专题07 完形填空说明文类及名校真题特训 -【决胜春考】2025年春季高考英语冲刺总复习（浙江专用）

专题07 完形填空说明文类及名校真题特训 ·模块一 说明文类完形填空特点 ·模块二 完形填空解题策略 ·模块三 名校模考题特训 ·模块四 高考真题题特训 模块一 说明文类完形填空特点 说明文类完形填空解题要点 解题步骤 内容解读 1.明确说明对象，理清段落关系。 通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的关系，加深对说明对象的理解。 2.弄清说明顺序，把握作者态度。 在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行解说。把握了说明顺序就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序(如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等)和认识顺序(如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质等)。另外，在理清作者思路的基础上，还要注意反映作者态度的关键词或关键句，把握作者的写作情感和意图。 3.运用高分技巧 按照命题分布规律和高分技巧正确解题并代入验证。 高分技巧 一 利用首句，明确说明对象 说明文一般有三类；一是实体事例说明文，包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍等；二是事理说明文，包括理论性解释、文书简介、学术流派等；三是文艺性说明文，即说明对象拟人化。掌握说明对象，可以从整体上把握主旨大意。 二 把握说明文的结构模式 1. 总分式：包括总-分；分-总；总-分-总等具体形式。 2. 递进式：事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。具体包括：空间顺序-从上到下、从外到内、从左到右、从远到近、从中间到四周、从整体到部分；时间顺序-事情都有发生、发展、消亡的过程；逻辑顺序-剖析事理时就按照其逻辑关系进行安排，或从原因到结果、从主到次、递进或对比等严密的条理性。掌握结构模式，可以对文章的逻辑有更好的把握。 三 逐句精读文章，熟悉逻辑衔接次。 逻辑关系 例词 让步和转折 but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite of, regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, not…but等。 因果关系 because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, such…that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, as a result, for this reason等。 并列关系 and, or, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, the same…as等。 递进关系 then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what’s worse, even worse等。 总分关系 such as, for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically等。 模块二 完形填空解题策略 · 考点一：利用首句查明说明对象。 典例.（2024·北京西城·二模）You may have heard of the famous workplace communication software, Slack. Many companies use Slack to virtually communicate across teams. What most people don’t know is that Slack, despite its 46 , was never meant to exist. 46．A．problem B．history C．success D．limitation 【解析】首句知说明对象。考查名词词义辨析。句意：大多数人不知道的是，尽管Slack取得了成功，但它根本就不应该存在。A. problem问题；B. history历史；C. success 成功；D. limitation 限制。根据上文“You may have heard of the famous workplace communication software, Slack. Many companies use Slack to virtually communicate across teams.”可知，Slack取得了成功。故选C项。 【答案】C 名师提醒：根据首句可知说明对象为实体对象说明文。 · 考点二：利用说明文的结构模式之递进式说明。 典例.（2024·河南·三模）Before going to a party, you can turn to some friends for some effective 40 . At the party if uneasiness 41 you, you can move away to the bathroom and then 42 what to do next. After the party, you can 43 yourself for going to the party. 40．A．strategies B．treatment C．communication D．teamwork 41．A．escapes B．seizes C．ignores D．angers 42．A．discuss B．ask C．resolve D．know 43．A．enjoy B．reflect C．reward D．adjust 【解析】本文选自说明文。40．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在参加聚会之前，你可以向一些朋友寻求一些有效的策略。A. strategies策略；B. treatment对待；C. communication交流；D. teamwork团队合作。根据上文“you can turn to some friends for some effective”以及下文提到的具体情景下的方法和策略可知，此处应表示你可以向一些朋友寻求一些有效的策略。故选A项。 41．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在聚会上，如果你感到不安，你可以去洗手间，然后知道下一步该怎么做。A. escapes逃脱；B. seizes控制、抓住；C. ignores忽视；D. angers使生气。根据句意以及上文“if uneasiness”由此可知，此处应表示如果你感到不安（不安情绪控制着你），你应该做的事情。故选B项。 42．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在聚会上，如果你感到不安，你可以去洗手间，然后知道下一步该怎么做。A. discuss讨论；B. ask问；C. resolve解决；D. know知道。根据上文“you can move away to the bathroom”以及下文“what to do next”可知，此处应表示你可以去洗手间，然后知道下一步该怎么做。故选D项。 43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：聚会结束后，你可以奖励自己参加聚会。A. enjoy享受；B. reflect反思；C. reward奖励；D. adjust调整。根据下文“Small things like a delicious meal can motivate you to ____14____ next time.”提到一顿美味的饭菜，由此可知，此处应表示聚会结束后，你可以奖励自己参加聚会。故选C项。 【答案】 40．A 41．B 42．D 43．C 名师提醒：此处运用递进式说明按照时间的顺序进行说明，结构严谨，逻辑清晰。 考点三：利用词语（搭配）辨析。 （2024·江苏盐城·三模）Tucked away in Tongxiang city, Zhejiang province, the captivating water town of Puyuan is 1 in history and elegance. 1．A．shrouded B．soaked C．steeped D．submerged 【答案】C 【解析 】这篇说明文主要介绍了位于浙江省桐乡市的濮院，是一个历史与优雅并存的迷人水乡。本题考查动词词义辨析兼顾运用与上句的平行关系。句意：坐落在浙江省桐乡的迷人水乡——濮院，历史与优雅并存。A. shrouded笼罩；B. soaked浸泡；C. steeped使沉浸；D. submerged淹没。根据句意以及下文“history and elegance”由此可知，此处应表示濮院沉浸在历史与优雅中。be steeped in“沉浸于”为固定短语。故选C项。 考点四：利用逻辑关系之转转关系。 典例 （2024·北京西城二模）You may have heard of the famous workplace communication software, Slack. Many companies use Slack to virtually communicate across teams. What most people don’t know is that Slack, despite its success , was never meant to exist. In fact, the company who developed Slack actually had been hoping to create the next popular video game. But after raising millions of dollars to fund the game development, the company ultimately 47 the project because the game failed to attract enough users. 47．A．took down B．shut down C．cut down D．passed down 【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了职场沟通软件Slack的被创造的过程。设空处句子与上文为转折关系。本题考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但在筹集了数百万美元用于游戏开发后，该公司最终关闭了该项目，因为游戏未能吸引到足够的用户。A. took down记下；B. shut down关闭；C. cut down砍到；D. passed down传递。根据下文“because the game failed to attract enough users.”可知，该公司最终关闭了该项目。故选B项。 【答案】B 考点五：利用逻辑关系之平行关系。 （23-24高三·上海闵行·阶段练习）GuiltyPleasures? No Such Thing We know them when we see them: The TV shows and movies we love, even though we just know they’re bad. Yes, these are our guilty pleasures — what some people consider the 17 food in our media diets. 17．A．junk B．sugary C．spiritual D．transformative 【解析】事理说明文。考查形容词词义辨析。句意：是的，这些都是我们的有罪的快感——有些人认为是我们媒体饮食中的垃圾食品。A. junk垃圾；B. sugary含糖的；C. spiritual精神上的；D. transformative有改革能力的。根据上文的“even though we just know they’re bad.”、“The trashy books”和“The awful earworms”可知，此处指垃圾食品。故选A。 【答案】 A 模块三 名校模考题特训 （23-24高三下·浙江嘉兴·阶段练习）The Poseidon Effect Late one autumn day at the local swimming pool in Ancenis, France, an 18-year-old named Jean LeRoy came for his regular evening swim in the 25-metre pool. When people are drowning, they don’t usually shout and 1 in the way it happens on television. Most people drown quite 2 , with the person quickly sinking beneath the water. On the evening, LeRoy was testing how far he could swim underwater 3 one breath. At some moment, as he was doing this, he became unconscious. 4 he tried he couldn’t breathe. He sank to the bottom of the pool. LeRoy was drowning. Luckily for him, the swimming pool was 5 with an electronic surveillance system called Poseidon. Although the human lifeguards had not noticed, 12 large machine eyes deep underwater were watching the whole thing. Poseidon has underwater cameras which 6 people as they swim. The cameras are connected to a computer. It is 7 to recognize 8 a swimmer is not moving normally. The lifeguards at the Ancenis pool were wearing a special device that 9 when the computer detected a possible problem. Sixteen seconds after Poseidon noticed LeRoy’s body, the lifeguards had pulled him out of the pool. He started breathing again. After one night in hospital, he was sent home completely 10 . Poseidon had saved his life. Machines like Poseidon completely change how we live. Think of your life before the answering machine was invented. Think of your grandparents’ lives before the television and the airplane were introduced. The change will be just as great. It is 11 happening. Soon, machines will recognize our faces and our fingerprints. They will 12 for drowning people, for 13 carrying bombs, for speeding drivers and heart patients. Imagine devices that monitor a baby’s breathing and track children as they go to and from school. Imagine machines 14 quiet signals to nearby computers, which will send information to your doctor, your lawyer, and the local police. As time passes, more and more of our lives will be 15 by machines. They will know all about us. 1．A．splash B．cry C．yell D．scream 2．A．soon B．quietly C．silently D．simply 3．A．in B．within C．over D．on 4．A．No matter how B．However C．Whoever D．Whatever 5．A．established B．installed C．set D．equipped 6．A．show B．film C．propagate D．outline 7．A．postulated B．made C．programmed D．relayed 8．A．whether B．when C．while D．if 9．A．alarmed B．beeped C．warned D．alerted 10．A．healthy B．normal C．safe D．well 11．A．always B．merely C．readily D．already 12．A．watch out B．take care C．look back D．go over 13．A．terrorists B．invalids C．senators D．tyrants 14．A．will send B．to send C．send D．sending 15．A．recorded B．checked C．monitored D．supervised （23-24高三上·浙江·开学考试）Tidying your desk, watering your plants, folding clothes — these household chores are hardly the height of pleasure. Yet I often find myself 16 these little tasks. If I’m stuck in writer’s block with a deadline 17 , I’ll have to clear up the papers placed around my office — and it’s sometimes the most 18 I feel all day. I’m not 19 in this. As we faced the stresses of the pandemic, many people reported finding renewed interest in 20 their homes as a way of coping with uncertainty. Psychologists suggest there are many potential mechanisms (机制) that can explain the pleasure from these tasks and their benefits-these may well encourage you to 21 these odd jobs more often. Little chores may be useful because they 22 the mind, leading us to devote fewer resources to the things that 23 us. Even if we struggle with activities that are meant to help us relax, we may find household tasks can help us appreciate the here and now. But this depends on where we place our 24 . In one of the few studies to examine the mental health benefits of washing the dishes, researchers at Florida State University divided 51 25 into two groups. Half read a text that encouraged them to 26 focus their thoughts on the activity. “While washing the dishes, one should be completely 27 of the fact that one is washing the dishes,” they were told. The rest read factual instructions on how to do washing up without being encouraged to focus their awareness on the activity. Afterwards, the participants were asked to take a questionnaire about their 28 . Those who had fully engaged with the experience reported a significantly better mood. This included 29 nervousness and even a sense of “inspiration”, as if the simple activity had 30 their minds. 16．A．ignoring B．enjoying C．avoiding D．simplifying 17．A．agreed B．established C．passing D．approaching 18．A．relaxed B．bored C．worried D．annoyed 19．A．confident B．fit C．alone D．stuck 20．A．opening up B．setting up C．returning to D．looking after 21．A．deal with B．give up C．learn about D．engage in 22．A．occupy B．broaden C．motivate D．challenge 23．A．interest B．bother C．delight D．surprise 24．A．focus B．hope C．emphasis D．happiness 25．A．dishes B．households C．participants D．tasks 26．A．entirely B．quickly C．mainly D．initially 27．A．sure B．proud C．glad D．aware 28．A．interests B．abilities C．feelings D．habits 29．A．continued B．increased C．unexplained D．reduced 30．A．slipped B．refreshed C．developed D．exhausted （23-24高三·浙江舟山高考英语首考模拟）It’s that time again when we’re busy buying and giving them. Sometimes we call them 31 , sometimes presents. Is there a 32 ? The words come from different 33 . Gift has its origin in the Germanic root for “to give”. It referred to an act of 34 , and then, to the thing being given. Present comes from the French for “to present”. A present is the thing presented. They were both used to express the 35 of something going through a change of 36 without expectation of payment from the 13th century onward. The words gift and present are well-matched synonyms that mean almost the same thing. 37 , even well-matched synonyms have their own unique patterns of 38 . Gift applies to a wide range of situations. Presents are more 39 . If your whole family gave 40 to your college fund for your birthday, would you say “I got a lot of presents”? It doesn’t exactly sound 41 , but since you never hold these donations in your hand, gifts seem to fit better. Gift can also act like an adjective to describe another noun. What do you call the type of shop where you can buy presents for people? A gift shop. Present doesn’t work well in this role of 42 other nouns. We have gift boxes and gift cards, not present boxes and present cards. Still, 43 my personal sense of the 44 , present—though it may not be as common—is more casual sounding than gift. But whether it’s gifts or presents you 45 , I wish you many and lots this year. 31．A．gifts B．awards C．friends D．families 32．A．mistake B．difference C．plan D．promise 33．A．games B．stories C．situations D．languages 34．A．giving B．speaking C．leaving D．listening 35．A．dream B．chance C．advice D．idea 36．A．possession B．attitude C．colors D．decisions 37．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．However D．Otherwise 38．A．behavior B．use C．spelling D．development 39．A．transparent B．concrete C．positive D．public 40．A．thanks B．attention C．donations D．discounts 41．A．wrong B．easy C．unlucky D．cool 42．A．explaining B．correcting C．analyzing D．describing 43．A．because of B．according to C．in spite of D．in addition to 44．A．actions B．events C．words D．directions 45．A．order B．offer C．make D．prefer （23-24高三·浙江杭州高考英语首考模拟）One of the interesting things about languages is the way they change over time. In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has 46 major changes over the years. In fact, to a modern speaker, the English of 1000 years ago looks like a 47 language! The history of English dates back around 1500 years. At that time, groups of Europeans 48 England, bringing their language with them. It developed into old English. Later in 1066, English was invaded by the Normans from France. The language went through an important shift leading to what we now call Middle English. Over the next 500 years, the language underwent 49 shifts, leading to modern English. As the language has developed over time, many things about it have changed. 50 is one of the most obvious areas. For example, in old English, people say “hus” and “mus”. Now, we say “house” and “mouse”. These days there are many differences in the way English is pronounced in the U.S., India and elsewhere. When people live in groups separated by great distances, the 51 of change can be fast. Vocabulary changes happen even more quickly. English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Greek and 52 , 53 . This often happens with types of 54 , for example, “tofu”. Then there is slang which enters and 55 the language every year! Thirty years ago, one often heard people saying “groovy”, meaning great. These days you rarely hear the word 56 on old TV shows or movies. Because English is spoken by so many people worldwide, it really is an exciting time for the language. Just as American and British versions are always changing, so are versions 57 in Canada, 58 in Asia and elsewhere. At the same time, an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet with whole new 59 and writing styles. In a way, learning English is a never-ending process, even for native speakers! Language is as much a part of the earth as 60 its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans. 46．A．gone over B．gone through C．gone into D．gone for 47．A．other B．unfamiliar C．strange D．foreign 48．A．invaded B．seized C．took over D．captured 49．A．few B．some C．further D．more 50．A．Pronunciation B．Grammar C．Speaking D．Present 51．A．speed B．pace C．velocity D．way 52．A．Russian B．Vietnamese C．Latin D．Korean 53．A．to name a few B．not at all C．in all D．after all 54．A．vegetable B．fruit C．meat D．food 55．A．appears B．leaves C．escapes D．quits 56．A．except B．merely C．besides D．already 57．A．used B．written C．spoken D．seen 58．A．Nigeria B．Singapore C．Rome D．Jamaica 59．A．slang B．jargon C．image D．vernacular 60．A．are B．is C．do D．has （24-25高三上·浙江杭州·阶段练习）Perhaps you’ve heard the old saying “curiosity killed the cat. ” It’s a phrase that’s often used to 61 people — especially children — not to ask too many questions. Yet it’s widely agreed that 62 actually makes learning more enjoyable and effective. 63 research has shown that curiosity is just as important as intelligence in 64 how well students do in school. Curiosity also 65 us to embrace unfamiliar circumstances, brings excitement into our lives, and opens up new possibilities. Being curious requires us to be both humble enough to know we don’t have all the answers, and brave enough to 66 it. Asking the questions that help us 67 the gap between what we already know and what we’d like to know can lead us to make unexpected discoveries. In science, basic curiosity-driven researc — conducted without pressure to produce immediate practical results — can have 68 and incredibly important benefits. 69 , one day in 1831, Michael Faraday was playing around with a coil (线圈) and a magnet (磁铁) 70 he suddenly saw how he could generate an electrical current. At first, it wasn’t clear what use this would have, but it actually made 71 available for use in technology, and so changed the world. Unsurprisingly, there are chemical and evolutionary theories to 72 why humans are such curious creatures. When we become curious, our brains 73 a chemical called dopamine (多巴胺) , which makes the process of learning more pleasurable and improves memory. It is still not known why learning gives us such 74 but one theory is that we may have developed a basic need to fight uncertainty — the more we understand about the world around us, the more 75 we are to survive its many dangers! 61．A．warn B．scold C．beg D．order 62．A．creativity B．intelligence C．curiosity D．imagination 63．A．As a result B．In turn C．In addition D．In fact 64．A．checking B．determining C．discovering D．describing 65．A．allows B．requires C．convinces D．reminds 66．A．know B．deny C．admit D．report 67．A．ignore B．bridge C．widen D．identify 68．A．unfamiliar B．unnecessary C．unexpected D．uncertain 69．A．For example B．In return C．For one thing D．As a consequence 70．A．then B．as C．while D．when 71．A．fuel B．electricity C．magnet D．energy 72．A．prove B．indicate C．explain D．evaluate 73．A．release B．reduce C．reproduce D．refresh 74．A．comfort B．pleasure C．relaxation D．pain 75．A．possible B．potential C．definite D．likely 模块四 高考真题特训 （2018·上海·高考真题）When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. 1 , they stick to G-rated activities such as rock- climbing or talking about books. They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into 2 . The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous (急剧的) 3 in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas. To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the 4 have slimmed considerably. Teens have also reported a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades, as the portion of high school students who have had sex fell from 54 percent in 1991 to 41 percent in 2015, according to Centers for Disease Control statistics. u People say, 'Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, ' but they're 5 the larger trend," said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less 6 in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today's society, they no longer need to. According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's "life strategy" slows down or speeds up depending on his or her 7 , exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the 8 effect, the study said. In the first 9 , "You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more 10 and fewer resources, " said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of "iGen： Why Today's Super- Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood." In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more 11 about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “ establishing mate value based on procurement of resources," the study said. But America is shifting more toward the 12 model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. uEven in families whose parents didn't have a college education. . . families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully   13 has really sunk in. ‘‘ The 14 of 41 adult activities'' could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurriculars as they did in the 1990 s (with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the 15 , the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said. 1．A．Therefore B．Rather C．Moreover D．Besides 2．A．childhood B．neighborhood C．adolescents D．adulthood 3．A．escapes B．ends C．decreases D．changes 4．A．minorities B．majorities C．masses D．amounts 5．A．taking B．avoiding C．sending D．missing 6．A．interested B．envied C．relieved D．realized 7．A．emotions B．surroundings C．customs D．habits 8．A．wrong B．same C．opposite D．similar 9．A．event B．issue C．case D．occasion 10．A．trouble B．questions C．benefits D．diseases 11．A．respectively B．delicately C．seriously D．considerably 12．A．slower B．better C．smaller D．faster 13．A．emphasized B．related C．organized D．educated 14．A．implement B．postponement C．achievement D．payment 15．A．cause B．impact C．fact D．result （2010·上海·高考真题）For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D．  Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece, If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing 16 . What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, 17 revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process. When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in mind a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music. The musical had 18 several revisions due, in part, to problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆). For instance, Lloyd Webber 19 some of the music because the Phantom’s makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds. When you revise, you change aspects of your work in 20 to your evolving purpose, or to include 21 ideas or newly discovered information. Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 22 , it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to 23 topics while prewriting is a type of revising. However, don’t make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows 24 . Always make time to become your own 25 and view your dress rehearsal, so to speak. Reviewing your work in this way can give you 26 new ideas. Revising involves 27 the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing, making your purpose more clearly, and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present. When you revise, ask yourself the following questions, keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing: Is my main idea or purpose 28 throughout my draft? Do I ever lose sight of my purpose? Have I given my readers all of the 29 that is, facts, opinions, inferences — that they need in order to understand my main idea? Finally, have I included too many 30 details that may confuse readers? 16．A．technique B． style C．process D．career 17．A．in particular B．as a result C． for example D．in other words 18．A．undergone B．skipped   C．rejected    D． replaced 19．A．rewrote   B．released C． recorded    D． reserved 20．A．addition B．response C．opposition   D．contrast 21．A．fixed     B．ambitious    C．familiar    D．fresh 22．A．However B．Moreover C． Instead D．Therefore 23．A．discuss B．switch     C． exhaust   D．cover 24．A．drafting   B．rearranging C．performing D．training 25．A．director   B．master C．audience D．visitor 26．A．personal B．valuable   C． basic D．delicate 27．A．mixing    B．weakening C．maintaining D．assessing 28．A．amazing B．bright C．unique D．clear 29．A．angles   B．evidence C． information D．hints 30．A．unnecessary   B．uninteresting   C．concrete D．final 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题07 完形填空说明文类及名校真题特训 ·模块一 说明文类完形填空特点 ·模块二 完形填空解题策略 ·模块三 名校模考题特训 ·模块四 高考真题题特训 模块一 说明文类完形填空特点 说明文类完形填空解题要点 解题步骤 内容解读 1.明确说明对象，理清段落关系。 通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的关系，加深对说明对象的理解。 2.弄清说明顺序，把握作者态度。 在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行解说。把握了说明顺序就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序(如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等)和认识顺序(如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质等)。另外，在理清作者思路的基础上，还要注意反映作者态度的关键词或关键句，把握作者的写作情感和意图。 3.运用高分技巧 按照命题分布规律和高分技巧正确解题并代入验证。 高分技巧 一 利用首句，明确说明对象 说明文一般有三类；一是实体事例说明文，包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍等；二是事理说明文，包括理论性解释、文书简介、学术流派等；三是文艺性说明文，即说明对象拟人化。掌握说明对象，可以从整体上把握主旨大意。 二 把握说明文的结构模式 1. 总分式：包括总-分；分-总；总-分-总等具体形式。 2. 递进式：事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。具体包括：空间顺序-从上到下、从外到内、从左到右、从远到近、从中间到四周、从整体到部分；时间顺序-事情都有发生、发展、消亡的过程；逻辑顺序-剖析事理时就按照其逻辑关系进行安排，或从原因到结果、从主到次、递进或对比等严密的条理性。掌握结构模式，可以对文章的逻辑有更好的把握。 三 逐句精读文章，熟悉逻辑衔接次。 逻辑关系 例词 让步和转折 but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite of, regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, not…but等。 因果关系 because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, such…that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, as a result, for this reason等。 并列关系 and, or, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, the same…as等。 递进关系 then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what’s worse, even worse等。 总分关系 such as, for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically等。 模块二 完形填空解题策略 · 考点一：利用首句查明说明对象。 典例.（2024·北京西城·二模）You may have heard of the famous workplace communication software, Slack. Many companies use Slack to virtually communicate across teams. What most people don’t know is that Slack, despite its 46 , was never meant to exist. 46．A．problem B．history C．success D．limitation 【解析】首句知说明对象。考查名词词义辨析。句意：大多数人不知道的是，尽管Slack取得了成功，但它根本就不应该存在。A. problem问题；B. history历史；C. success 成功；D. limitation 限制。根据上文“You may have heard of the famous workplace communication software, Slack. Many companies use Slack to virtually communicate across teams.”可知，Slack取得了成功。故选C项。 【答案】C 名师提醒：根据首句可知说明对象为实体对象说明文。 · 考点二：利用说明文的结构模式之递进式说明。 典例.（2024·河南·三模）Before going to a party, you can turn to some friends for some effective 40 . At the party if uneasiness 41 you, you can move away to the bathroom and then 42 what to do next. After the party, you can 43 yourself for going to the party. 40．A．strategies B．treatment C．communication D．teamwork 41．A．escapes B．seizes C．ignores D．angers 42．A．discuss B．ask C．resolve D．know 43．A．enjoy B．reflect C．reward D．adjust 【解析】本文选自说明文。40．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在参加聚会之前，你可以向一些朋友寻求一些有效的策略。A. strategies策略；B. treatment对待；C. communication交流；D. teamwork团队合作。根据上文“you can turn to some friends for some effective”以及下文提到的具体情景下的方法和策略可知，此处应表示你可以向一些朋友寻求一些有效的策略。故选A项。 41．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在聚会上，如果你感到不安，你可以去洗手间，然后知道下一步该怎么做。A. escapes逃脱；B. seizes控制、抓住；C. ignores忽视；D. angers使生气。根据句意以及上文“if uneasiness”由此可知，此处应表示如果你感到不安（不安情绪控制着你），你应该做的事情。故选B项。 42．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在聚会上，如果你感到不安，你可以去洗手间，然后知道下一步该怎么做。A. discuss讨论；B. ask问；C. resolve解决；D. know知道。根据上文“you can move away to the bathroom”以及下文“what to do next”可知，此处应表示你可以去洗手间，然后知道下一步该怎么做。故选D项。 43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：聚会结束后，你可以奖励自己参加聚会。A. enjoy享受；B. reflect反思；C. reward奖励；D. adjust调整。根据下文“Small things like a delicious meal can motivate you to ____14____ next time.”提到一顿美味的饭菜，由此可知，此处应表示聚会结束后，你可以奖励自己参加聚会。故选C项。 【答案】 40．A 41．B 42．D 43．C 名师提醒：此处运用递进式说明按照时间的顺序进行说明，结构严谨，逻辑清晰。 考点三：利用词语（搭配）辨析。 （2024·江苏盐城·三模）Tucked away in Tongxiang city, Zhejiang province, the captivating water town of Puyuan is 1 in history and elegance. 1．A．shrouded B．soaked C．steeped D．submerged 【答案】C 【解析 】这篇说明文主要介绍了位于浙江省桐乡市的濮院，是一个历史与优雅并存的迷人水乡。本题考查动词词义辨析兼顾运用与上句的平行关系。句意：坐落在浙江省桐乡的迷人水乡——濮院，历史与优雅并存。A. shrouded笼罩；B. soaked浸泡；C. steeped使沉浸；D. submerged淹没。根据句意以及下文“history and elegance”由此可知，此处应表示濮院沉浸在历史与优雅中。be steeped in“沉浸于”为固定短语。故选C项。 考点四：利用逻辑关系之转转关系。 典例 （2024·北京西城二模）You may have heard of the famous workplace communication software, Slack. Many companies use Slack to virtually communicate across teams. What most people don’t know is that Slack, despite its success , was never meant to exist. In fact, the company who developed Slack actually had been hoping to create the next popular video game. But after raising millions of dollars to fund the game development, the company ultimately 47 the project because the game failed to attract enough users. 47．A．took down B．shut down C．cut down D．passed down 【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了职场沟通软件Slack的被创造的过程。设空处句子与上文为转折关系。本题考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但在筹集了数百万美元用于游戏开发后，该公司最终关闭了该项目，因为游戏未能吸引到足够的用户。A. took down记下；B. shut down关闭；C. cut down砍到；D. passed down传递。根据下文“because the game failed to attract enough users.”可知，该公司最终关闭了该项目。故选B项。 【答案】B 考点五：利用逻辑关系之平行关系。 （23-24高三·上海闵行·阶段练习）GuiltyPleasures? No Such Thing We know them when we see them: The TV shows and movies we love, even though we just know they’re bad. Yes, these are our guilty pleasures — what some people consider the 17 food in our media diets. 17．A．junk B．sugary C．spiritual D．transformative 【解析】事理说明文。考查形容词词义辨析。句意：是的，这些都是我们的有罪的快感——有些人认为是我们媒体饮食中的垃圾食品。A. junk垃圾；B. sugary含糖的；C. spiritual精神上的；D. transformative有改革能力的。根据上文的“even though we just know they’re bad.”、“The trashy books”和“The awful earworms”可知，此处指垃圾食品。故选A。 【答案】 A 模块三 名校模考题特训 （23-24高三下·浙江嘉兴·阶段练习）The Poseidon Effect Late one autumn day at the local swimming pool in Ancenis, France, an 18-year-old named Jean LeRoy came for his regular evening swim in the 25-metre pool. When people are drowning, they don’t usually shout and 1 in the way it happens on television. Most people drown quite 2 , with the person quickly sinking beneath the water. On the evening, LeRoy was testing how far he could swim underwater 3 one breath. At some moment, as he was doing this, he became unconscious. 4 he tried he couldn’t breathe. He sank to the bottom of the pool. LeRoy was drowning. Luckily for him, the swimming pool was 5 with an electronic surveillance system called Poseidon. Although the human lifeguards had not noticed, 12 large machine eyes deep underwater were watching the whole thing. Poseidon has underwater cameras which 6 people as they swim. The cameras are connected to a computer. It is 7 to recognize 8 a swimmer is not moving normally. The lifeguards at the Ancenis pool were wearing a special device that 9 when the computer detected a possible problem. Sixteen seconds after Poseidon noticed LeRoy’s body, the lifeguards had pulled him out of the pool. He started breathing again. After one night in hospital, he was sent home completely 10 . Poseidon had saved his life. Machines like Poseidon completely change how we live. Think of your life before the answering machine was invented. Think of your grandparents’ lives before the television and the airplane were introduced. The change will be just as great. It is 11 happening. Soon, machines will recognize our faces and our fingerprints. They will 12 for drowning people, for 13 carrying bombs, for speeding drivers and heart patients. Imagine devices that monitor a baby’s breathing and track children as they go to and from school. Imagine machines 14 quiet signals to nearby computers, which will send information to your doctor, your lawyer, and the local police. As time passes, more and more of our lives will be 15 by machines. They will know all about us. 1．A．splash B．cry C．yell D．scream 2．A．soon B．quietly C．silently D．simply 3．A．in B．within C．over D．on 4．A．No matter how B．However C．Whoever D．Whatever 5．A．established B．installed C．set D．equipped 6．A．show B．film C．propagate D．outline 7．A．postulated B．made C．programmed D．relayed 8．A．whether B．when C．while D．if 9．A．alarmed B．beeped C．warned D．alerted 10．A．healthy B．normal C．safe D．well 11．A．always B．merely C．readily D．already 12．A．watch out B．take care C．look back D．go over 13．A．terrorists B．invalids C．senators D．tyrants 14．A．will send B．to send C．send D．sending 15．A．recorded B．checked C．monitored D．supervised 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．B 6．B 7．C 8．B 9．B 10．D 11．D 12．A 13．A 14．D 15．C 【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了Poseidon电子监控系统如何改变我们的生活方式，以及它如何帮助拯救溺水者的生命。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当人们溺水时，他们通常不会像电视上那样大喊大叫、四处扑腾。A. splash拍水；B. cry哭泣；C. yell大喊；D. scream尖叫。根据后文“Most people drown quite 　　　　, with the person quickly sinking beneath the water.”可知，大多数人溺水时很安静，很快就沉到水下，所以不会大喊大叫、四处扑腾。故选A项。 2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：大多数人溺水时很安静，很快就沉到水下。A. soon很快；B. quietly安静地；C. silently无声地；D. simply仅仅。根据前文“they don’t usually shout”可知，不会大喊大叫，所以沉默无声地。故选C项。 3．考查介词词义辨析。句意：晚上，LeRoy正在测试他一口气能在水下游多远。A. in在……里面；B. within在内部；C. over在……期间；D. on在……上。根据后文“one breath”可知，此处是固定搭配：on one breath意为“一口气”。故选D项。 4．考查状语连接词辨析。句意：无论他怎么努力，他都无法呼吸。A. No matter how不管怎样；B. However不管怎样；C. Whoever无论是谁；D. Whatever无论什么。根据后文“he tried he couldn’t breathe”可知，此处表达“不管怎样”之意，又However是比较正式的用语，大都用于书面语，口语中较少使用；no matter how则比较口语化，它的语势比however重，故常用在强调的场合。故选B项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，游泳池安装了一个名为“波塞冬”的电子监控系统。A. established建立；B. installed安装；C. set设置；D. equipped装备。根据后文“an electronic surveillance system”可知，电子监控系统应该是被安装在游泳池。故选B项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：波塞冬有水下摄像机，可以拍摄人们游泳的过程。A. show显示；B. film拍摄；C. propagate传播；D. outline概述。根据前文“Poseidon has underwater cameras”可知，摄像机是用来拍摄的。故选B项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它的程序是，当游泳者不正常移动时，它就会识别出来。A. postulated假设；B. made制造；C. programmed编写程序；D. relayed转发。根据前文“an electronic surveillance system called Poseidon”可知，Poseidon是一个电子监控系统，所以应是被编程。故选C项。 8．考查状语连接词辨析。句意：它的程序是，当游泳者不正常移动时，它就会识别出来。A. whether是否；B. when当……时；C. while与……同时；D. if如果。根据后文“a swimmer is not moving normally.”可知，此处表达“当游泳者不正常移动时”之意。故选B项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：安塞尼斯游泳池的救生员都戴着一种特殊的设备，当电脑检测到可能出现的问题时，它就会发出哔哔声。A. alarmed使担心；B. beeped发出哔哔声；C. warned警告；D. alerted使警惕。根据前文“The lifeguards at the Ancenis pool were wearing a special device”可知，救生员带着装置，由常识推断，这个装置应是提醒救生员有人需要救援，所以应是发出哔哔声进行提醒。故选B项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在医院住了一夜之后，他完全康复出院了。A. healthy健康的；B. normal正常的；C. safe安全的；D. well状态良好。根据后文“Poseidon had saved his life.”可知，波塞冬救了他的命，所以他是完全恢复了。故选D项。 11．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这已经发生了。A. always总是；B. merely仅；C. readily乐意地；D. already已经。根据前文“Think of your life before the answering machine was invented. Think of your grandparents’ lives before the television and the airplane were introduced.”可知，作者的举例都是已发生的事。故选D项。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们会小心溺水的人、携带炸弹的恐怖分子、超速驾驶的司机和心脏病患者。A. watch out提防；B. take care当心；C. look back回顾；D. go over仔细检查。根据后文“for drowning people, for 　　　 carrying bombs, for speeding drivers and heart patients.”可知，对于溺水的人，超速驾驶的司机和心脏病患者都应该小心。故选A项。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们会小心溺水的人、携带炸弹的恐怖分子、超速驾驶的司机和心脏病患者。A. terrorists恐怖分子；B. invalids病弱者；C. senators参议员；D. tyrants暴君。根据后文“carrying bombs”可知，携带炸弹，应是恐怖分子。故选A项。 14．考查非谓语动词。句意：想象一下，机器向附近的计算机发送安静的信号，这些计算机将向你的医生、律师和当地警察发送信息。A. will send将发送；B. to send去发送；C. send发送；D. sending发送。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词Imagine，所以send用非谓语形式，和逻辑主语machines之间是主动关系，用现在分词形式。故选D项。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：随着时间的推移，我们越来越多的生活将被机器监控。A. recorded记录；B. checked检查；C. monitored监视；D. supervised监督。根据前文“Imagine devices that monitor a baby’s breathing and track children as they go to and from school. Imagine machines 　　　 quiet signals to nearby computers, which will send information to your doctor, your lawyer, and the local police.”可知，我们越来越多的生活将被机器监控。故选C项。 （23-24高三上·浙江·开学考试）Tidying your desk, watering your plants, folding clothes — these household chores are hardly the height of pleasure. Yet I often find myself 16 these little tasks. If I’m stuck in writer’s block with a deadline 17 , I’ll have to clear up the papers placed around my office — and it’s sometimes the most 18 I feel all day. I’m not 19 in this. As we faced the stresses of the pandemic, many people reported finding renewed interest in 20 their homes as a way of coping with uncertainty. Psychologists suggest there are many potential mechanisms (机制) that can explain the pleasure from these tasks and their benefits-these may well encourage you to 21 these odd jobs more often. Little chores may be useful because they 22 the mind, leading us to devote fewer resources to the things that 23 us. Even if we struggle with activities that are meant to help us relax, we may find household tasks can help us appreciate the here and now. But this depends on where we place our 24 . In one of the few studies to examine the mental health benefits of washing the dishes, researchers at Florida State University divided 51 25 into two groups. Half read a text that encouraged them to 26 focus their thoughts on the activity. “While washing the dishes, one should be completely 27 of the fact that one is washing the dishes,” they were told. The rest read factual instructions on how to do washing up without being encouraged to focus their awareness on the activity. Afterwards, the participants were asked to take a questionnaire about their 28 . Those who had fully engaged with the experience reported a significantly better mood. This included 29 nervousness and even a sense of “inspiration”, as if the simple activity had 30 their minds. 16．A．ignoring B．enjoying C．avoiding D．simplifying 17．A．agreed B．established C．passing D．approaching 18．A．relaxed B．bored C．worried D．annoyed 19．A．confident B．fit C．alone D．stuck 20．A．opening up B．setting up C．returning to D．looking after 21．A．deal with B．give up C．learn about D．engage in 22．A．occupy B．broaden C．motivate D．challenge 23．A．interest B．bother C．delight D．surprise 24．A．focus B．hope C．emphasis D．happiness 25．A．dishes B．households C．participants D．tasks 26．A．entirely B．quickly C．mainly D．initially 27．A．sure B．proud C．glad D．aware 28．A．interests B．abilities C．feelings D．habits 29．A．continued B．increased C．unexplained D．reduced 30．A．slipped B．refreshed C．developed D．exhausted 【答案】 16．B 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D 21．D 22．A 23．B 24．A 25．C 26．A 27．D 28．C 29．D 30．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是整理办公桌、浇花、叠衣服这些家务事对改善人的情绪有益。 16．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，我经常发现自己很享受这些小任务。A. ignoring忽视；B. enjoying享受；C. avoiding避免；D. simplifying简化。根据上文“these household chores are hardly the height of pleasure”和yet表转折可知，作者自己是很享受家务的。故选B。 17．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果截稿日期临近，我陷入了写作的瓶颈，我就不得不清理办公室周围的文件——有时这是我一天中最放松的时候。A. agreed同意；B. established建立；C. passing经过；D. approaching临近。根据上文“stuck in writer’s block with a deadline”可知，此处表示截稿日期临近。故选D。 18．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果截稿日期临近，我陷入了写作的瓶颈，我就不得不清理办公室周围的文件——有时这是我一天中最放松的时候。A. relaxed放松的；B. bored感到无聊的；C. worried担心的；D. annoyed生气的。根据上文“Yet I often find myself_______these little tasks.”可知，当截稿日期临近时，作者觉得清理办公室周围的文件可以让作者放松，所以作者是喜欢做些这种清理东西的小任务的，故选A。 19．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我并不是一个人。A. confident自信的；B. fit适合的；C. alone独自一人的；D. stuck卡住的。根据下文“As we faced the stresses of the pandemic, many people reported finding renewed interest in________their homes as a way of coping with uncertainty”可知，作者并不是靠做些小任务来放松的唯一的人，也就是作者并不是一个人。故选C。 20．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在我们面临大流行的压力时，许多人报告说，他们对照顾自己的家重新产生了兴趣，以此作为应对不确定性的一种方式。A. opening up打开；B. setting up建立；C. returning to回到；D. looking after照顾。根据第一段的“Tidying your desk, watering your plants, folding clothes - these household chores”和空后的“their homes”可知，此处是指人们通过做些家务来照顾自己的家。故选D。 21．考查动词短语辨析。句意：心理学家认为，有许多潜在的机制可以解释从这些任务中获得的乐趣和好处——这些机制很可能会鼓励你更频繁地从事这些零散的工作。A. deal with处理；B. give up放弃；C. learn about了解；D. engage in参与。根据上文“Psychologists suggest there are many potential mechanisms (机制) that can explain the pleasure from these tasks and their benefits”，空前的“encourage”和空后的“these odd jobs more often”可知，做这样的任务很可能会鼓励你更频繁地从事这些零散的工作。故选D。 22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：小杂务可能是有用的，因为它们占据了我们的思想，使我们把更少的资源投入到困扰我们的事情上。A. occupy占据；B. broaden加宽；C. motivate激励；D. challenge挑战。根据下文“leading us to devote fewer resources to the things that_______us”可知，一些小杂务会占据我们的思想。故选A。 23．考查动词词义辨析。句意：小杂务可能是有用的，因为它们占据了我们的思想，使我们把更少的资源投入到困扰我们的事情上。A. interest使感兴趣；B. bother打扰，烦扰；C. delight使高兴；D. surprise使惊讶。根据上文“leading us to devote fewer resources to the things”可知，当我们做一些占据我们思想的小杂务时，我们会把更少的资源投入到困扰我们的事情上，空格处意为“打扰，烦扰”。故选B。 24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这取决于我们把重点放在哪里。A. focus重点；B. hope希望；C. emphasis重要性；D. happiness高兴。根据下文“Half read a text that encouraged them to______ focus their thoughts on the activity”可知，接下来的实验要说明人们把重点摆放的地方和杂务对他们的影响的关系，因此此处表示“这取决于我们把重点放在哪里”。故选A。 25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在为数不多的几项调查洗碗对心理健康益处的研究中，佛罗里达州立大学的研究人员将51名参与者分为两组。A. dishes菜；B. households家庭；C. participants参与者；D. tasks任务。根据下文“Half read a text”和“The rest read factual instructions”可知，在研究中，研究人员把51名参与者分为两组。故选C。 26．考查副词词义辨析。句意：其中一半人读了一篇鼓励他们把注意力完全集中在活动上的文章。A. entirely完全地；B. quickly快速地；C. mainly主要地；D. initially最初。根据下文“one should be completely _______of the fact that one is washing the dishes”可知，此处表示“其中一半人读了一篇鼓励他们把注意力完全集中在活动上的文章”。故选A。 27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们被告知：“在洗碗的时候，人们应该完全意识到自己在洗碗。”A. sure肯定的；B. proud骄傲的；C. glad高兴的；D. aware意识到的。根据上文“Half read a text that encouraged them to____11____ focus their thoughts on the activity”可知，此处表示人们要完全意识到自己在洗碗。故选D。 28．考查名词词义辨析。句意：之后，参与者被要求填写一份关于他们感受的问卷。A. interests兴趣；B. abilities能力；C. feelings感觉；D. habits习惯。根据下文“Those who had fully engaged with the experience reported a significantly better mood. This included _______nervousness and even a sense of “inspiration””可知，参与者被要求填写一份关于他们感受的问卷。故选C。 29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这包括减少紧张，甚至有一种“灵感”的感觉，就好像这个简单的活动让他们的头脑焕然一新。A. continued持续的；B. increased增强的；C. unexplained未解释的；D. reduced减少的。根据上文“better mood”可知，参与者的情绪更好了，所以是紧张减少了。故选D。 30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这包括减少紧张，甚至有一种“灵感”的感觉，就好像这个简单的活动让他们的头脑焕然一新。A. slipped滑倒；B. refreshed刷新；C. developed发展；D. exhausted使精疲力尽。根据上文“even a sense of “inspiration””可知，他们好像觉得获得了灵感，也就是说好像这些活动使他们头脑焕然一新，因此空格处是refreshed。故选B。 （23-24高三·浙江舟山高考英语首考模拟）It’s that time again when we’re busy buying and giving them. Sometimes we call them 31 , sometimes presents. Is there a 32 ? The words come from different 33 . Gift has its origin in the Germanic root for “to give”. It referred to an act of 34 , and then, to the thing being given. Present comes from the French for “to present”. A present is the thing presented. They were both used to express the 35 of something going through a change of 36 without expectation of payment from the 13th century onward. The words gift and present are well-matched synonyms that mean almost the same thing. 37 , even well-matched synonyms have their own unique patterns of 38 . Gift applies to a wide range of situations. Presents are more 39 . If your whole family gave 40 to your college fund for your birthday, would you say “I got a lot of presents”? It doesn’t exactly sound 41 , but since you never hold these donations in your hand, gifts seem to fit better. Gift can also act like an adjective to describe another noun. What do you call the type of shop where you can buy presents for people? A gift shop. Present doesn’t work well in this role of 42 other nouns. We have gift boxes and gift cards, not present boxes and present cards. Still, 43 my personal sense of the 44 , present—though it may not be as common—is more casual sounding than gift. But whether it’s gifts or presents you 45 , I wish you many and lots this year. 31．A．gifts B．awards C．friends D．families 32．A．mistake B．difference C．plan D．promise 33．A．games B．stories C．situations D．languages 34．A．giving B．speaking C．leaving D．listening 35．A．dream B．chance C．advice D．idea 36．A．possession B．attitude C．colors D．decisions 37．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．However D．Otherwise 38．A．behavior B．use C．spelling D．development 39．A．transparent B．concrete C．positive D．public 40．A．thanks B．attention C．donations D．discounts 41．A．wrong B．easy C．unlucky D．cool 42．A．explaining B．correcting C．analyzing D．describing 43．A．because of B．according to C．in spite of D．in addition to 44．A．actions B．events C．words D．directions 45．A．order B．offer C．make D．prefer 【答案】 31．A 32．B 33．D 34．A 35．D 36．A 37．C 38．B 39．B 40．C 41．A 42．D 43．B 44．C 45．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了gift和present这两个单词的不同之处。 31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有时我们称之为gifts，有时我们称之为presents。A. gifts 礼物；B. awards 奖励；C. friends 朋友；D. families 家庭。分析句意再根据空格后的sometimes presents可知，此处用gifts与presents呼应，符合语境。故选A项。 32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有区别吗？A. mistake 错误；B. difference 区别、差异；C. plan 计划；D. promise 承诺。根据第1题可知，上文提到了gifts与presents这两个词，所以此处用 difference表示“区别、差异”符合语境。故选B项。 33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些词来自不同的语言。A. games 游戏；B. stories 故事；C. situations 情况；D. languages语言。根据下文的Germanic和French可知，此处用languages表示来自不同的“语言”符合语境。故选D项。 34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它指的是给予的行为，然后是被给予的东西。A. giving 给；B. speaking 讲；C. leaving 离开；D. listening 听。根据下文的being given可知，此处用giving表示“给予”的行为，符合语境。故选A项。 35．考查名词词义辨析。句意：从13世纪开始，这两个词都用来表达某物的所有权发生变化而不期望付款的意思。A. dream 梦想；B. chance 机会；C. advice 建议；D. idea 想法、主意。分析句意再根据上文的express可知，此处用idea表示表达“想法”符合语境。故选D项。 36．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. possession 拥有、持有；B. attitude 态度；C. colors 颜色；D. decisions决定。分析句意再根据空格前的a change of可知，此处用possession表示某物“所有权”的变化，符合语境。故选A项。 37．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，即使是非常匹配的同义词也有其独特的使用模式。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. However 然而；D. Otherwise否则。根据下文“even well-matched synonyms have their own unique patterns(即使是非常匹配的同义词也有其独特的模式)”可知，此处上文之间是转折关系，所以用However表示转折关系符合语境。故选C项。 38．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. behavior行为；B. use使用；C. spelling拼写；D. development发展。分析句意再根据空格前的patterns of 可知，此处用use表示“使用”模式，符合语境。故选B项。 39．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Presents这个词指的礼物更具体。A. transparent 透明的；B. concrete 具体的；C. positive 积极的；D. public 公共的。分析句意再根据上文的wide可知，此处用concrete表示“具体的”与上文的“宽泛的”表对比关系，符合语境。故选B项。 40．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你生日那天你全家都为你的大学基金捐款，你会说“我收到了很多礼物”吗？A. thanks 感谢；B. attention 注意力；C. donations 捐赠；D. discounts 折扣。根据下文“I got a lot of presents(我收到了很多礼物)”可知，此处用donations表示“捐赠”礼物，符合语境。故选C项。 41．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这听起来并没有错，但既然你从来没有把这些捐赠品拿在手里，礼物似乎更合适。A. wrong错误的；B. easy容易的；C. unlucky不幸运的；D. cool 凉爽的。根据下文“but since you never hold these donations in your hand, gifts seem to fit better.(但既然你从来没有把这些捐赠品拿在手里，礼物似乎更合适。)”可知，此处用wrong与前面的doesn’t exactly sound搭配，表示听起来“没有错误”符合语境。故选A项。 42．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Present不能很好地描述其它名词。A. explaining 解释；B. correcting 校正；C. analyzing 分析；D. describing 描述。分析句意再根据空格后的other nouns可知，此处用describing表示“描述”其它名词，符合语境故选D项。 43．考查介词短语辨析。句意：尽管如此，根据我个人的言语感觉，礼物虽然不太常见，但听起来比礼物更随意。A. because of 由于；B. according to依据；C. in spite of 尽管；D. in addition to 除了。根据下文my personal sense可知，此处用短语according to表示“依据”符合语境。故选B项。 44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. actions 行动；B. events 事件；C. words 单词、言语；D. directions方向、指南。根据下文的present可知，此处用words表示个人的“言语”感觉，符合语境。故选C项。 45．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但无论你是更喜欢gifts还是presents，我都希望你今年有很多很多。A. order 命令、订购；B. offer 提供；C. make 制作；D. prefer 更喜欢。根据上文“But whether it’s gifts or presents(无论你是gifts还是presents)”可知，此处用prefer表示无论你是“更喜欢”gifts还是presents符合语境。故选D项。 （23-24高三·浙江杭州高考英语首考模拟）One of the interesting things about languages is the way they change over time. In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has 46 major changes over the years. In fact, to a modern speaker, the English of 1000 years ago looks like a 47 language! The history of English dates back around 1500 years. At that time, groups of Europeans 48 England, bringing their language with them. It developed into old English. Later in 1066, English was invaded by the Normans from France. The language went through an important shift leading to what we now call Middle English. Over the next 500 years, the language underwent 49 shifts, leading to modern English. As the language has developed over time, many things about it have changed. 50 is one of the most obvious areas. For example, in old English, people say “hus” and “mus”. Now, we say “house” and “mouse”. These days there are many differences in the way English is pronounced in the U.S., India and elsewhere. When people live in groups separated by great distances, the 51 of change can be fast. Vocabulary changes happen even more quickly. English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Greek and 52 , 53 . This often happens with types of 54 , for example, “tofu”. Then there is slang which enters and 55 the language every year! Thirty years ago, one often heard people saying “groovy”, meaning great. These days you rarely hear the word 56 on old TV shows or movies. Because English is spoken by so many people worldwide, it really is an exciting time for the language. Just as American and British versions are always changing, so are versions 57 in Canada, 58 in Asia and elsewhere. At the same time, an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet with whole new 59 and writing styles. In a way, learning English is a never-ending process, even for native speakers! Language is as much a part of the earth as 60 its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans. 46．A．gone over B．gone through C．gone into D．gone for 47．A．other B．unfamiliar C．strange D．foreign 48．A．invaded B．seized C．took over D．captured 49．A．few B．some C．further D．more 50．A．Pronunciation B．Grammar C．Speaking D．Present 51．A．speed B．pace C．velocity D．way 52．A．Russian B．Vietnamese C．Latin D．Korean 53．A．to name a few B．not at all C．in all D．after all 54．A．vegetable B．fruit C．meat D．food 55．A．appears B．leaves C．escapes D．quits 56．A．except B．merely C．besides D．already 57．A．used B．written C．spoken D．seen 58．A．Nigeria B．Singapore C．Rome D．Jamaica 59．A．slang B．jargon C．image D．vernacular 60．A．are B．is C．do D．has 【答案】 46．B 47．D 48．A 49．C 50．A 51．B 52．C 53．A 54．D 55．B 56．A 57．C 58．B 59．A 60．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了英语的发展和演变。 46．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在英语中，从拼写到词汇，这些年来都经历了重大的变化。A. gone over复习；B. gone through经历；C. gone into进入；D. gone for追求。根据后文“major changes over the years”可知，英语从拼写到词汇都经历了重大的变化。故选B项。 47．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，对于一个现代人来说，1000年前的英语看起来就像一门外语!A. other其他的；B. unfamiliar不熟悉的；C. strange奇怪的；D. foreign外国的。根据前文“In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has ____1____major changes over the years.”可以，英语经历了重大变化，所以1000年前的英语对现代人来说就像外语一样。故选D项。 48．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当时，成群的欧洲人入侵英国，带来了他们的语言。A. invaded侵略；B. seized抓住；C. took over接管；D. captured俘获。根据后文“bringing their language with them”及历史事实可知，欧洲人入侵英国，带来了他们的语言。故选A项。 49．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在接下来的500年里，这种语言经历了进一步的变化，导致了现代英语。A. few更少的；B. some一些；C. further进一步的；D. more更多的。根据前文“It developed into old English.”及“Middle English”及后文“modern English”可知，英语经过进一步的变化，导致了现代英语。故选C项。 50．考查名词词义辨析。句意：发音是最明显的一个方面。A. Pronunciation发音；B. Grammar语法；C. Speaking口语；D. Present现在。根据后文“in old English, people say “hus” and “mus”. Now, we say “house” and “mouse”. ”可知，英语的发音出现了明显的变化。故选A项。 51．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当人们生活在相距遥远的群体中时，变化的速度可能很快。A. speed速度；B. pace节奏，速度；C. velocity速率；D. way方式。根据后文“can be fast”可知，当人们生活在相距遥远的群体中时，语言变化的速度会很快。speed一般指人或物移动的速度，pace可以表示工作或事情进展的速度，根据句意可知，此处表示语言变化的速度。故选B项。 52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：英语是通过借用法语、希腊语和拉丁语等语言的词汇而发展起来的。A. Russian俄语；B. Vietnamese越南语；C. Latin拉丁语；D. Korean韩语。根据前文“English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Greek and”及历史事实可知，英语主要借用了法语，希腊语和拉丁语的词汇。故选C项。 53．考查固定短语辨析。句意：仅举几例，英语是通过借用法语、希腊语和拉丁语等语言的词汇而发展起来的。A. to name a few仅举几例；B. not at all一点也不；C. in all总计；D. after all毕竟，终究。根据前文“English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as”可知，英语借用了许多语言的词汇，此处仅举几例。故选A项。 54．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种情况经常发生在不同的食物上，比如“豆腐”。A. vegetable蔬菜；B. fruit水果；C. meat肉；D. food食物。根据后文“or example, “tofu””可知，词汇借用通常出现在食物方面。故选D项。 55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：还有俚语，每年都有俚语进入和退出语言系统!A. appears出现；B. leaves离开；C. escapes逃离；D. quits辞职。根据前文“which enters and”可知，每年都有新的俚语进入语言系统，也会有过时的俚语退出语言系统。故选B项。 56．考查介词和副词词义辨析。句意：如今，除了在老电视节目或电影中，你很少听到这个词。A. except除了；B. merely仅仅；C. besides此外；D. already已经。根据前文“you rarely hear the word”及后文“on old TV shows or movies”可知，除了在老电视节目或电影中，已经很少听到这个词了。故选A项。 57．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：就像美式口语和英式口语总是在变化一样，加拿大、亚洲新加坡和其他地方说的英语也在变化。A. used被使用的；B. written书面的；C. spoken口头的；D. seen被看见的。根据前文“English is spoken by so many people worldwide”及“American and British versions are always changing”可知，此处指英语口语一直在变化。故选C项。 58．考查名词词义辨析。句意：就像美式口语和英式口语总是在变化一样，加拿大、亚洲的新加坡和其他地方说的英语也在变化。A. Nigeria尼日利亚；B. Singapore新加坡；C. Rome罗马；D. Jamaica牙买加。根据后文“in Asia”可知，只有新加坡在亚洲。故选B项。 59．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，一个全新版本的英语出现在互联网上，带有全新的俚语和写作风格。A. slang俚语；B. jargon行话，术语；C. image图像；D. vernacular方言。根据前文“an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet”及后文“and writing styles”并结合实际情况可知，一种新的英语形式出现在互联网上，带有全新的俚语和写作风格。故选A项。 60．考查动词词义辨析。句意：语言是地球的一部分，就像地球的土壤和湖泊、河流和海洋的水一样。A. are是，be动词一般现在时复数形式；B. is是，be动词一般现在时单数形式；C. do做，干；D. has有。根据前文“as much a part of the earth as”可知，as much...as表示“和……一样，正如”，后一个as引导的是一个主谓语倒装的比较从句，根据主句的结构可知，比较从句中的谓语应该是be动词，从句中的主语是“its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans”故谓语就用复数形式。故选A项。 （24-25高三上·浙江杭州·阶段练习）Perhaps you’ve heard the old saying “curiosity killed the cat. ” It’s a phrase that’s often used to 61 people — especially children — not to ask too many questions. Yet it’s widely agreed that 62 actually makes learning more enjoyable and effective. 63 research has shown that curiosity is just as important as intelligence in 64 how well students do in school. Curiosity also 65 us to embrace unfamiliar circumstances, brings excitement into our lives, and opens up new possibilities. Being curious requires us to be both humble enough to know we don’t have all the answers, and brave enough to 66 it. Asking the questions that help us 67 the gap between what we already know and what we’d like to know can lead us to make unexpected discoveries. In science, basic curiosity-driven researc — conducted without pressure to produce immediate practical results — can have 68 and incredibly important benefits. 69 , one day in 1831, Michael Faraday was playing around with a coil (线圈) and a magnet (磁铁) 70 he suddenly saw how he could generate an electrical current. At first, it wasn’t clear what use this would have, but it actually made 71 available for use in technology, and so changed the world. Unsurprisingly, there are chemical and evolutionary theories to 72 why humans are such curious creatures. When we become curious, our brains 73 a chemical called dopamine (多巴胺) , which makes the process of learning more pleasurable and improves memory. It is still not known why learning gives us such 74 but one theory is that we may have developed a basic need to fight uncertainty — the more we understand about the world around us, the more 75 we are to survive its many dangers! 61．A．warn B．scold C．beg D．order 62．A．creativity B．intelligence C．curiosity D．imagination 63．A．As a result B．In turn C．In addition D．In fact 64．A．checking B．determining C．discovering D．describing 65．A．allows B．requires C．convinces D．reminds 66．A．know B．deny C．admit D．report 67．A．ignore B．bridge C．widen D．identify 68．A．unfamiliar B．unnecessary C．unexpected D．uncertain 69．A．For example B．In return C．For one thing D．As a consequence 70．A．then B．as C．while D．when 71．A．fuel B．electricity C．magnet D．energy 72．A．prove B．indicate C．explain D．evaluate 73．A．release B．reduce C．reproduce D．refresh 74．A．comfort B．pleasure C．relaxation D．pain 75．A．possible B．potential C．definite D．likely 【答案】 61．A 62．C 63．D 64．B 65．A 66．C 67．B 68．C 69．A 70．D 71．B 72．C 73．A 74．B 75．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了好奇心对学习和个人成长的重要性及其科学基础。 61．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是一个习语，常被用来警告人们，特别是孩子，不要问太多的问题。A. warn警告；B. scold责备；C. beg恳求；D. order命令。根据后文“people — especially children — not to ask too many questions”可知，这是对人们，特别是对孩子的警告。故选A。 62．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，人们普遍认为好奇心实际上使学习更加愉快和有效。A. creativity创造力；B. intelligence智力；C. curiosity好奇心；D. imagination想象力。 根据后文“curiosity is just as important as intelligence”可知，这里讨论的是好奇心对学习的影响。故选C。 63．考查介词短语辨析。句意：事实上，研究表明好奇心在决定学生在学校表现如何方面与智力一样重要。A. As a result因此；B. In turn依次，轮流；反过来；C. In addition此外；D. In fact事实上。根据后文“research has shown that”可知，研究已经表明好奇心的重要性，此处表示“事实上”。故选D。 64．考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实上，研究表明好奇心在决定学生在学校表现如何方面与智力一样重要。A. checking检查；B. determining决定；C. discovering发现；D. describing描述。根据前文“curiosity is just as important as intelligence”及后文“how well students do in school”可知，此处指好奇心在决定学生在学校表现如何方面很重要。故选B。 65．考查动词词义辨析。句意：好奇心也让我们欣然接受陌生的环境，给我们的生活带来兴奋，并打开新的可能性。A. allows允许；B. requires要求；C. convinces说服；使信服；D. reminds提醒。根据句意及后文“us to embrace unfamiliar circumstances”可知，此处指好奇心让我们接受陌生的环境。allow sb to do sth意为“允许某人做某事”。故选A。 66．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有好奇心要求我们既要足够谦逊，知道自己并非无所不知，又要足够勇敢去承认这一点。A. know知道；B. deny否认；C. admit承认；D. report报告。根据句意及前文“humble enough to know we don’t have all the answers”可知，此处指足够勇敢去承认自己有所不知。故选C。 67．考查动词词义辨析。句意：问那些能帮助我们弥合已知与想知之间差距的问题，可以让我们做出意想不到的发现。A. ignore忽视；B. bridge弥合；C. widen加宽；D. identify识别。根据句意及后文“the gap between what we already know and what we’d like to know”可知，此处指弥合已知与想知之间的差距，通过提问来填补知识空白。bridge the gap意为“弥合差距”。故选B。 68．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在科学领域，基于基本好奇心的研究——在没有压力要求产生即时实际结果的情况下进行——可以带来意想不到且极其重要的好处。A. unfamiliar不熟悉的；B. unnecessary不必要的；C. unexpected意想不到的；D. uncertain不确定的。根据句意及后文“incredibly(难以置信地)”可知，空格处表达的意思和incredibly 相近，表示基础研究的结果可能有意想不到的好处。故选C。 69．考查短语辨析。句意：例如，1831年的一天，迈克尔·法拉第在玩一个线圈和一个磁铁时，他突然看到了如何产生电流。A. For example例如；B. In return作为回报；C. For one thing一方面；D. As a consequence因此。根据句意及后文举例“ one day in 1831, Michael Faraday was playing around with a coil (线圈) and a magnet (磁铁) 10 he suddenly saw how he could generate an electrical current.”可知，此处举例说明前文的观点。故选A。 70．考查连词辨析。句意：例如，1831年的一天，迈克尔·法拉第在玩一个线圈和一个磁铁时，他突然看到了如何产生电流。A. then然后；B. as当……时(强调主从句动作同时发生)；C. while当……时(强调主句动作在从句动作进行的过程中)；D. when当……时(表示某一时间点)。根据前文“was playing”可知，应用固定句型was doing sth when...(正在做某事突然……)。故选D。 71．考查名词词义辨析。句意：起初，还不清楚这项发现有何用途，但它实际上为技术在电力方面的应用提供了可能，从而改变了世界。A. fuel燃料；B. electricity电力；C. magnet磁铁；D. energy能量。根据句意及前文“generate an electrical current”可知，此处指法拉第的发现与电力的应用有关。故选B。 72．考查动词词义辨析。句意：毫不奇怪，有化学和进化论来解释为什么人类是如此好奇的生物。A. prove证明；B. indicate表明；C. explain解释；D. evaluate评估。根据句意及后文“why humans are such curious creatures”可知，此处指的是理论试图解释好奇心的原因。故选C。 73．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我们感到好奇时，我们的大脑会释放一种叫做多巴胺的化学物质，这使学习过程更加愉快，并改善记忆。A. release释放；B. reduce减少；C. reproduce繁殖，复制；D. refresh刷新。根据句意及后文“a chemical called dopamine”可知，此处指大脑释放多巴胺。故选A。 74．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为什么学习会给我们带来如此多的快乐仍然不清楚，但有一种理论是，我们可能已经发展出了一种对抗不确定性的基本需求——我们对周围世界的了解越多，就越有可能在应对其众多危险中生存下来！A. comfort安慰，舒适；B. pleasure快乐；C. relaxation放松；D. pain痛苦。根据句意及前文“which makes the process of learning more pleasurable and improves memory”可知，此处指学习带来的正面情绪，给我们带来如此多的快乐。故选B。 75．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为什么学习会给我们带来如此多的快乐仍然不清楚，但有一种理论是，我们可能已经发展出了一种对抗不确定性的基本需求——我们对周围世界的了解越多，就越有可能在应对其众多危险中生存下来！A. possible可能的；B. potential潜在的；C. definite确定的；D. likely可能的。根据句意及后文“we are to survive its many dangers”可知，此处表示指的是可能性增加，且sb. be likely to do sth为固定搭配，意为“某人可能做某事”。故选D。 模块四 高考真题特训 （2018·上海·高考真题）When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. 1 , they stick to G-rated activities such as rock- climbing or talking about books. They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into 2 . The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous (急剧的) 3 in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas. To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the 4 have slimmed considerably. Teens have also reported a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades, as the portion of high school students who have had sex fell from 54 percent in 1991 to 41 percent in 2015, according to Centers for Disease Control statistics. u People say, 'Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, ' but they're 5 the larger trend," said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less 6 in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today's society, they no longer need to. According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's "life strategy" slows down or speeds up depending on his or her 7 , exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the 8 effect, the study said. In the first 9 , "You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more 10 and fewer resources, " said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of "iGen： Why Today's Super- Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood." In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more 11 about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “ establishing mate value based on procurement of resources," the study said. But America is shifting more toward the 12 model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. uEven in families whose parents didn't have a college education. . . families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully   13 has really sunk in. ‘‘ The 14 of 41 adult activities'' could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurriculars as they did in the 1990 s (with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the 15 , the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said. 1．A．Therefore B．Rather C．Moreover D．Besides 2．A．childhood B．neighborhood C．adolescents D．adulthood 3．A．escapes B．ends C．decreases D．changes 4．A．minorities B．majorities C．masses D．amounts 5．A．taking B．avoiding C．sending D．missing 6．A．interested B．envied C．relieved D．realized 7．A．emotions B．surroundings C．customs D．habits 8．A．wrong B．same C．opposite D．similar 9．A．event B．issue C．case D．occasion 10．A．trouble B．questions C．benefits D．diseases 11．A．respectively B．delicately C．seriously D．considerably 12．A．slower B．better C．smaller D．faster 13．A．emphasized B．related C．organized D．educated 14．A．implement B．postponement C．achievement D．payment 15．A．cause B．impact C．fact D．result 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．D 6．A 7．B 8．C 9．C 10．D 11．C 12．A 13．D 14．B 15．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为什么在美国现在越来越少的青少年推迟那些长期被视为成人仪式的活动，主要的原因还是在于生活模式的不同。 1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们坚持做G级活动，如攀岩或谈论书籍。A. Therefore因此；B. Rather相反；C. Moreover而且；D. Besides另外。此处参加G级活动“攀岩或谈论书籍”与前文“they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates（他们不会喝啤酒，也不会和约会对象开着车到处兜风）”前后转折。故选B项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项新的研究显示，青少年越来越推迟那些长期以来被视为成年仪式的活动。A. childhood童年；B. neighborhood邻居；C. adolescents青少年；D. adulthood成年。根据下文“The  ___14___ of “ adult activities”” 可知，此处为“成年仪式的活动”。故选D项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：周二发表在《儿童发展》杂志上的研究发现，自1976年以来，美国青少年中有驾照、试过酒、约会和打工的比例急剧下降，在过去十年中降幅最大。A. escapes逃跑；B. ends结束；C. decreases减少；下降；D. changes变化。根据下文“The declines appeared”可知，此处为“比例下降”。故选C项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：可以肯定的是，超过一半的青少年仍在从事这些活动，但大多数人已大幅减少。A. minorities少数；B. majorities多数；C. masses大量；D. amounts金额。根据空前“To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities（可以肯定的是，超过一半的青少年仍然从事这些活动）”，在结合“but”可知，前后为转折关系，可以推断，此处应指“大多数”已经大幅减少了。故选B项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们说，“哦，这是因为青少年更负责任、更懒惰、更无聊”，但是他们没有看到这个更大的趋势。A. taking采用；B. avoiding避免；C. sending发送；D. missing错过。根据后文指明更大趋势是“because in today's society, they no longer need to（因为在今天的社会，他们不再需要这样做了）”可知，此空前后都是分析原因，故此处为人们“忽略”了更大趋势。故选D项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：相反，她说，孩子们可能对约会、开车或找工作等活动不太感兴趣，因为在当今社会，他们不再需要这样做。A. interested感兴趣的；B. envied羡慕的；C. relieved解除；D. realized实现。根据前文“the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous decreases in the past decade.（自1976年以来，美国青少年中有驾照、试过酒、约会和打工的比例直线下降，在过去十年中降幅最大。）”可以推断，此处应为“青少年可能对约会、开车或找工作等活动不太感兴趣”，且“be interested in”意为“对……感兴趣”，是固定搭配。故选A项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据进化心理学理论研究称，一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快，暴露在“恶劣和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展，而资源更丰富和安全的环境则会产生相反的效果。A. emotions情绪；B. surroundings周围环境；C. customs风俗；D. habits习惯。根据后文“exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development（暴露在“严酷和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展）”可以推断，此处为“一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快”。故选B项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据进化心理学理论研究称，一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快，暴露在“恶劣和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展，而资源更丰富和安全的环境则会产生相反的效果。A. wrong错误的；B. same相同的；C. opposite对面的；D. similar类似的。前文“a "harsh and unpredictable" environment（“严酷和不可预测的”环境）”与“ a more resource-rich and secure environment （资源更丰富和安全的环境）”形成对比，可以推断，此处为“产生相反的效果”。故选C项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在第一种情况下，你会有很多孩子，处于生存模式中。A. event事件；B. issue发行；C.  case案例，情况；D. occasion场合。根据后文“fewer resources（更少的资源）”可知，此句是对第一种情况“恶劣和不可预测的环境”的举例，故此处应指“第一种情况”。故选C项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：会有更多的疾病和更少的资源。A. trouble麻烦；B. questions问题；C. benefits好处；D. diseases疾病。此处是对第一种情况“恶劣和不可预测的环境发展”的举例，应与“fewer resources（更少的资源）”并列，突出环境的恶劣和不可预测，可以推断，此处为“更多的疾病”。故选D项。 11．考查副词词义辨析。句意：在这种模式下，十几岁的男孩可能会更认真地考虑结婚问题，研究称，开车和打工对于“在获取资源的基础上建立配偶价值”很重要。A. respectively分别；B. delicately精致地；C. seriously认真地；D. considerably相当大。根据前文“exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development（暴露在“严酷和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展）”，且此处为在恶劣和不可预测环境的情况，可以推断，此处应为“更认真地考虑结婚问题”。故选C项。 12．考查形容词比较级词义辨析。句意：特温格说，但美国正在更多地转向较慢的经济模式，而且这种变化在各个社会经济阶层都很明显。A. slower慢一点；B. better更好；C. smaller较小；D. faster更快。上文是发展快的例子，结合空前“But America is shifting more toward”可知，美国人开始转变了，前后转折，与上文“发展快”是相反的情况，可以推断，此处为“美国正在更多地转向较慢的经济模式”。故选A项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：家庭变小了，孩子需要被仔细教育的观念已经深入人心。A. emphasized强调；B. related相关；C. organized组织；D. educated教育。根据前文“Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education（即使是在父母没有接受过大学教育的家庭）”可以推断，此处应表示“即使在父母没有接受过大学教育的家庭里，仍然重视教育”。故选D项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“成人活动”的推迟不能归因于更多的作业或课外活动。A. implement实施；B. postponement延期；C. achievement 成就；D. payment付款。根据前文“teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into adulthood.（青少年越来越推迟那些长期以来被视为成年仪式的活动。）”可以推断，此处为“成人活动的推迟”。故选B项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：报告称，智能手机和互联网的使用也不完全是原因，因为智能手机和互联网的使用在普及之前就已经开始减少了。A. cause原因；B. impact影响；C. fact事实；D. result结果。根据前文“could not be attributed to”可知，此处讲的是“成人活动推迟的原因”。故选A项。 【点睛】完形填空的解题技巧之一就是要根据上下文来学会“推理”出最佳选项。同学们要遵循“上下求索”的原则来查找信息。例如，第7小题，根据后文“exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development（暴露在“严酷和不可预测的”环境中会导致更快的发展）”可以推断，此处为“一个人的“生活策略”会根据他或她的环境放慢或加快”。故选B项。 （2010·上海·高考真题）For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D．  Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece, If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing 16 . What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, 17 revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process. When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in mind a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music. The musical had 18 several revisions due, in part, to problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆). For instance, Lloyd Webber 19 some of the music because the Phantom’s makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds. When you revise, you change aspects of your work in 20 to your evolving purpose, or to include 21 ideas or newly discovered information. Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 22 , it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to 23 topics while prewriting is a type of revising. However, don’t make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows 24 . Always make time to become your own 25 and view your dress rehearsal, so to speak. Reviewing your work in this way can give you 26 new ideas. Revising involves 27 the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing, making your purpose more clearly, and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present. When you revise, ask yourself the following questions, keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing: Is my main idea or purpose 28 throughout my draft? Do I ever lose sight of my purpose? Have I given my readers all of the 29 that is, facts, opinions, inferences — that they need in order to understand my main idea? Finally, have I included too many 30 details that may confuse readers? 16．A．technique B． style C．process D．career 17．A．in particular B．as a result C． for example D．in other words 18．A．undergone B．skipped   C．rejected    D． replaced 19．A．rewrote   B．released C． recorded    D． reserved 20．A．addition B．response C．opposition   D．contrast 21．A．fixed     B．ambitious    C．familiar    D．fresh 22．A．However B．Moreover C． Instead D．Therefore 23．A．discuss B．switch     C． exhaust   D．cover 24．A．drafting   B．rearranging C．performing D．training 25．A．director   B．master C．audience D．visitor 26．A．personal B．valuable   C． basic D．delicate 27．A．mixing    B．weakening C．maintaining D．assessing 28．A．amazing B．bright C．unique D．clear 29．A．angles   B．evidence C． information D．hints 30．A．unnecessary   B．uninteresting   C．concrete D．final 【答案】 16．C 17．D 18．A 19．A 20．B 21．D 22．C 23．B 24．A 25．C 26．B 27．D 28．D 29．C 30．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了作品修改的目的和途径。修改是作品写作过程中非常重要且必须的步骤。文章以安德鲁劳埃德韦伯的作品为例，作品搬上舞台前都要经历很多的修改和变化，对作品的修订主要是由于生成性的目标、新鲜的思想和新的发现。 16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你把你的草稿看作是彩排或试演，修改似乎是写作过程中很自然的一部分。A. technique技巧；B. style风格；C. process过程；D. career事业生涯。根据前文的“revising will seem a natural part”可知，草稿修改应该是写作过程的一个部分，process符合语境，且与下文的“Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”呼应。故选C项。 17．考查介词短语辨析。句意：许多百老汇演出的彩排和外地预演的目的是什么?答案是添加、删除、替换和重新排序，换句话说——修改。A. in particular尤其是；B. as a result 因此；C. for example 例如；D. in other words 换句话说。前面“adding，deleting，replacing，reordering”都是revising的具体步骤，所以revising和这些名词属于一个意义群；介词短语in other words意为“换句话说”，表解释前面，符合语境。故选D项。 18．考查动词词义辨析。句意：安德鲁·劳埃德·韦伯的音乐剧《歌剧魅影》就经历了这样的过程。A. undergone 经历；B. skipped 跳过，略过；C. rejected 拒绝；D. replaced 替换。根据后文“several revisions due, in part, to problems with costuming and makeup”可知，人们观看的是完美的表演，由于服装和化妆的问题该作品经历了多次修改，同时此处与上段的“Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”呼应，强调的是修改的过程。故选A项。 19．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，劳埃德·韦伯改写了一些音乐，因为《幻影》的化妆使演员无法演唱某些声音。A. rewrote 改写； B. released发行，释放；C. recorded 录制，记录；D.  reserved 预留，预订。根据后文“because the Phantom’s makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds.”可知，因为《幻影》的化妆使演员无法演唱某些声音。所以对该音乐进行了修改。故选A项。 20．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当你修改时，你会根据你不断变化的目标改变工作的某些方面，或者加入新的想法或新发现的信息。A. addition此外；B.  response反应；C. opposition反对，相反；D. contrast 对比。根据后文的“to include  ___6___  ideas or newly discovered information”可知，当你修改时，你会根据你不断变化的目标改变工作的某些方面做出回应，而进行修改。in response to意为“作为对……的反应”表示你修改作品是对你变化发展的新想法新发现的一种回应，符合语境。故选B项。 21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. fixed 固定的；B. ambitious有抱负的；C. familiar 熟悉的；D. fresh新鲜的。根据后文的“newly discovered information”可知，此处强调在修改的过程中加入新的想法或新发现的信息。故选D项。 22．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，它是写作过程中的一个重要阶段，作者在写作过程中的每一步都要修改。A. However然而；B. Moreover此外；C. Instead相反，而是；D. Therefore因此。根据后文“it is a major stage of the writing process,”可知，前面说到修改不是写完之后有时间才做的事情，相反，是写作过程中重要的一个步骤，副词instead，表示“恰恰相反”，与前面句not just呼应。故选C项。 23．考查动词词义辨析。句意：甚至你在写作前改变话题的决定也是一种修改。A. discuss讨论；B. switch 转换，改变；C. exhaust使精疲力竭；D. cover 覆盖。根据后文的“topics”可知，变换话题也是修改作品过程中可能会发生的，也是一种修改。故选B项。 24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，不要错误地跳过起草后的修改阶段。A. drafting起草；B. rearranging重新安排；C. performing 表演；D. training训练。根据前文“skipping the revision stage”可知，修改是在起草后应该做的一个事情，先起草，才能有修改。故选A项。 25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：可以这么说，总是腾出时间来做你自己的观众，看看你的彩排。A. director导演；B.  master主人，大师；C. audience观众；D. visitor访客，游客。根据后文的“and view your dress rehearsal”可知，此处指出做观众观看自己的作品，找到不足，再进行修改。故选C项。 26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：用这种方法回顾你的作品可以给你带来有价值的新想法。A. personal个人的；B.  valuable有价值的；C. basic基本的；D. delicate娇贵的、纤弱的、精美的。根据后文的“new ideas”可知，通过做自己作品的观众可以得到有价值的新信息。故选B项。 27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：修改包括评估你写作各个方面的有效性和恰当性，使你的写作目的更清晰，重新聚焦或发展你所陈述的事实和观点。A. mixing混合；B. weakening 变弱，削弱；C. maintaining 保持；D. assessing 评估，检测。根据后文的“the effectiveness and appropriateness”可知，修改是评估了所有方面的有效性和适当性 ，才能使写作目的更清晰，这是修改的草稿的一部分。故选D项。 28．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我的草稿的主旨或目的是否清晰明了? A. amazing惊人的；B. bright明亮的，聪明的；C. unique独特的；D. clear 清晰的。根据后文“Do I ever lose sight of my purpose?”可知，此处强调的是自我写作的目的是否清晰。故选D项。 29．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我是否曾迷失自己的写作目的? 我是否已经给我的读者提供了所有的信息，包括事实、观点、推论——这些是他们理解我的主旨所需要的信息? A. angles角度；B. evidence证据；C. information信息；D. hints暗示。根据前文“Do I ever lose sight of my purpose?”可知，此处强调要询问自己是否迷失了写作主题或者写作目的，这样是否给读者提供足够的信息。故选C项。 30．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最后，我是否包含了太多可能会让读者混淆的不必要细节? A. unnecessary没必要的；B. uninteresting无趣的、乏味的；C. concrete具体的；D. final最终的、决定性的。空前的“too many”以及后文的“that may confuse readers”可知，作者强调是否在写作中包含了过多的信息，这些过多的不必要的信息会让读者混淆。故选A项。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$