. air， ， light， water 43. yard，tree， ， apple job　 reason　 time　 baby　 知识点 考查题型 具体考查内容 名词 辨析 完形填空 44. job， ， life， trip (2022)41.fruits， flowers， leaves， ⁠ 43. ， class， office， team 专有 名词 / / idea　 vegetables　 family　 名词的分类 类别 定义 例子 专有名词(2022 年版课标词汇 表新增) (详见《晨读手 册》P69～72 内容) 表示具体的人名、地名、机 构名、国名、星期、月份、 节日或某一事物所特有的名 称 Linda琳达　　　　 Africa非洲 Monday星期一　　 Teachers’ Day教师 节 类别 定义 例子 普通 名词 可 数 名 词 个体 名词 表示个别人或事物的 词 football足球　　　 cat猫 banana香蕉　　　 doctor医生 集体 名词 表示若干个体组成的 集合体的词 class班级　　　　 family家人 police警方　　　　 team团队 类别 定义 例子 普通 名词 不 可 数 名 词 物质 名词 表示无法分成个体的 物质或材料的词 water水　　　　　 meat肉 milk牛奶　　　　　 wood木材 类别 定义 例子 普通 名词 不 可 数 名 词 抽象 名词 表示状态、品质、行 为、感情等抽象概念 的词 sadness伤心　　　 beauty美丽 knowledge知识　　 information信息 　height　decision　Sunday　reader　 1. (2024日照改编)The police often have to make a quick on how to act. 2. (2024宿迁改编)At weekends， libraries are always full of young ⁠. 3. (2024济宁改编)Jane is of medium ， and she has curly hair. decision　 readers　 height　 4. (2024牡丹江改编)Mother’s Day is on the second in May in America. Sunday　 可数名词及其单、复数 1. 可数名词单数变复数的规则变化 构成方法 例子 一般情况下，在词尾加-s book→books， map→maps， pen→pens， ruler→rulers， plant→plants， student→students， bird→birds， road→roads 构成方法 例子 以x、s、ch、sh结尾的名 词，加-es box→boxes， bus→buses， watch→watches，dish→dishes 以f或fe结尾的名词，把f 或fe变为v，再加-es leaf→leaves， wife→wives， knife→knives 续表 构成方法 例子 以y结 尾的名 词 以辅音字母＋y结尾的 名词，把y变为i，再加 -es baby→babies， country→countries 以元音字母＋y结尾的 名词，在词尾加-s monkey→monkeys， boy→boys 构成方法 例子 以o结 尾的名 词 有生命的加-es tomato→tomatoes， potato→potatoes 无生命的加-s photo→photos， radio→radios， piano→pianos 2. 可数名词单数变复数的不规则变化 构成方法 例子 变a为e型 man→men， woman→women， Englishman→Englishmen， Frenchwoman→Frenchwomen 变oo为ee型 foot→feet， tooth→teeth， goose→geese 构成方法 例子 在词尾加-ren child→children 单、复数形式相同 的名词 sheep→sheep， deer→deer， Chinese→Chinese， Japanese→Japanese 【速记口诀】 单数变复数，规则要记住，一般加-s，特殊有几处： s结尾，es不离后；末尾字母o，大多加-s； 两人(negro， hero)有两菜(tomato， potato)，es不离口； 词尾f、fe，-s前有v和e； 没有规则词，必须单独记。 3. 可数名词的量的表达 注意：对可数名词的数量进行提问时，用how many。 4. 其他情况 情况 例子 常以复数形式出现，与谓语动词复 数形式连用 glasses， shorts， trousers， clothes … 形式上是复数，意义上是单数，与 谓语动词单数形式连用 maths， news … 续表 情况 例子 一些集体名词形式上是单数，意义上是复 数 people， police， staff(职员) … 集体名词表示整体/集合体，视作单数， 作主语时谓语动词用单数；表示该群体的 个体成员，视作复数，作主语时谓语动词 用复数 The family is not large. (指家庭整体) The family are all music lovers. (指家庭 中的成员) 情况 例子 有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义 manners(礼仪)， times(时代)， drinks(饮料)… 情况 例子 由两个名词 组成的复合 名词变复数 时 一般只将最后一个名词变 为复数 some boy players， two bus drivers 如果是man或woman与其所 限定的名词，前后两个名 词同时变为复数 men drivers，women doctors (　B　)5. (2024 西藏)There are many famous  　　　　in the Chinese history.　 A. woman hero B. women heroes C. women hero D. woman heroes B 6. (2024 兰州)These nice (photo) were taken by my teachers last week. 7. (2024 眉山)－Tom！ Please brush your (tooth) carefully twice a day！ －OK， I will. photos　 teeth　 不可数名词 1. 不可数名词的量的表达 不可数名词需要计量时，通常用 “冠词/数词＋计量名词＋ of＋不可数名词” 结构来表示，其中计量名词的单复数形式随其 前面的冠词/数词而变。如：a glass of water 一杯水；three cups of coffee 三杯咖啡；four pieces of advice四条建议。常见的量词短语 有：a box of 一盒……；a bottle of 一瓶……；a cup of 一杯……； a piece of一片/张/块…… ※拓展 用法 常见限定词 只能修饰不可数名词的 限定词 a little， little， much，a bit of，a large amount of，a good/great deal of 既能修饰可数名词又能 修饰不可数名词的限定 词 a lot of，lots of，plenty of，some/any， all，enough，most 2. 常见的不可数名词 3. 既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词的名词 某些名词表示物质或抽象概念时是不可数的，而在表示个体 概念时是可数的。如下表： 名词 可数 不可数 名词 可数 不可数 chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 room 房间 空间 glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 time 次/倍 数 时间 orange 橘子 橙汁 wood 树林 木头，木材 名词 可数 不可数 名词 可数 不可数 paper 报纸； 文件 纸 work 作品 工作 exercise 练习； 习题 锻炼 light 电灯 光线 fish 鱼的种类/条数 鱼肉 experience 经历 经验 注意： fish作鱼的种类讲时，是可数名词，复数为fishes；作鱼肉 讲时，是不可数名词；作鱼的条数讲时，单复数同形，均为 fish。 (　C　)8. (2022湘西改编)I’m not hungry at all because I just ate much  　　　　. A. apples B. bananas C. bread D. oranges C (　B　)9. (2022邵阳改编)－Would you like some  　　　　？ －Yes， madam. A. egg B. juice C. milk teas D. tomato B 名词所有格 ’s 表示有生命的名词的所有格，或表示时间、距离、地点等 单数名词变所有格，只需在词 尾加’s the teacher’s desk， today’s paper， my group’s idea 复数名词变 所有格 以s 结尾的复数 名词后只加’ students’ reading room， five minutes’ walk children’s toys， men’s room ’s 表示有生命的名词的所有格，或表示时间、距离、地点等 表示共同所有，在最后一个名词后面 加’s This is James and Dick’s room. 表示每个人“各有”，在每个名词后分 别加’s Jenny’s and Mary’s rooms face to the south. ’s 表示有生命的名词的所有格，或表示时间、距离、地点等 表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格等 名词的所有格，单数后加’s，复数后加’ a quarter of an hour’s talk twenty miles’ trip 表示商铺、某人的家、诊所等时，名词 所有格后的名词可以省略 at my grandpa’s at a doctor’s of所有格表示无生命的名词的所属关系 the map of the world， the window of the room， the gate of our school 双重所有格 of ＋ 名词’s a friend of my mother’s， a picture of Lily’s of ＋ 名词性物主代 词 two classmates of mine， three cousins of hers 10. (2024兰州)We had a bad time that day， but the next (day) trip was pretty good. 11. (2024龙东)It is reported that 30 (minute) walk every day is healthy enough. day’s　 minutes’　 名词辨析 1. 语境辨析 这类考题要求考生运用自己的知识积累和生活经验，根据 上下文语境及含义，推测出考题要表达的意思，从而得出正 确的答案。 2. 近义词辨析 对于含义相近的名词，主要从语法角度区分其不同之处(详见 《中考高频词汇突破》P1～4内容)。 (　B　)12. (2024扬州)－Do you know why zebrafish are taken to Shenzhou-18？ －They have  　　　　like small size and short development cycle. A. stages B. advantages C. messages D. passages B (　A　)13. (2024江西)I like acting and I’m in the  　　　　group at school. A. theater B. chess C. speech D. ping-pong A (　D　)14.(2024安徽)－Art serves as a  　　　　between different nations. －Yes. It really helps cross-cultural communication. A. river B. wall C. palace D. bridge D 名词在语法选择中的运用 ★1. 名词单复数作主语和宾语——判断名词单数或复数 (2021广东)People could enjoy the scenery(风景) and watch  　36　 there. 36. A. bird B. birds C. bird’s D. birds’ 【思路点拨】根据语境及句意可知，人们可以在那里欣赏风景和 观看鸟儿，设空前是动词“watch”，此处表泛指，应用名词复 数。故选B。 ★2. 名词所有格作定语修饰后面的名词 (2024广东)Sometimes， he takes one  　35　 bus ride to museums and zoos in another town. 35. A. hour B. hours C. hour’s 【思路点拨】根据语境及句意可知，有时，他乘坐一个小时的公 交车去另外一个城镇的博物馆和动物园。设空后是名词短语 “bus ride”，此处应用名词所有格。故选C。 名词在完形填空中的运用 ★1. 前后词汇的逻辑关系(含词汇复现) (2024广东)Betty does not have a natural gift(天赋) for math. She never ... that she could be a scientist one day when she was little. ... Few are born to be a  　50　. According to Betty， curiosity and creativity play the biggest role. 50. A. dentist B. lawyer C. coach D. scientist 【思路点拨】根据语境及句意可知，很少有人天生就是科学家。 根据上文中的“... that she could be a scientist one day when she was little.”可知，此处应选scientist，是上文中的词汇复现。故 选D。 ★2. 语境推断(根据上下文的语境提示或暗示来推敲答案，切勿 脱离文章以自己的主观判断进行选择) ①(2024广东)Her  　41　 is not an easy one. She is trying to understand what goes wrong with the brain over time， and how people can age in a healthy way. 41. A. job B. book C. excuse D. exam 【思路点拨】根据下文“She is trying to understand what goes wrong with the brain over time， and how people can age in a healthy way.”可知，她正试着弄明白随着时间的推移大脑会出 现什么问题，以及人们怎样以一种健康的方式老去，所以此处指 她的工作是不容易的。故选A。 ②(2024广东)Betty has made it partly because she is curious about everything. ... Another  　46　 is that she is a creative thinker. 46. A. reason B. example C. purpose D. decision 【思路点拨】根据上文“partly because”可知，此处是在介绍另 一个原因。故选A。 名词在短文填空中的运用 ★1. 语境推断(根据上下文的语境提示或暗示来判断是否用名词 复数) (2024广东)In  　71　 like Chengdu and Beijing， thousands of people have started to join in the biking craze. 【思路点拨】根据设空后的“like Chengdu and Beijing”可知， 此处表示在像成都和北京这样的城市，应用city的复数形式。故 填cities。 ★2. 熟记常见的不可数名词 (2023广东)The  　74　 of toothbrushes was not as famous as that of paper-making， but it was very useful in daily life. 【思路点拨】根据句意及下文“paper-making”可知，此处表 示牙刷的发明，应用invent的名词形式invention，invention在此 处是不可数名词。故填invention。 ★3. 寻找名词单数的标志词(a、 an、 one、 either、 each、 every、 this、 that等) (2023广东)Today we have a good  　75　of brushing teeth. We should thank the ancient Chinese for it. 【思路点拨】根据语境可知，此处指现在我们有了刷牙的好习 惯。空前的冠词a提示，此处应填可数名词的单数形式，have a habit of表示“有个……的习惯”。故填habit。 ※拓展：名词填空 一、单项填空 (　A　)1. (2024西藏) 　　　　 father works in the police station. A. Eric and Helen’s B. Eric and Helen C. Eric’s and Helen D. Eric’s and Helen’s A (　A　)2. (2024镇江)Helen keeps English diaries every day as a  　　　　to develop her writing skills. A. habit B. present C. victory D. dream A (　D　)3. (2024兴安盟)－As a  　　　　， he tries to give first- hand information to the public as soon as possible. －Yes. He is always an active man. A. secretary B. passenger C. professor D. reporter D (2024兴安盟) (　C　)4. －How far is it from your home to school？ －It’s about  　　　　from my home to school. A. 15 minutes walk B. 15 minute’s walk C. 15 minutes’ walk D. 15-minutes walk C (　B　)5. －What would you like to buy？ － 　　　　. A. Chicken， vegetable and two kilos of rice B. Chicken， vegetables and two kilos of rice C. Chickens， vegetable and two kilo of rice D. Chicken， vegetables and two kilo of rice B 二、从方框中选择恰当的单词，并用其正确形式填空 　Canada　product　kind　sheep　pity　 1. (2024内江改编)－I missed the beginning of the movie last night. －What a ！ The beginning is so interesting. However， you can watch the whole movie on the Internet in a few days. 2. (2024济宁改编)The teacher’s has changed me a lot. pity　 kindness　 3. His parents are . But they need to live and work in the USA. 4. These are fed well by the old man. All of them look fat. 5. Now many farmers sell their through live broadcasting(直播). Canadians　 sheep　 products　 三、小语篇特训 (一)语法选择 　　The Hutuo River is the mother river of Shijiazhuang. About 20  　1　 ago， it was dirty and almost dried up. Thanks to the  　2　 work， it has become much cleaner. To remediate(修复) the river， the government do a lot of things. They clean the river up and build (　B　)1. A. year B. years C. year’s (　B　)2. A. government B. government’s C. governments B B levees(防洪堤). They plant trees， grass and flowers to green the riverside. They stop  　3　 from putting wastewater into the river. They also have a long-term  　4　 to keep the river in good condition. (　C　)3. A. factory’s B. factory C. factories (　A　)4. A. plan B. plans C. plan’s C A 　　Now，people can enjoy a day outdoors with the  　5　 of nature along the river. The villagers are happy to see the river looking good again. 　　The Hutuo River’s story shows that when people work together to take care of nature， good things can happen. (　A　)5. A. beauty B. beautiful C. beautifully A (二)完形填空 　　I planted four small branches before. Over the  　1　， three of them died， and only one stayed there. It grew very slowly， so it was short. Then I noticed that it was beginning to die， too. The lower branches were becoming bare(光秃秃的). The leaves on the main branches had turned brown， and only the  　2　 of the tree was still green. Last summer， I tried my best to save it， but it was useless. (　D　)1. A. days B. weeks C. months D. years (　B　)2. A. middle B. top C. bottom D. back D B 　　This morning I decided to cut it down. However， when I went over to have a closer  　3　， I noticed something moving in the branches. It was a little  　4　， patiently building its nest in a branch at the top of the tree. I smiled as I looked at it， thinking that (　A　)3. A. look B. attention C. road D. space (　C　)4. A. snake B. dog C. bird D. bee A C maybe the old tree still had some  　5　 and it was still useful. It may not be healthy or pretty， but it still provides a  　6　 for birds. (　B　)5. A. time B. life C. friends D. air (　D　)6. A. family B. bed C. room D. home B D (三)短文填空 　　请从方框内选择适当的词，并根据需要用其正确形式填空， 使文章语法正确、完整连贯。注意：每空一词，每词仅用一次， 有两词为多余项。 　potato　record　China　message　photo　actor　interest　 tradition　mountain　 　　(2024达州改编)Dazhou is my beloved hometown. It lies in 1. southwest area and has a long history of more than 1，900 years. China’s　 There are so many places of 2. in Dazhou. Bashan Grand Canyon(大峡谷) is a popular one. You can go drifting(漂流) there. You can also enjoy fantastic scenery and the show of Tujiahaocaoluogu. The 3. wear colorful costumes， singing and dancing to their special songs. You can dance and take 4. with them. Everyone wants to keep a(n) 5. of such a pleasant moment. Besides， Mount Batai is a place which you can’t miss. interest　 actors　 photos　 record　 You can camp on the top of the 6. at night and admire the beautiful sunrise in the morning. And don’t forget to taste delicious Jiuyuan black chicken and 7. . mountain　 potatoes　 Dazhou is a lively and modern city. And it is rich in cultural heritage(文化遗产). I love my hometown very much！ 四、短文填空 　　请从方框内选择适当的词，并根据需要用其正确形式填空， 使文章语法正确、完整连贯。注意：每空一词，每词仅用一次， 有两词为多余项。 　after　attention　part　how　collect　so　first　he　rubbish　 help　hold　also　 　　(2024湖北改编)Do you believe picking up rubbish has become a world competition？ In November of 2023， the first Rubbish Collection World Cup was 1. in Asia. Teams from 21 countries took part in it. According to the rules， each team will have 60 minutes to 2. rubbish as much as possible. Britain finally won 3. prize. “We hope more people around the world will pay 4. to environmental problems，” said a British team member. held　 collect　 first　 attention　 When Ken， the founder(创始人) of the competition， was interviewed， he talked about 5. he came up with the idea. Several years ago， he found many sea animals died 6. ⁠ they ate the rubbish in the sea. So he started to pick up rubbish on 7. way to the beach every morning. how　 after　 his　 “Picking up a piece of rubbish may save a turtle’s life. It’s 8. a good way to keep the beach clean.” In his eyes， changing people’s thoughts about 9. was more important. “Picking up rubbish is meaningful and 10. ，” added Ken. “Now， I am glad to hear that lots of people take part in it to protect our environment.” also　 rubbish　 helpful　 $$