新概念英语第二册期末复习动词时态语态2课件

过去 现在 1.“已完成”用法：动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间（常指最近的过去时间），现在已经完成了，并与现在的情况有联系。 e.g. The clock has stopped! （钟在过去某时停了，说话时仍然停着） I’ve studied Russian. （我在过去某时学的俄语，现在懂俄语） 现在完成体的用法 1 “已完成”用法实际上表示的是因果关系，动作的完成是原因，现在的情况是结果。 “已完成”用法通常不与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 “已完成”用法可以与下列时间状语连用： （1）表示不确定过去时间的状语，如already，yet，before，recently，lately等 e.g. Have you found that letter yet? （2）表示频度的时间状语，如often，sometimes，rarely，ever，never，once，twice等 e.g. He has never stopped trying and showed great perseverance. （3）表示包括现在在内的时间状语，如now，just，today，this morning，this year等 e.g. We’ve come 50 miles this morning. 2.“未完成”用法：动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能还要继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。 e.g. She has lived alone in this house for almost five years now. （她五年前来这里独居，至今还住在这里） 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 I haven’t seen him for a long time. （从上次见到他到现在已很久了，到说话时还没见到。偶尔，根据上下文也可理解为刚刚见到） “未完成”用法常与下列时间状语连用： （1）since引导的时间状语 e.g. I left school in 1995, and since then I’ve lived in London. I’ve known him since we were children. “未完成”用法通常都要与表一段时间的状语连用。 “未完成”用法的动词不能是表示短暂动作或位置移动的动词，如open，buy，join，go，leave等。 提示1 提示2 since本身含有“从过去某时到现在”之意，since表示的是一段时间的起点。 提示 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 （2）for引导的时间状语 e.g. I’ve learnt English for many years. She hasn’t been seen for quite some time. （3）其他表示包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如until / till / up to now，up to the present，so far，in / for the past / last few years，these few days，all this while（这阵子），all day，always等 e.g. How many driving lessons have you had so far? In the past few years, the fast food restaurant has improved the cooking skill to appeal to different customers. 介词for有时可以省去，如“He’s been in a meeting all morning.”。 这些时间状语都与现在有联系。 提示 提示 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 1. 与现在情况有无联系 e.g. He has lived in China for ten years. （现在还住在中国，或刚刚离开——与现在有联系） He lived in China for ten years. （现在已不住在中国——与现在无联系） Tom has lost his key. He can’t get into the house. （现在还没找到钥匙——与现在有联系） Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn’t get into the house. （昨天丢的钥匙，不知道现在是否找到——与现在无 联系） 现在完成体与一般过去时的用法比较 2 现在完成体虽然动作也发生在过去，但它属现在时，仅关注过去动作对现在所产生的影响或结果，不关注动作发生的时间。 提示 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 2. 表示确定的还是不确定的过去时间 e.g. —Have you found that letter yet? （不确定的过去时间） —Yes, I found it when I tidied my drawer. （确定的过去时间） — I haven’t seen that film yet. （不确定的过去时间） — Oh, I saw it last night. （确定的过去时间） 两人对话时，常常先用现在完成体交代背景，进而引出表示确定时间的一般过去时。 只要有确定的表过去时间的时间状语，就用一般过去时，不能用现在完成体。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 1. 表示动作还在进行 动作从过去某时开始，一直持续到说话时刻还在继续进行。常与表一段时间的状语连用。 e.g. Where is he? I’ve been waiting half an hour. （我还在等） He’s been trying to work out a solution since early morning. （他仍在努力）   2. 表示动作刚刚结束 （1）动作从过去某时开始，一直持续到说话时刻，在说话时，这个动作刚刚结束。 e.g. — Sorry, I’ve kept you waiting. — It’s all right. I’ve been reading newspaper. （说话前还在读着报） 现在完成进行体的用法 3 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 （2）有时表示最近刚刚完成的动作，其结果对现在有影响，或者有联系。 e.g. —You look tired. — Yes, I’ve been working non-stop all day. 即使是表刚刚结束的动作也强调与现在的联系：与现在相隔时间不长，对现在的影响依然存在。 这是在现在完成体“未完成”的用法时。 提示 提示 1. 与时间状语连用时，两种结构往往可互换使用，口语中多用现在完成进行体 e.g. We’ve been living here for ten years. We’ve lived here for ten years. 现在完成进行体与现在完成体的用法比较 4 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 2. 不与表一段时间的时间状语连用时，两种结构不可随便互换使用 e.g. I’ve been writing an essay. （还在写） I’ve written an essay. （已写完） 3. 用“How long...”结构询问目前正在进行动作的时间长度时，习惯上多用现在完成进行体 e.g. How long have you been waiting?   4. 表示静态动词的“未完成”用法，只能用现在完成体 e.g. We’ve known each other since childhood. I haven’t seen him for years. 这与现在完成进行体的持续性、暂时性和未完成性有关。 静态动词通常不用于进行体。 提示 提示 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 ① * Have you gone to London? ② * He has left home for six years now. ③ * I have finished my homework yesterday. ①√ Have you been to London? ②√ He has been away from home for six years now. / It is six years since he left home. ③√ I finished my homework yesterday. 典型错误 5 备注 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 过去某时 现在 1. 意义：过去完成体属于过去时态的范畴，表示“过去某时”之前的动作或状态的“已完成”或“未完成”（可继续下去），它与过去时间有联系。 e.g. He knew he had met her before. （“过去某时”由主句动词knew表明） I had written the article when they came. （“过去某时”由when-分句表明） 2. 用法：“已完成”和“未完成”的用法与现在完成体的“已完成”和“未完成”用法相同，只是时间推移到过去某时之前。 过去完成体的用法 1 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 e.g. Tom flew home, but his father had already died. （已完成——汤姆到家前父亲已去世） By six o’clock they had worked twelve hours. （未完成——他们在6点前已工作12个小时，6点后仍可能工作下去） 如果是对现在情况的主观设想，动词要用一般过去时，如“If only he were here today.”。 提示 1. 用于由if，if only，as if引导的分句中，表示与过去事态相反的主观设想。 e.g. If John had studied hard last semester, he would have got a better grade. （事实是：John didn’t study hard last semester.） If only he had been here yesterday. （事实是：He wasn’t here yesterday.） 过去完成体的想象性用法 2 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 2. 用于I wish，I’d rather等结构后面的that-分句中，表示与过去事态相反的主观愿望。 e.g. I wish I had gone with you to the concert. （事实是：I didn’t go with you.） I would rather you had told me the truth. （事实是：You didn’t tell me the truth.） 3. 用于hope，intend，expect，think，mean (=intend)，want，suppose等动词，表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。 e.g. Originally, we had intended to go to Italy, but then we won the trip to Greece. 如果是对现在情况的主观愿望，动词要用一般过去时，如I’d rather you told me the truth now. 对过去事态的假设，动词时体要前推至“过去的过去”，用过去完成体。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 We had hoped to fill the back page with extra news; we’re not quite there yet. 翻译成汉语往往可译为“原本打算/希望/想…但是…”。 提示 现在完成体与现在有联系，过去完成体与过去有联系。 e.g. The floor is clean. I have just washed it. The floor was clean. I had just washed it. 现在完成体与过去完成体用法比较 3 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 ① * You look as if you saw a ghost. ② * I thought the room to be empty but found it occupied. ③ * It was the first time that she lived independently.   ①√ You look as if you had seen a ghost. ②√ I had thought the room to be empty but found it occupied.　 ③√ It was the first time that she had lived independently. 典型错误 4 备注 重难点解析 14.1 现在完成体和 现在完成进行体的用法 14.2 过去完成体的用法 The student said there were a few points in the essay he ______ impossible to comprehend. A. B. C. D. had found finds has found would find 该题考查过去完成体的“已完成”用法。主句的谓语动词said为一般过去时，宾语从句意为“文中有几个地方他觉得难以理解”，从句意判断，“他觉得难以理解”在说话（said）之前已经完成，因此应该用find的过去完成体had found，A为正确答案。 那个学生说文中有几个地方他觉得难以理解。 专四真题链接 ______ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen. A. B. C. D. I was and always will be I have to be and always will be I had been and always will be I have been and always will be 该题考查现在完成体和一般将来时间表示法的意义。根据句意，该句应该要表达“我始终清楚自己作为公民的责任”，即时间上是从过去到将来，中间没有时间间隔。D项用现在完成体和一般将来时间表示法并列，表示“从说话时刻之前一直以及永远将…”，符合句意，因此D为正确答案。A、B、C三项时态所表达的时间段不连续，不合乎句意。 我一直以来都清楚作为一个公民的责任，将来也会一直如此。 专四真题链接 That was not the first time he ______ us. I think it’s high time we ______ strong actions against him. A. B. C. D. betrayed…take had betrayed…took has betrayed…took has betrayed…take 该题考查“It was the first time + that从句”中过去完成体的用法及句型“It is (high) time + that从句”中一般过去时的用法。在第一个句型中，由于主句使用一般过去时was，that从句（that可省略）中的动词通常用过去完成体，表示在过去某个时间之前“某人做某事是第几次了”。在第二个句型的that-分句中，用一般过去时表示主观设想，意为“真该到了…的时候了”，因此B为正确答案。 他背叛我们已不是第一次了，我想真该到了对他采取强力行动的时候了。 专四真题链接 Jack ______ from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety. A. B. C. D. has been missing has been missed had been missing was missed 该题主要考查现在完成体的用法，兼考形容词missing。由句中时间状语“for some time now”可知，这里要用现在完成体的“未完成”用法，表示“失踪”的状态要用形容词missing，不能用-ed分词missed，因此A为正确答案。 杰克到现在已经两天没回家了，我开始为他的安全担心起来。 专四真题链接 For some time now, world leaders ______ out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction. A. B. C. D. had been pointing have been pointing were pointing pointed 该题考查现在完成进行体的用法。由时间状语for some time now可知，表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作，并且强调动作的持续时间，应该用现在完成进行体，因此B为正确答案。A、C、D项都是过去时间，与时间状语不符。 一段时间以来，世界各国的首脑一直在不断地指出达成武器裁减协议的必要性。 专四真题链接 When I arrived at the meeting, the first speaker ______ and the audience ______. A. B. C. D. had finished speaking, were clapping had finished speaking, had clapped finished speaking, clapped finished speaking, were clapping 该题考查过去完成体的“已完成”用法和过去进行体的用法。由句意可知，第一位演讲者的动作“finish speaking”先于过去某时的动作“arrived”发生，表示“过去的过去”，因此用过去完成体；而观众鼓掌的动作“clap”与arrived同时发生，并且有持续性，因此用过去进行体。因此A 为正确答案。 我到达会场时第一位演讲者已经演讲完毕，观众们正在鼓掌。 专四真题链接 本讲主要介绍了与完成体相关的四种时体形式的用法：现在完成体、现在完成进行体、过去完成体、过去完成进行体。理解现在完成体的关键是把握“与现在时间有联系”，不论是“已完成”用法还是“未完成”用法，都强调过去某时发生的动作或过程对现在产生的影响或结果，即这种影响和结果现在依然存在。“已完成”用法因动作或过程已经完成，通常不与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，特别要注意表短暂动作和位置移动的动词。现在完成体后常常不跟表过去的时间状语，即使有表过去的时间状语，一般也须表示笼统的过去时间而非确切的过去时间，这与现在完成体不关注过去有关；一般过去时后面常跟有表过去的时间状语。现在完成进行体是现在完成体与进行体的结合，因而强调动作在完 本讲总结 成过程中的持续性、暂时性和未完成性，多与持续性动态动词连用。过去完成体（俗称“过去的过去”），表示“过去某时”之前的动作或状态的“已完成”或“未完成”，它与过去时间有联系，这个“过去时间”可由时间状语、分句或上下文表示出来。过去完成体的想象性用法容易跟一般过去时的假设性用法相混淆，关键是判断是对过去情况的假设还是对现在情况的假设。 本讲总结 1. 2. 3. 4. A: You look exhausted! B: Yes, I _______________________ (play) tennis and I _______________ (not play) for years, so I’m not used to it. How long __________________________________ (you learn) English? He ________________________ (sleep) since ten o’clock. It’s time he woke up. I _____________ (know) Miss Huggins for several years. I ________________ (read) her latest novel, but I ______________ (not finish) it yet. have you been learning / have you learned has been sleeping /has slept have been playing haven’t played have known have been reading haven’t finished 练习精讲 Ex.14B Ex.14A Ex.14D Ex.14C Ex.14E 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Lee ______________ (learn) English for several years, and at last he ____________ (master) the irregular verbs. It _____________ (rain) but it __________ (stop) now. ______ you ________ (read) War and Peace? (= Do you know War and Peace?) I __________________ (read) your book. (= I haven’t finished it.) She ______________ (cry) again. (Look, her eyes are red!) The President ___________________ (assassinate). (= The President is dead.) have been reading has been crying has been learning has mastered has been raining has stopped Have read has been assassinated 练习精讲 Ex.14B Ex.14A Ex.14D Ex.14C Ex.14E When I (1) ________ (open) the door I (2) ________ (see) a man on his knees. He clearly (3) ________________ (listen) to our conversation and I (4) ________ (wonder) how much he (5) _________ (hear). When I (6) ________ (ask) him what he (7) _________________________ (do), he (8) ________ (say) that he (9) __________ (drop) a 50p piece outside the door and (10) ________________ (look) for it. I (11) ___________ (not see) any sign of the money, but I (12) _________ (find) a small notebook and a pencil which he probably (13) _____________ (drop) when the door (14) __________ (open) suddenly. So he (15) ________________ (take) notes of our conversation! The notes (16) __________ (be) written in a foreign language, so I (17) ________ (turn) to the stranger and (18) _________ (ask) him to translate. But he (19) __________ (pull) my hat over my opened opened had been listening wondered had heard asked had been doing / was doing said had dropped had been looking didn’t see found had dropped saw had been taking were turned asked pulled 语篇以第一人称的视角讲述自己的一次经历。叙述过去某时发生的短暂动作，用一般过去时，连词when表明opened和saw两个动作几乎同时发生。 语篇以第一人称的视角讲述自己的一次经历。叙述过去某时发生的短暂动作，用一般过去时，连词when表明opened和saw两个动作几乎同时发生。 此句为作者猜测在开门（opened the door）之前一直在发生的持续动作，用过去完成进行体。 叙述作者当时的心理活动，用一般过去时。 宾语从句中的动作先于主句动作，且强调已经听到的结果，用过去完成体。 继续叙述作者当时询问的动作，用一般过去时。 叙述陌生人“he”当时的言语动作，用一般过去时。 宾语从句中的动作发生于主句动作said之前，用过去完成体。 宾语从句的动作在主句的动作said之前，且强调一直持续地进行着，用过去完成进行体。 继续叙述作者当时的两个动作“没看到”和“发现”，用一般过去时。 继续叙述作者当时的两个动作“没看到”和“发现”，用一般过去时。 强调drop的动作发生在开门之前，用过去完成体。open为当时发生的动作，用一般过去时。 强调drop的动作发生在开门之前，用过去完成体。open为当时发生的动作，用一般过去时。 这是作者猜想开门前“he”一直在进行着的持续动作，用过去完成进行体。 继续叙述笔记本当时的状态，用一般过去时。 叙述作者当时发出的两个连续动作“转向”和“要求”，用一般过去时。 叙述作者当时发出的两个连续动作“转向”和“要求”，用一般过去时。 叙述当时陌生人出乎意料地做出的两个连续动作“拉帽子”和“逃跑”，用一般过去时。 强调在开门(opened the door)之前一直进行着的持续动作，用过去完成进行体；也可侧重强调当时正在进行的动作，用过去进行体。 练习精讲 Ex.14B Ex.14A Ex.14D Ex.14C Ex.14E eyes and (20) ___________ (run) off down the corridor. By the time I (21) ___________________ (recover) from the shock he (22) ______________ (disappear) round the corner. Curiously enough, when I (23) ________ (move) my foot I (24) _________ (find) that I (25) ________________ (stand) on a 50p piece. Perhaps he (26) _________________ (tell) the truth after all! ran (had) recovered had disappeared moved found had been standing had been telling 带有由by the time引导的时间状语分句的句子，主句和从句可以同时使用过去完成体，但更多情况还是从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成体。该句意为“等到我从震惊中回过神来，他早已从拐角处消失了”。 叙述当时陌生人出乎意料地做出的两个连续动作“拉帽子”和“逃跑”，用一般过去时。 带有由by the time引导的时间状语分句的句子，主句和从句可以同时使用过去完成体，但更多情况还是从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成体。该句意为“等到我从震惊中回过神来，他早已从拐角处消失了”。 继续叙述作者当时的动作及发现，用一般过去时。 继续叙述作者当时的动作及发现，用一般过去时。 强调在found之前一直在进行着的持续动作，用过去完成进行体。 强调从陌生人回答我的问话开始，一直到他跑掉之前一直持续的动作，用过去完成进行体。 练习精讲 Ex.14B Ex.14A Ex.14D Ex.14C Ex.14E 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. She wishes she ___________ (not say) it. A: We ___________ (expect) that you would plaster the walls this week! B: I’m sorry! I _____________ (intend) to plaster them this week, but I’ve been too busy. I’ve just lost my bicycle. I wish I ___________ (not lose) it. If only you ___________ (not tell) Jackie what I said, everything would have been all right. I _________ (mean) to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. hadn’t said hadn’t lost hadn’t told had meant had expected had intended 练习精讲 Ex.14B Ex.14A Ex.14D Ex.14C Ex.14E 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. They ___________ (want) to help but couldn’t get here in time. If the weather __________ (not be) warm, you couldn’t have grown tobacco. I’d rather you __________ (give) me a new one instead of having the old one repaired as you did. You look as if you ________ (see) a ghost. If writing _____________________ (never invent), we would have no books. had wanted hadn’t been had given had seen had never been invented 练习精讲 Ex.14B Ex.14A Ex.14D Ex.14C Ex.14E 1. 2. 3. It’s the first time I _________________ (explain) this particular aspect of grammar. A: Derek’s a fool. He ________ (drink) a lot at a party yesterday and then ________ (drive) home. Of course the police ________ (get) him and ________(give) him a breathalyser test (呼气测醉试验). B: It’s the second time he _______________________ (breathalyse); they’ll probably ban him from driving for two years. I was lucky actually because that _____ (be) the second time I ___________ (visit) China that year. have explained drank drove got gave has been breathalysed was had visited 练习精讲 Ex.14B Ex.14A Ex.14D Ex.14C Ex.14E 4. 5. A: Are you going abroad this year? B: No, we _______________ (stay) at home and decorate the house. It ________ (be) the first holiday I ___________ (not be) abroad. A: ______ you ever ________ (be) to Portugal? B: Yes, I _______ (go) there five years ago. I _______ (go) on a package tour (包价旅游). In fact it ______ (be) the first time I ________ (be) on a package tour, and I _______ (like) it so much I always ______ (go) on package tours now. are going to stay will be haven’t been Have been went went was had been liked go 练习精讲 Ex.14B Ex.14A Ex.14D Ex.14C Ex.14E Dear Peter, (1) _____ you by any chance (1) ________ (know) where Bob is? I (2) _________________ (like) to find out because I (3) ______________(just hear) of a job that (4) _____________ (exactly suit) him, but if he (5) ___________ (not apply) fairly soon, of course he (6) __________ (not get) it. I last (7) ________ (see) him about a month ago, when he (8) ___________ (just leave) his job with the film company. He (9) ________ (say) he (10) ___________ (go) to France for a holiday and (11) __________ (promise) to send me a post card with his French address as soon as he (12) ____________ (find) a place to stay. But I (13) ____________ (hear) nothing since then and (14) ________________ (not know even) whether he (15) ________ (go) to France or not. Do know should /would like went have just heard would exactly suit doesn’t apply won’t get saw had just left said was going promised (had) found have heard don’t even know know为静态动词，通常不用于进行体，询问现在的情况及状态，用一般现在时。注意疑问句的语序。 情态助动词should/would用于语气委婉地提出问题或看法。注意：这里should/would不能理解为过去式。 表达“刚听说”为过去发生的动作对现在的影响，用现在完成体，强调已经获悉。注意：副词just通常位于助动词之后。 表达“有可能适合”这种讲话人对一定事态所作的不十分肯定的推测，可以用情态助动词would，用would肯定程度比will弱。注意：副词exactly通常位于助动词之后。 在条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来，主句用一般将来时间表示法。 在过去特定时间“a month ago”发生的动作，用一般过去时。 表示按过去的计划、安排即将在某一过去时间发生的事态，可用动词go的过去进行体was going表过去将来，即表达would go的意思。 在过去特定时间“a month ago”发生的动作，用一般过去时。 leave的动作发生在saw之前，要用过去完成体。注意：副词just位于助动词之后。 在过去特定时间“a month ago”发生的动作，用一般过去时。 过去特定时间“a month ago”发生的动作，同时作为said的并列谓语，用一般过去时。 时间状语since then表明该句强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响，用现在完成体。 表示现在的情况及状态，用一般现在时。注意：这里照应信件开头的Do you know…。 表示过去特定时间“a month ago”发生的动作，用一般过去时。注意：这里照应上文He said he was going to France…。 know为静态动词，通常不用于进行体，询问现在的情况及状态，用一般现在时。注意疑问句的语序。 在条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来，主句用一般将来时间表示法。 (He) promised to send me a post card…as soon as he…相当于(He) promised that he would send me a post card…as soon as he…，可见，在as soon as引导的时间状语从句中，应该用一般过去时found表过去将来，表明两个动作to send me a post和found a place to stay将会同时发生。如果要强调“找到住处”发生在“寄明信片”之前，则可以用过去完成体had found。 练习精讲 Ex.14B Ex.14A Ex.14D Ex.14C Ex.14E If you (16) _____________ (know) his address, I (17) _________________ (be) very grateful if you (18) _________ (phone) me. I (19) __________ (try) to phone you several times but your phone (20) ____________________ (not seem) to be working. Yours, Jack know should/would be would phone have tried doesn’t / didn’t seem 照应信件开头的Do you know…，表示现在的情况及状态，用一般现在时。 语气委婉地提出问题或看法，用情态助动词should或would。注意：这里should/would不能理解为过去式。 语气委婉地询问对方的“意愿”，用情态助动词would。 由several times可知，“打过几次电话”是强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响，用现在完成体。 可以用一般现在时表示电话经常打不通的情况，也可以用一般过去时表示当时电话打不通的情况。 练习精讲 Ex.14B Ex.14A Ex.14D Ex.14C Ex.14E $$