新概念英语第二册动词课件

1. 半助动词：介乎主动词和助动词之间、并能表达一定情态意义的语法结构。 e.g. You will have to work hard if you are to succeed. 2. 半助动词的语法特征 （1）半助动词须和不定式连用构成复杂动词词组，才能表达完整意义。 （2）半助动词之后的不定式可以是一般式、进行体或完成体。 （3）半助动词之后的不定式可以是被动态。 （4）半助动词可用于there be句型。 （5）半助动词前面可以带有其他情态助动词。 半助动词及其分类 1 备注 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 e.g. They chanced to be staying at the same hotel. （半助动词 + 进行体） His eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep. （半助动词 + 完成体） Park illegally, and you’re likely to be ticketed. （半助动词 + 被动态） There chanced to be someone there I knew. （用于there be句型） Few firms will be willing to gamble on new products. （情态助动词 + 半助动词） 3. 两类半助动词 第一类：多数不能与it ... that句型转换的半助动词，如be about to，have to，tend to等。 情态助动词与半助动词结合可以表达复杂的情态意义。 提示 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 第二类：少数能与it ... that句型转换的半助动词，如be certain to，be (un)likely to，appear to，chance to，happen to，seem to，turn out to等。 第二类“半助动词 + 不定式”结构可以与it … that句型相互转换，转换时需注意： （1）that分句的主语变为“半助动词 + 不定式”结构的主语。 （2）确定相应的半助动词。 （3）that分句若为否定句，则半助动词也需变为否定句。 （4）不定式的时体与that分句的限定动词词组的时体形式一致。 半助动词与it … that句型的转换关系 2 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 e.g. [1] It seems that John’s not coming after all. John doesn’t seem to be coming after all. [2] It is certain that our team will win. Our team is certain to win. be certain to含有将来时间的意思，其后的不定式不必用进行体表将来。 许多半助动词具有准状语的特征，可以和相应的副词相互转换，如：“He apparently enjoyed the concert.”可转换为“He appeared to enjoy the concert.”。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 1. 动态动词：表示运动状态的动词，即人或事物的动作、行为、特征或感情的变化。这类动词既可用于非进行体，也可用于进行体。 三类动态动词及其语法特征： （1）表示持续动作的动词，可用于非进行体和进行体。 如：drink，eat，fly，play，rain，read，run，sit，stand，sleep，talk，watch，write，work等。 e.g. Jane works at a fast food restaurant. （习惯） She has been working there for a long time. （持续） 动态动词和静态动词 1 用于非进行体时，通常表示普遍真理、事实，或表示整体的、习惯的或特有的动作。 用于进行体时，强调现在或过去某一时刻持续、重复、经常的动作。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 （2）表示状态改变或位置移动的动词，可用于非进行体和进行体。 如：become，turn，get，grow，change，go，come，fall，run，arrive，reach，leave等。 e.g. The journey soon became tedious. The world is becoming increasingly interdependent. When we got to the station, the train had left. I caught him just as he was leaving the building. （表将来） （3）表示短暂动作的动词，用于非进行体表示现在或过去的一次性短暂动作，用于进行体表示短暂动作的不断重复。 如：hit，jump，kick，knock，open，close，put，shut，take out等。 come，go，arrive，leave等表位置移动的动词用于进行体时，表示即将发生的动作。 提示 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 e.g. He opened the box and out jumped a frog. He was opening and closing the door to make sure that it worked properly. 2. 静态动词：表示一种相对静止状态的动词，即表示人或物的固定和特有的状态和特征。这类动词通常用于非进行体，若用进行体，往往会有语义变化。 四类静态动词及其语法特征： （1）主动词be和have（作“有”解），通常不用于进行体。 e.g. Jim is a teacher, but 20 years ago he was a soldier. We have friends all over the world. 若用于进行体往往改变含义，变成动态动词，如“He is being foolish (= is acting foolishly).”。 提示 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 （2）含有静态动词be或have意义的动词，通常不用于进行体。 如：apply to，belong to，differ from，cost，weigh，measure，fit，hold，lack，resemble等。 e.g. This rule applies to everyone. （is applicable to） The auditorium holds 2000 people. （has a capacity for） （3）表示感觉的动词，通常不用于进行体。 如：feel，hear，see，sound，smell，taste，hurt，ache等。 e.g. The soup tastes good. （尝起来） 比较：He is tasting the soup. （在品尝） Did you hear the noise? （听见） 比较：The judge was hearing a case. （在审理） 若用于进行体往往改变含义，变成动态动词，如“He is resembling his father (=is becoming more and more like his father).”。 提示 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 （4）表示心理或情感状态的动词，通常不用于进行体。 如：assume，believe，consider (= think)，detest，fear，hate，hope，imagine，know，like，love，mean，mind，notice，prefer，regret，remember，suppose，think，understand，want，wish等。 e.g. What do you think? （认为） 比较：What are you thinking about? （在思考） Few people understand the difference. （理解） 比较：Now you’re understanding this a little better. （开始明白） 若用于进行体往往改变含义，变成动态动词。 提示 feel（摸起来），hear（听起来），see等感官动词若用于进行体往往改变含义，变成动态动词。 ache，feel（感觉），hurt等表示肉体疼痛的动词，用于非进行体和进行体含义不变，如“My foot aches / is aching.”。 提示1 提示2 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 1. 词组动词：是指由两个或两个以上单词构成的多词动词。在语法和意义上相当于一个单词动词，如come by（= obtain），catch up with（= overtake）等。 2. 词组动词的特征 （1）词组动词的意义往往不是该组词各个单词含义的总和，不能拆开理解，有些还有多义。 （2）词组动词多半可以与意思相似的单词动词互换使用。 （3）词组动词中的小品词不能去掉，也不能换用其它意义相似的动词。 词组动词 2 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 3. 词组动词的主要类别 （1）动词 + 介词 account for (= explain) come across (= encounter) look after (= watch) look into (= investigate) send for (= summon) take to (= like) ... （2）动词 + 副词小品词 blow up (= explode) bring up (= raise / train / educate) break out (= erupt) call off (= cancel) crop up (= appear) figure out (= understand) pass away (= die) put on (= pretend) take in (= cheat)… 相当于一个单词及物动词，随后跟宾语。 提示 有的相当于及物动词，如call off，figure out；有的相当于不及物动词，如break out，pass away。 提示 备注 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 （3）动词 + 副词小品词 + 介词 break in on (= interrupt) fill in for (= replace) look forward to (= expect) look up to (= respect) put up with (= bear) run up against (= encounter) ... 通常都相当于及物动词。 提示 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 1. 限定动词：指动词有现在时形式和过去时形式，在句中作谓语，受主语的限定，在形式上通常与主语保持人称和数的一致。限定动词主要用于： （1）一般现在时 e.g. He just calls in occasionally. （2）一般过去时 e.g. Nobody was in when we called. （3）祈使句 e.g. Call me Jo — it’s short for Joanna. （4）虚拟式 e.g. Jack demands that Victor call off the mission. 限定动词与非限定动词 1 最重要区别：限定动词（词组）有“时”的标记，而非限定动词（词组）没有“时”的标记。 限定动词有“时”的标记。 提示 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 2. 非限定动词：指动词的不定式、-ing分词、-ed分词，不能单独作谓语，必须与一定的助动词结合构成复合谓语，或者在句中充当主语、宾语、补语、状语等句子成分。 不定式主要用于： （1）不定式分句 e.g. Could I use your phone to call a cab? （2）情态助动词后 e.g. I would like a place I could call my own. -ing分词主要用于： （1）进行体助动词之后 e.g. The commission is calling for a global ban on whaling. （2）–ing分词分句 e.g. Calling it “a tonic for the nation”, he gave it the green light. -ed分词主要用于： （1）被动态助动词be之后 e.g. The outer skin of the orange is called the “zest”. 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 （2）完成体助动词have之后 e.g. He has called off the trip. （3）-ed分词分句 e.g. I’ve got to be ready to produce the goods if called upon. 非限定动词没有“时”的标记，在形式上也不受主语的人称和数的制约。 提示 1. 限定动词词组的两种构成方式 （1）由一个主动词构成的简单动词词组 e.g. He is a player without equal. She worked as a research chemist. 限定动词词组 2 “时”的特征体现在主动词上。 提示 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 （2）由一个或一个以上助动词 + 主动词构成的复杂动词词组 e.g. He was doing it all by himself. （was体现“时”） The committee has been dissolved. （has体现“时”） 2. 限定动词词组的八种结构形式（以do为例）： “时”的特征体现在助动词上或第一个助动词上。 提示 限定动词词组主动态有8种时体形式，被动态有6种时体形式。 提示 时体形式 主动态 被动态 一般现在时 do / does am / is / are done 一般过去时 did was / were done 现在进行体 am / is / are doing am / is / are being done 过去进行体 was / were doing was / were being done 现在完成体 have / has done have / has been done 过去完成体 had done had been done 现在完成进行体 have / has been doing —— 过去完成进行体 had been doing —— 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 非限定动词词组：由不定式、-ing分词或-ed分词等非限定动词开首的动词词组叫做非限定动词词组。其第一个词是一种不变的形式，没有“时”的标记，也不受主语的“人称”和“数”的制约。 1.不定式开首的非限定动词词组（以do为例）： e.g. It was nice of them to invite us. It was a great honour to be invited here today. 非限定动词词组 3 不定式和-ing分词有“体”的形式，其中非进行体也有被动态形式。 提示 不定式 主动态 被动态 一般形式 (to) do (to) be done 进行体 (to) be doing —— 完成体 (to) have done (to) have been done 完成进行体 (to) have been doing —— 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 They all seemed to be enjoying themselves. We are glad to have invited you. He is said to have been invited. She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.   2. -ing分词开首的非限定动词词组（以do为例）： e.g. He liked reading to his grandchildren. I saw her being interviewed. Having invited you, I expected you to come. Having been invited, he should have come. -ing分词本身表进行，没有进行体形式。 提示 -ing分词 主动态 被动态 一般形式 doing being done 完成体 having done having been done 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 3. -ed分词非限定动词词组：done e.g. He’s had his beard shaved off. When questioned, he denied everything. -ed分词表被动或完成，没有其他形式。 提示 重难点解析 12.1 助动词分类 12.3 限定动词（词组） 与非限定动词（词组） 12.2 主动词分类 Mrs Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if she will ______. A. B. C. D. pull back pull up pull through put out 该题考查词组动词pull through。pull through意为“恢复健康；渡过难关”，符合语义逻辑。A项意为“把…向后拉；撤退”，B项pull up意为“拉起；使…停下”，D项put out意为“拔出；取出；熄灭”，均不合句意。 布朗夫人的病情看起来非常严重，她能否挺过来令人怀疑。 专四真题链接 Chris ran ______ John at a sporting-goods trade show and the two quickly struck ______ an easy rapport. A. B. C. D. into ... up on ... into across ... on against ... into 该题考查词组动词run into和strike up。run into和run across都有“偶然遇见”之意，strike up意为“开始（交往、认识、交谈等，尤指偶然）”，strike up an easy rapport意为“建立一种融洽的关系”，strike on意为“突然想起；意外发现”，因此A符合语境。run on意为“继续下去”，相当于不及物动词，不能接宾语。run against通常意为“与…竞选”，strike与into不构成搭配。 克里斯在一个体育用品贸易展上遇到了约翰，两人很快就建立了一种融洽的关系。 专四真题链接 During the economic crisis, they had to cut back production and ______ workers. A. B. C. D. lay into lay off lay down lay aside 该题考查词组动词lay off。lay off意为“解雇”，合乎语境。lay into意为“痛打；痛斥”；lay down意为“放下；制定；主张”；lay aside意为“搁置；储蓄；留存”，均不合语境。 在经济危机期间，他们不得不减产并裁员。 专四真题链接 The speaker was very good at _____ his ideas during the discussion. A. B. C. D. putting aside putting across putting back putting off 该题考查词组动词put across。put across意为“使…被接受；解释清楚”，合乎语境。put aside意为“储存；暂不考虑；把…放在一边”；put back意为“放回原处；推迟”；put off意为“推迟；扔掉；阻止”，均不合句意。 这位发言人很善于在讨论中将他的观点表达清楚。 专四真题链接 During the summer vacation, kids are often seen hanging _____ in the streets. A. B. C. D. about on over out 该题考查词组动词hang about。词组动词hang about意为“徘徊；闲荡”，符合句意，故A为正确答案。B项hang on意为“坚持下去；不挂断；握住不放”；C项hang over意为“笼罩；威胁；被遗留下”；D项hang out意为“挂出去；坚持下去”，均不符合句意。 暑期里常常见到小孩子们在街上闲逛。 专四真题链接 The football match was _____ because of the heavy rain. A. B. C. D. called over called up called out called off 该题考查词组动词call off。词组动词call off意为“取消”，符合句意，故D为正确答案。A项意为“点名”，B项意为“打电话给；召集”，C项意为“唤起；出动；大声叫唤”，均不符合句意。该题与《教程》P127 Ex.12B-2类似。 那场足球赛由于大雨被取消。 专四真题链接 Professor Johnson’s retirement _____ from next January. A. B. C. D. carries into effect     takes effect has effect    puts into effect 该题考查词组动词take effect。A项carry into effect和D项put into effect意为“使…生效”，需带宾语或用被动语态；而词组动词take effect意为“生效”，相当于不及物动词，可以独立使用；C项has effect意为“有效果或影响”，与句意不合，故B为正确答案。 约翰逊教授明年一月份退休。 专四真题链接 Whenever possible, Ian _____ how well he speaks Japanese. A. B. C. D. shows up shows around shows off shows out 该题考查词组动词show off。词组动词show off意为“炫耀；卖弄”，符合句意，故C为正确答案。A项意为“露面；露出”，B项意为“带领…参观”，D项意为“送出（客人）”，均不符合句意。 只要可能，伊恩就会炫耀自己的日语讲得好。 专四真题链接 The old couple will never ______ the loss of their son. A. B. C. D. get over get away get off get across 该题考查词组动词get over。词组动词get over意为“从…中恢复过来”，符合句意，故A为正确答案。B项get away意为“离开；逃脱”；C项get off意为“动身；免于受罚；从…下来”；D项get across意为“通过；使…被理解”，均不符合句意。 那对老夫妇永远不能从丧子之痛中走出来。 专四真题链接 My mother can’t get ______ because she has rheumatism (风湿病). A. B. C. D. about on through in 该题考查词组动词get about。词组动词get about意为“走动”，符合句意，故A为正确答案。B项get on意为“进展”；C项get through意为“完成；渡过”；D项get in意为“进入；到达”，均不符合句意。 我母亲因患风湿病不能走动。 专四真题链接 本讲开始涉及英语中最活跃、最重要的词类——动词和动词词组。动词是构成句子的核心，英语时、体、态、式、人称、数的变化都可从动词中得到体现，把握动词的变化是学习英语的关键。本讲的学习主要是理解动词和动词词组的相关基本概念，形成知识体系，为后续相关章节的学习打下基础。 掌握助动词的分类，理解助动词所能实现的语法功能，重点掌握常见的半助动词。及物动词、不及物动词及连系动词的分类可与简单句基本句型的学习结合起来，注意在不同语境中许多动词的跨类现象。动态动词和静态动词的分类与动词的时、体形式密切相关，注意静态动词通常不用于进行体，若用于进行体就变成了动态动词。词组动词具有整体 本讲总结 意义，在日常英语中被大量使用，多半可以与意思相似的单词动词互换使用，平时注意勤于积累，很多词组动词都与介 词有关，学习时可以结合第27讲“介词与动词的搭配”部分。主动词出现在句子中时有两种限定形式和三种非限定形式，其最主要的区别在于非限定形式没有“时”的区分。熟练掌握限定动词词组的各种时体形式，这是学习时态的基础；熟悉以不定式开首的非限定动词词组的形式，以及以-ing分词开首的非限定动词词组的形式，为20‒23讲的学习打下基础。 本讲总结 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It is likely that he will let you down (拆你台，使你失望). It happened that John was the only witness. It seems that John’s not coming after all. Tim hasn’t arrived yet. What’s wrong? He should have arrived at five. They’ll certainly need help. He is likely to let you down. John happened to be the only witness. John doesn’t seem to be coming after all. He is supposed to have arrived at five. They are certain to need help. 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. How can I pay my debts? The new building will be six storeys high. You mustn’t talk like that. You must be joking. He can be stupid at times. How am I to pay my debts? The new building is going to be six storeys high. You’re not to talk like that. You’ve got to be joking. He tends to be stupid. 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. I met him by chance in the park. The swimmer did not reach the shore. The purse could not be found. John must be in the office. He did keep his word. I chanced to meet him in the park. The swimmer failed to reach the shore. The purse was not to be found. John is bound to be in the office. He did not fail to keep his word. 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The meeting was cancelled because of the flu epidemic. I don’t think you can overtake them; they left two hours ago. The road safety campaign had succeeded in reducing road deaths. I waited for her in the park for a long time but she didn’t come. I hit him so hard that he fell unconscious. called off catch up with cutting down turn up knocked him out 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. You mustn’t omit the difficult questions; answer all of them. Chinese students of English often confuse the words ‘lie’ and ‘lay’. It is imperative that you should train your children well. Never postpone till tomorrow what you can do today. The village is so small that we are always meeting our friends accidentally. leave out mix up bring up put off running into 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C 11. 12. 13. 14. Tickets for the Russian Ballet were all sold on the first day. I used to believe his tall stories; now he rarely succeeds in deceiving me. They rejected her application because they preferred a man for the job. The chairman brought his speech to an end by thanking the staff for their hard work. sold out taking me in turned down wound up 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C 15. He undertook evening work to make some extra money, but at the end of the year he was completely exhausted and had to abandon it. took on, worn out, give it up 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 这个案件正由警察调查中。(look into) 不久孩子们就对他们的新老师产生好感。(take to) 当她苏醒过来时，她发现自己躺在医院里。(come to) 他并非真正悲伤，不过是在装模作样。(put on) 你能想出办法解决这一问题吗？(figure out) This case is being looked into by the police. Before long the children had taken to their teacher. When she came to, she found herself lying in a hospital. He was not really feeling sad. He was just putting on. Can you figure out a way to solve this problem? 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 别受骗上当。(take in) 我很生气，他竟说出那种粗话。(come out with) Sophie 明天将请一天假，我必须顶替她。(fill in for) 我们都尊敬林医生，因为她忘我地为病人服务。(look up to) 她太懒了，把住房弄得一塌糊涂。(make a mess of) Don’t be taken in. I got very angry that he should come out with that rude remark. Sophie is going to take a day off tomorrow; I must fill in for her. We all look up to Doctor Lin, because she serves her patients selflessly. She was so lazy that she made a mess of her room. 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C The ultimate test, in my child mind, for (1) ________ (find) out the difference between black and white, (2) ________ (occur) one day in a bus station in Alabama. While (3) ________ (wait) with my parents at the station, I (4) ________ (study) the two water fountains (喷泉式饮水器) against the far wall. Side by side they (5) ________ (stand). A big sign above one (6) ________ (read) “whites only”. The sign above the other fountain (7) ________ (read) “colored only”. I (8) ________ (decide) that once and for all I would (9) ________ (satisfy) my curiosity about the water fountains which always (10) ________ (carry) the signs above them. Was the water (11) ________ (color) in the “colored only” one, or did it (12) ________ (taste) different? Since no one was (13) ________ (watch) me, I (14) ________ (slip) over and quickly (15) ________(take) a sip of the water in the “colored only” fountain. finding occurred waiting studied stood read read decided satisfy carried colored taste watching slipped took for是介词，后面需用-ing分词（动名词）作补足成分。the test for意为“对…的测验，考验”。 作者叙述自己在孩提时代的一次经历，动词用一般过去时，下文中的4、5、6、7、8、10、14、15、16、18、19、20、21、22、23与此相同。 从句主语和主句主语相同（I），而且动词带有be的适当形式，因此while引导的时间状语从句可以省略主语I和be，而保留-ing分词，即带从属连词的-ing分词分句。 叙述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时，这里studied意为“仔细观察”。 叙述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时。注意：该句为地点状语前置，主语为代词，并非倒装语序。 叙述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时，read可译为“写着”。 叙述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时。 叙述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时，词组once and for all意为“一劳永逸地”。 would为情态助动词，后接动词原形，satisfy my curiosity意为“满足我的好奇心”。 叙述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时。 color这里是动词，意为“着颜色”，该句为被动语态，需用color的过去分词colored。 助动词did后需用动词原形构成一般疑问句。 助动词was后用watch的-ing分词构成过去进行体，交待后续动作发生的背景。 叙述过去发生的短暂动作，用一般过去时，句中slip over意为“悄悄溜过去”。 叙述过去发生的短暂动作，用一般过去时，take a sip of意为“喝一小口”。 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C When I (16) ________ (find) it (17) ________ (be) every bit the same as the water in the “whites only” fountain, I (18) ________ (run) back to my parents and (19) ________ (shout), “Dad, I just (20) ________ (drink) some water from the colored fountain and it (21) ________ (taste) just the same as the other.” My father’s answer (22) ________ (be) a quick, hard slap. That day I (23) ________ (learn) not (24) ________ (question) the difference between black and white. found was ran shouted drank tasted was learned to question 叙述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时。 叙述过去存在的状态，用一般过去时，every bit the same as意为“和…完全一样”。 叙述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时。 叙述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时。 虽然是直接引语里的话，但是“喝水”的动作发生在说话之前，用一般过去时。 “尝”的动作发生在说话之前，用一般过去时。 叙述过去存在的动作或状态，用一般过去时。 表达“学会做”需在learn之后接不定式结构作宾语，句中not to question为不定式的否定式。 叙述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时，learn意为“学会”。 练习精讲 Ex.12B Ex.12A Ex.12D Ex.12C $$