新概念英语第二册不定式2课件

e.g. He is glad to help others. John was fortunate to escape being injured. I’m determined to finish the work tonight. 注意：如果主句主语不是不定式结构的逻辑主语，逻辑主语的引出方式： 1. 用for引出 e.g. We’d be delighted for you to come next week. I’d be afraid for her to go swimming alone. 主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑主语 1 此类形容词大体表示喜怒哀乐、运气好坏，以及心理状态、个人态度等。 提示 用于表喜怒哀乐、心理状态的形容词。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 2. 用of引出 e.g. It is wise of you to avoid meeting him. It was stupid of her to make such a mistake. 用于表示性格特征和行为表现的形容词。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 1. 能以不定式结构作主语并能转换为先行it-结构 e.g. That question is difficult to answer. To answer that question is difficult. It is difficult to answer that question. 2. 不定式为不及物动词时，后面一定要带介词 e.g. This bed is comfortable to sleep on. = It is comfortable to sleep on the bed. 主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语 2 能用于这种结构的形容词都是表示不定式性质的静态形容词，即表示说话人对不定式动作的看法或感受。 提示 为避免丢掉介词的错误，不妨将其转换为it-结构作为检验，比如，该句可转换为“It is comfortable to sleep on the bed.”。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 3. 不能以不定式结构作主句主语，也不能用先行it-句型转换 e.g. The flowers are attractive to look at. 该类搭配关系中的形容词表示主语的客观特点，不定式作补语是对其加以说明。 提示 备注 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 1. 歧义的情形：（1）主句的主语是不定式的逻辑主语 （2）主句的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语 e.g. These books are easy to sell. = These books sell easily. （逻辑主语） = It is easy to sell these books. （逻辑宾语）   2. 歧义的原因：（1）与形容词的意义有关 （2）同主语的词义有关 比较：[1] The chicken is ready to eat. = The chicken is ready to eat food. （逻辑主语） = The chicken is ready for someone to eat. （逻辑宾语） [2] The machine is ready to use. = The machine is ready for someone to use. （逻辑宾语） “某些形容词+不定式结构”作主语补语的歧义现象 3 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 我们需要在上下文中明确这些词汇意义即可避免歧义。 提示 备注 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 1. 不定式与名词的三种关系 结构上：不定式作中心名词的后置修饰语 语义上：主—动关系、动—宾关系、同位关系 e.g. He was the last guest to arrive. (= who arrived) 主谓关系 He has a large family to support. (= that he must support) 动宾关系 He hit back the urge to tell a lie. (to tell a lie是the urge的具体内容) 同位关系 主—动关系、动—宾关系、同位关系 1 表同位关系的名词中心词一般是由动词派生出来的抽象名词。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 2. 表动宾关系时，如果不定式是不及物动词，其后需加适当的介词 e.g. We are looking for a place to live in. live为不及物动词，我们不能说to live a place，应该说to live in a place。 也可用另一结构：介词+ whom / which +不定式。如上句也可用We are looking for a place in which to live.（用于正式文体）。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 名词与不定式之间是动—宾关系时，常以主动形式表被动意义的几种情形： 1. there be + 主语 + 不定式 e.g. There is no time to lose. (= for us to lose) There are still many things to take care of. (= for us to take care of) 2. 主语 + have / want / ask for + 宾语 + 不定式 e.g. I have a letter to send. He asked for a letter to take back. 用主动态还是用被动态 2 由说话人去执行不定式动作时，多用主动态；由别人去执行动作时，多用被动态。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 3. 主语 + buy / get + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 + 不定式 e.g. Buy the children some books to read. Can you get me something to eat? 动词为接双宾语的动词。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 这些名词之后多数接介词of；reason for表原因，time for可利用time for lunch / class助记；make an attempt / effort at的介词at（在…方面）可利用work hard at助记。 提示 1. attempt, chance, effort, freedom, intention, necessity, opportunity, reason, time, way ... to do prep. (of, at, for...) + -ing分词 两者均可，意义无甚区别。 e.g. The doctor made a bold attempt to save / at saving the child’s life. Have you any intention to go / of going there? I doubt if he ever has time to watch / for watching television. “名词 + 不定式”与“名词 + 介词 + -ing分词” 3 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 2. ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, disposition, mind, obligation, permission, refusal, reluctance, temptation, tendency, wish ... + to do e.g. They have the ability to produce nuclear weapons. They signed an agreement to rent the house. Her refusal to accept his offer of help is really disappointing. 这些名词都是些抽象名词，其后的不定式结构与名词是一种同位关系。 可利用相应的动词或形容词与不定式的搭配助记，如：agree to do，refuse to do，be able to do，be anxious to do，be reluctant to do等。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 3. aptitude, delay, difficulty, excuse, experience, interest, genius, habit, hope, idea, method, motive, object, passion, plan, possibility, skill, success ... + prep. (of, in, for...) + -ing分词 e.g. There is no hope of winning the game. Have you had much experience in teaching English? Edison had a great aptitude for inventing new things. 与in搭配的名词如：belief, confidence, faith, experience, interest, delight, passion, skill, success, progress, failure, mistake, involvement, hesitation, delay ... 与for搭配的名词如：aptitude, genius, excuse, respect ... 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 1. 能直接接不定式结构作宾语的动词 agree, aim, apply, arrange, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pledge, prepare, pretend, profess, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow ... + to do e.g. We hope to slow the spread of the disease. (SVO) We mustn’t pretend to know what we don’t know. (SVO) He undertook to edit the text himself. (SVO) 动词＋不定式 1 不仅名词词组、名词性分句可作宾语，不定式结构、-ing分词结构也可作宾语。 不定式作宾语时，一般表示特殊的、具体的、未发生的、一次性的行为。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 后接不定式作宾语的动词很多是表主语主观想法的，如agree，aim，desire，determine，hope，refuse等。 可利用熟词带生词、近义词、反义词等方式助记。如：decide — determine — resolve；manage — seek — endeavor；prepare — offer— volunteer — undertake；promise — pledge — swear — vow； hope — expect — desire；agree ↔ refuse。 提示3 提示4 2. 能接不定式结构和that-分句作宾语的动词 agree, arrange, claim, decide, demand, determine, hope, pretend, profess, threaten ... to do that-分句 e.g. We agreed to start early. = We agreed that we should start early. I hope to be able to come. = I hope that I will be able to come. 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 五类动词构成的SVOC句型 1. see，hear，watch，feel，notice，observe等感官动词 e.g. We saw the car stop. I felt something crawl up my arm. 2. have，let，make，get等表“致使”意义的动词 e.g. What would you have me do? I can’t get her to talk. 动词＋宾语＋不定式 2 被动态时无to不定式转换为带to不定式。 提示 have，let，make接无to不定式，而get接带to不定式作宾语补语。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 3. arrange for，ask for，prepare for，provide for，vote for, wait for，call on，count on，depend on，rely on等词组动词 e.g. I’ll arrange for you to come. You can’t rely on him to assist you.   4. consider，declare，find (=consider)，prove，think，believe，discover，feel (=think)，imagine，judge，suppose，understand等表心理状态的动词 e.g. We considered him to be a good officer. We found him to be dishonest. 后面的不定式通常是to be，在consider，declare，find，prove，think等动词后to be往往省略（完成体除外，因为如省略to be就无法体现时间的先后），多用于书面语。 这类结构都可与that-分句进行转换，转换时注意时态，与that-从句连用更为常见。如“I thought him to be an excellent choice.”，更常见的说法是“I thought that he was an excellent choice.”。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 5. advise，allow，forbid，permit，recommend，require，urge等表“劝告”、“允许”、“禁止”等动词 e.g. She advised him to give up smoking. The doctor may allow her to return to work next week. 注意：这类动词也可直接接-ing分词结构作宾语。 e.g. She advised giving up smoking. （SVO句型，分词结构逻辑主语为语境中的说话对象） 某些表“劝告”等意义的动词如recommend，require，urge等也可带-that分句，分句中要用be-型虚拟式或should+不定式的形式。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 1. ask，can’t bear，hate，intend，like，prefer，want等多表情感状态的动词 e.g. Do you intend to make a long stay here? I didn’t intend them to act like that. 2. 多数可带that-分句作宾语（like，want除外） e.g. She asked to be given more work to do. = She asked that she be given more work to do. They preferred her not to go with them. = They preferred that she should not go with them. 动词＋（宾语）＋不定式 3 可以是主语自己的意图（动词+不定式），也可以是希冀别人做某事（动词＋宾语＋不定式）。 提示 that-分句更加正式，特别是有间接宾语时。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 3. 可以直接带-ing分词的动词：like，hate，prefer，can’t bear，intend e.g. I prefer walking to climbing. （比较：“I’d prefer to walk,” she answered.） He can’t bear being laughed at. （比较：He can’t bear to be laughed at.） intend之后多用不定式作宾语。 这类表情感状态的动词，可以根据语义的强弱程度记忆，从弱到强大致为：intendlike (hate) prefercan’t bearask (从“有意”到“请求”)。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 1. 不定式分句：是以不定式作谓语动词的非限定分句，其逻辑主语是主句的主语或其他名词性结构，抑或隐含在语境中。传统上常称之为“不定式结构”，由于该结构本质上也是一种“主谓结构”，往往也能与限定从属分句相互转换，因此可以称之为分句。 e.g. I hope to be able to come. = ... (that) I’ll be able to come. I don’t know what to do. =....what I should do. 不定式分句的结构模式 1 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 2.不定式分句的三种结构模式 （1）不带主语的不定式分句的三种常见情形： A. 逻辑主句是主句的主语 e.g. He likes to be invited. B. 逻辑主语是主句的宾语（SVOC句型） e.g. I didn’t see you come in. C. 逻辑主语是说话人自己 e.g. To tell the truth, I’m puzzled. 这时不定式分句作评注性状语。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 （2）带主语的不定式分句的两种情形： A. 有引导词for引导（间或用with, rather than等） e.g. The best thing would be for you to tell everybody. （不定式分句的主语是you） He knew that with him to help, she could and would succeed. （不定式分句的主语是him） B. 无引导词直接带主语（独立结构的一种情况） e.g. A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so so. with sb. to do传统上也叫with复合结构，主要用作状语，表达原因、方式、伴随等情况。rather than sb. do用于两个平行结构，置于句首表对照，意为“与其某人做…”。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 （3）带疑问词的不定式分句的两种情形： A. 带wh-疑问词 e.g. I don’t know what to do. I showed them how to do it. B. 间或带其他从属连词（如as if） e.g. He opened his lips as if to say something. （作状语，表方式） 该结构在句中主要起名词词组的作用，作宾语时句子的主语也是不定式分句的逻辑主语，否则就要用宾语从句，如“They don’t know what she should do next.”。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 1. 句子成分和词组成分 （1）句子成分：作主语、作主语补语、作宾语、作宾语补语、作状语 e.g. To know everything is to know nothing. （主语） （主语补语） He promised to love her for all time. （宾语） They strongly advised me not to do so. （宾语补语）   （2）词组成分：作后置修饰语、作形容词补足成分 e.g. The most difficult mountain to cross is the threshold. （后置修饰语） We will be pleased to answer any questions you may have. （形容词补足成分） 不定式分句的句法功能 2 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 2. 三种状语：表示目的、表示结果、表示原因 （1）表示目的 e.g. You should, like a candle, burn yourself out to give light to others. To get the best results, use clean water. Textbooks are made for students to learn from. My father got up early in order to have enough time to pack. He left early so as not to miss the last train. 表目的，用不定式的一般形式。 in order to / so as to用于“强调”目的，否定的目的用in order not to / so as not to。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 （2）表示结果 常见于如下结构： a) so ... as to ... e.g. Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? b) such (...) as to... e.g. His indifference was such as to make all of us despair. He is such a fool as to think that his strange behaviour can inflect others. so是副词，后接形容词或副词。 提示 中间不加其它成分的such as to结构，意为“到如此程度以致…”，such是代词，该结构主句通常是SVC句型。 such ... as to结构的such是限定词，后接名词。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 c) enough to ... e.g. Is the river deep enough to swim in? d) too ... to ... e.g. His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. That’s much too heavy for you to lift. enough是副词，前面用形容词或副词，意为“足够…，可以…”。 提示 “too ... to ...”结构通常表示“太…而不…”的否定含义。 too之后与ready，willing，anxious，pleased，happy等词连用时，该结构无否定含义。如“We’re only too pleased to help.（我们非常愿意帮忙）”。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 注意：enough to ...，too ... to ...与so ... that结构的相互转换 e.g. The ice is thick enough (for us) to walk on. = The ice is so thick that we can walk on it. This coffee is too hot (for me) to drink. = This coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it. 注意：不定式分句（有时带有only）还能表示一种出乎意料的或令人失望的结果。 e.g. He got home only to learn that his father was ill. We hurried to the station only to be told the train had left. 主句主语是不定式分句的逻辑宾语时，不定式分句不能再带宾语，如我们不能说“*This coffee is too hot (for me) to drink it.”；而so … that结构中that分句是完整的句子，及物动词之后须带宾语。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 （3）表示原因 通常与表示喜怒哀乐、运气好坏的形容词或动词连用。 e.g. I am delighted to know that you have got a job. He was lucky to have found the lost child. （完成体形式） She wept to see him in such a terrible state. 注意：区分不定式表目的、表结果、表原因 [1] He arrived late to find the others had gone home. （表结果） [2] He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. （表目的） [3] She wept to hear the news. （表原因） [4] She wept to obtain sympathy. （表目的） 既可用不定式的一般形式，也可用完成体形式。 形容词之后的不定式分句也可理解为形容词的补足成分。 提示1 提示2 主要根据词汇意义，不定式之前可以加上in order / so as表目的；如表目的，不定式动作后于主句动词动作，如表原因，不定式动作则先于主句动词动作。 提示 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 备注 ①* This bed is comfortable to sleep. ②* His illness was not so as to cause anxiety. ③* This coffee is too hot to drink it.   ①√ This bed is comfortable to sleep on. ②√ His illness was not such as to cause anxiety. ③√ This coffee is too hot to drink. 典型错误 3 重难点解析 21.1 不定式与 形容词的搭配 21.3 不定式 与动词的搭配 21.2 不定式与 名词的搭配 21.4 不定式 分句 She hired a lawyer to investigate, only to learn that Gabriel had removed her name from the deed. The infinitive verb phrase “only to learn” is used __________. A. B. C. D. to express an intended purpose to indicate a high degree of possibility to reveal an undesirable consequence to dramatize a stated fact 该题考查不定式结构only to do作结果状语的用法。不定式结构可作结果状语，有时前面用only，以加强出乎意料的语气，通常是不愉快的结果。因此C项“表明一种不合意的结果”为正确答案。A项“表达预期的目的”，B项“表示很大的可能性”，D项“夸大陈述的事实”均不正确。 她雇了一名律师来调查，不料却发现加布里埃尔早已从契约中删除了她的名字。动词不定式词组“only to learn”被用来______。 专四真题链接 Which of the following italicized parts indicates a subject-verb relation? A. B. C. D. The man has a large family to support. She had no wish to quarrel with her brother. He was the last guest to leave. Mary needs a friend to talk to. 该题考查不定式与名词的搭配关系。不定式结构与它所修饰的名词之间有三种逻辑关系：主—动关系，动—宾关系及同位关系。A项中a large family与to support之间是动—宾关系，相当于“a large family that he must support”；B项中no wish与to quarrel with her brother之间是同位关系，不定式解释no wish的具体内容；C项中the last guest与to leave之间是主—动关系，相当于“the last guest who left”，因此C为正确答案；D项中a friend与to talk to之间是动—宾关系，相当于“a friend that she can talk to”。 下面哪一个斜体部分表达的是主—动关系？ 专四真题链接 Which of the following italicized parts serves as an appositive?   A. B. C. D. He is not the man to draw back.   Larry has a large family to support.   Tony hit back the urge to tell a lie.   There is really nothing to fear.  该题考查不定式与名词的搭配关系。不定式结构与它所修饰的名词之间有三种逻辑关系：主—动关系，动—宾关系及同位关系。A项中the man与to draw back之间是主—动关系，相当于“the man who will draw back”；B项中a large family与to support之间是动—宾关系，相当于“a large family that he must support”；C项中the urge与to tell a lie之间是同位关系，不定式解释the urge的具体内容，因此C为正确答案。D项中nothing与to fear之间是动—宾关系，相当于“nothing for us to fear”。 下列哪句中的斜体部分用作同位语？ 专四真题链接 The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _________ for that. A. B. C. D. for us to be prepared that we are prepared of us to be prepared our being prepared 该题考查不定式复合结构for sb. to do sth.在it-句型中作真正主语。essential为强调所要做的事，而非描述人的内在特征，不同于kind，foolish等形容词，其不定式的逻辑主语应该用for引出，而不是of，不定式复合结构for us to be prepared在it-句型中作真正主语，因此A为正确答案。虽然essential还可用于It is essential that…句型中，但that-从句应为虚拟式It is essential that we (should) be prepared，因此B项不正确。 开幕式是个重大场合，我们务必为此做好准备。 专四真题链接 The new colleague ________ to have worked in several big corporations before he joined our company. A. B. C. D. confesses declares claims confirms 该题考查动词claim接不定式作宾语的用法。动词claim后接不定式作宾语，claim to have done意为“声称曾做过”，declare和confess都不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能先接宾语再接不定式to be结构，搭配confess to doing中to为介词，confirm不能接不定式作宾语，因此C为正确答案。 那位新同事声称在加盟本公司之前曾在几家大公司工作过。 专四真题链接 The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, _________ by the police each time. A. B. C. D. had been captured being always captured only to be captured unfortunately captured 该题考查不定式only to do作结果状语的用法。不定式可作结果状语，有时前面用only，以加强出乎意料的语气，通常是不愉快的结果，该句即表达出乎意料的结果，因此C为正确答案。 那三个人多次企图偷越边界进入邻国，结果每次都被警察抓住。 专四真题链接 The Clarks haven’t decided yet which hotel ________. A. B. C. D. to stay is to stay to stay at is for staying 该题考查“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语。此种结构要求不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致，又因为stay为不及物动词，后面必须接介词at，因此C为正确答案。 克拉克一家还没有决定要住哪家旅馆。 专四真题链接 本讲主要介绍了不定式与形容词、名词、动词的搭配关系以及不定式分句。学习不定式与形容词的搭配关系时，重点理解主句主语与不定式结构的逻辑语义关系，是逻辑主语还是逻辑宾语，能否用先行it-句型予以转换。学习不定式与名词的搭配关系时，重点理解不定式结构与其所修饰名词之间的三种逻辑语义关系，其中同位关系的理解是难点。学习不定式与动词的搭配关系时，首先理解不定式作宾语时，一般表示特殊的、具体的、未发生的、一次性的行为，难点是记忆能与不定式搭配的动词，这些动词可以利用熟词带生词、近义词、反义词等方式帮助记忆。不定式分句的学习要在理解不定式分句概念的基础上掌握不定式分句的三种结构模式：不带主语、带主语、带疑问词；不定式分句的句法功能要理 本讲总结 解不定式分句属于从属分句的范畴，既能充当分句成分，也能充当词组成分，重点掌握不定式分句作三种状语：表示目的、表示结果、表示原因，熟悉表示结果的几种常见结构。 本讲总结 1.0 2. 0 3.0 4. I was sorry when I learnt that he had had an accident. She is happy that she has found such a nice place to live in. I was afraid at the thought of going past the haunted house (闹鬼的房子) alone. I very much want to meet you. I was sorry to learn that he had had an accident. She is happy to have found such a nice place to live in. I was afraid to go past the haunted house alone. I am very anxious to meet you. Rewrite the following sentences using “adjective + infinitive” constructions. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 5.0 6. 0 7.0 8. 9. 10. We received your telegram and were delighted. The clerk answered the call promptly. We do not want to leave this neighbourhood. It would be foolish of you to go out in this weather. We have him as a friend and are proud of it. It was rude of me not to answer your letter. We were delighted to receive your telegram. The clerk was prompt to answer the call. We are reluctant to leave this neighbourhood. You would be foolish to go out in this weather. We are proud to have him as a friend. I was rude not to answer your letter. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 1.0 2.0 3. 0 He decided to resign. This surprised all of us. She was resolute never to marry, which baffled all offers of love. It was proposed to build a new dam on the river. The City Council approved the proposal. His decision to resign surprised all of us. Her resolution never to marry baffled all offers of love. The City Council approved the proposal to build a new dam on the river. Rewrite the following sentences using “noun + infinitive” constructions. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 4.0 5. 0 6. 0 7. They were ready to accept the peace arrangement. This really surprised the diplomatic world. The people of a country should be free to choose their own social system. You need not start so early. I am not obligated to render him any financial support. Their readiness to accept the peace arrangement really surprised the diplomatic world. The people of a country should have the freedom to choose their own social system. There is no need for you to start so early. I am not under the obligation to render him any financial support. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 8. 9. 10. He is not a man who can be frightened by the threat of war. This day is never to be forgotten. The first man who flew non-stop across the Atlantic was John Alcock. He is not a man to be frightened by the threat of war. This is a day never to be forgotten. The first man to fly non-stop across the Atlantic was John Alcock. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 1.0 2.0 3. 4. 环境污染(environmental pollution)是一项难以应付的问题。 这是一种必须在几年之内加以消灭的传染病。 我已经在这里待了两天，没有什么可看的了。 这是一本好书，有许多值得学习的东西。 Environmental pollution is a hard problem to be coped with. This is an infectious disease to be wiped out in a few years. I’ve spent two days here. There is nothing to see. Translate the following into English, using “noun + infinitive” constructions. This is a good book in which there is much to be learnt. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 5. 0 6. 7. 8. 听见窗外有脚步声，我便轻手轻脚走出室外，但什么也没看见。 我已接受邀请到他们学校去交流经验。 对付她的唯一方法是寸步不让。 她不是那种可以轻视的女人。 At the sound of footsteps outside the window, I stole out of the room, but there was nothing to be seen. I have accepted the invitation to go to their school for an exchange of experience. The only way to deal with her is not to give an inch. She is not a woman to be trifled with. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 1.0 2.0 3. 0 All her neighbours supposed that she was a widow. Teachers have found that the overhead projector (投影器) is invaluable as a teaching aid. Many of the audience considered that the speaker had overstated his case. All her neighbours supposed her to be a widow. Teachers have found the overhead projector to be invaluable as a teaching aid. Many of the audience considered the speaker to have overstated his case. a) Rewrite the following sentences, using “object + infinitive” constructions. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 4.0 5. The architect’s clients had assumed that the construction of such a building was impracticable, whereas the architect himself believed that it was perfectly feasible (可行的). Detectives investigating the robbery discovered that £20,000 worth of precious stones were missing. The architect’s clients had assumed the construction of such a building to be impracticable, whereas the architect himself believed it to be perfectly feasible. Detectives investigating the robbery discovered £20,000 worth of precious stones to be missing. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 6. Although most people once thought that it was impossible, several climbers have now scaled the north face of the Eiger in winter. Although most people once thought it to be impossible, several climbers have now scaled the north face of the Eiger in winter. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 7. 8. 9. The sitting (在任期内的) member stated it to be unlikely that he would stand for Parliament at the next election. Everyone assumed what he said to be based on fact. The Prime Minister clearly suspects his party to have little chance of winning the next election. The sitting member stated that it was unlikely that he would stand for Parliament at the next election. Everyone assumed that what he said was based on fact. b) Rewrite the following sentences, using that- clauses. The Prime Minister clearly suspects that his party has little chance of winning the next election. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E 10. 11. 12. The climbers reckoned the ascent to have taken nearly five and a half hours. Researchers have now proved earlier theories to have been incorrect. The man was accused of receiving goods, knowing them to have been stolen. The climbers reckoned that the ascent had taken nearly five and a half hours. Researchers have now proved that earlier theories were incorrect. The man was accused of receiving goods, knowing that they had been stolen. 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E I decided to repaint my kitchen last week, _____________ _______________ (1. it-look) more cheerful. I first cleaned the walls carefully, ____________________ (2. there-be) no grease on them, and then I bought myself some overalls ____________ (3. not get) paint on my clothes. I got a good brush, _________ ______ (4. not leave) marks on the walls, and some pale yellow paint, ________________________ (5. the room-look) sunny. I borrowed a book about painting, _________________ (6. avoid) making mistakes. I started painting on Friday evening _______ _____ (7. have) the whole weekend before me, and my wife made sandwiches _________________________ (8. we-not have) to cook in the kitchen. We decided to have lunch out on Sunday ____________ (9. have) a) Complete the following passage, using so as to infinitives and so that constructions: so that there should be so as not to get so that the room should look so as to avoid so that we should not have so as to have so that it should / might look so as to have so as not to leave 引导限定分句表目的，用so that，在so that，lest，for fear that等引导目的状语从句中多用情态助动词should。 引导非限定分句表目的用so as to结构。 引导非限定分句表目的，用so as to结构。 引导限定分句表目的，用so that，在so that，lest，for fear that等引导目的状语从句中多用情态助动词should。 引导非限定分句表目的，用so as to结构。 引导限定分句表目的用so that，在so that，lest，for fear that等引导目的状语从句中多用情态助动词should。 引导非限定分句表目的用so as to结构，so as to结构的否定式为so as not to。 分句的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，引导限定分句表目的，用so that。在so that，lest，for fear that等引导目的状语从句中多用情态助动词should，此种用法不带有具体的情态意义，参见《教程》P206。这里也可以根据上文“决定重新粉刷厨房”，可以用might，表达“会；可以”的情态意义。 分句的逻辑主语与主句主语一致，引导非限定分句表目的，用so as to结构，so as to结构的否定式为so as not to。 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E a good meal. _____________________ (10. I-not be) disturbed during my painting, my wife warned our friends not to call. Before starting, I covered the floor with newspapers _____________________ (11. it-not get) spots of paint on it, and I mixed the paint thoroughly ___________________ (12. it-be) the same colour everywhere. I wore rubber gloves _______________ (13. not get) my hands dirty. I started at the top of each wall, _________________ (14. cover) up any drips lower down, and used a ladder _________________________ (15. my arms-not get) too tired. I had a rest after an hour, ___________________ (16. not get) too stiff. _____________ _______________________(17. the brush-not get) hard, I kept some turpentine (松节油) ready. I have kept the brush _________________________(18. it-use) again, and I have So that I should not be so that it should not get so that it should be so as not to get so as to cover so that my arms should not get so as not to get So that the brush should not get so that it may / can be used 引导限定分句表目的，用so that，在so that，lest，for fear that等引导目的状语从句中多用情态助动词should。 引导限定分句表目的，用so that，在so that，lest，for fear that等引导目的状语从句中多用情态助动词should。 引导非限定分句表目的，用so as to结构，so as to结构的否定式为so as not to。 引导非限定分句表目的，用so as to结构。 引导限定分句表目的，用so that，在so that，lest，for fear that等引导目的状语从句中多用情态助动词should。 引导非限定分句表目的，用so as to结构，so as to结构的否定式为so as not to。 引导限定分句表目的，用so that，这里根据上文“保留刷子”，可以用may或者can，表达“可能性”的情态意义，即“将来可能用的上”。注意：it和use为被动关系，需用被动语态。 引导限定分句表目的，用so that，so that引导的目的状语分句多置于句末，有时为了加强语气也可置于句首，相当于in order that。 引导限定分句表目的，用so that，so that引导的目的状语分句多置于句末，有时为了加强语气也可置于句首，相当于in order that。 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E cleaned it carefully _____________________ (19. it-not get) stiff. Furthermore, I have kept what is left of the paint ______________ (20. use) it if anything needs touching up. so that it shall not get so as to use 引导限定分句表目的，用so that，这里根据上文“仔细清洗过”，可以用shall，表说话者的“意图”，即作者觉得这样做“刷子就不会变硬了”。 引导非限定分句表目的，用so as to结构。 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E b) Complete the following passage, using to / too ... to / enough to / so ... as to infinitives and so (that) / so ... that constructions. Mr and Mrs Jones were __________________ (1. kind-invite) me to Christmas dinner. I had expected to have it in the hostel (大学生宿舍) __________________ (2. I-be) delighted when I got their invitation. In fact, I was ________________________ (3. happy-I-dance) a waltz with myself in my little room. How lucky I was _________ (4. get) such an invitation! The only thing that spoilt my joy a little was that I was______________ ______________ (5. unfortunate-not have) anything typical of my country to wear at the dinner. It was a white Christmas that year. It must have snowed very hard during the night, I thought, ____________________ (6. the snow-be) __________________ (7. thick-cover) my shoes. so kind as to invite so (that) I was so happy that I danced to get for the snow to be so unfortunate as not to have so thick as to cover 表达“如此…以致…”的结果含义，可以用so ... as to结构或so ... that结构，接动词不定式用so ... as to结构，so后接形容词或副词。 表达因果关系，用so that结构，这里意为“因此”，that可以省略。 表达“如此…以致…”的结果含义，可以用so ... as to结构或so ... that结构，接限定分句用so that结构。 动词不定式可以表达原因，该句意为“我能获得这样的邀请是多么地幸运啊！”。 表达“如此…以致…”的结果含义，可以用so ... as to结构或so ... that结构，接动词不定式用so ... as to结构，其否定式为so … as not to。 上文是对已经发生的事态所作的推测，这里交代结果可用动词不定式，其逻辑主语the snow与主句的主语不同，需用介词for引出。 表达“雪这么厚以至于把我的鞋子都给盖住了”这种结果含义，可以用so ... as to结构接动词不定式。 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E It felt ___________________ (8. cold-freeze) me in my tracks when I went out. I had quite a lot of friends among the students, ____________ (9. I-have) a number of cards and little presents. My tutor had been ________________ (10. kind-send) me some fur gloves! Then a parcel arrived from home! They must have posted it at just the right time _______________ (11. it-arrive) on Christmas Day. I was feeling ________________ (12. excited-untie) it, ________________ (13. I-cut) it open with the bread-knife. It was our national costume! It had arrived just in time ______________ (14. I-wear) at the dinner! cold enough to freeze so (that) I had so kind as to send for it to arrive too excited to untie so (that) I cut for me to wear 表达“天气冷得都把我冻僵了”的结果含义，可以用enough to结构，enough前面接形容词或副词。 表达因果关系，用so that结构，这里意为“因此”，that可以省略。 表达“如此…以致…”的结果含义，可以用so ... as to结构或so ... that结构，接动词不定式用so ... as to结构。 上文是对已经发生的事态所作的推测，这里交代目的可用动词不定式，其逻辑主语it与主句的主语不同，需用介词for引出。 表达“太…而不能…”的结果含义，用too ... to结构，这里不定式有否定含义。 表达因果关系，用so that结构，这里意为“因此”，that可以省略。 表目的用动词不定式，其逻辑主语me与主句的主语不同，需用介词for引出。 练习精讲 Ex.21B Ex.21A Ex.21D Ex.21C Ex.21E $$