2024-2025学年高中英语沪外版(2020)选择性必修第三册电子版 清单

上海外语教育出版社选修三 STRESS Have you ever felt sick to your stomach during a test? Have you had days when you were so loaded down with homework that you had trouble sleeping? Have you ever been so worried about something that you ended up with a terrible headache? If so, you know what it's like to feel stressed. You've probably heard people say, "Wow, I'm really stressed out" or "This is making me totally stressed." Maybe you hear adults talk like that all the time. But teenagers have lots of things going on in their lives that can cause stress, too. What is stress? Stress is what you feel when you are worried or uncomfortable about something. This worry in your mind can make you physically feel bad. You may feel angry, frustrated, scared, or afraid—which can give you a stomachache or a headache. When you're stressed, you may not feel like sleeping or eating, or you may sleep or eat too much. You may also have trouble paying attention at school or remembering things at home. What causes stress? Plenty of things can cause stress, and there are such things as good stress and bad stress. Good or normal stress might show up when you're called on in class or when you have to give a report. Have you ever had butterflies in your stomach or sweaty hands? These can be signs of good stress—the kind of stress that can help you get things done. For example, you may do a better job on your book report if the anxiety inspires you to prepare well before reading it to the class. But bad stress can happen if the stressful feelings last for a long time. You may not feel well if a family member is sick, if you're having problems at school, or if you're going through anything else that makes you upset every day. That kind of stress isn't going to help you. It can actually make you sick. What to do when feeling stressed? Once you recognise that you're feeling stressed, there are several things you can do. You can try talking about what's bothering you with an adult you trust, like a parent or a teacher. Bring up what's been on your mind and how it makes you feel. An adult may have ideas about how to solve whatever is worrying you or troubling you. To have a balanced life is the best way to avoid stress. That means making good decisions about how to spend your time. If you're only dealing with school stuff and have no time to play, you can get stressed. Make sure you keep your SELF in mind: Sleep, Exercise, Leisure and Food. Getting enough sleep and eating healthy food are two great ways to help handle stress. You can also turn to relaxation exercises to get rid of stress. The easiest one is to breathe in slowly and deeply through your nose, and then breathe out slowly through your mouth. You can do exercises like this anytime, without anyone noticing. If you take care of yourself and get enough sleep and food, and if you exercise and leave time for fun stuff, you'll probably be less stressed out! ANXIETY AND TEENS While all teens feel anxious from time to time, some feel it more than others. Say your best friend tells you she's going to the airport with her dad to learn to skydive. She's totally excited. But just thinking of skydiving causes you tremendous anxiety. Your stomach churns, your heart races, and you feel a lump in your throat when you try to swallow. You can't believe your friend is actually doing this, and you think about it all day long. When she calls that evening, she says she can't wait to skydive again—"It was thrilling!" While you and your friend are both thinking about skydiving, you perceive the situation in very different ways. How much anxiety is too much? Here are some of the signs of excess anxiety. ·You feel anxious, worried, or afraid for no reason at all. Normally, teens feel anxiety because of something specific—like taking a test or going out on a date. But if there's no obvious reason for your feelings, your anxiety level may be too high. ·You worry too much about everyday events or activities. Some worries are normal. But if you're constantly worrying about things that are out of the ordinary, or if you worry so much about those events that you avoid them, your anxiety level is too high. ·You continually check whether you did something right. While it's normal to check something you did to make sure it's right, continuing to check it again and again is a sign that you have way too much anxiety. ·You're so panicky that you are unable to function in certain situations—like taking tests or socialising with friends. How can teens cope with anxiety? Many teens find ways to cope with the high anxiety they feel. It's important to recognise your emotions, to know what you're feeling and why you're feeling that way. It's also important to find healthy ways of coping with anxiety. Recognising the types of situations that cause your anxiety is helpful. Sometimes just admitting that a situation is stressful and being prepared to deal with it can reduce your anxiety. If you try these simple measures and still have too much anxiety, getting treatment from a health care professional or therapist is the next step. Relaxation techniques can help reduce anxiety and negative thoughts and help you manage stress. Common relaxation techniques include deep abdominal breathing, meditation, listening to calming music, and activities like yoga and Taijiquan. Some people find that chanting (even a single word) or singing or focusing their vision on an object also helps them achieve a more relaxed state of mind. WITH ONE SMALL GESTURE One day, when I was a freshman in high school, I saw a kid from my class walking home from school. He seemed to be carrying all of his books. His name was Kyle. I thought to myself, "Why would anyone bring home all his books on a Friday?" Then I saw a bunch of kids running toward him, knocking all his books out of his arms and tripping him so he landed in the dirt. His glasses went flying, landing in the grass about ten feet from him. He looked up and I saw this terrible sadness in his eyes. I jogged over to him. As he crawled around looking for his glasses, I saw a tear in his eye. As I handed him his glasses, he looked at me and said, "Thanks!" There was a big smile on his face, showing real gratitude. I helped him pick up his books and asked him where he lived. He turned out to live near me. We talked all the way home, and I carried his books. He was a pretty cool kid and I asked him if he wanted to play football with me and my friends on Saturday. He said yes. We hung out all that weekend. The more I got to know Kyle, the more I liked him. And my friends thought the same of him. Monday morning came, and there was Kyle with the huge stack of books again. I stopped him and said, "You are gonna really build some serious muscles with this pile of books every day!" He just laughed. Over the next four years, Kyle and I became best friends. When we began to think about college, Kyle decided on Georgetown, and I was going to Duke. Graduation day came and Kyle was selected as the speaker at the graduation ceremony. I was so glad it was he who got up there and spoke. I could see that he was nervous about his speech. So, I patted him on the back and said, "Hey, big guy, you'll be great!" He looked at me with one of his really grateful looks and smiled, "Thanks!" When it came to his turn, he cleared his throat and began. "Graduation is a time to thank those who helped you through those tough moments. Your parents, your teachers, your siblings... but mostly your friends. I am going to tell you a story..." I just looked at my friend in disbelief as he told the story of the first day we met. He had planned to drop out of school because of loneliness and sadness at the new place. He talked of how he had cleaned out his locker so he would never come back. He looked at me and gave me a little smile. "Thankfully, it was my friend who helped me out." I heard the gasp go through the crowd as this handsome, popular boy told us all about his weakest moment. I saw his mom and dad looking at me and smiling that same grateful smile. Not until that moment did I realise its depth. Never underestimate the power of your actions. With one small gesture you can change a person's life. THE LAST LEAF At the top of a three-storey building in Greenwich Village lived Sue and Johnsy. When they met for the first time, the two young women painters discovered that they liked the same kind of art, the same kind of food, and the same kind of clothes. So they decided to live and work together. Toward winter, a bad sickness—pneumonia—visited the village and touched many people, including Johnsy. She lay on her bed almost without moving. One morning the busy doctor spoke to Sue alone, "She has a chance, if she wants to live. Yet your little lady has decided not to get well." After the doctor had gone, Sue went into the workroom to cry. Then she walked into Johnsy's room, smiling and singing. Johnsy lay there, very thin and quiet, with her face toward the window. Sue stopped singing, thinking that Johnsy was asleep. Then she heard a low sound, again and again. She went quickly to the bedside. Johnsy was looking out the window and counting. "Twelve," she said; and a little later, "Eleven"; and then, "Ten," and, "Nine"; and then, "Eight," and, "Seven," almost together. Sue looked out the window. There was only the side wall of the next house and an old tree against the wall. "Six," said Johnsy in a lower voice. "There goes another one. There are only five now." "Five what, dear?" "Leaves. On the tree. When the last one falls, I must go, too. I've known that for three days. Didn’t the doctor tell you?" "Oh, I never heard of such a thing," said Sue. "What have old ivy leaves to do with your getting well? The doctor told me this morning that you had very good chances. Try to eat a little now. Then I will go back to work and sell my picture to buy you something good to eat to make you strong." "There goes another," said Johnsy, still looking out the window. "No, I don't want anything to eat. Now there are four. I want to see the last one fall before night. Then I'll go, too." "Try to sleep," said Sue. "I must call Behrman up to be my model for the picture. I'll not be gone a minute." Old Behrman was a painter who lived on the ground floor beneath them. He was past sixty and had had no success as a painter. He had been always about to paint a masterpiece, but had never begun it. He earned a little by serving as a model to those young artists. And he believed that it was his duty to do everything possible to help Sue and Johnsy. Sue found him in his dark room, and told him about Johnsy and the leaves. Old Behrman shouted his anger over such an idea. Johnsy was sleeping when they went up. Sue covered the window, and took Behrman into the workroom. There they looked out the window fearfully at the tree. A cold rain was falling, with a little snow in it too. Sue began to paint and worked through most of the night after Behrman left. In the morning, she went to Johnsy's bedside. With her eyes wide-open, Johnsy was looking toward the window. "I want to see," she told Sue. Sue took the cover from the window. But after the beating rain and the wild wind through the whole night, there yet stood out against the wall one ivy leaf. "It is the last one," said Johnsy. "It will fall today, and I shall die at the same time." The day wore away. As it grew dark, they could still see the leaf. And then, as the night came, the north wind began to blow again. The rain still beat against the windows. The next morning, the leaf was still there. Johnsy lay for a long time looking at it. And then she called to Sue, "Something has made that last leaf stay there to show me how bad I was. It is wrong to want to die. I'll try to eat now." The doctor came in the afternoon, and Sue had an excuse to go into the hallway as he left. "Even chances," said the doctor. "With good nursing you'll win." The next day the doctor said to Sue, "She's out of danger. You've won. Nutrition and care now—that's all." And that afternoon Sue came to Johnsy's bed and put one arm around her. "I have something to tell you," she said. "Mr Behrman died of pneumonia today. When people found him in his room, his shoes and his clothes were wet and as cold as ice. "And then they also found a lantern that he had taken outside and his materials for painting. And— "Look out the window, dear, at the last leaf on the wall. Didn't you wonder why it never moved when the wind blew? It is Behrman's great masterpiece." STONEHENGE One of prehistory's most amazing monuments is Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England. This huge monument is made of enormous blocks of stone, and their size is impressive—the largest stones weigh about 50 tons and measure more than 9 metres in length! Thousands of years have passed since the first blocks of stone were brought to Salisbury Plain, but the origins and the meaning of Stonehenge remain a mystery. Through the centuries no one has ever been able to reveal the mysteries hidden in these gigantic blocks of stone. How old is Stonehenge? For centuries no one knew its exact age, but with the invention of radiocarbon dating, scientists were able to tell us that the oldest parts of Stonehenge were built around 5,000 years ago. This makes them older than the pyramids of Egypt. Historians and archaeologists now think that Stonehenge was built in three main phases, between about 3,000 BCE and 1,100 BCE. They refer to these phases as Stonehenge Ⅰ, Ⅱ and ⅠⅡ. At the start of the first phase, in around 3,000 BCE, ancient people dug a large hole in the form of a circle. In the middle of the circle they made a small hill with the earth from the hole. But why was Stonehenge built? Some historians think that it was used as a cemetery because human bones have been found there. The second phase of Stonehenge began in around 2,100 BCE—before the wheel was invented. Stonehenge was rebuilt using around 80 blocks of stone, each weighing about 4 tons. Archaeologists know that these stones (called "bluestones") came from the mountains of South Wales, about 320 kilometres away. But how people transported the bluestones to Salisbury Plain remains a mystery. The third phase of Stonehenge began in around 2,000 BCE. For some mysterious reason, the early Bronze Age people decided to rearrange the bluestones to form the circle we see today. They added new, even larger stones to form structures called trilithons (two tall stones with a third across the top). The new stones weighed an incredible 50 tons each, and they were pulled to Stonehenge from an area over 30 kilometres away. No one knows exactly how many people were involved in this incredible journey, or how they built the trilithons. Today about half of the original monument survives. Over the years some stones have fallen and others have been taken away and used for building. Why did these ancient people devote so much time and energy to this huge monument? What took place at Stonehenge? There have been many theories over the centuries. Today many experts believe that Stonehenge was built as an observatory or a calendar. The British astronomer Sir Norman Lockyer first suggested this in 1901, but many scholars did not agree with him. In 1963 another astronomer, Gerald Hawkins, discovered that the important stones point to different positions of the sun or the moon. He concluded that Stonehenge was an observatory and also a kind of primitive computer. He said that it predicted eclipses and the summer and winter solstices. But there are still many uncertainties. How did the ancient people who built Stonehenge know where to put the stones? How could they calculate the movements of the sun and the moon without the knowledge we have today? Some people even hold the belief that aliens from another world were involved in the construction of Stonehenge. Will anyone ever find the right answer to the mystery? THE MOST UNKNOWN AND MYSTERIOUS PLACES ON EARTH Humans are born explorers and adventurers. We have this "desire" to explore new places and to go beyond. We have already climbed the highest mountain, explored the vastness of the Antarctica and the emptiness of Sahara. We have also reached outer space, stepped on the surface of our neighbour, the moon, and one day might even explore the vastness of our universe. There seems to be no end to humanity's appetite for exploring our surroundings and the unknown. However, there are still some places on Earth that have not yet been reached or fully explored. And these places are some of the most isolated and mysterious places on this planet. Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean Located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, the Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the world's oceans. The trench measures around 2,550 km long and 70 km wide on average, and reaches a depth of over 10,994 metres at one small part known as the Challenger Deep. The Mariana Trench is considered one of the least explored parts of the world due to its extreme depth. At this depth, the water pressure can be very dangerous. Still, life can be found in this part of the ocean. Previous expeditions to the trench have revealed a number of organisms and sea creatures, living in the deep sea. Vale do Javari, Brazil With an area of about 85,444.82 , Vale do Javari is one of the largest indigenous territories in Brazil. The rainforest was named after the vast Javari River, which is the most important river system in the region. It is one of the most isolated places on Earth and also one of the hardest places to reach. The isolation of this remote place is largely due to the thick forest and extreme geographic location. In spite of its isolation, the tropical rainforest is home to a great number of indigenous people or Indian tribes. Those tribes, believed to be as many as 200 to 3,300 people, were first discovered through satellite images of the vast rainforest. Entering the region is prohibited by Brazilian law and the Vale do Javari is especially well-protected from outsiders and explorers by a local organisation dedicated to maintaining its rich biodiversity and protecting the forest from exploitation. Tsingy de Bemaraha Located near the western coast of Madagascar, the Tsingy de Bemaraha has been on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990 to protect its unique geography and preserve the mangrove forests. The place is also home to huge numbers of animals and even new species. Some of the biggest attractions in this protected reserve are the incredibly needle-shaped limestone formations. However, those formations pose great dangers to explorers. In fact, the word "Tsingy" is derived from a local word, which means "the place where one cannot walk barefoot." The limestone formations are terribly sharp and can easily cut through flesh with deadly effect, which makes exploring them extremely difficult and dangerous. Access to this nature reserve is limited, although tourists can reach the area either by road or plane. THE VILLAIN IN THE ATMOSPHERE The villain in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide. It does not seem to be a villain. It is not very poisonous and it is present in the atmosphere in so small a quantity—only 0.034 percent—that it does us no harm. What's more, that small quantity of carbon dioxide in the air is essential to life. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and convert it into their own tissue, which serves as the basic food supply for all of animal life (including human beings, of course). In the process they release oxygen, which is also necessary for all animal life. But here is what this apparently harmless and certainly essential gas is doing to us: The sea level is rising very slowly from year to year. In all likelihood, it will continue to rise and do so at a greater rate in the course of the next hundred years. Eventually the sea will reach two hundred feet above its present level, and will be splashing against the windows along the twentieth floors of Manhattan's skyscrapers. Naturally the Manhattan streets will be deep under water. Florida, too, will be gone, as will much of the British Isles, the crowded Nile valley, and the low-lying areas of China, India, and Russia. Many cities will be drowned, and much of the most productive farming land of the world will be lost. As the food supply drops, starvation will be widespread. And all because of carbon dioxide. But how does that come about? What is the connection? It begins with sunlight. Sunlight travels through miles of the atmosphere to reach the earth's surface, where it is absorbed. In this way, the earth is warmed. At night, the earth cools by radiating heat into space in the form of infrared radiation. As the earth gains heat by day and loses it by night, it maintains a balance. However, carbon dioxide tends to block such radiation. This is called the "greenhouse effect" of carbon dioxide. We can be thankful that carbon dioxide is keeping us comfortably warm, but the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is going up steadily and that is where the villainy comes in. In 1958, when the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere first began to be measured carefully, it made up only 0.0316 percent of the atmosphere. Each year since, the concentration has moved upwards and it now stands at 0.0340 percent. It is estimated that by 2020 the concentration will be about 0.0660 percent. This means that in the coming decades, the earth's average temperature will go up slightly. Winters will grow a bit milder on the average and summers a bit hotter. Little by little, the glaciers will retreat, and the polar ice caps will begin to melt. It is the melting of the ice caps that is the worst change and it is this that demonstrates the villainy of carbon dioxide. Something like 90 percent of the ice in the world is to be found in the huge Antarctica ice cap, and another 8 percent is in the Greenland ice cap. If these ice caps begin to melt, the sea level will rise, with the result that I have already described. TOGETHER FOR OUR OCEAN Every year a huge amount of waste ends up in the world's oceans and causes problems for the animals living there. This is why many volunteers all over the world take part in International Coastal Clean-up. About 80% of all marine waste is plastic from bottles and packaging. This rubbish runs into rivers when it rains and then flows into the sea. Most of the rubbish sinks to the bottom of the ocean but some stays on the surface and collects in large areas like the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The rest ends up on beaches. Rubbish causes problems for the animals living in the ocean. Some animals mistake rubbish for food. For example, some turtles living on jellyfish think that plastic bags are a type of food. The plastic can block their stomachs so that they starve, or it may poison the turtles. A survey by the University of Queensland showed that 50% of green turtles eat rubbish, and that figure is increasing. As six species of sea turtle are already threatened with extinction, this is a big problem. With millions and millions of tons of waste entering the ocean every year, it is clear that we need to do something to protect the animals living there. One organisation that does this is Ocean Conservancy, an organisation that started in the USA. Since 1986, it has organised International Coastal Clean-up. The event grows every year and now people are getting involved on over 6,000 beaches in more than 100 countries. So why is it so important to clean up our oceans? Ocean Conservancy is clear about this. On their website you can read: "The ocean sustains us with the basic elements of life—it produces half of the oxygen in the air we breathe, and it is an essential part of the water cycle, helping to provide the water we drink." By cleaning up rubbish you are protecting the ocean environment and the animals that live there. What can each and every one of us do about that rubbish in the oceans? Perhaps the most important thing is that you can think about how much packaging is included with the products you buy, and where you throw away any rubbish you have. Less packaging and fewer products are a step on the way to more sustainable development. You can also take part in ocean clean-up day. If rubbish is picked up from the beach, it will not flow out to the ocean and cause problems for animals that eat it or become trapped in it. Cleaning up the oceans seems like an impossible task, but if everybody reduces the amount of rubbish they produce, and keeps rubbish off the beaches, one day there may no longer be a need for ocean clean-up day. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$