专题十二 定语从句 讲义 -2025届高考英语二轮复习讲练合集

专题十二 定语从句（讲义）——高考英语二轮复习讲练测合集 【考情分析】 定语从句是历年高考的考点。近几年新高考对定语从句的考查主要集中在语法填空，以定语从句的关系词和用法为主。 高频考点： 1. 定语从句的分类 2. 关系代词的用法 3. 关系副词的用法 4. 常用关系词的区别 5. “介词＋关系代词”的用法 【重点讲解】 一、定语从句的定义 在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词（或代词）的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，在句中作定语，故又称为形容词性从句。 定语从句：在复合句中对名词、代词、名词性短语、句子进行修饰、限定的从句 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词 关系词：引导定语从句的词 定语从句的位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后 二、定语从句的分类 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 意义上 从句与主句关系紧凑，从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，缺少从句会影响句意的完整 从句与主句的关系相对松散，从句对先行词或主句起补充说明作用，去掉不影响句意的完整 功能上 修饰先行词，先行词只能是名词或代词 修饰先行词或整个句子，先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子 结构上 主句与从句之间不用逗号； 关系词作从句的宾语可省略； 可用that 引导 主句与从句之间多用逗号隔开； 关系词作从句的宾语不可省略； 不能用that引导 He has two sons who work in the same company. 他有两个在同一家公司上班的儿子。 (Perhaps he has more than two sons.) He has two sons, who work in the same company. 他有两个儿子，他们在同一家公司上班。 (He has only two sons.) 1. 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词作宾语可以省略。 Those who are for the plan raise your hands, please. 请支持这个计划的人举手。 Paper cuts of animals have been found in tombs which date back to the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasty. 早在南北朝时期的墓中就已经发现了动物剪纸。 2. 非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。如果省略不会影响主句的意思，主句也可以独立存在。 He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful. 他十分慷慨地给予我时间，为此我非常感激。 There are 30 students in this class, who are from the north of China. 这个班里有30名学生，他们来自中国北方。 三、定语从句的关系词 使用关系代词时，应当注意两点： （1）先行词是“人”还是“物”； （2）关系代词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，且在从句中作宾语时可以省略。(非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不可以省略。) 1. 关系代词 关系代词 先行词 作用 备注 who 人 主语、宾语 关系代词whom, which, that在从句中作宾语时常可以省略，但在介词后不能省略。 whom 人 宾语 whose 人、物 定语 that 人、物 主语、宾语 which 物、句子 主语、宾语 as 人、物、句子 主语、宾语 as作宾语时一般不省略 （1）who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略 I know the man who lives next door. 我认识住在隔壁的那个人。 Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths. 幸福和成功经常属于那些善于认识自己长处的人。 （2）whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略 Do you know the boy (whom) we met at the gate? 你认识我们在门口碰到的那个男孩吗？ 注意： whom在定语从句中作宾语，可以用who代替；但是从句中的介词提前到关系代词前，whom直接在介词后作宾语时，不可用who代替 I've made good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom I met in the English speech contest last year. 我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生结交为好朋友。 In our class there are 38 students, of whom half wear glasses. 我们班有38个学生，其中有一半戴眼镜。 （3）whose既可以指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，表示“……人的；……物的” 先行词是人时，whose + n.相当于the + n. + of whom或of whom + the + n. 先行词是物时，whose + n.相当于the + n. + of which或of which + the + n. Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful? 你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？ The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. ＝ The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. ＝ The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired. 门坏了的那间教室将很快得到修缮。 I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. ＝ I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea. ＝ I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。 （4）that 指人相当于who 或whom；指物相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略 She is the writer (that) I want to see very much. 她就是那位我非常想见的作家。 Among the many dangers (that) sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. 在海员们必须要面对的许多危险中，最严重的可能就是雾。 （5）which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语且不直接跟在介词后时可省略 He was reading a book which was about war. 他正在读一本关于战争的书。 The exact year (which) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2019. 安杰拉和她的家人在中国共同度过的确切年份是2019年。 （6）as既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语 ① 引导限制性定语从句，通常要与as, the same, so, such搭配，即构成such. . . as, the same. . . as, as/ so. . . as这样的固定搭配，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语 This is the same knife as I lost. 这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。 These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。 It was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out. 这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能解出来。 注意： such...as...与such...that...的区别 such...as...中的as引导的是定语从句，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语； such...that...中的that引导的是结果状语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用 This is such a difficult problem as most of us can't work out. 这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。 (从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语) She is such a kind girl that many students like her. 她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。 (状语从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分) ② as可以引导非限制性定语从句，代指整个主句的内容，从句中常用的谓语动词为see, say, hear, expect, know, report等，常译为“正如，正像”，其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面 As is known to all, fish can't live without water. 众所周知，鱼离不开水。 As has been said before, we must solve the problem as soon as possible. 正如之前所述，我们应当尽快解决问题。 The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 正如所报道的，吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年中下降了百分之十七。 2. 关系副词 关系副词 先行词 作用 备注 when 时间 时间状语 相当于“介词+which” where 地点 地点状语 相当于“介词+which” why 原因 原因状语 相当于“for+which” （1）when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词通常为time, day, morning, night, week, month, year等表示时间的名词，常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替 The season which/that they were talking about was autumn. 他们正在谈论的季节是秋天。 We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better. 我们将把在公园里的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时候天气可能会更好。 As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent. 作为家中最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是渴望自己能够独立的日子。 注意： （1）当表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词不用when而用that或which I'll never forget the day when my son was born. 我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。 （2）先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句 There was a time when I hated going to school. 曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。 This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face. 这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。 （2）where ① where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词通常为place, spot, street, house, room, park, factory, house, city, town, country等表示地点的名词，在从句中作地点状语，可以用“介词+关系代词”代替 This is the place where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。 The house where/ in which he lives is near the river. 他住的房子在河边。 Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live. 现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。 ② 当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point, situation, case, stage, position, activity等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which She's in a hopeless situation，where we will keep a very close eye on her. 她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。 Students should involve themselves in community activities where/ in which they can gain experience for growth. 学生应该参与社区活动，在这些活动中他们能获取成长的经验。 Remember that there is still one point that/which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. 记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。 注意： 先行词occasion作“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。 Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties. 请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。 Occasions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。 （3）why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，可用for which来替代，why不可引导非限制性定语从句 Tell me the reason why/ for which you came late. 告诉我你来晚了的原因。 Can you tell me the reason why (=for which) you are late again? 你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗？ Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday? 你知道他昨天为什么没有出席会议的原因吗？ 注意： 关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，定语从句要用that或which引导 The boss doesn't want to hear any reason (that/which) you might give. 老板不想听你所提出的任何理由。 四、常用关系词的区别 （一）关系代词which和that的区别 1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况 （1）先行词是不定代词all, little, few, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, some等时 Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你有什么要为自己说的吗？ （2）先行词前面有the only, the very（恰恰，正好）, any, every, no, all, few, little, much, the right, the last等词修饰时 I have read all the books (that) you gave me. 你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。 This is the very bus that I'm waiting for. 这就是我正在等的公共汽车。 The only thing that matters is to find our way home. 唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。 （3）先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the best way that has been used against pollution. 这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。 （4）先行词是序数词或先行词的前面有序数词修饰时 He was the second person that told me the secret. 他是第二个告诉我那个秘密的人。 （5）先行词既有人又有物时 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 你知道他们正在谈论的事和人吗？ They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school. 他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。 （6）主句的主语是疑问词who或which时 Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车？ （7）有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词用which，另外一个用that This is the book that you bought which you have lost. 这就是你买的并且丢了的那本书。 2. 先行词指物时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况 （1）在非限制性定语从句中，从句中缺少主语或宾语，并指物 Our football team won the final, which made us excited. 我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。 The sports meeting was put off, which astonished me. 运动会被推迟了，这使我很吃惊。 （2）动词短语中的介词提前时 注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前 This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾住过的房子（之一）。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。 This is the pen for which I'm looking.（×） This is the pen (which/ that) I'm looking for.（√） 这是我正寻找的那支钢笔。 （3）先行词后面有插入语时 Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you, will help you improve your English. 这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书，它能帮你提高你的英语水平。 （4）先行词本身就是that时 What's that which flashed through the sky just now? 刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？ 注意： 当先行词是way（意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语）时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。 I don't like the way (that/in which//) he looks at me. 我不喜欢他看我的方式。 （二）关系代词as和which的区别 as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，有时两者可以互换。as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后 As is often the case, he is late again. 他又迟到了，这是常见的情况。 Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist. 众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。 The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved in the past two months. 正如报告中所表明的，城市空气质量在过去的两个月里已经得到改善。 He failed in the exam, which was unexpected. 他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。 1. 关系代词用as不用which的情况 （1）定语从句位于主句前时 As you see, the Chinese people are hard-working. 正如你所看到的，中国人民是勤劳的。 （2）关系词作主语且定语从句为被动语态形式时，从句谓语通常为：be known, be said, be reported, be announced, be mentioned等 She has been absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了，这在预料之中。 As mentioned below, we're meeting at 12:00 tomorrow. 正如前面邮件里提到的，我们明天十二点碰面。 （3）在习惯用语中，as常译作“正如，像” as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样 as is well known＝as is known to all 众所周知 as we have expected 正如我们所预料的那样 as often happens 正如经常发生的那样 as is often the case 正如经常发生的那样 as has been said before 如上所述 as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 as I remember 正如我所记得的那样 Jack has won first prize, as it often happens. 像往常一样，杰克得了一等奖。 She has read widely in Romantic Literature, as it appears from her essay. 她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学，这从她的文章中可以显现出来。 2. 关系代词用which不用as的情况 （1）关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语带有一个复合宾语结构时 I don't think that he will come to see me, which makes me sad. 我认为他不会来看我了，这使我伤心。 Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆一次又一次上学迟到，这使得他的老师很生气。 （2）主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时 He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected). 他来这里很晚，这是意料之外的。 （3）非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时 He criticizes Mary in public, which she doesn't like at all. 他公开批评Mary，对此她一点儿都不愿意。 He pretended not to know me, which I didn't understand. 他假装不认识我，我真不明白。 （4）非限制性定语从句中的be动词不能省略时用which；反之用as Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie. 简告诉我她赢了比赛，这是谎话。（was不可省略） As (was) planned, we met at the airport. 按照计划，我们在机场相见了。（was可省略） （5）which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事 He opposed the idea, as could be expected. 不出所料，他反对这个意见。 Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy. 汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。 五、“介词＋关系代词”的用法 当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词常用which或whom。“介词＋which/whom”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom This is the train on which I went to Shanghai. 这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。 This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary. 这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。 注意： 介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置 My youngest brother，whom I have to look after，is demanding. 我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。 1. 常见结构 （1）介词＋关系代词 I still remember the day on which we had a big party. 我仍然记得我们举行一场盛大聚会的那一天。 Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. ＝ Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. 曼德拉是我向其征求建议的一位黑人律师。 注意： 介词的选择与先行词或者从句的谓语动词有关。把先行词放到从句里写出一个完整的句子，然后再将先行词换成对应的关系代词。 固定短语中的介词不能提到关系代词的前面。 He is the man that/ whom your mother took care of last month. 他是你母亲上个月照顾的那个人。 （2）名词/ 代词/ 数词＋介词＋关系代词 He has three sons, none of whom are doctors. 他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。 Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you. 问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels. ＝ Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels. 上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中3本是英文小说。 （3）形容词最高级＋介词＋关系代词 China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。 2. 介词的选择 （1）根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词 Is this the car for which you paid a high price? 这就是你花高价买的小汽车吗？(pay…for sth.) This is the man to whom I referred. 我指的就是这个人。(refer to sb.) The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first. 我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to) （2）根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词 He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied. 他带来了老板满意的结果。(be satisfied with) The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place. 西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。(be famous for) （3）根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词 I can't remember the age at which he won the prize. 我记不起他获奖时的年龄了。(at the age) Air, without which man can't live, is really important. 空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(without air) Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time? 你还记得我们第一次见面的那天吗？(on the day) I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time) （4）根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样，定语从句中的谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成的，这时需要根据句子所要表达的意思来选择介词 This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. 这就是和我的弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。 注意： ① 关系代词which或whom不能省略 He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. 他付给男孩10美元擦洗10个窗户，这10个窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。 ② 在非限制性定语从句中，“介词＋which/ whom从句”结构中的介词不能移到从句的后面 He has visited No.1 High School for several times, in which he has many friends.（in不能放在定语从句句末） 他已经参观过一中几次了，在那里他有很多朋友。 ③“复合介词短语＋which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。 ④“介词＋which/ whom”引导的定语从句可与“介词＋which/ whom＋不定式”结构及其他结构相互转换 The poor man has no house in which he can live. = The poor man has no house (that/ which) he can live in. = The poor man has no house to live in. = The poor man has no house in which to live. 那个穷人没房子住。 【典例剖析】 1.【2024·新课标Ⅰ卷】The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing the steps along the Silk Route _________ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 2.【2024·新课标Ⅱ卷】Chinese cultural elements commemorating(纪念) Tang Xianzu, _________ is known as "the Shakespeare of Asia," add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare's hometown. 3.【2022·新课标Ⅰ卷】The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species _________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. 4. Children _________ compete in a sport will learn how to deal with failure because they don't always win. 5. In front of the classrooms, there was a playground _________ got dusty on windy days and muddy on rainy days. 答案 1. that/which 解析：考查定语从句。句意：这座温室是当代设计的巅峰之作，位于追溯丝绸之路的道路尽头，将中国西南的植物容纳其中，将这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英格兰，定义了英格兰园艺的丰富性。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词指物，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that/which。故填that/which。 2. who 解析：考查定语从句。句意：为了纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖，中国文化元素为莎士比亚的故乡——埃文河畔的斯特拉特福增添了国际化的色彩。此处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tang Xianzu，且从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词who。故填who。 3. that 解析：考查定语从句。句意：GPNP旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。此处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the species，且前有不定代词all，应用关系代词that。故填that。 4. who/that 解析：考查定语从句。句意：参加体育比赛的孩子将学会如何应对失败，因为他们并不总是获胜。分析可知，此处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词为Children，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who/that。故填who/that。 5. that/which 解析：考查定语从句。句意：在教室的前面，有一个操场，风大的时候会落满灰尘，雨天会变得泥泞。此处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词playground，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that/which。故填that/which。 【变式训练】 1. Hongcun village features its overall design _________ resembles the shape of an ox. 2. And then I decided to live without it and just enjoy life. That's the reason _________ I'm happy now. 3. After listening to the scientists _________ had studied the problem, the government turned to the UN for help. 4. Between the two parts of the symphony is an interval, _________ the audience can have a cup of coffee. 5. Recently they have been developing a new kind of drug, about _________ effects we are greatly concerned. 答案 1. that/which 解析：考查定语从句。句意：宏村以其整体很像牛的形状的设计为特色。分析句子可知，句子为限制性定语从句，先行词为design，指物，在从句中作主语，故应用关系代词that或which引导从句。故填that/which。 2. why 解析：考查定语从句。句意：这就是我现在快乐的原因。分析句子可知，该句是定语从句，先行词是reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，原因关系副词why引导。故填why。 3. who/that 解析：考查定语从句。句意：在听取了研究过这一问题的科学家的意见后，政府向联合国寻求帮助。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是scientists，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that引导该从句。故填who/that。 4. when 解析：考查定语从句。句意：交响乐的两个部分之间有幕间休息，在那时观众可以喝杯咖啡。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为interval，关系词在从句中作时间状语。故填 when。 5. whose 解析：考查定语从句。句意：最近他们一直在研制一种新药，其效果引起了我们的高度关注。此处为"介词+关系代词"引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词为a new kind of drug，结合空后的effects可知，从句缺少定语。故填whose。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$