新概念英语第二册语法替代课件

替代避免了重复、使上下文衔接紧密、使临近词得到强调。 提示 名词性替代：用名词替代词替代一个名词词组或者它的中心词的现象。 名词替代词：one / ones, the same, the kind, the sort, all, both, each, some, any, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, enough, several, none, either, neither ... e.g. The razor I’m using now is too blunt. Please get me a sharper one. （one = razor） Mary needs a new dictionary. She is going to buy one. （one = a new dictionary） American food is not the same as the English kind. （kind = food） 什么是名词性替代 1 重难点解析 37.1 名词性替代 37.2 动词性替代 1. one / ones替代名词词组中心词的用法 （1）替代词one / ones只能替代单数/复数可数名词（指人 或物）。 e.g. The child doesn’t like this book. Show him a more interesting one. （one = book） I have a new dictionary and several old ones. （ones = dictionaries） 替代词one / ones的用法 2 不可数名词不能用one / ones来替代，通常用名词性省略，如“We prefer green tea to black (tea).”。 提示1 替代词ones通常不能单独使用，总是带有限定词和前置修饰语（形容词）。 提示2 重难点解析 37.1 名词性替代 37.2 动词性替代 （2）替代词one / ones和它们所替代的名词词组中心词的 “数”可以不一致。 e.g. Compare the new edition with the old ones. I know her two older children, but I don’t know the youngest one. （3）替代词one / ones和它们所替代的名词词组中心词在 所指意义上往往不同。 e.g. I don’t like this book. I’d like a more interesting one. （不是同一本书） I’d like to have some big apples instead of small ones. （并非同样的苹果） 这是“替代词”与“指代词”的主要区别，因为替代词通常带有表对比含义的修饰语。 提示 重难点解析 37.1 名词性替代 37.2 动词性替代 不定冠词和物主限定词通常不可直接位于替代词one之前，通常 须先跟有形容词或其他前置修饰语。 提示 （4）替代词one / ones所带的修饰语可以前置，也可以后置。 前置修饰语：限定词和形容词等。 后置修饰语：形容词词组、非限定分句、副词、介词 词组、关系分句。 e.g. Can I have a melon? I’d like a big one. （不定冠词+形容词） This chapter is much longer than the preceding ones. （定冠词+形容词） Your car isn’t fast enough. Let’s take his new one. （物主限定词+形容词） 重难点解析 37.1 名词性替代 37.2 动词性替代 — She wears a green jade. — What! The one as big as an egg? （形容词词组） Compare this picture with the one painted by your brother. （非限定分句） This room and the one upstairs are well furnished. （副词） Do you see those girls over there? The one in a blue dress is my sister-in-law. （介词词组） I’ll read this book as soon as I finish the one I’m reading. （关 系分句） （5）替代词one / ones可以省略的情形： ● 在形容词比较级、最高级之后； ● 某些限定词如this / these，that / those，which，either， neither，another之后； ● 在序数词及the last，the next等之后。 重难点解析 37.1 名词性替代 37.2 动词性替代 e.g. Of all the boys in the class, John is the tallest (one). Here are all the pictures. Which (one / ones) do you like best? If you don’t like this picture, take another (one). The second chapter is much longer than the first (one). （6）通常不用替代词one / ones的情形： ● 名词属格之后； ● both和own之后； ● 基数词之后。 e.g. This is my house and that’s Peter’s. I prefer red roses to white ones, but my wife likes both. I can’t write properly with your pen; I’d rather use my own. You have four children. I have only two. 可利用this，either，another等限定词也可作为代词单独使用帮助理解；“the +形容词”可以指代名词单独使用来帮助理解。 提示 重难点解析 37.1 名词性替代 37.2 动词性替代 2. one替代名词词组的用法及注意 用法：替代词one如果不带任何前置修饰语，就是替代整个 名词词组，其意义通常表类指。 e.g. Can you play the piano? There is one in the room. (one = a piano) I need an electronic heater to keep warm. Where could I get one? (one = an electronic heater) 注意： （1）one用于替代名词词组时表类指；人称代词和指示代词表特指。 e.g. Every student of English needs a good dictionary, but I can’t afford one. （类指） This dictionary is the one needed by every student of English, but I can’t afford it. （特指） 重难点解析 37.1 名词性替代 37.2 动词性替代 （2）这种类指用法没有复数形式；要泛指复数的事物，只 用some。 e.g. Here are a few apples. Would you like one? Here are a few apples. Would you like some? （3）替代词one、类指代词one、数词one 类指代词one：泛指“人”，相当于any person，只有单数 形式，也不带修饰语，只作主语。 数词one：既可作名词中心词，也可作限定词；承受句子 重音；复数形式是some而不是ones。 替代词one：可替代名词词组中心词，也可替代名词词组， 不承受句子重音。 这里不能用ones。 提示 重难点解析 37.1 名词性替代 37.2 动词性替代 e.g. One can’t be too careful in matters like this. （类指代词） My old car is much better than the 'new one. （替代词——替代中心词） — Can I have those apples? —You’ve already 'got one. （替代词——替代名词词组） You can have 'one, give the rest to your family. （数词） ①* I haven’t a pencil, and I want to buy a one. ②* Well, can you borrow me your shawl, the deep-red? ③* I prefer red roses to white ones, but my wife likes both ones. ①√ I haven’t a pencil, and I want to buy one. ②√ Well, can you borrow me your shawl, the deep-red one? ③√ I prefer red roses to white ones, but my wife likes both. 典型错误 3 备注 重难点解析 37.1 名词性替代 37.2 动词性替代 动词性替代：用动词替代词do，do so等来替代主动词或者替代主动词+补足成分的现象。 e.g. —Have they moved their furniture? —They have done the desks, but that’s all so far. (done = moved) —Do you like Chinese food? —Yes, I do. (do = like Chinese food) 什么是动词性替代 1 动词性替代词do是主动词，有“时”、“体”的形态变化，受 主语人称和数的制约，还可与助动词搭配。 提示1 上述肯定结构是动词性替代，而否定结构则是动词性省略，如“No, I don’t (like Chinese food).”。 提示2 重难点解析 37.2 动词性替代 37.1 名词性替代 1. 动词替代词do替代主动词的用法 ● do作这种用法时通常都是替代实义动词，若及物，要跟宾语； ● 也可与情态助动词连用； ● 在否定和疑问结构中，要引进助动词do的适当形式。 e.g. She plays the piano better than she does the guitar. (does = plays) John has never acted as he should have done. (done = acted) —Mary studies modern history and doesn’t do modern languages. (do = study) —Does she do ancient history, too? (do = study) 动词替代词的用法 2 在替代主动词的用法中，动词替代词do所替代的通常是动态动词。 提示 重难点解析 37.2 动词性替代 37.1 名词性替代 2. 动词替代词do替代“主动词+补足成分”的用法 （1）do替代主动词+宾语。 e.g. —We all hate hypocrisy. —Yes, everybody does. (does = hates hypocrisy) （2）do替代主动词+状语。 e.g. —They all smoked like a chimney, didn’t they? —Yes, they did. (did = smoked like a chimney) （3）复合代动词do so既可替代“动—宾”结构，也可替代“动—状”结构。 e.g. He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so. （do so = tell me the news） He smokes a lot. Does his brother do so? （do so = smoke a lot） 重难点解析 37.2 动词性替代 37.1 名词性替代 （4）do so替代“动—宾”结构时，可以和do that，do it交替使用。 e.g. The boys played doctors and nurses. We watched them doing that but they wanted us to do so, too. My brother said he was going to send a letter of protest to the President. I did it last week. （5）有时，do so，do that可以和替代词do交替使用。 e.g. —Who told the news to the teacher? —John did so / John did that / John did. 用that口气较重，用it则指具体事物。 提示 不用did this，因为this通常指代下文提到的内容。 提示 重难点解析 37.2 动词性替代 37.1 名词性替代 ● 在简短反应中表示“我也如此”或“另一个人也如此”； ● 主语不同于上文主语； ● 相应否定结构为“Neither / Nor + do +主语”。 e.g. — I like playing football. — So do I. (= I like playing football too.) —John has a new dictionary. —Yes, and so have I / so do I. (= I have a new dictionary too.) — Mary will enter the competition. — So will Joan. — He doesn’t speak Russian. — Neither / Nor do I. 3. “So + do +主语” VS “So +主语+ do” （1）“So + do +主语”结构 重难点解析 37.2 动词性替代 37.1 名词性替代 （2）“So +主语+ do”结构 ● 在简短反应中，对别人所说的情况加以肯定，so相当于indeed，certainly（“不错”、“对了”、“（上文提到的）确实如此”）； ● 主语与上文主语相同。 e.g. — John smokes a lot. — So he does. （= He smokes a lot indeed.） 在否定结构“Neither / Nor + do +主语”中，do是助动词，不是替代词，因为这是否定词提前引起的局部倒装。 提示2 上述表示肯定意义的简短反应中，如果上文谓语动词带有情态助动词will，则用“So + will +主语”。 提示3 主动词have（作“有”解）可以有两种形式，一种是主动词have的一定形式，另一种是用代动词do的一定形式。 提示1 重难点解析 37.2 动词性替代 37.1 名词性替代 — Father, you promised. — So I did! （= Certainly I promised.） — John has a new dictionary. — Yes, so he has / so he does. — Mary will win the prize. — So she will. 主动词have（作“有”解）可以有两种形式，一种是主动词have的一定形式，另一种是用代动词do的一定形式。 如果上文谓语动词带有情态助动词will，则用“So +主语+ will”。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 37.2 动词性替代 37.1 名词性替代 备注 ①* — It was cold yesterday. — So was it. ②* — Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? — I don’t know, and I don’t care also. ① — It was cold yesterday. — So it was. √ ② — Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother？ — I don’t know, and nor do I care. √ 典型错误 3 重难点解析 37.2 动词性替代 37.1 名词性替代 Moving from beginning to end by order of time, narration relies on a more natural pattern of organization than ________. A. B. C. D. will other types of writing do other types of writing on other types of writing other types of writing 该题主要考查比较结构以及动词性替代。主句部分“narration relies ... organization”意为“记叙文依赖于一种更加自然的组织模式”，than引导的比较状语从句部分的完整结构应为“than other types of writing rely on natural pattern of organization”，与主句相同的部分可用动词性替代词do替代，但由于主语较长，为了实现句尾重心，通常采用倒装语序，即表达为than do other types of writing。此种结构非常常见，比如“Cities surrounded by forest have more pronounced heat islands than do cities in arid environments.”。A项时态与上文语境不符，C项将other types of writing作为了relies on的宾语，与语境不符，D项有歧义，可能被理解为relies on的宾语，均不正确。因此B为正确答案。 记叙文按照时间顺序从头到尾展开，与其他类型的写作文体相比，它依赖于一种更为自然的组织模式。 专四真题链接 The following are all correct responses to “Who told the news to the teacher?” EXCEPT _____. A. B. C. D. Bob did that Bob did so Bob did this Bob did 以下各句除了_____都是对“Who told the news to the teacher?”的正确回答? 该题主要考查替代。该疑问句最常见的回答是D，即用替代词did来替代动—宾结构told the news to the teacher。另外，do so，do that可以和替代词do交替使用，但this多用于指代下文的内容，所以Bob did that / Bob did so / Bob did都是正确回答。因此C为答案。 专四真题链接 Which of the following CANNOT be used as a nominal substitute (名词替代词)? A. B. C. D. Much. Neither. One. Quarter. 该题考查名词替代词的用法。名词替代词就是能代替名词或名词词组，避免重复的词，英语中one，ones，the same，the kind等都是典型的名词替代词；还有一些不定代词如all，both，some，any，enough，none，many，much，(a) few，(a) little，either，neither，the other，another等都可用作替代词。该题中much，neither，one都可用作替代词，只有quarter只能用作名词，不能用作名词替代词，因此D为正确答案。 下列哪个词不能用作名词替代词？ 专四真题链接 A: Mother, you promised to take me out. B: Well, ________ A. B. C. D. so I did! so did I. so I do! so do I. A：妈妈，你说过要带我出去的。 B：噢，我确实说过! 该题考查动词性替代的用法。代动词do可与连接性副词so搭配构成两个意义不同的句型：“So + do +主语”和“So +主语+ do”，常用作简短回应。当表示“我也如此”或“另一个人也如此”时，常用“So + do +主语”，这时主语不同于上文主语；当表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定时，常用“So +主语+ do”结构作为答语，这时主语与上文主语相同。根据句意，答语是妈妈对过去曾向孩子作出的许诺表示肯定，应该用“So +主语+ do”句型，且用过去时，因此A为正确答案。 专四真题链接 Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people ______. A. B. C. D. do hear do them hearing it 灵敏的听觉使得许多动物能够先于人类感觉到雷雨的到来。 该题考查动词性替代的用法。根据句意，before在句中为从属连词，它所引导的时间状语从句可以用动词性替代词do来替代与主句相同的主动词及其补足成分，即替代sense the approach of thunderstorms。B项动词不对，也缺少宾语；C项的them应改为it，指代the approach of thunderstorms；D项动词及其形式都不对。因此A为正确答案。 专四真题链接 Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than ______ Eastern Nebraska. A. B. C. D. in it receives in does it does in 内布拉斯加西部地区的降雪通常比东部地区的降雪要少。 该题考查than引导的比较状语从句、替代及倒装的用法。根据句子形式可知，than引导比较状语从句，than-分句中的Eastern Nebraska及主句主语Western Nebraska都是专有名词且有对比含义，因此Eastern Nebraska应为比较状语从句的主语，该句是Western Nebraska的降雪量与Eastern Nebraska的降雪量的比较，因此比较状语从句的完整结构应为than Eastern Nebraska receives snow，从句中的相同成分receives snow可以用动词性替代词does来替代。此外，这种结构中，如果比较状语从句的主语较长，为了突出新信息，动词也常置于主语之前而使用倒装。因此C为正确答案。 专四真题链接 替代是一种避免重复和连接上下文的语法手段。本讲主要介绍了英语中的三种替代现象：名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。这种手段的特点是用“替代词”来替换上下文中特定的词、词组或分句，因此掌握替代词的用法是学习替代的关键。就替代词与其先行项的关系而言，替代大量是回指。名词替代词one，ones等既可替代名词词组中心词，也可替代整个名词词组，替代名词词组时不带任何前置修饰语，其意义通常表类指。动词替代词通常是主动词do的一定形式，动词替代词do既可替代主动词，也可替代“主动词+补足成分”；复合代动词do so既可替代“动—宾”结 构，也可替代“动—状”结构。学会区分“So + do +主语”结构与“So +主语+ do”结构，前者用于简短反应中表 本讲总结 示“我也如此”或“另一个人也如此”，其主语不同于上文主语，相应的否定结构为“Neither / Nor + do +主语”；后者用于简短反应中对别人所说的情况加以肯定，其主语与上文主语相同。分句性替代是用替代词去替代一个分句的现象，常用so来替代肯定陈述分句，用not替代否定陈述分句，so / not常用于I’m afraid，believe，expect，guess，hope，think等表示看法、意见的词语之后。 本讲总结 Chinese food is not the same as the French _________. A: Do you want the dictionary? B: Yes, I want ________. A: Would you like the red coat or the blue ________? B: I’d like both ________. ________ should be careful in talking to _________ colleagues. Harry has a dog. Do you have ________? The position of a grandparent is easier than _________ of a parent. one 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. food / kind it One one’s / his one / that 练习精讲 Ex.37B Ex.37A Ex.37C Ex.37D The first runner finished a few yards in front of the next ________. While we admit his good points, we can see his bad ________. The cleverest boys at school are not always the ______ who will succeed best in after life. A: Can you play the piano? B: A little. There was ________ in the room. ones 7. 8. 9. 10. / (or) one ones one 练习精讲 Ex.37B Ex.37A Ex.37C Ex.37D 1. 2. 3. 4. He asked me to post a letter for him, and I have posted the letter. Mary works hard. Sally works hard too. Mr Rusk treats his car better than he treats his wife. A: Do they buy their drinks at the local supermarket? B: No, but we buy our drinks at the local supermarket. He asked me to post a letter for him, and I have done so. Mary works hard. So does Sally. Mr Rusk treats his car better than he does his wife. A: Do they buy their drinks at the local supermarket? B: No, but we do. 练习精讲 Ex.37B Ex.37C Ex.37A Ex.37D 5. A: He spoke rudely to your sister. B: And he spoke rudely to me too. A: He spoke rudely to your sister. B: And he did so to me too. 练习精讲 Ex.37B Ex.37C Ex.37A Ex.37D 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I like music very much. (she) The trams go along the river. (the buses) Dick wrote me a letter. (his mother) The girl speaks good English. (she) Her dress looked lovely. (it) So does she. So do the buses. So did his mother. So she does. So it did. 练习精讲 Ex.37B Ex.37C Ex.37A Ex.37D 6. 7. 8. 9. She doesn’t believe us. (her sister) The first bomb didn’t explode. (the second) They had none of their meals at the proper time. (any of their friends) The maid never finishes her work properly. (the cook) Neither / Nor does her sister. Neither / Nor did the second. Neither / Nor did any of their friends. Neither / Nor does the cook. 练习精讲 Ex.37B Ex.37C Ex.37A Ex.37D 10. 11. 12. 13. I haven’t any more money. (my wife) He has his hair cut every week. (he) I will not attend the meeting. (my colleagues) He will hold to (坚持) his decision. (he) So he does. Neither / Nor will my colleagues. So he will. Neither / Nor has my wife. (or) Neither / Nor does my wife. 练习精讲 Ex.37B Ex.37C Ex.37A Ex.37D 14. 15. They will have to look to (考虑) their own safety. (their children) The peach trees don’t promise much of a crop this year. (the apple trees) Neither / Nor do the apple trees. So will their children. 练习精讲 Ex.37B Ex.37C Ex.37A Ex.37D 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. There will be a storm soon. (afraid, negative) He’ll give you a present for your birthday. (think, affirmative) They will soon get married. (doubt) We shall get a new machine next month. (hope, affirmative) He is not an honest young man. (say, affirmative) I’m afraid not. I think so. I doubt it. I hope so. All people say so. 练习精讲 Ex.37B Ex.37D Ex.37C Ex.37A 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Will the Yankees win the game? (hope, negative) Is John coming? (think, negative) Mr Ross is an excellent teacher. (have heard, affirmative) Will they be able to arrive in time? (seems, negative) Will the Brazilians win the championship (冠军)? (sure) I hope not. I think not / I don’t think so. So I’ve heard. It seems not. I’m sure of it. 练习精讲 Ex.37B Ex.37D Ex.37C Ex.37A $$