新概念英语第二册语篇组合课件

句子一旦进入语篇，它的结构和意义便受着语篇的制约，不仅要求“正确性”，而且要求“适合性”，即句子用得是否恰当的问题。 e.g . —What did you give her for a present? — I gave her a toy car. —? I gave a toy car to her. 句子的“适合性” 1 语篇结构的三个层次：句子、语段、语篇 因为疑问句询问的是“What”，所以回答时应该把a toy car作为关键信息置于句尾，加以强调。 提示 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 什么是语段 （1）语段 语段：也叫“句群”，是由一个或几个句子组成的、能在语篇中表达一层意思的言语片段，从而是句子和语篇之间的中间层次。 例如： (1) Learning a foreign language has changed. // (2) Not so long ago students would sit with pens in hand, writing the basic forms of a language, learning structures they would never be able to speak. (3) In that same classroom today, pens and notebooks have been put away. (4) The spoken sounds of foreign tongue fill the room. // (5) Today the last skill learned — writing a foreign language — comes as a natural and possible part of the total language-learning process. (6) Yet, just a few years ago, the last skill learned was the first skill mastered today — speaking a foreign tongue. // 2 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 语段1 （句1） 语段2 （句2-4） 语段3 （句5-6） 语段1：（主题语段）提出外语学习已经发生变革的观点。 语段2：（辅助语段1）对比过去和现在外语课教学方法的不同。 语段3：（辅助语段2）对比过去和现在外语教学效果的不同。 语段的主要表意功能是能在语篇中表达一层的意思，一个语篇往往是由几层意思，即多个语段构成。 提示1 划分语段的依据是看是否表达同一层意思。 提示2 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 （2）语段和段落 语段：是语篇结构的中间层次。 段落：不是语篇结构的一个层次；由一个或一个以上的 语段构成，是比语段更大的语义单位。 例如： (1) Californians (加州人) and New Englanders (新英格兰人) are both American. (2) They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws (联邦法) . (3) But they are very different in their ways of life. // (4) Mobility — both physical and psychological — has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.// 段 落 语段1 （句1-3） 语段2 （句4） 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 语段1：（主题语段） 提出加州人和新英格兰人虽同属美国 人但彼此的生活方式并不相同。 语段2：（辅助语段） 点出加州人具有流动性，而新英格兰 人缺少流动性的不同特点。 语段中的句际关系 1. 总分关系 先总提，后分述，即首先确定一个主题，然后围绕主题说几句话，以充实主题的内容。 例如： All the people on our block give us trouble. Mrs Brown calls the police whenever we go to play ball on the street. Mrs Johnson complains that skateboarding (玩滑板) makes too much noise. If we happen to stray into Mr Hardy’s yard, he yells at us. 3 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 2. 顺序关系 构成此类语段的各个句子只能按照事物发展过程的先后顺序排列，不可以随便改变次序。 例如： We had a hard time getting Peter out of the hole he had fallen into. First, we made a rope by linking our belts together. Then we lowered it to Peter, telling him to grasp the end. After he had hold of the rope, we began to pull him slowly out of the hole. As he came up, no one dared to speak a word. Finally, we could grasp his arms, and with a sigh of relief, we pulled him out onto the grassy bank. 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 Different as they were — in background, in personality, in underlying aspiration — Grand and Lee had much in common. Under everything else, they were marvelous fighters. Furthermore, their fighting qualities were really very much alike. 4. 转折关系 此类语段通常表示“对比”、“对照”等意义。例如： Going through the Customs (海关) is a tiresome business. The strangest thing about it is that really honest people are often made to feel guilty. The hardened professional smuggler (专干走私的老手), on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase. 3.层递关系 构成此类语段的句子通常是按照语义的轻重、认识的深浅作由轻到重、由浅入深的排列。例如： 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 5. 因果关系 构成此类语段的句子有两种排列方式：一种是从因到果。 例如： The great wealth of English literature makes it impossible to deal with the subject in any detail within the scope of one short article. We must therefore confine ourselves to only a few of the most outstanding writers. 另一种排列方式是从果到因。 例如： The old lady was glad to be back at the block of flats where she lived. Her shopping had tired her and her basket had grown heavier with every step of the way home. 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 三种语篇纽带：逻辑纽带、语法纽带、词汇纽带。 逻辑纽带：指表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段，包括表示时间关系、空间关系、列举和顺序、增进和引申、对比和转折、因果和推论等逻辑意义的语篇纽带。其中多数是连接性状语。 1. 表示时间关系的连接纽带 表示时间过渡的连接性状语，如meantime，meanwhile，in the meantime，in the meanwhile，afterwards，immediately，later，then ...，某些时间状语。 例如： Last summer I took a job as a waitress. My motives at the time were purely ulterior: I had been attracted by local fables of the generous tips left by tourists and thought I would earn some easy money towards a college wardrobe. My routine was the regular one: take orders, carry 逻辑纽带 1 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 food, clean up the table, and repeat — eight hours a day, six days a week. During that first week, I could only stumble home after a day’s work and fall in bed. Even when I had become accustomed to the routine, I never had any trouble distinguishing between the drudgery of that hot, noisy restaurant and the relaxation which came naturally but too briefly with the leisure of a cool evening. By the end of the summer, I had firmly resolved never to take another job unless the work itself was interesting. 2. 表示空间关系的连接纽带 通常用一些方位词或表示方位的词语，如above，across from，around，before，below，beyond， beneath，close to，down，further，here，in front of，in the distance，nearby，next to，near to，on the left，on the right，opposite，on top of， over，under，up ...。例如： 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 The main landmass (大块陆地) of the United States lies in central North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The two newest states, Alaska (阿拉斯加) borders on northwestern Canada, and Hawaii (夏威夷) lies in the central Pacific. 3. 表示列举和顺序的连接纽带 first, second, third ...; firstly, secondly, thirdly ...; for one thing ... (and) for another (thing); for a start; to begin with, to start with; in the first place, in the second place; next, then; finally, eventually, last, lastly; to conclude ... 例如： Perhaps the most vital person I have ever met is an Italian professor of philosophy who teaches at the University of Pisa. Although I last met this man eight years ago, I have not forgotten 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 his special qualities. First of all, I was impressed by his devotion to teaching. Because his lectures were always well-prepared and clearly delivered, students swarmed into his classroom. Secondly, I admired the fact that he would confer with students outside of the classroom or talk with them on the telephone. Drinking coffee in the snack bar, he would easily make friends with students. Finally, I was attracted by his lively wit. He believed that no class hour is a success unless the students and the professor share several chuckles and at least one loud laugh. Through his sense of humour, he made learning more enjoyable and more lasting. 4. 表示例证和语义焦点的连接纽带 for example, for instance, in particular, particularly, specifically, such as ... 例如： 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 Some of the most interesting words in English are the actual names of the people first involved in the activities conveyed by the meanings of the words. The word boycott (抵制), for instance, derives from the case of Sir Charles Boycott (1832‒1897) , a land agent (地产经理人) in Ireland who was ostracized (受排斥) by his tenants because he refused to lower the rents. Vidkun Quisling’s name quickly became an infamous addition to the English language during World Wall II. He was a Norwegian politician who betrayed his country to the Nazis (纳粹) , and his name, Quisling (吉斯林) , is now synonymous with “traitor”. Perhaps a more common example, at least among young people around the world, is Levi’s (里维斯 牛仔裤商标名) . These popular blue jeans are named after Levi Strauss, the man who first manufactured them in San Francisco in 1850. Perhaps the most omnipresent of all is the sandwich, named for the Fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718‒1792 ), who created this quick 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 portable meal so that he would not have to leave the gambling table to eat. 5. 表示语义增进和引申的连接纽带 again, also, and, and then, and besides, besides, further, furthermore, in addition, above all, more, moreover, what’s more … 例如： You should not trust advertisements. Look at the products themselves to see if they really are what the advertisers claim them to be. Talk to your friends to find out if they have had success with the products. Read about product research in Consumer Reports (《消费者报》). And then you will find things are sometimes not so good as they are advertised to be. Above all, don’t buy a product because an advertisement says that a famous football player or a movie star likes it. 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 6. 表示对比和转折的连接纽带 but, for all that, instead, however, nevertheless, still, though, yet, whereas, in any case, at any rate, in spite of that, on the contrary, by way of contrast, conversely, on the other hand ... 例如： In view of the transfer of French vocabulary, expressions and grammar into English, one might also expect a significant influence on pronunciation. However, English texts were written by clerks familiar with English and not by aristocratic learners of English. 7. 表示结果和推论的连接纽带 as a result, accordingly, consequently, as a consequence, in consequence, for this / that reason, on that account, in that case, so, hence, therefore, then, thus ... 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 例如： People seem to have known for a long time that the youngest child is usually a peculiar type. He grows up in a situation quite different from that of all other people, for to parents he represents a particular child, and as the youngest he experiences an especially solicitous treatment (特殊的关注). Not only is he the youngest, but also usually the smallest, and by consequence, the most in need of help. His other brothers and sisters have already acquired some degree of independence and growth during the time of his weakness, and for this reason he usually grows up in an atmosphere warmer than that which the others have experienced. Hence there arise a number of characteristics which influence his attitude toward life in a remarkable way, and cause him to be a remarkable personality. 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 8. 表示结论和总结的连接纽带 altogether, overall, all in all, in all, in short, then, in conclusion, to sum up ... 例如： To sum up, rational knowledge (理性认识) depends upon perceptual knowledge (感性认识) and perceptual knowledge remains to be developed into rational knowledge — this is the dialectical-materialist theory of knowledge (这就是辨证唯物主义的认识论) . 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 语法纽带：指利用动词时、体形式以及照应、替代、省略、平行结构、被动结构等语法关系以达到连接上下文目的的连句手段。 1. 使用动词时、体形式 英语动词某些时、体形式的前后配合可以起到连句成篇的作用。例如： After watching a fireworks display at the Washington Monument, Navy Lt. Cmdr. Williams F. Rolland was driving his wife and children back to their home in Annandale, Virginia. A car behind began tailgating (尾随) him dangerously, but refused to pass. Reaching a traffic light, Rolland stepped out to talk to the other driver. An argument began. The commander’s 19-year-old son rushed to his side. The driver of the tailgating car produced a revolver(手枪) and fired three times. Rolland and his son fell mortally wounded. 语法纽带 2 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 2. 使用照应手段 照应手段（主要时人称照应和指示照应）是一种重要的语篇纽带。例如： During the rush hour one evening two cars collided and both drivers began to argue. The woman immediately behind the two cars happened to be a learner. She suddenly got into a panic and stopped her car. This made the driver following her brake hard (急刹车). His wife was sitting beside him holding a large cake. As she was thrown forward, the cake went right through the windscreen and landed on the road. Seeing a cake flying through the air, a lorrydriver who was drawing up alongside the car, pulled up (停下) all of a sudden. The lorry was loaded with empty beer bottles 上文用过去进行体作为叙事的背景，由此引出下文用一般过去时表示的新事态或情节。 提示 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 and hundreds of them slid off the back of the vehicle and on to the road. This led to yet another angry argument. Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind. It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. 3. 使用平行结构 平行结构的使用是一种修辞手法，它不仅能使文章节奏匀称，而且能起篇章纽带作用。例如： In addition to her busy career as a writer, Aphra Behn also found time to briefly marry and spend a little while in debtor’s prison (债务人监狱). She found time to take up a career as a spy for the English in their war against the Dutch. She made the long and difficult voyage to Suriname (苏里南) (in South America) and 上例中人称代词和指示代词及相应的限定词都与其先行项在上下文中紧密相连，从而起到连句成篇的作用。 提示 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 became involved in a slave rebellion there. She plunged into political debate at Will’s Coffee House and defended her position from the stage of the Drury Lane Theater. She actively argued for women’s rights to be educated and to marry whom they pleased, or not at all. She defied the seventeenth-century dictum (格言) that ladies must be “modest” and wrote freely about sex. 这段文字通过六个平行句式把英国女作家Aphra Behn的生平和性格描写得淋漓尽致，这也就是应用排比作为连句成篇的纽带。 提示 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 1. 关键词的重复 在不引起累赘的前提下，恰当地利用词汇的重复，可以起到篇章纽带作用。 例如： An author has many different ways to show what a character is like. Certain hand movements, ways of speaking, or style of dress tell some things about a character. Other characters may talk about the character, or the author may even make revealing comments. How a character reacts to something done to him or her is also important. But the most important information comes from what a character says and from what a character does. 词汇纽带 3 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 2. 使用同义词和近义词 使用同义词和近义词既是避免重复、使文笔生动的手段之一，也能起到篇章纽带作用。 例如： （1）There are no set rules which actors must follow to become proficient in their art; however, there are certain principles regarding the use of mind, voice, and body which may help them. （2）I don’t know where to stay in Geneva. I have never been to that place. 例（1）中rules和principles是同义词，例（2）中概括词that place指代上文的下属词Geneva。 提示 重难点解析 40.1 语篇层次 40.2 语篇纽带 句子是最高层次的语法单位，同时又是最低层次的语篇单位。本讲主要谈论如何组句成篇的问题，把语言的结构和语言的使用结合起来。首先介绍了语篇结构的三个层次，然后介绍组篇机制——语篇纽带问题，最后涉及语篇修辞问题。学习中首先要理解语篇结构三个层次的相互关系：一个或多个句子构成语段、一个或多个语段构成语篇，重点理解语段这个中间层次，语段能在语篇中表达一层意思，学会区分语篇中的主题语段和辅助语段。还要理解一段文字之所以被认为是语篇而不是一组互不相干的句子，是因为组篇机制即语篇纽带在起作用，语篇纽带大致分为三类：逻辑纽带、语法纽带和词汇纽带。逻辑纽带学习的关键是掌握表达各种逻辑意义的连接性状语及其他结构；语法纽带要理解和把握如何 本讲总结 利用动词时、体形式、照应手段、替代、省略、平行结构等语法手段实现语篇结构的统一性和连贯性；词汇纽带主要是 通过关键词的多次重复以及同义词和近义词的使用达到上下文衔接的作用。要想把文章写得好，还要注意语篇修辞问题，掌握语篇修辞的基本要求：统一性、连贯性、清晰性、生动性，诚如教材所归纳的“紧扣主题，首尾一致；珠联璧合，连贯有序；突出重点，分清主次；关系明确，避免歧义；言语简练，用词经济；句式多样，灵活交替”，可以作为写好文章的有益指导。 本讲总结 $$