内容正文:
冠词(不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词)与三类名词的搭配关系是冠词用法的基础,其搭配关系见下表:
冠词与三类名词的搭配关系
1
不定冠词 定冠词 零冠词
单数可数名词 a horse the horse
复数可数名词 the horses horses
不可数名词 the water water
备注
单数可数名词前必须有冠词(或其他限定词)。我们可以说a car, the car,this car,my car,但不能说car,除非是在介词词组中才有例外情况,如by car。
提示1
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
类指:表示类别,即泛指一类人或事物。三类冠词都可以表类指。
e.g. The owl cannot see well in the daytime.
An owl cannot see well in the daytime.
Owls cannot see well in the daytime.
特指:指一类人或物中的特定对象,特指又分确定特指和非确定特指。
确定特指:非常明确地指出何人或何物。定冠词the常用作确定特指。
非确定特指:没有明确指出特定对象,往往是“言者已知,听者未知”的信息。不定冠词和零冠词常用作非确定特指。
区分冠词的类指和特指
2
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
例如:
A long time ago, there was a tiger in the forest. He was the king of the animals. One day the tiger asked a little cat to see how his palace was built.
(a tiger:非确定特指,指“森林里的某只老虎”)
(the tiger:确定特指,指上文提到的“那只老虎”)
We had coffee with the team members. (非确定特指——某种咖啡,但没有具体说明哪一种)
He had decorated the room with flowers.(非确定特指——某些花,但没明确指出种类和颜色等具体信息)
不定冠词 定冠词 零冠词
类指 √ √ √
特指 确定特指 √
非确定特指 √ √
各类冠词的主要用法
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
表非确定特指是不定冠词的主要用法,常用于说话人第一次提到某人或某物时,表达“某个/某种…”之意,在谈话或语篇中起引导作用。
零冠词与表示家庭成员的单数名词搭配,可以表确定特指含义。比如:“Mother says that we should help him.”。句中Mother特指说话者(“我”)的妈妈。
提示1
提示2
冠词的类指用法与特指用法主要取决于语境。比如:A cat is a domestic animal. (类指——猫这一类动物),A cat is running after a mouse.(非确定特指——某一只猫)。
提示3
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
1. 定冠词表类指
(1)“the + 单数名词”,表类指,常用于正式语体。
e.g. No one knows precisely when the wheel was invented.
The whale is a mammal, not a fish.
(2)“the + 形容词 / 分词”,表一类人或事物,一类抽象概念或事物。
e.g. The young should show respect for the old.
The true, the good and the beautiful would not exist without the false, the evil and the ugly.
(3)“the + 表民族国籍、阶层、政党成员的复数名词”,也可用于类指。
e.g. The Chinese are an industrious people.
He says he keeps away from the lawyers and the doctors.
三类冠词表类指的典型用法
3
这种情况在讨论科技问题的时候是很普遍的。
提示
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
2. 不定冠词表类指
(1)通常用于主语位置,特别是给事物下定义时,多用不定冠词 + 单数名词表类别。
e.g. A microscope is an instrument for examining very small objects.
A refrigerator is a machine used for keeping things cold.
(2)位于补语位置表职业、身份等。
e.g. He wants to be a doctor.
His actions made him a hero.
提示
以某一类事物中一个有代表性的成员来指代一类,这里a(n)相当于any one。
这时a(n)不能理解为数量“一个”,该用法不强调数量,译成汉语时可不译。
提示
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
3. 零冠词表类指
(1)“零冠词 + 复数名词”表类别,泛指一类人或事物。
e.g. Cigarettes are bad for your health.
Cats and tigers belong to the same family of mammals.
(2)“零冠词 + 不可数名词”表类别。
e.g. Happiness is often the product of honesty and hard work.
I offered him tea, not coffee.
用复数笼统地泛指一类人或事物,隐含“所有的”之意。
提示
隐含“任何数量的…;任何程度的…”之意。
提示
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
确定特指是定冠词的基本表意功能,确定特指分为如下三种情况。
1. 后照应特指:也叫“回指”,是说指代对象出现在上文。
e.g. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for
a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this, the beggar
stood on his head and sang songs. (特指上文提到的“a
beggar”)
They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamond from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. (特指上文提到的“a valuable parcel of diamond”)
I had just lost $50 and I felt very upset. “I left the money in my room,” I said, “and it’s not there now.” (特指上文提到的“$50”)
定冠词表确定特指的用法
4
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
2. 前照应特指:也叫“下指”,是说所指意义取决于下文的后置修饰语。
e.g. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither.
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.
He knows that if they trust him, he can give them the happiness which they crave.
定冠词既可与单数名词搭配表确定特指,也可与复数名词搭配表确定特指,还可与不可数名词搭配表确定特指。
后照应特指通常是第二次提到的人或物。
提示1
提示2
前照应特指的名词后面带有介词词组、关系分句、非限定分句等限制性修饰语。
提示
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
3. 语境特指:所指意义不取决于上下文,而是完全取决于语境或共有知识。
e.g. Shut the door, please.
(说话双方都知道的“那扇开着的门”)
Where will the meeting take place?
(说话双方都知道的“将要开的那次会议”)
The moon was low in the sky.
(人们的共有知识知道其所指)
备注
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
1. 一般规律
大多数人名、地名、节日名称前不用定冠词。
e.g. Shakespeare,London Bridge,Christmas
2. 带定冠词的特殊情形
(1)专有名词之前带有表职业或其他限制性修饰语时
e.g. the poet Keats,the young Shakespeare
(对比Keats,Shakespeare)
(2)大洋、大江、大河、大海峡、大海湾、大运河;大沙漠、大山脉、大群岛及复数形式的地理名称前(地区、国家、列岛等)
冠词与专有名词的搭配
1
专有名词本身就“独指”,带有确定特指的含义,通常不需要定冠词来限定。
提示
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
e.g. the Pacific (Ocean),the Rhine,the Strait of Magellan,the Suez Canal;
the Sahara,the Himalayas,the Penghu Islands,the Philippines
(3)个别岛、湾带of-后置修饰语时
e.g. the Isle of Wight (对比 Long Island)
the Bay of Naples (对比 Hudson Bay,San Francisco Bay)
(4)多数公共组织、机构、建筑设施等名称前
e.g. the Senate,the British Museum,the BBC
多是些宽广、宏伟、连绵不绝的大洋、大河、运河、山脉、群岛等,有些以复数形式存在。
提示
不必单独记忆,可归入普通名词带有后置修饰语的情形。
提示
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
(5)多数报纸、杂志名称前
e.g. The People’s Daily,The Times,The Economist
(6)带有festival的表节日的名词词组
e.g. The Spring Festival,The Dragon Boat Festival
The已成为专有名词不可分割的一部分,因此其首字母需大写。
提示
备注
在中学知识的基础上,可主要关注如下四种情况:
1. 在度量衡名称前常用定冠词,也可用不定冠词
e.g. We are paid by the hour / the piece.
It sells at two dollars the pound / a pound.
冠词与普通名词的搭配
2
这里的the含有“per(每一)”的意思,by是“按照”的意思。
提示
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
2. 职位/头衔名称前常用零冠词,特别是作主语补语、宾语补语或同位语时
这些名词包括:author,chairman,boss,captain,director,goalkeeper,head,king,president,manager,prime minister,secretary等。
e.g. John F. Kennedy was (the) President of the United States in 1961. (主语补语)
They elected him general manager of the company. (宾语补语)
This is Professor Hunter, head of the delegation. (同位语)
3. 在school,church等机构处所名词前冠词的选择
这些名词包括:bed,church,class,college,hospital,prison,school,table,university等。
虽然上述诸例用定冠词也不错,但用零冠词更常见,尤其用于一个时期内仅有一人担任的职务。
提示
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
这类名词与定冠词或不定冠词搭配,表示机构处所的本意;使用零冠词,表示机构处所的功能。
e.g. in the bed / church / class / college / hospital / prison / school
在床上 / 教堂 / 班级里 / 大学里 / 医院里 / 监狱里 / 学校
in bed / church / class / college / hospital / prison / school
睡觉 / 做礼拜 / 上课 / 上大学 / 住院 / 坐牢 / 上学
4. 对“击打”身体部位等名词的特指,习惯上用定冠词,而不用物主限定词
基本结构:catch / grab / hit / hold / kick / kiss / pat / pull / seize / shake / strike / take / touch等动词 + 宾格 + 介词in / on / by + the + 身体部位
这些词多是些公共场所名词,发挥专有的公共职能,用零冠词与介词搭配时已转化为抽象名词。
提示
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
e.g. The branch sprang back and hit him in the face.
(平坦、柔软的部位前常用in)
He gave Mike a bash on the nose.
(坚硬、突出的部位前常用on)
The owner of the stall, a large, thuggish man, grabbed
Dave by the collar. (可以扭住的部位常用by)
1. 两个名词构成的对称结构中,名词一般用零冠词
(1)同一名词重复出现,一般具有副词功能。
e.g. They talked face to face. (面对面地)
The contestants went toe to toe with their rivals.
(旗鼓相当地)
(2)不同名词为列举或排比起见并列使用。
e.g. We should serve the people heart and soul.
(全心全意地)
冠词的其它用法
3
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
The poor man lived from hand to mouth.(仅能糊口地)
2. 某些介词词组中名词词组带定冠词和零冠词的语义区别
区别:
带定冠词,通常表示名词的本义
零冠词,通常表示名词比喻或引申义
例如:
这类对称结构很多都已变成了抽象或引申意义。
提示
① at the bottom of 在…的底部
② in the future 将来
③ at the end of 在…的尽头
④ in the hand 在手中
⑤ at the top of 在…的顶端
⑥ after / in the fashion of 依照…
⑦ in the front of 在(内部)…的前面
⑧ in the case of 至于;就…而言
⑨ in the possession of 为…所拥有(有被动含义)
at bottom 本质上;实际上
in future 从今以后
on end 连续地
at hand 在附近;即将发生
on top of 除…之外;在…之上
in fashion 时兴;流行
in front of 在(外部)…的前面
in case of 如果;假若…的话
in possession of 拥有(有主动含义)
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
3. 用零冠词的其他常见情形
(1)在独立结构中,单数可数名词前用零冠词 (表典型的物体)
e.g. Eugene, cigar in mouth and pen in hand, tossed him his card.
The old man was sitting in a chair, pipe in mouth.
(2)在倒装的让步状语从句中(as,though引导),作主语补语的名词前用零冠词
e.g. Fool as he is, John could not have done such a thing.
She has more sense than Mary, child though she is.
(3)两个单数名词连用,表示同一个人或成套的两件东西,第二个名词前用零冠词
可类比school,church,hospital等表机构处所的名词前冠词的选择。
提示
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
e.g. He is a journalist and author. (记者兼作家)
There is a horse and cart on the road. (一辆马车)
(4)在“kind / sort / type + of”等结构后的单数名词前,常用零冠词
e.g. I really feel aggrieved at this sort of thing.
What type of car are you looking for?
重难点解析
9.1 冠词的
类指和特指
9.2 各类名词
前的冠词用法
The boys in the family are old enough for ________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
schools
school
the school
the schools
该题考查零冠词的用法。在bed,church,school,hospital,office,table等名词之前,若带定冠词或不定冠词表示各名词所指的处所;若带零冠词则表示其功能。题干提到“家里的男孩们已到___的年龄了”,介词for后需要接表抽象概念的词语,指男孩们已成长到上学的年龄了,并不特指上某类或某所学校,此处应该用零冠词,因此B为正确答案。相关内容参见《教程》P82。
家里的男孩们已到上学年龄了。
专四真题链接
The idea of travelling through space to other planets interests many people today.
A.
B.
C.
D.
a
the
/
one
该题考查零冠词的用法。句中space意为“空间;太空”,属抽象名词,其前面不用定冠词或不定冠词,也不用数量词修饰,故选项C为正确答案。
现如今许多人对穿越太空到其他行星上旅行的想法颇感兴趣。
专四真题链接
______ human problems that repeat themselves in ______ life repeat themselves in ______ literature.
A.
B.
C.
D.
/, /, the
/, the, /
The, /, /
The, the, the
该题考查定冠词的特指用法及零冠词的用法。life和literature是表泛指的抽象名词,一般不用冠词修饰;human problems后面有关系分句修饰,是表特指的名词词组,前面一般要用定冠词。因此C为正确答案。
人类在生活中重复的种种问题也在文学作品中不断重复。
专四真题链接
The rising crime rate is ________ major concern of _______ society.
A.
B.
C.
D.
the, the
a , /
a, the
a, a
该题考查不定冠词和零冠词的用法。concern表示“关切之事”时,非特指,应该用不定冠词a表类指。society为表示抽象概念的名词,其前一般不用冠词,泛指“社会”。因此B为正确答案。
不断上升的犯罪率是社会的一项主要忧患。
专四真题链接
Ted couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm, but he knew it was ______ Sunday, because everybody was at ______ church.
A.
B.
C.
D.
/, the
a, /
/, a
the, a
该题考查不定冠词和零冠词的用法。通常日期前不加冠词,但要表示“某一个”这类概念时要加不定冠词,a Sunday即为“某一个星期天”之意。at church为固定词组,意为“做礼拜”,介词之后也不需要加冠词,如果加冠词at the church意为“在教堂里”。该句为“做礼拜”之意,因此B为正确答案。
Ted记不得那场暴雨的确切日期了,但他知道那是一个星期天,因为大家都在做礼拜。
专四真题链接
本讲的内容较难掌握,因为汉语中没有冠词,英语中冠词的用法又相对复杂。冠词是最典型的一类限定词,掌握冠词的用法首先要熟悉冠词与三类名词的搭配关系,然后区分冠词的类指和特指用法。三类冠词都可以表类指,这时冠词的选择不仅要考虑语体,还要结合词义、上下文及位置等因素。冠词的特指要区分确定特指和非确定特指,确定特指主要由定冠词实现,非确定特指可由不定冠词或零冠词实现。冠词与专有名词及普通名词的搭配需要记忆的知识点较多,可以通过区分一般规律和特殊情形来学习,学习中可多用比较法帮助记忆,同时离不开大量的练习。另外,冠词的学习最好在语篇语境中进行。
本讲总结
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Benita enjoys wearing _____ jewelry.
This is _____ first time that the child has seen _____ elephant.
For many people, _____ childhood was a happy time.
It takes _____ courage to begin a new life in _____ strange country.
She is wearing _____ beautiful dress her mother bought her.
_____ healthy society can tolerate a lot of criticism.
/
/
/
the
the
an
a
A
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
7.
8.
9.
10.
_____ Man has just taken his first steps into _____ space.
I love _____ mountains, but I hate _____ sea.
If you go by _____ train, you can have quite _____ comfortable journey, but make sure that you get _____ express, not _____ train that stops at all _____ stations.
In _____ cold climate, we wear clothes made of _____ wool or _____ fur. In _____ warm weather, we wear _____ suits or _____ dresses made of _____ lighter material.
/
/
/
the
/
a
an
a
the
a
/
/
/
/
/
a
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
There was (1) ____ knock on (2) ____ door. I opened it and found (3) ____ small dark man in (4) ____ check (格子花纹) overcoat and (5) ____ soft hat. He said he was (6) ____ employee of (7) ____ gas company and had come to read (8) ____ meter. But I had (9) ____ suspicion that he wasn’t speaking (10) ____ truth because (11) ____ meter readers usually wear a peaked (有檐的) cap. However, I took him to (12) ____ meter, which is in (13) ____ dark corner under (14) ____ stairs. I asked if he had (15) ____ torch (手电筒); he said he disliked torches and always read (16) ____ meters by (17) ____ light of (18) ____ match. I remarked that if there was (19) ____ leak in (20) ____ gaspipe, there might be (21) ____ explosion while he was reading (22) ____ meter. He said, “As (23) _____ matter of (24) ____ fact there was (25) ____ explosion in (26) ____ last house I visited;
a
the
a
a
an
the
the
a
the
/
the
a
the
a
the
a
a
a/ the
an
the
a
an
the
a
/
定冠词表特指,指双方都知道的门,为语境特指。
句中knock意为“短促的敲击声”,为可数名词,不定冠词与单数名词连用表非确定特指,常用于语篇中第一次提及的某人或某物。
man为可数名词,是语篇中第一次提及的人,与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。
hat为可数名词,是语篇中第一次提及的物品,与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。
overcoat为可数名词,是语篇中第一次提及的物品,与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。
定冠词表特指,指双方都知道的煤气公司,为语境特指。
employee为可数名词,是语篇中第一次提及的人,与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指,并且employee为元音读音开头的单词,用不定冠词an。
meter在这里意为“煤气表”,定冠词表特指,指双方都知道的煤气表(“我”家的煤气表)。
抽象名词truth多与定冠词连用,常见的搭配有speak / tell the truth, know / learn the truth, find out / discover the truth, get at / to the truth等。
在短语have a suspicion (that / about) 中suspicion为可数名词,意为“疑心;猜疑”。
指上文提到的煤气表,用定冠词表特指,为后照应特指。
复数名词词组meter readers用零冠词表类指,指“抄表员”。
corner为单数可数名词,为文中第一次提及的事物,与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。
torch为单数可数名词,为文中第一次提及的事物,与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。
定冠词表特指,指下面有煤气表的那段楼梯。
light后有of-词组作后置修饰语,用定冠词表特指。
复数名词meters用零冠词表类指。
match为单数可数名词,为文中第一次提及的事物,与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。
gaspipe为单数可数名词,为文中第一次提及的事物,可与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。该句如果理解为特指“我”家里的煤气管道,则用定冠词表确定特指。
leak为单数可数名词,为文中第一次提及的事物,与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。
定冠词表特指,指上文提到的煤气表,为后照应特指。
explosion为单数可数名词,为文中第一次提及的事物,与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指,explosion为元音读音开头的单词,要用不定冠词an。
as a matter of fact为固定短语,相当于in fact,作为插入语使用,意为“实际上”。
不定冠词an与单数可数名词explosion连用,表非确定特指,指“抄表员”经历过的那次爆炸,这里an还有“一次”之意。
as a matter of fact为固定短语,相当于in fact,作为插入语使用,意为“实际上”。
/
house后面有后置修饰成分,且其前面有通用序数词,需用定冠词表特指。
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
and Mr Smith, (27) ____ owner of (28) _____ house, was burnt in (29) ____ face. Mr Smith was holding (30) ____ lighted match at (31) ____ time of (32) ____ explosion.” To prevent (33) ____ possible repetition of this accident, I lent him (34) ____ torch. He switched on (35) ____ torch, read (36) ____ meter and wrote (37) ____ reading (读数) down on (38) ____ back of (39) ____ envelope. I said in (40) ____ surprise that (41) ____ meter readers usually put (42) ____ readings down in (43) ____ book. He said that he had had (44) ____ book but that it had been burnt in (45) ____ fire in (46) ____ Mr Smith’s house. By this time I had come to (47) ____ conclusion that he wasn’t (48) ____ genuine meter reader; and (49) ____ moment he left (50) ____ house I rang (51) ____ police.
the
the
the
a
the
the
a
a
the
the
the
the
an
/
/
/
a
a
the
/
the
a
the
the
the
定冠词表特指,指上文提到的房子,为后照应特指。
专有名词Mr Smith之后,其同位语的名词词组的中心名词前面用定冠词表特指。
表谓语动词所及的身体部位时,用定冠词表特指,这里的the相当于物主限定词,如hit sb. in the face / on the nose。
介词词组at the time of意为“在…的时候”,定冠词表特指。
虽然上文提及match,但这里lighted match(点燃的火柴)为第一次提及的新事物,与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。
repetition为可数名词,为文中第一次提及的事物,可与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。
定冠词表特指,指上文提到的爆炸,为后照应特指。
虽然上文提及一个torch,但这里的torch并非上文“I asked him if he had a torch”中的torch,而是“我”给他的一个torch,应视为文中第一次提及的新事物,用不定冠词与单数可数名词连用,表非确定特指。
定冠词表特指,指上文提到的楼梯下的“煤气表”,为后照应特指。
定冠词表特指,指上文提到的我给他的“手电筒”,为后照应特指。
back后有of-词组作后置修饰语,用定冠词表特指。
定冠词表特指,指双方都知道的“煤气表”的读数,为语境特指。
back后有of-词组作后置修饰语,用定冠词表特指。
复数名词词组meter readers为零冠词表类指。
in surprise为固定搭配,意为“吃惊地”。
book为可数名词,为文中第一次提及的事物,可与不定冠词连用,指抄表员用的本子。
复数名词readings为零冠词表类指。
虽然上文提及一个book,但这里的book并非上文“meter readers usually put readings down in a book”中抄表员通常带的book,而是“他”自己的book,应视为文中第一次提及的新事物,用不定冠词与单数可数名词连用,表非确定特指。
Mr Smith’s house的名词词组中,Mr Smith’s为表特指的限定词,前面不再加冠词。
fire后有介词词组作后置修饰语,用定冠词表特指。
reader为单数可数名词,与不定冠词搭配,表类指。注意:这里的genuine meter reader并非上文中的meter reader。
conclusion后有that分句作后置修饰成分,用定冠词表特指。
the moment,the minute之类的名词词组在句中充当引导词,引导时间状语从句,意为“一…就”。
police为集体名词,定冠词the与集体名词搭配,表类指,the police指“警方”。
定冠词表特指,指双方都知道的主人公所在的房子,为语境特指。
介词词组at the time of意为“在…的时候”,定冠词表特指。
envelope为可数名词,为文中第一次提及的事物,可与不定冠词连用,表非确定特指。
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
Straits of Gibraltar (直布罗陀海峡) / The Straits of Gibraltar separates Spain and Morocco.
Are you staying at home for Christmas / the Christmas?
Olympic Games / The Olympic Games for 2008 were held in China.
Times / The Times is a British daily newspaper.
He was one of the youngest to be elected to Senate / the Senate (参议院).
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.
5.
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
There is John Spence / a John Spence waiting to see you in the office.
Watermans / The Watermans? Oh yes, we know them well.
White House / The White House is refusing to comment on the report.
I wanted to go to university / the university, but I wanted to be an actor more.
I’d like to go to university / the university where I once studied law.
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.
10.
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
Hovercraft (气垫船) / The hovercraft is much quicker than boat / the boat.
If you’re in a hurry, take a taxi / the taxi.
Film / The film is a form of mass entertainment.
Can you imagine a world / the world with no wars, no hunger, no pain?
My granddaughter is studying law / the law at Shanghai University.
11.
0
12.
0
13.
14.
15.
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
Sam had worked 30 years for (1) _____ same company and now he had to retire. As (2) _____ sign of gratitude, (3) _____ company held (4) _____ dinner in (5) _____ honor. “Sam,” announced (6) _____ boss, “it is (7) _____ great honor to present (8) _____ gift to you on behalf of (9) _____ company.” Sam walked down to (10) _____ front of the table and accepted (11) _____ gift with (12) _____ pride. It was (13) _____ gold watch and on it was written “To faithful Sam for 30 years of service.” Sam wept. “I am at (14) _____ loss for words.” At home, (15) _____ wife looked at (16) _____ gold watch critically. “For this you worked 30 years? (17) _____ cheap gold-plated watch?”“It’s (18) _____ thought, dear,” answered Sam. “(19) _____ important thing is that I am not working any more.” (20) _____ wife held (21) _____ gold watch to (22) _____ ear and said, “Neither is (23) _____ watch.”
the
a
the
a
his
the
my
a
the
the
the
/
a
a
Sam’s
the
A
the
The
His
the
her
your
当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词,这是不定冠词与单数可数名词连用表非确定特指,这里a还有“一个”的指量含义。a sign of意为“一种…的象征 / 标志”。
same前面常用定冠词the,表特指,指Sam一直效力的那家公司。
定冠词表特指,指上文提到的Sam所在的公司,为后照应特指。
in one’s honor为固定短语,意为“为了向…表示敬意”。
句中dinner为说话人第一次提及的事物,通常用不定冠词,这是不定冠词与单数可数名词连用表非确定特指,这里a还有“一次”的指量含义。
It’s one’s honor to do sth.为常用句型,意为“某人很高兴做某事”。
定冠词表特指,指Sam的公司老板。
句中gift为说话人第一次提及的事物,通常用不定冠词,这是不定冠词与单数可数名词连用表非确定特指,这里a还有“一个”的指量含义。
front之后有of-词组作后置修饰语,用定冠词表特指。
定冠词表特指,指上文提到的Sam所在的公司。
pride为抽象名词,零冠词用于抽象名词前表一般概念,do sth. with pride意为“自豪地做某事”。
定冠词表特指,指上文提到的礼物。
句中gold watch为说话人第一次提及的事物,前面通常用不定冠词,这是不定冠词与单数可数名词连用表非确定特指,这里a还有“一块”的指量含义。
wife前面宜用Sam的属格形式,以明确指代对象,如用his则可能引起歧义。
at a loss为固定搭配,意为“不知所措”,at a loss for words可译为“一时不知道该说什么好”。
虽然上文已提及watch,但这里的watch带有新的修饰语“cheap gold-plated”,应视为新信息,用不定冠词a,这里用a也有指量含义。
定冠词表特指,指上文提到的金表,为后照应特指。
定冠词表特指,指下文Sam将要说的话,为前照应特指。
指Sam’s wife,为避免重复,用物主限定词his。
定冠词表特指,指下文主语补语从句的内容。
该句主语为she,ear前面需用相应的物主限定词her。
定冠词表特指,指上文提到的金表,为后照应特指。
这句是妻子与Sam的对话,妻子承接上文Sam的话“我不再工作了”,这里她说的是“表也不走了”,显然指对方Sam的表,因此填your。
当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词,这是不定冠词与单数可数名词连用表非确定特指,这里a还有“一个”的指量含义。a sign of意为“一种…的象征 / 标志”。
in one’s honor为固定短语,意为“为了向…表示敬意”。
句中gold watch为说话人第一次提及的事物,前面通常用不定冠词,这是不定冠词与单数可数名词连用表非确定特指,这里a还有“一块”的指量含义。
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He expected his orders to be carried out on spot.
The mountain was covered with trees from the top to the bottom.
Mary can speak French in fashion.
You can approach my secretary in the case of need.
Every time I was in a trouble, my husband would not lend hand.
on the spot
from top to bottom
in a fashion
in case of
in trouble, lend a hand
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
There are shops within the reach of the house.
Nobody was allowed to eat out. In case of Jones an exception was made.
Margaret’s excellent performance left all the other girls in shade.
They are in the possession of a large amount of new information.
He kept his invention under the cover until it was patented (取得专利权).
within reach of
In the case of
in the shade
in possession of
under cover
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
光比声走得快。(sound)
请安静。别让我听见一点声音。(sound)
他这样做是出于好意。(kindness)
谢谢你。你帮了我一个忙。(kindness)
你有英法词典吗?
Light travels faster than sound.
Be quiet, please. Don’t let me hear a sound.
He did it out of kindness.
Thank you. You have done me a kindness.
Have you got an English-French dictionary?
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
你有英文词典和法文词典吗?
在房屋前面有一个花园。(front)
在书的卷头有一幅插画。(front)
吃饭时不要多话。(table)
我的朋友正伏案写信。(table)
Have you got an English and a French dictionary?
There is a garden in front of the house.
There is a picture in the front of the book.
Don’t talk too much at table.
My friend was sitting at the table writing a letter.
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
11.
12.
如果有病,你必须马上就医。(case)
Pauline比较迟钝,这与Mary的情况不同,她就是懒。(case)
You must immediately consult a doctor in case of illness.
Pauline is stupid, but it is different in the case of Mary;
she is just lazy.
练习精讲
Ex.9B
Ex.9A
Ex.9D
Ex.9C
Ex.9F
Ex.9E
$$