专题08 六选四10篇（期末真题好题速递）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语上学期期末真题分类汇编（上海专用）

专题08 六选四10篇 （23-24高二上·上海黄浦·期末）Can Happiness Be Bought? There is a Web site called the “World Database of Happiness”. It combines and analyzes the results of hundreds of surveys from around the world that have been conducted on life satisfaction. Most of the findings are predictable, but a few are surprising. 1 It is quite common to say that money can’t buy happiness, but the old saying seems to be supported by research. Many people still stick to the belief that gaining riches will be the answer to all their problems, yet they are probably mistaken. Studies have been carried out on people who acquired sudden wealth, such as lottery winners. In most cases, after the initial joy had worn off, people were not left with a sense of lasting happiness. 2 Previously contented people continue to be contented, while those who were miserable before sink back into misery. If material wealth does not bring happiness, then what does? Perhaps happiness has something to do with where you live. The authorities at the World Database on Happiness have surveyed levels of happiness in different countries. Other surveys consistently point to the importance of relationships. 3 The Web site suggests that falling in love and having children are two of the situations that bring the greatest happiness. 4 People increasingly spend more time alone watching TV or surfing the Internet rather than spending time with family. Can technology truly make people happy? It is too difficult to tell, but one thing is sure: If the Web site’s research is accurate, time spent with your family is a better investment than time spent making money. A．In fact, they tended to return to the way they felt before they became rich. B．Nowadays people look to technology as an alternative source of satisfaction. C．Family relationships in particular seem to be the key to long-term contentment. D．You can’t buy happiness but it looks like you can at least inherit it, some researchers said. E．The database makes it clear that there is not a strong connection between material wealth and general contentment. F．An important implication is that personality traits of being outgoing and reliable provide a resource that drives future happiness. （23-24高二上·上海·期末）What Makes a Nobel Laureate? Are there any predictors that point to who will be selected as Nobel laureates? Is brilliance in childhood a predictor? When the 2006 chemistry laureate, Roger Kornberg, was asked what he wanted for Christmas, he said, “A week in the lab.” 1 . Mario Capecchi (medicine, 2007) was an abandoned child on the streets of wartime Italy. 2 . Five of Enrico Fermi’s (physics, 1938) postdoctoral students went on to win the Nobel Prize. Otto Warburg (medicine, 1931) advised an American doctoral student, “If you wish to become a scientist, you must ask a successful scientist to accept you in his laboratory.” Experts often recommend that people specialize in one field of work or research to maximize their chances of success. 3 If you look at the careers of Nobel Prize winners, you’ll find that they are unusually likely to be “creative polymaths.” That is, they purposely integrate formal and informal expertise from widely varied disciplines to yield new and useful ideas and practices. There remains one quality that is essential. It is what Leon Lederman (physics, 1988) called “compulsive dedication.” 4 . Take Marie Curie (physics, 1903; chemistry, 1911) and her husband Pierre (physics, 1903). The Curies were assigned a shed with a leaking roof and a dirt floor, where they worked for years, freezing in winter and sweltering in summer. “And yet,” Marie Curie wrote in her biography of her husband, “it was in this miserable old shed that the best and happiest years of our life were spent, entirely dedicated to work.” A．What distinguishes Nobel laureates is passion for their work, work that engages their hearts as well as their heads. B．But early privilege is not essential. C．The typical Nobel laureate in science is a male born into a middle-class family. D．In many Nobel laureates’ autobiographies, they pay tribute to an outstanding mentor. E．In fact, Nobel laureates are mostly down-to-earth and discreet. F．Yet recently published researches indicate that successful innovators take a broader path. （23-24高二上·上海浦东新·期末）Chronobiologists (时间生物学家) are interested in what is known as the circadian (生理节奏的) rhythm. This is the complete cycle our bodies are naturally made to undergo within the passage of a twenty-four-hour day. Aside from sleeping at night and waking during the day, each cycle involves many factors. Not everyone has an identical circadian rhythm. 1 2 Recent therapeutic developments for humans such as artificial light machines and melatonin administration can reset our circadian rhythms, for example, but our bodies can tell the difference and health suffers when we break these natural rhythms for extended periods of time. Knowledge of chronobiological patterns can have many realistic implications for our day-to-day lives. While contemporary living can sometimes appear to overcome biology— 3 —keeping in the same pace with our body clock is important. After-dinner coffees are becoming more of a tradition, but to prepare for a good night’s sleep we are better off putting the brakes on caffeine consumption as early as 3 p.m. With a seven hour half-life, a cup of coffee containing 90 mg of caffeine taken at this hour could still leave 45 mg of caffeine in your nervous system at ten o’clock that evening. Evenings are important for winding down before sleep; however, dietitian Geraldine Georgeou warns that an after-five-fast is more cultural myth than chronobiological demand. 4 However, overloading your gut could lead to indigestion. Our digestive tracts do not shut down for the night entirely, but their work slows to a crawl as our bodies prepare for sleep. Consuming a modest snack should be entirely sufficient. A．This will deprive your body of vital energy needs. B．This disorients your circadian rhythm and puts your body in full mode. C．It is essential that, by the time you are ready to sleep, your body is rid of all traces. D．Scientists have limited abilities to create durable modifications of chronobiological demands. E．Night people, for example, find it hard to operate during the morning, but become alert by evening. F．After all, who needs circadian rhythms when we have caffeine pills and cities that never sleep? （23-24高二上·上海崇明·期末）How to Become a Scientist Here is some advice for students who think they might like to become scientists. Become an observer. One of the most important things you can do to become a good scientist is to practice watching everything carefully. Find a comfortable chair and put it in the middle of your garden or a park. Sit in the chair for thirty minutes or an hour. Watch the insects that fly past or land on the plants. Look at the shapes of leaves and branches. Listen to the sounds of insects. 1 Use a microscope to look closely at interesting objects. Learn everything you can about a topic that interests you. Suppose you’d like to explore flowers by using a microscope. Go to the library and check out some flower books. See what you can find on the Internet. Pick some flowers and carefully take them apart. 2 The more you know about flowers from reading about them and observing them, the more you’ll understand when you look at them with a microscope. Ask for help from a knowledgeable person. After you’ve learned everything you can on your own, ask someone else to help with questions you still have. Maybe there’s someone at a nearby school or museum who knows about insects, spiders, or something else you’d like to learn about. 3 Find a scientist to talk to or find a place where scientific research is being done. If you still want to learn more, you can find a scientist to talk to at a nearby university, or research station. 4 Explain what you’re interested in. Ask if you can schedule a time to visit. Most scientists are happy to talk to students who share their passion for science. A．You may go to seek answers from him. B．Write a letter or an e-mail message to the scientist. C．Research your questions using the Internet or library. D．See if you can find a sight or sound that surprises you. E．Use a microscope to see how everything fits together. F．Being a scientist is time-consuming and mentally demanding. （22-23高二上·上海·期末）What life will be in 2050? It’s hard to say definitively what life will be like in 2050. However, we can make some educated guesses based on the trends that are happening now. For instance, it’s likely that technology will play an even greater role in our lives than it does now. We might have flying cars, or robots to do our household chores. The world population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, so resources may be strained. People may live in smaller homes or even underground to conserve space and energy. We may also see drastic changes in the way we get our food. With advances in technology, it’s possible that we’ll be able to create artificial meat or grow food in laboratories. In 2050, many aspects of our life will be very different from what they are now. People’s lives, the environment, transportation, and education all change at a new level. 1 People will have more transportation options as a result of scientific progress. Solar-powered, wind- powered automobiles that are less harmful to the environment will become available and utilized. Anyone will be able to visit other planets using modern technology. As flying cars become more common, cities will need to adapt by building more vertical infrastructure like skyports. These multi-level buildings would be used for takeoffs and landings, and could also include shopping, dining and entertainment options. 2 And with the help of upcoming technology, we may not need formal schooling anymore. You would be able to learn anything you want from the comfort of your home with online teachers. The schedule will be more optional for you to choose as long as it meets your needs and timeframes. There will be a lot of new jobs born to serve the development of society. And if you are good at using social media, you can be an online celebrity and make a lot of money. You can also choose to be a full-time housewife and take care of your family if you want. 3 Rockefeller University mathematical biologist Joel Cohen predicts that by 2050, the world will be majority urban dwellers with a high average age. In contrast, U.S. cities theorist Richard Florida believes that urbanization trends will result in a work-from-home economy and do away with divisions between home and work life. Other experts interviewed by Popular Mechanics envision a future in which solar energy is ubiquitous, 3-D printing has replaced traditional manufacturing and everyone has a personal assistant in the form of an AI. However, there are also some reasons to be pessimistic about the future. The world will be a more dangerous place in 2050. Global warming will cause rising sea levels and extreme weather conditions that will make life difficult for people around the world. 4 A．As technology continues to develop, so does the concern for environment. B．By 2050, everyone will be able to afford higher education. C．In addition, there will be new diseases that we have not yet seen. D．In general, life in 2050 is more convenient, more comfortable and more fun. E．There are some grounds for optimism in this scenario. F．As a result, we will have a lot of health problems. （23-24高二上·上海·期末）In Helping Others, You Help Yourself With more than 500,000 registered nonprofits currently operating in China, there are endless opportunities to make a positive impact in your community. Whether you volunteer in an organization that specializes in social services or animal welfare, there are various benefits that come with the act of volunteerism. 1 It is good for the community. 2 By doing volunteering activities together with your neighbors and friends, you are more likely to obtain a sense of unity. When you help someone, they will be more likely to help you. 95% of volunteers feel that they are helping to make their community a better place. It makes you happy and reduces stress. One result of this positive impact on the community? People feel happier and a greater sense of purpose in life. 94% of them report that volunteering improves their mood, and 96% of them report more willingness to live with aims. Moreover, the statistics also show volunteering could help relieve stress, which contributes to the reconstruction of their inner sense of pride and the outward connections with others. 3 It keeps you healthy. Good mood + Less stress = Better health 76% of them report feeling physically healthier after volunteering. Volunteering can help those who are dealing with health issues. About one in four volunteers say that it helps them manage a chronic illness. 4 Volunteering can also help people cultivate what they need in order to thrive in the workplace. Among those who say that volunteering has helped their careers: 87% report that volunteering has upgraded their people and teamwork skills. 75% feel that it has taught them about time management . A．Check out what those who have volunteered in the past 12 months have to say about the feeling: B．In fact, compared with non-volunteers, 76% of the volunteers report higher levels of self-esteem and richer interpersonal relationships. C．People who are comparatively less willing to volunteer their time and energy to community activities are found to be less happy. D．Make a tangible impact while engaging and connecting with people in the community you might not otherwise meet. E．It develops professional skills. F．It fosters one’s desire for power. （23-24高二上·上海奉贤·期末）Day of the Dead Here’s one thing we know: Día de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, is not a Mexican version of Halloween. 1 Whereas Halloween embraces terror and mischief on the last night of October, Day of the Dead festivities unfold over the first two days of November in an explosion of color and life-affirming joy. Sure, the theme is death, but the point is to demonstrate love and respect for deceased family members. In towns and cities throughout Mexico, revelers(狂欢者) don(穿上) funky makeup and costumes, hold parades and parties, sing and dance, and make offerings to lost loved ones. Day of the Dead originated several thousand years ago with the Aztec, Toltec, and other Nahua people, who considered mourning the dead disrespectful. 2 The dead were still members of the community, kept alive in memory and spirit—and during Día de los Muertos, they temporarily returned to Earth. Today’s Día de los Muertos celebration is a mash-up(混聚) of pre-Hispanic religious rites and Christian feasts. It takes place on November 1 and 2—All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day on the Catholic calendar—around the time of the fall maize harvest. Cultural heritage is not just monuments and collections of objects. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) says that cultural heritage also includes living expressions of culture—traditions—passed down from generation to generation. 3 Today Mexicans from all religious and ethnic backgrounds celebrate Día de los Muertos, but at its core, the holiday is a reaffirmation of Indigenous(本土的) life. Day of the Dead is an extremely social holiday that spills into streets and public squares at all hours of the day and night. Dressing up as skeletons is part of the fun. People of all ages have their faces artfully painted to resemble skulls, and, mimicking the Calavera Catrina, they don suits and fancy dresses. 4 A．In 2008, UNESCO recognized the importance of Día de los Muertos by adding the holiday to its list of Intangible(无形的) Cultural Heritage of Humanity. B．Some families place their dead loved one’s favorite meal on the altar(祭坛). C．Though related, the two annual events differ greatly in traditions and tone. D．Many revelers wear shells or other noisemakers to fuel the excitement—and also possibly to rouse the dead and keep them close during the fun. E．Today, the calavera Catrina, or elegant skull, is the Day of the Dead’s most ubiquitous symbol. F．For these pre-Hispanic(前西班牙时期的) cultures, death was a natural phase in life’s long continuum. （23-24高二上·上海·期末）Everyone wants love, money, success and so on in life. Yet too many people fail to achieve their goals, and nearly all of them are for the same reason. Generally speaking, getting what you really want out of life is just a matter of the following simple steps. You have to decide what it is you want the most. But do not make a list of wishes. 1 If you’re not sure about where you want to go, you’d better think it over first and not hurry to perform. Make an action plan with care. This will be your map for getting from “where you are now” to “where you want to go”. You know what you want, and what steps you are going to take to get it. For example, if you want a better job, start with a skills assessment and maybe some extra training. You’ll need to sell yourself and your skills to your new employer. Other goals will require a bit more thought. Some will really get you lost without a clue of how to get there. 2 The final step is to carry it out. 3 Take the steps you outlined on your road map and keep going on all the time. If you run into some people who are against you simply ignore them. 4 Keep pushing. Whatever you do, do not lose heart before you have what you desire in your hands. Never think that you can’t turn your dream into a reality. A．Do what you have planned. B．Hold a right attitude to what you’ve achieved. C．Never give up the goal. D．Try to focus on one thing at a time. E．Not to worry, though, books can be of great help. F．Form a good habit, whatever the result may be. （22-23高二上·上海·期末）Chocolate Is Beneficial in Some Cases Mental arithmetic became easier after volunteers had been given large amounts of compounds found in chocolate, called flavanols (黄烷醇), in a hot cocoa drink. They were also less likely to feel tired or mentally drained, the findings, presented at the British Psychological Society annual conference in Brighton show. Prof David Kennedy, director of the brain, performance and nutrition research centre at North-umbria University, and a co-author of the study, said that chocolate could be beneficial for mentally challenging tasks. 1 “For things that are difficult to do, mentally demanding things that maybe crop up in your work, it would help.” Prof Kennedy said. The flavanols, part of a group of chemicals called polyphenols (多酚), work by increasing the flow of blood into the brain. For the study 30 volunteers were asked to count backwards in groups of three from a random number between 800 and 999 generated by a computer. 2 . However, the same was not true when the group was asked to count backwards in groups of seven, which the researchers described as more complex task, requiring a slightly different part of the brain. The findings also show that the volunteers did not get as tired doing the calculations if they had been given the cocoa drink, despite being asked to do them over and over for an hour. The researchers gave the volunteers a total of 500 mg of flavanol. 3 . Emma Wightman, one of the study’s lead researchers, said: “You can get bars of chocolate that have 100 mg of flavnoal, and we are also going to look at the effect of lower doses of flavanol on the brain.” Prof Kennedy added: “The amount that you are giving is more than in the diet but there is quite a lot of evidence that general amounts are protective against declining function and that kind of thing. 4 . A．Volunteers’ performance definitely improved after drinking a lot of cocoa. B．The findings show that they could do the calculations more quickly and more accurately after they had been given the drink. C．The more fruit and vegetables and things that are high in polyphenols the better that is for your brain in the long run. D．Although the amount was too great to be found naturally in the diet, researchers said people should ensure they have lots of flavanols, also found in fruit and vegetables, on a regular basis. E．Both higher and lower doses of chocolate will increase brain power. F．The findings suggest students who overeat chocolate when revising for exams may gain a real benefit from doing so. （22-23高三上·上海杨浦·期中）Quiet Power Since 2011, people around the world have been celebrating World Introvert Day on January 2. The word introvert describes a personality type. 1 They are likely to feel drained by environments that are highly stimulating and may often need to go to a quiet place to recharge. World Introvert Day began with a blog post from German psychologist Felicitas Heyne. She suggested that introverts are often misunderstood, and their mental health suffers because popular culture is dominated by extroverts. Her idea was to celebrate World Introvert Day to raise awareness of the social challenges that introverts face. 2 There are many famous introverts in art and science, such as Albert Einstein. Charles Darwin, J.K. Rowling, and Lady Gaga. It is believed that many introverts have a great ability to focus and strong powers of imagination. After the noisy New Year celebrations are over, people can set aside one day for some quiet time by themselves or with some introverted friends. 3 The opposite of an introvert is called an extrovert. Extroverts love connecting with other people, work well in groups, and are usually very confident. When introverts don’t fit into groups of extroverts, they may be seen as cold, uninterested, or timid. Popular culture tells us that it is important to network, socialize, and communicate, but all of this can make introverts feel uncomfortable. Scientists are studying what causes someone to be an introvert or an extrovert. Recent studies show that genes are a factor, and most people seem to be born with one personality type or the other. 4 Our environment and experiences also influence whether we are introverted or extroverted. The term ambivert describes someone who is right in the middle. No matter what personality type we have, we can always celebrate our differences and learn from each other. A．It would also celebrate the contributions of introverts throughout history. B．The brain of an introvert can respond dramatically to a very mild stimulus. C．You never know what new ideas you might find when you slow down to enjoy some peace and quiet. D．Introverted people are known to live with unique challenges and gift. E．Introverted people don't require a lot of social contact, and they enjoy spending time alone. F．Part of what makes us introverted or extroverted is how our brains respond to the world around us. （22-23高二上·上海崇明·期末）Dr. De Momi, of the Politecnico di Milano (Italy), led an international team that trained a robot to imitate natural human actions. 1 Over time this should lead to improvements in safety during surgeries because unlike their human partners, robots do not tire and can complete an endless series of precise(精准的) movements. The goal is not to remove human skill from the operating room, but to complement it with a robot's particular skills and benefits. “As a roboticist, I firmly believe that robotic (co)workers, or say, collaborators will definitely change the work market, but they won’t steal job opportunities. 2 ”De Momi explains. To conduct their experiment De Momi’s team photographed a human being doing numerous reaching motions, in a way similar to handing instruments (手术工具) to a surgeon. These camera captures were input into the neural (神经) network of the robotic arm, which is essential to controlling movements. Next, a human operator guided the robotic arm in imitating the reaching motions that the human subject had initially performed. Although there was not a perfect match between the robotic and human actions, they were generally similar. 3 These observers determined whether the actions of the robotic arms were “biologically inspired,” which meant that their neural networks had effectively learned to imitate human behavior. About 70% of the time this is exactly what the human observers concluded. These results are promising, although further research is necessary to confirm or refine De Momi’s conclusions. If robotic arms can indeed imitate human behavior, it would be necessary to build conditions in which humans and robots can cooperate effectively in high stress environments like operating rooms. 4 De Momi’s work is part of the growing field of healthcare robotics, which has the potential to change the way we receive health care sooner rather than later. A．This future may not be as far away as we think. B．Robots can’t successfully imitate doctors’ motions in the operating room. C．Finally, several humans observed as the robotic arm made numerous motions. D．De Momi’s robots have been widely used in many fields and are sure to change the market. E．They will just help us decrease workload and achieve better performances in several tasks. F．His work suggests that humans and robots can effectively cooperate during high-risk events. （22-23高二上·上海·期末）The term mark twain is a navigational description of two fathoms, meaning a depth of twelve feet of water, derived from the measurement of a mark combined with “twain”, meaning “two.” Mark twain is considered the lowest depth for safe water travel. 1 The rope is usually twenty-five fathoms long and is marked in increments of two, three, five, seven, ten, fifteen, seventeen and twenty fathoms. The process of measuring the water is called “sounding,” which was overseen by a leadsman who measures and “sounds out” the depth to the other crew members responsible for sailing or operating the boat in open water. The leadsman would usually stand on a platform, called “the chains” which projected from the ship over the water and “sound” from there. A typical sound would be expressed as “By the mark 7,” or whatever the depth was. In modern English language, it is interesting to note that the expression “deep six” refers to this old method of measuring water. In Life on the Mississippi, Twain describes sounding: “ 2 But in winter the cold and the peril take most of the fun out of it.” Today, the mark is measured by sonar equipment, but in Mark Twain’s day, it was the common method of ensuring that a boat could safely navigate a body of water without becoming stranded on a sandbar, which were plentiful in the Mississippi River. 3 Mark Twain is also significant in the literary world as it is the pen name of Samuel Clemens, the author. Legend has it that Twain actually “lifted” the pseudonym from his supervising captain, who often contributed articles to local papers. Regardless of how Mark Twain, the writer, devised the name, it has become synonymous with tales of adventure, mischief, mishap and life along the Mississippi River, namely in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, known as Hannibal, Missouri in real life. 4 A．Often there is a deal of fun and excitement about sounding, especially if it is a glorious summer day, or a blustering night. B．Books by Mark Twain have proven to be what he wanted them to be: entertainment, food for thought, a landscape about life, a look into what makes people tick, and many more things. C．Through many characters, Mark Twain’s mark never halted at the twain, it would always be bottomless. D．In 1857 Twain becomes an apprentice in order to work as a river pilot. E．The measurement of a mark is taken with a “hand lead” that consists of a rope with a heavy weight fastened to its end. F．As a steamboat pilot, Twain would be especially subjected to these marks as he moved his boats up and down that river. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题08 六选四10篇 （23-24高二上·上海黄浦·期末）Can Happiness Be Bought? There is a Web site called the “World Database of Happiness”. It combines and analyzes the results of hundreds of surveys from around the world that have been conducted on life satisfaction. Most of the findings are predictable, but a few are surprising. 1 It is quite common to say that money can’t buy happiness, but the old saying seems to be supported by research. Many people still stick to the belief that gaining riches will be the answer to all their problems, yet they are probably mistaken. Studies have been carried out on people who acquired sudden wealth, such as lottery winners. In most cases, after the initial joy had worn off, people were not left with a sense of lasting happiness. 2 Previously contented people continue to be contented, while those who were miserable before sink back into misery. If material wealth does not bring happiness, then what does? Perhaps happiness has something to do with where you live. The authorities at the World Database on Happiness have surveyed levels of happiness in different countries. Other surveys consistently point to the importance of relationships. 3 The Web site suggests that falling in love and having children are two of the situations that bring the greatest happiness. 4 People increasingly spend more time alone watching TV or surfing the Internet rather than spending time with family. Can technology truly make people happy? It is too difficult to tell, but one thing is sure: If the Web site’s research is accurate, time spent with your family is a better investment than time spent making money. A．In fact, they tended to return to the way they felt before they became rich. B．Nowadays people look to technology as an alternative source of satisfaction. C．Family relationships in particular seem to be the key to long-term contentment. D．You can’t buy happiness but it looks like you can at least inherit it, some researchers said. E．The database makes it clear that there is not a strong connection between material wealth and general contentment. F．An important implication is that personality traits of being outgoing and reliable provide a resource that drives future happiness. 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“世界幸福数据库”中的数据表明，物质财富与总体满足感之间的联系并不强，即使人们突然暴富，他们的幸福感也不会持久，最终会回到暴富前的状态。文章指出，人际关系，特别是家庭关系，是长期满足的关键，虽然现在人们把科技看作是另一种满足的来源，但这一想法很难被证实。 1．前文“There is a Web site called the “World Database of Happiness”. It combines and analyzes the results of hundreds of surveys from around the world that have been conducted on life satisfaction. Most of the findings are predictable, but a few are surprising. (有一个网站叫做“世界幸福数据库”。它结合并分析了来自世界各地的数百项关于生活满意度的调查结果。大多数研究结果都在意料之中，但也有一些出人意料)”提到“世界幸福数据库”网站包含很多关于生活满意度的调查结果，后文“It is quite common to say that money can’t buy happiness, but the old saying seems to be supported by research. (人们普遍认为金钱买不到幸福，但这句老话似乎得到了研究的支持)”指出金钱买不到幸福的想法得到了研究支持，空处应该是数据库中的结果揭示了金钱和幸福之间联系不大，因此E项“The database makes it clear that there is not a strong connection between material wealth and general contentment. (该数据库清楚地表明，物质财富和总体满足感之间并没有很强的联系)”符合语境，承接前一段的内容，引出后文，其中的The database指代前文中的World Database of Happiness。故选E。 2．前文“In most cases, after the initial joy had worn off, people were not left with a sense of lasting happiness. (在大多数情况下，最初的快乐消失后，人们并没有留下持久的幸福感)”提到突然暴富的人通常不会有持久的幸福感，后文“Previously contented people continue to be contented, while those who were miserable before sink back into misery. (以前很满足的人仍然很满足，而那些以前很痛苦的人又回到了痛苦中)”具体说明满足的人仍然满足，痛苦的人仍然痛苦，空处应该是总的说明这些人会回到之前的感觉，因此A项“In fact, they tended to return to the way they felt before they became rich. (事实上，他们往往会回到富有之前的感觉)”符合语境，承上启下。故选A。 3．前文“The authorities at the World Database on Happiness have surveyed levels of happiness in different countries. Other surveys consistently point to the importance of relationships. (世界幸福数据库的权威人士调查了不同国家的幸福水平。其他调查也一致指出了人际关系的重要性)”指出人际关系会影响幸福水平，后文“The Web site suggests that falling in love and having children are two of the situations that bring the greatest happiness. (该网站指出，恋爱和生儿育女是能带来最大幸福的两件事)”指出恋爱和生儿育女最能带来幸福感，空处应该和人际关系中的家庭关系的重要性相关，因此C项“Family relationships in particular seem to be the key to long-term contentment. (尤其家庭关系似乎是令人能长久感到满足的关键)”符合语境，承上启下。故选C。 4．后文“People increasingly spend more time alone watching TV or surfing the Internet rather than spending time with family. Can technology truly make people happy? (人们越来越多地花时间独自看电视或上网，而不是花时间与家人在一起。科技真的能让人幸福吗)”指出人们花更多时间独自看电视或上网，并提问科技是否可以带来幸福，空处应该和科技与幸福之间的关系有关，因此B项“Nowadays people look to technology as an alternative source of satisfaction. (现在人们把科技看作是另一种满足的来源)”符合语境，引出后文，其中的technology在后文有同词复现。故选B。 （23-24高二上·上海·期末）What Makes a Nobel Laureate? Are there any predictors that point to who will be selected as Nobel laureates? Is brilliance in childhood a predictor? When the 2006 chemistry laureate, Roger Kornberg, was asked what he wanted for Christmas, he said, “A week in the lab.” 1 . Mario Capecchi (medicine, 2007) was an abandoned child on the streets of wartime Italy. 2 . Five of Enrico Fermi’s (physics, 1938) postdoctoral students went on to win the Nobel Prize. Otto Warburg (medicine, 1931) advised an American doctoral student, “If you wish to become a scientist, you must ask a successful scientist to accept you in his laboratory.” Experts often recommend that people specialize in one field of work or research to maximize their chances of success. 3 If you look at the careers of Nobel Prize winners, you’ll find that they are unusually likely to be “creative polymaths.” That is, they purposely integrate formal and informal expertise from widely varied disciplines to yield new and useful ideas and practices. There remains one quality that is essential. It is what Leon Lederman (physics, 1988) called “compulsive dedication.” 4 . Take Marie Curie (physics, 1903; chemistry, 1911) and her husband Pierre (physics, 1903). The Curies were assigned a shed with a leaking roof and a dirt floor, where they worked for years, freezing in winter and sweltering in summer. “And yet,” Marie Curie wrote in her biography of her husband, “it was in this miserable old shed that the best and happiest years of our life were spent, entirely dedicated to work.” A．What distinguishes Nobel laureates is passion for their work, work that engages their hearts as well as their heads. B．But early privilege is not essential. C．The typical Nobel laureate in science is a male born into a middle-class family. D．In many Nobel laureates’ autobiographies, they pay tribute to an outstanding mentor. E．In fact, Nobel laureates are mostly down-to-earth and discreet. F．Yet recently published researches indicate that successful innovators take a broader path. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．F 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要就得诺贝尔奖的条件展开说明，列举了诺贝尔奖得主的一些特性。 1．根据上文“Is brilliance in childhood a predictor? When the 2006 chemistry laureate, Roger Kornberg, was asked what he wanted for Christmas, he said, “A week in the lab.”(童年时期的聪明才智是一种预测因素吗？当2006年化学奖得主罗杰·科恩伯格被问到他想要什么圣诞礼物时，他说：“在实验室里呆上一周。”)”以及后文“Mario Capecchi (medicine, 2007) was an abandoned child on the streets of wartime Italy.(马里奥·卡佩基（医学，2007）是战时意大利街头的一个被遗弃的孩子)”可知，后文马里奥·卡佩基的例子表明，小时候是个被遗弃的孩子，从而说明了小时候环境优越并不是可以预测得诺贝尔奖的因素，本句与上文构成转折关系。故B选项“但是早期特权不是必要的”符合语境，故选B。 2．根据后文“Five of Enrico Fermi’s (physics, 1938) postdoctoral students went on to win the Nobel Prize. Otto Warburg (medicine, 1931) advised an American doctoral student, “If you wish to become a scientist, you must ask a successful scientist to accept you in his laboratory.”(恩里科·费米（物理学，1938年）的五个博士后学生后来获得了诺贝尔奖。Otto Warburg（医学，1931年）对一位美国博士生说：“如果你想成为一名科学家，你必须让一位成功的科学家接受你进入他的实验室。”)”可知，后文提到恩里科·费米（物理学，1938年）的五个博士后学生后来获得了诺贝尔奖，即可推知恩里科·费米是这五个诺贝尔奖得主的导师。故D选项“在许多诺贝尔奖得主的自传中，他们赞扬一位杰出的导师”符合语境，故选D。 3．根据上文“Experts often recommend that people specialize in one field of work or research to maximize their chances of success.(专家们经常建议人们专注于一个领域的工作或研究，以最大限度地提高他们成功的机会)”以及后文“If you look at the careers of Nobel Prize winners, you’ll find that they are unusually likely to be “creative polymaths.” That is, they purposely integrate formal and informal expertise from widely varied disciplines to yield new and useful ideas and practices.(如果你看看诺贝尔奖得主的职业生涯，你会发现他们非常有可能是“有创造力的博学家”。也就是说，他们有意地整合来自广泛不同学科的正式和非正式的专业知识，以产生新的和有用的想法和实践)”可知，后文提到诺贝尔奖得主整合来自广泛不同学科的专业知识。由此可知，本句与上文专注于一个领域的工作或研究构成转折，指出要多方面发展。故F选项“然而，最近发表的研究表明，成功的创新者走的是更广阔的道路”符合语境，故选F。 4．根据后文“Take Marie Curie (physics, 1903; chemistry, 1911) and her husband Pierre (physics, 1903). The Curies were assigned a shed with a leaking roof and a dirt floor, where they worked for years, freezing in winter and sweltering in summer. “And yet,” Marie Curie wrote in her biography of her husband, “it was in this miserable old shed that the best and happiest years of our life were spent, entirely dedicated to work.”(比如玛丽·居里（物理学，1903年;化学，1911）和她的丈夫皮埃尔（物理学，1903）。居里夫妇被分配到一个屋顶漏水、地面肮脏的棚子里，他们在那里工作了好几年，冬天冻得要命，夏天闷热难耐。“然而，”玛丽·居里在她丈夫的传记中写道，“我们一生中最美好的、最快乐的时光，就是在这个悲惨的老棚子里度过的，我们把全部精力都投入到了工作中。”)”可知，后文居里夫人和丈夫的例子表明，他们把全部精力都投入到了工作中，对工作充满热情。故A选项“诺贝尔奖得主的与众不同之处在于他们对工作的热情，这种工作既投入了他们的头脑，也投入了他们的心灵”符合语境，故选A。 （23-24高二上·上海浦东新·期末）Chronobiologists (时间生物学家) are interested in what is known as the circadian (生理节奏的) rhythm. This is the complete cycle our bodies are naturally made to undergo within the passage of a twenty-four-hour day. Aside from sleeping at night and waking during the day, each cycle involves many factors. Not everyone has an identical circadian rhythm. 1 2 Recent therapeutic developments for humans such as artificial light machines and melatonin administration can reset our circadian rhythms, for example, but our bodies can tell the difference and health suffers when we break these natural rhythms for extended periods of time. Knowledge of chronobiological patterns can have many realistic implications for our day-to-day lives. While contemporary living can sometimes appear to overcome biology— 3 —keeping in the same pace with our body clock is important. After-dinner coffees are becoming more of a tradition, but to prepare for a good night’s sleep we are better off putting the brakes on caffeine consumption as early as 3 p.m. With a seven hour half-life, a cup of coffee containing 90 mg of caffeine taken at this hour could still leave 45 mg of caffeine in your nervous system at ten o’clock that evening. Evenings are important for winding down before sleep; however, dietitian Geraldine Georgeou warns that an after-five-fast is more cultural myth than chronobiological demand. 4 However, overloading your gut could lead to indigestion. Our digestive tracts do not shut down for the night entirely, but their work slows to a crawl as our bodies prepare for sleep. Consuming a modest snack should be entirely sufficient. A．This will deprive your body of vital energy needs. B．This disorients your circadian rhythm and puts your body in full mode. C．It is essential that, by the time you are ready to sleep, your body is rid of all traces. D．Scientists have limited abilities to create durable modifications of chronobiological demands. E．Night people, for example, find it hard to operate during the morning, but become alert by evening. F．After all, who needs circadian rhythms when we have caffeine pills and cities that never sleep? 【答案】1．E 2．D 3．F 4．A 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了时间生物学是一个研究领域，了解时间生物学模式可以对我们的日常生活产生许多现实影响。但是科学家对时间生物学需求进行持久修改的能力是有限的。 1．上文“Aside from sleeping at night and waking during the day, each cycle involves many factors. Not everyone has an identical circadian rhythm.(除了晚上睡觉和白天醒来之外，每个周期还涉及许多因素。并非每个人都有相同的昼夜节律。)”提到并不是每个人都有相同的昼夜规律，除了晚上睡觉和白天醒来之外，还有其他的昼夜规律，E项“例如，夜猫子在早上很难行动，但到了晚上就会变得警觉。”符合，举例子说明并不是每个人都有相同的昼夜规律，故选E。 2．下文“Recent therapeutic developments for humans such as artificial light machines and melatonin administration can reset our circadian rhythms, for example, but our bodies can tell the difference and health suffers when we break these natural rhythms for extended periods of time.(例如，最近针对人类的治疗发展，如人造光机和褪黑激素管理，可以重置我们的昼夜节律，但我们的身体可以分辨出差异，当我们长时间打破这些自然节律时，健康就会受到影响)”举例说明科学家可以重置我们的昼夜节律，但是长时间打破这些自然节律时，健康就会受到影响，这说明科学家对时间生物学需求进行持久修改的能力是有限的。D项“科学家对时间生物学需求进行持久修改的能力有限。”符合，故选D。 3．根据上文“While contemporary living can sometimes appear to overcome biology(虽然当代生活有时似乎可以克服生物学)”和破折号可知，空处介绍说明上文内容，即与上文所表达意思相同，介绍现代生活有时可以克服生物学，F项“毕竟，当我们有咖啡因药丸和不眠之城时，谁还需要昼夜节律呢？”符合，举例子说明现代生活中有咖啡因药丸和不眠之城，这能克服生物学，故选F。 4．上文“Evenings are important for winding down before sleep; however, dietitian Geraldine Georgeou warns that an after-five-fast is more cultural myth than chronobiological demand.(晚上对于睡前放松很重要。然而，营养师杰拉尔丁·乔治警告说，五点后禁食更多的是文化神话，而不是时间生物学的要求。)”指出五点后禁食不符合生物学要求，即这种做法不合理，空处承接上文，解释为什么五点后禁食是不合理的，A项“这将剥夺您身体的重要能量需求。”符合，this代指上文提到的after-five-fast，故选A。 （23-24高二上·上海崇明·期末）How to Become a Scientist Here is some advice for students who think they might like to become scientists. Become an observer. One of the most important things you can do to become a good scientist is to practice watching everything carefully. Find a comfortable chair and put it in the middle of your garden or a park. Sit in the chair for thirty minutes or an hour. Watch the insects that fly past or land on the plants. Look at the shapes of leaves and branches. Listen to the sounds of insects. 1 Use a microscope to look closely at interesting objects. Learn everything you can about a topic that interests you. Suppose you’d like to explore flowers by using a microscope. Go to the library and check out some flower books. See what you can find on the Internet. Pick some flowers and carefully take them apart. 2 The more you know about flowers from reading about them and observing them, the more you’ll understand when you look at them with a microscope. Ask for help from a knowledgeable person. After you’ve learned everything you can on your own, ask someone else to help with questions you still have. Maybe there’s someone at a nearby school or museum who knows about insects, spiders, or something else you’d like to learn about. 3 Find a scientist to talk to or find a place where scientific research is being done. If you still want to learn more, you can find a scientist to talk to at a nearby university, or research station. 4 Explain what you’re interested in. Ask if you can schedule a time to visit. Most scientists are happy to talk to students who share their passion for science. A．You may go to seek answers from him. B．Write a letter or an e-mail message to the scientist. C．Research your questions using the Internet or library. D．See if you can find a sight or sound that surprises you. E．Use a microscope to see how everything fits together. F．Being a scientist is time-consuming and mentally demanding. 【答案】1．D 2．E 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要为想成为科学家的学生提出了几点建议。 1．上文“Look at the shapes of leaves and branches. Listen to the sounds of insects.”（看树叶和树枝的形状。听听昆虫的声音。）建议看看树叶的形状，听听昆虫发出的声音；下文“Use a microscope to look closely at interesting objects.”（使用显微镜仔细观察有趣的物体。）指出用显微镜近距离观察这些有趣的事物。D项See if you can find a sight or sound that surprises you.（看看你是否能找到一个让你惊讶的景象或声音。）符合语境，起到承上启下的作用，上下文语意连贯。故选D项。 2．上文“Pick some flowers and carefully take them apart.”（摘一些花，小心地把它们拆开。）提到摘一些花并小心地把花分开。以及下文“The more you know about flowers from reading about them and observing them, the more you’ll understand when you look at them with a microscope.”（你通过阅读和观察对花了解得越多，当你用显微镜观察它们时，你就会了解得越多。）说明当你用显微镜观察它们时，你就会了解得越多。E项Use a microscope to see how everything fits together.（用显微镜看看这些东西是如何组合在一起的。）承上启下，下文进一步具体解释此行为。上下文语意连贯，符合语境。故选E项。 3．根据上文“Maybe there’s someone at a nearby school or museum who knows about insects, spiders, or something else you’d like to learn about.”（也许附近的学校或博物馆里有人了解昆虫、蜘蛛或其他你想了解的东西。）可知，在附近的学校和博物馆里会有一些知识广博的人，结合该段第一句“Ask for help from a knowledgeable person.”（向有知识的人寻求帮助。）可知，向这些人咨询你会得到答案。A项You may go to seek answers from him.（你可以去问他答案。）符合此推断，与该段主旨一致，上下文紧密连接。故选A项。 4．上文“If you still want to learn more, you can find a scientist to talk to at a nearby university, or research station.”（如果你还想了解更多，你可以在附近的大学或研究站找一位科学家谈谈。）提到找一位科学家交流。下文“Explain what you’re interested in. Ask if you can schedule a time to visit. Most scientists are happy to talk to students who share their passion for science”（说明你对什么感兴趣。询问你是否可以安排一个时间去拜访。大多数科学家都乐于与对科学有同样热情的学生交谈。）指出向他们说明你感兴趣的事，问他们你是否可以拜访他们。B项Write a letter or an e-mail message to the scientist.（给科学家写一封信或电子邮件。）符合语境，通过写信或发电子邮件联系科学家，询问是否可以亲自拜访，scientist是关键词。故选B项。 （22-23高二上·上海·期末）What life will be in 2050? It’s hard to say definitively what life will be like in 2050. However, we can make some educated guesses based on the trends that are happening now. For instance, it’s likely that technology will play an even greater role in our lives than it does now. We might have flying cars, or robots to do our household chores. The world population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, so resources may be strained. People may live in smaller homes or even underground to conserve space and energy. We may also see drastic changes in the way we get our food. With advances in technology, it’s possible that we’ll be able to create artificial meat or grow food in laboratories. In 2050, many aspects of our life will be very different from what they are now. People’s lives, the environment, transportation, and education all change at a new level. 1 People will have more transportation options as a result of scientific progress. Solar-powered, wind- powered automobiles that are less harmful to the environment will become available and utilized. Anyone will be able to visit other planets using modern technology. As flying cars become more common, cities will need to adapt by building more vertical infrastructure like skyports. These multi-level buildings would be used for takeoffs and landings, and could also include shopping, dining and entertainment options. 2 And with the help of upcoming technology, we may not need formal schooling anymore. You would be able to learn anything you want from the comfort of your home with online teachers. The schedule will be more optional for you to choose as long as it meets your needs and timeframes. There will be a lot of new jobs born to serve the development of society. And if you are good at using social media, you can be an online celebrity and make a lot of money. You can also choose to be a full-time housewife and take care of your family if you want. 3 Rockefeller University mathematical biologist Joel Cohen predicts that by 2050, the world will be majority urban dwellers with a high average age. In contrast, U.S. cities theorist Richard Florida believes that urbanization trends will result in a work-from-home economy and do away with divisions between home and work life. Other experts interviewed by Popular Mechanics envision a future in which solar energy is ubiquitous, 3-D printing has replaced traditional manufacturing and everyone has a personal assistant in the form of an AI. However, there are also some reasons to be pessimistic about the future. The world will be a more dangerous place in 2050. Global warming will cause rising sea levels and extreme weather conditions that will make life difficult for people around the world. 4 A．As technology continues to develop, so does the concern for environment. B．By 2050, everyone will be able to afford higher education. C．In addition, there will be new diseases that we have not yet seen. D．In general, life in 2050 is more convenient, more comfortable and more fun. E．There are some grounds for optimism in this scenario. F．As a result, we will have a lot of health problems. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了对2050年未来生活的一些猜测。 1．上文“In 2050, many aspects of our life will be very different from what they are now. People’s lives, the environment, transportation, and education all change at a new level.(到2050年，我们生活的许多方面将与现在大不相同。人们的生活、环境、交通和教育都在一个新的水平上发生了变化。)”提到了对2050年未来生活的一些其概况，选项E中in this scenario是关键词意思是“在这种情况下”与上文内容呼应，所以E选项“在这种情况下，有一些乐观的理由。”符合语境。故选E项。 2．下文“And with the help of upcoming technology, we may not need formal schooling anymore. You would be able to learn anything you want from the comfort of your home with online teachers. The schedule will be more optional for you to choose as long as it meets your needs and timeframes.在即将到来的技术的帮助下，我们可能不再需要正规的学校教育了。(你可以在舒适的家中与在线老师一起学习任何你想要的东西。只要满足你的需求和时间范围，你可以选择更多的日程安排。)”提到了未来的教育问题，选项B中education是关键词，呼应下文，所以B选项“到2050年，每个人都能负担得起更高等的教育。”符合语境。故选B项。 3．上文“And if you are good at using social media, you can be an online celebrity and make a lot of money. You can also choose to be a full-time housewife and take care of your family if you want.(如果你善于使用社交媒体，你可以成为网红，赚很多钱。如果你愿意，你也可以选择做一个全职家庭主妇，照顾你的家人。)”提到了未来生活中的各种岗位，选项D中In general是关键词，总结上文内容，所以D选项“总的来说，2050年的生活更方便、更舒适、更有趣。”符合语境。故选D项。 4．上文“The world will be a more dangerous place in 2050. Global warming will cause rising sea levels and extreme weather conditions that will make life difficult for people around the world.(到2050年，世界将变得更加危险。全球变暖将导致海平面上升和极端天气条件，这将使世界各地的人们生活困难。)”提到了未来人类面临的一些危险，选项C中new diseases是关键词，呼应上文。疾病也是未来的危险之一，所以C选项“此外，还会出现我们尚未见过的新疾病。”符合语境。故选C项。 （23-24高二上·上海·期末）In Helping Others, You Help Yourself With more than 500,000 registered nonprofits currently operating in China, there are endless opportunities to make a positive impact in your community. Whether you volunteer in an organization that specializes in social services or animal welfare, there are various benefits that come with the act of volunteerism. 1 It is good for the community. 2 By doing volunteering activities together with your neighbors and friends, you are more likely to obtain a sense of unity. When you help someone, they will be more likely to help you. 95% of volunteers feel that they are helping to make their community a better place. It makes you happy and reduces stress. One result of this positive impact on the community? People feel happier and a greater sense of purpose in life. 94% of them report that volunteering improves their mood, and 96% of them report more willingness to live with aims. Moreover, the statistics also show volunteering could help relieve stress, which contributes to the reconstruction of their inner sense of pride and the outward connections with others. 3 It keeps you healthy. Good mood + Less stress = Better health 76% of them report feeling physically healthier after volunteering. Volunteering can help those who are dealing with health issues. About one in four volunteers say that it helps them manage a chronic illness. 4 Volunteering can also help people cultivate what they need in order to thrive in the workplace. Among those who say that volunteering has helped their careers: 87% report that volunteering has upgraded their people and teamwork skills. 75% feel that it has taught them about time management . A．Check out what those who have volunteered in the past 12 months have to say about the feeling: B．In fact, compared with non-volunteers, 76% of the volunteers report higher levels of self-esteem and richer interpersonal relationships. C．People who are comparatively less willing to volunteer their time and energy to community activities are found to be less happy. D．Make a tangible impact while engaging and connecting with people in the community you might not otherwise meet. E．It develops professional skills. F．It fosters one’s desire for power. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．E 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过例举志愿服务的好处阐述了帮助别人就是帮助自己。 1．根据上文“Whether you volunteer in an organization that specializes in social services or animal welfare, there are various benefits that come with the act of volunteerism.(无论你是在专门从事社会服务或动物福利的组织做志愿者，志愿服务都有各种各样的好处。)”和下文中的段落小标题可知，空处承上启下，说明人们对志愿服务的感受。A项：Check out what those who have volunteered in the past 12 months have to say about the feeling:(看看那些在过去12个月里做过志愿者的人是怎么说这种感觉的)符合语境。故选A。 2．根据下文“By doing volunteering activities together with your neighbors and friends, you are more likely to obtain a sense of unity. (通过与你的邻居和朋友一起做志愿活动，你更有可能获得一种团结的感觉。)”可知，在社区做志愿者能遇到很多同一社区里的人并产生影响——让社区更团结。D项：Make a tangible impact while engaging and connecting with people in the community you might not otherwise meet.(在社区中与你可能不常遇到的人接触和联系时，产生切实的影响。)符合语境。故选D。 3．根据上文“Moreover, the statistics also show volunteering could help relieve stress, which contributes to the reconstruction of their inner sense of pride and the outward connections with others.( 此外，统计数据还显示，志愿服务可以帮助缓解压力，这有助于重建他们内心的自豪感和与他人的外部联系。)”可知，志愿服务帮助人们重建自豪感和拥有良好的人际关系。B项中的“higher levels of self-esteem”与“inner sense of pride ”对应，“richer interpersonal relationships”和“the outward connections with others ”对应。B项：In fact, compared with non-volunteers, 76% of the volunteers report higher levels of self-esteem and richer interpersonal relationships.(事实上，与非志愿者相比，76%的志愿者报告自尊水平更高，人际关系更丰富。)符合语境。故选B。 4．空处为段落小标题。根据下文“Volunteering can also help people cultivate what they need in order to thrive in the workplace.(志愿服务还可以帮助人们培养他们在职场中茁壮成长所需要的东西。)”可知，本段主要讲述志愿服务对人们工作的好处。E项：It develops professional skills.(培养专业技能。)符合语境。故选E。 （23-24高二上·上海奉贤·期末）Day of the Dead Here’s one thing we know: Día de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, is not a Mexican version of Halloween. 1 Whereas Halloween embraces terror and mischief on the last night of October, Day of the Dead festivities unfold over the first two days of November in an explosion of color and life-affirming joy. Sure, the theme is death, but the point is to demonstrate love and respect for deceased family members. In towns and cities throughout Mexico, revelers(狂欢者) don(穿上) funky makeup and costumes, hold parades and parties, sing and dance, and make offerings to lost loved ones. Day of the Dead originated several thousand years ago with the Aztec, Toltec, and other Nahua people, who considered mourning the dead disrespectful. 2 The dead were still members of the community, kept alive in memory and spirit—and during Día de los Muertos, they temporarily returned to Earth. Today’s Día de los Muertos celebration is a mash-up(混聚) of pre-Hispanic religious rites and Christian feasts. It takes place on November 1 and 2—All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day on the Catholic calendar—around the time of the fall maize harvest. Cultural heritage is not just monuments and collections of objects. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) says that cultural heritage also includes living expressions of culture—traditions—passed down from generation to generation. 3 Today Mexicans from all religious and ethnic backgrounds celebrate Día de los Muertos, but at its core, the holiday is a reaffirmation of Indigenous(本土的) life. Day of the Dead is an extremely social holiday that spills into streets and public squares at all hours of the day and night. Dressing up as skeletons is part of the fun. People of all ages have their faces artfully painted to resemble skulls, and, mimicking the Calavera Catrina, they don suits and fancy dresses. 4 A．In 2008, UNESCO recognized the importance of Día de los Muertos by adding the holiday to its list of Intangible(无形的) Cultural Heritage of Humanity. B．Some families place their dead loved one’s favorite meal on the altar(祭坛). C．Though related, the two annual events differ greatly in traditions and tone. D．Many revelers wear shells or other noisemakers to fuel the excitement—and also possibly to rouse the dead and keep them close during the fun. E．Today, the calavera Catrina, or elegant skull, is the Day of the Dead’s most ubiquitous symbol. F．For these pre-Hispanic(前西班牙时期的) cultures, death was a natural phase in life’s long continuum. 【答案】1．C 2．F 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要介绍了墨西哥的亡灵节的习俗和相关文化知识。 1．下一句“Whereas Halloween embraces terror and mischief on the last night of October, Day of the Dead festivities unfold over the first two days of November in an explosion of color and life-affirming joy. ”（万圣节在10月的最后一个晚上充满了恐怖和恶作剧，而亡灵节的庆祝活动则在11月的头两天展开，充满了色彩的爆炸和肯定生命的欢乐。）指出了万圣节和亡灵节这两个一年一度的节日在传统习俗和节日基调上是不同的，而选项C（虽然相关，但这两个年度活动在传统和基调上有很大不同。）意思与之对应，下一句是对选项C的展开说明，二者衔接合理。故选C。 2．上一句“Day of the Dead originated several thousand years ago with the Aztec, Toltec, and other Nahua people, who considered mourning the dead disrespectful. ”提到了“亡灵节起源于几千年前的Azetc、Toltec和其他Nahua人，他们认为哀悼死者是不尊重的。”，与选项F中的“these pre-Hispanic(前西班牙时期的) cultures”相对应；下一句“The dead were still members of the community, kept alive in memory and spirit”指出了“死者仍然是社区的成员，在记忆和精神上仍然活着”，选项F中的“death was a natural phase in life’s long continuum.”（死亡是生命漫长连续体中的一个自然阶段。）与它意思衔接合理；故选项F起到了承上启下的作用，符合语境。故选F。 3．上一句“The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) says that cultural heritage also includes living expressions of culture—traditions—passed down from generation to generation.”中提到了“UNESCO说这种文化遗产还包括世代相传的文化传统的生动表现形式。”，选项A中接着指出了“UNESCO认识到亡灵节的重要性，将该节日列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。”，两句句意连续，衔接合理；选项A中的“In 2008”与下一句的“Today”也能够合理衔接，下一句中的“but at its core, the holiday is a reaffirmation of Indigenous(本土的) life.”（但从本质上讲，这个节日是对本土生活的重申）继续表明了今天亡灵节的本质，对上一句进行了进一步的引申，符合语境。故选A。 4．上一句“People of all ages have their faces artfully painted to resemble skulls, and, mimicking the Calavera Catrina, they don suits and fancy dresses.”（各个年龄段的人都把他们的脸巧妙地画成骷髅头的样子，并模仿Calavera Catrina，穿上西装和奇装异服。）描写了人们在节日期间的着装和打扮，选项D中“Many revelers wear shells or other noisemakers to fuel the excitement”（许多狂欢者戴着贝壳或其他噪音制造者来刺激气氛）继续描写了人们的打扮，意思衔接合理；同时，选项D中的“ during the fun.”与前文中的“Dressing up as skeletons is part of the fun”的“the fun”相对应，符合语境。故选D。 （23-24高二上·上海·期末）Everyone wants love, money, success and so on in life. Yet too many people fail to achieve their goals, and nearly all of them are for the same reason. Generally speaking, getting what you really want out of life is just a matter of the following simple steps. You have to decide what it is you want the most. But do not make a list of wishes. 1 If you’re not sure about where you want to go, you’d better think it over first and not hurry to perform. Make an action plan with care. This will be your map for getting from “where you are now” to “where you want to go”. You know what you want, and what steps you are going to take to get it. For example, if you want a better job, start with a skills assessment and maybe some extra training. You’ll need to sell yourself and your skills to your new employer. Other goals will require a bit more thought. Some will really get you lost without a clue of how to get there. 2 The final step is to carry it out. 3 Take the steps you outlined on your road map and keep going on all the time. If you run into some people who are against you simply ignore them. 4 Keep pushing. Whatever you do, do not lose heart before you have what you desire in your hands. Never think that you can’t turn your dream into a reality. A．Do what you have planned. B．Hold a right attitude to what you’ve achieved. C．Never give up the goal. D．Try to focus on one thing at a time. E．Not to worry, though, books can be of great help. F．Form a good habit, whatever the result may be. 【答案】1．D 2．E 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。如何才能达到目标呢？短文介绍了几步措施就可以达到。 1．根据上文“But do not make a list of wishes.”（但不要列出愿望清单）可知，选项承接上文，告诉我们应该怎么做do not make a list of wishes对应focus on one thing at a time。故D选项“试着一次专注于一件事”切题。故选D项。 2．根据该空的前一句“Some will really get you lost without a clue of how to get there.”可知，如果没有计划、不知道如何做的话，真的会让你迷失的。而E选项中though“可是；但是”表示转折，其内容“书会很有帮助”，上文讲到的“你会迷失”，选项提供了建议not to worry，故该空应填E选项“不过不用担心，书籍会有很大帮助”。故选E项。 3．根据小标题“The final step is to carry it out.”（最后一步是实施它）根据下文“Take the steps you outlined on your road map and keep going on all the time.” （采取你在路线图上列出的步骤，一直坚持下去），该空所在段落讲的是最后一步：落实/执行。故该空应填A（做你计划好的事情）。故选A项。 4．根据下文“Keep pushing.Whatever you do,do not lose heart before you have what you desire in your hands.”（无论你做什么，在你得到你想要的东西之前不要灰心。）所以本段主要在说永远不要放弃你的目标。故选C项。 （22-23高二上·上海·期末）Chocolate Is Beneficial in Some Cases Mental arithmetic became easier after volunteers had been given large amounts of compounds found in chocolate, called flavanols (黄烷醇), in a hot cocoa drink. They were also less likely to feel tired or mentally drained, the findings, presented at the British Psychological Society annual conference in Brighton show. Prof David Kennedy, director of the brain, performance and nutrition research centre at North-umbria University, and a co-author of the study, said that chocolate could be beneficial for mentally challenging tasks. 1 “For things that are difficult to do, mentally demanding things that maybe crop up in your work, it would help.” Prof Kennedy said. The flavanols, part of a group of chemicals called polyphenols (多酚), work by increasing the flow of blood into the brain. For the study 30 volunteers were asked to count backwards in groups of three from a random number between 800 and 999 generated by a computer. 2 . However, the same was not true when the group was asked to count backwards in groups of seven, which the researchers described as more complex task, requiring a slightly different part of the brain. The findings also show that the volunteers did not get as tired doing the calculations if they had been given the cocoa drink, despite being asked to do them over and over for an hour. The researchers gave the volunteers a total of 500 mg of flavanol. 3 . Emma Wightman, one of the study’s lead researchers, said: “You can get bars of chocolate that have 100 mg of flavnoal, and we are also going to look at the effect of lower doses of flavanol on the brain.” Prof Kennedy added: “The amount that you are giving is more than in the diet but there is quite a lot of evidence that general amounts are protective against declining function and that kind of thing. 4 . A．Volunteers’ performance definitely improved after drinking a lot of cocoa. B．The findings show that they could do the calculations more quickly and more accurately after they had been given the drink. C．The more fruit and vegetables and things that are high in polyphenols the better that is for your brain in the long run. D．Although the amount was too great to be found naturally in the diet, researchers said people should ensure they have lots of flavanols, also found in fruit and vegetables, on a regular basis. E．Both higher and lower doses of chocolate will increase brain power. F．The findings suggest students who overeat chocolate when revising for exams may gain a real benefit from doing so. 【答案】1．F 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了巧克力对人类的大脑和精神状态有益。 1．根据下文““For things that are difficult to do, mentally demanding things that maybe crop up in your work, it would help.” Prof Kennedy said. (肯尼迪教授说：“对于那些很难做的事情，可能会在你的工作中出现的精神上要求很高的事情，这会有所帮助。”)”可知，下文告诉我们当我们面对精神上要求很高的事情时，巧克力会对我们有帮助，F项意为“研究结果表明，在复习考试时吃巧克力过量的学生可能会从中获得真正的好处。”选项能够引起下文，复习考试正是一项在精神上要求很高的事情，吃巧克力对学生复习考试有帮助。故选F。 2．根据上文“For the study 30 volunteers were asked to count backwards in groups of three from a random number between 800 and 999 generated by a computer. (在这项研究中，30名志愿者被要求从计算机产生的800到999之间的随机数中，以三人一组倒计数。)”可知，上文介绍了一项研究，B项意为“研究结果表明，给他们喝了饮料后，他们可以更快、更准确地进行计算。”选项能够承接上文，介绍了这项研究的结果，志愿者喝了热巧克力后，可以更快、更准确地进行计算。故选B。 3．根据上文“The researchers gave the volunteers a total of 500 mg of flavanol. (研究人员给志愿者总共500毫克黄烷醇。)”可知，上文告诉我们研究人员给志愿者总共500毫克黄烷醇，D项意为“尽管这一数量太多，无法在饮食中自然发现，但研究人员表示，人们应该确保自己定期摄入大量的黄烷醇，这些黄烷醇也存在于水果和蔬菜中。”选项能够承接上文，虽然500毫克黄烷醇数量太多，但研究人员表示，黄烷醇也存在于水果和蔬菜中，人们应该确保自己定期摄入大量的黄烷醇。故选D。 4．根据上文“Prof Kennedy added: “The amount that you are giving is more than in the diet but there is quite a lot of evidence that general amounts are protective against declining function and that kind of thing.” (肯尼迪教授补充道：“你所给的量比饮食中的量要多，但有很多证据表明，一般的量可以防止功能下降之类的事情。”)”可知，上文告诉我们一般量的黄烷醇就可以防止功能下降之类的事情，C项意为“水果、蔬菜和富含多酚类物质的食物越多，从长远来看，对大脑的好处就越大。”选项能够承接上文，黄烷醇是多酚的一部分，一般量的黄烷醇就会对大脑产生好处，吃水果、蔬菜和富含多酚类物质的食物越多，对大脑的好处就越大。故选C。 （22-23高三上·上海杨浦·期中）Quiet Power Since 2011, people around the world have been celebrating World Introvert Day on January 2. The word introvert describes a personality type. 1 They are likely to feel drained by environments that are highly stimulating and may often need to go to a quiet place to recharge. World Introvert Day began with a blog post from German psychologist Felicitas Heyne. She suggested that introverts are often misunderstood, and their mental health suffers because popular culture is dominated by extroverts. Her idea was to celebrate World Introvert Day to raise awareness of the social challenges that introverts face. 2 There are many famous introverts in art and science, such as Albert Einstein. Charles Darwin, J.K. Rowling, and Lady Gaga. It is believed that many introverts have a great ability to focus and strong powers of imagination. After the noisy New Year celebrations are over, people can set aside one day for some quiet time by themselves or with some introverted friends. 3 The opposite of an introvert is called an extrovert. Extroverts love connecting with other people, work well in groups, and are usually very confident. When introverts don’t fit into groups of extroverts, they may be seen as cold, uninterested, or timid. Popular culture tells us that it is important to network, socialize, and communicate, but all of this can make introverts feel uncomfortable. Scientists are studying what causes someone to be an introvert or an extrovert. Recent studies show that genes are a factor, and most people seem to be born with one personality type or the other. 4 Our environment and experiences also influence whether we are introverted or extroverted. The term ambivert describes someone who is right in the middle. No matter what personality type we have, we can always celebrate our differences and learn from each other. A．It would also celebrate the contributions of introverts throughout history. B．The brain of an introvert can respond dramatically to a very mild stimulus. C．You never know what new ideas you might find when you slow down to enjoy some peace and quiet. D．Introverted people are known to live with unique challenges and gift. E．Introverted people don't require a lot of social contact, and they enjoy spending time alone. F．Part of what makes us introverted or extroverted is how our brains respond to the world around us. 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．C 4．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了内向者的特点，并探讨了导致内向和外向的原因，建议人们尊重内向者，赞美差异，并相互学习。 1．上文“The word introvert describes a personality type. (内向这个词描述的是一种性格类型)”提出了内向是一种性格类型，选项E“内向的人不需要太多的社交，他们喜欢独处。”承接上文，具体介绍内向者的性格特点。故选E项。 2．上文“Her idea was to celebrate World Introvert Day to raise awareness of the social challenges that introverts face. (她的想法是庆祝世界内向者日，以提高人们对内向者所面临的社会挑战的认识)”介绍她想庆祝内向者日来提高人们对内向者的认识，选项A“它还将庆祝内向者在历史上做出的贡献。”承接上文，继续介绍她的想法，庆祝内向者的贡献，也是为了提高人们对内向者的认识。故选A项。 3．上文“After the noisy New Year celebrations are over, people can set aside one day for some quiet time by themselves or with some introverted friends. (在喧闹的新年庆祝活动结束后，人们可以留出一天的时间，独处或与一些内向的朋友在一起)”建议人们独处或与内向朋友在一起，选项C“当你放慢脚步享受宁静时，你永远不知道你会发现什么新想法。”承接上文，和上文存在因果关系，因为独处或和内向朋友在一起，所以就会放慢脚步，享受宁静而产生新思想。故选C项。 4．上文“Scientists are studying what causes someone to be an introvert or an extrovert. Recent studies show that genes are a factor, and most people seem to be born with one personality type or the other. (科学家们正在研究是什么导致一个人内向或外向。最近的研究表明，基因是一个因素，大多数人似乎天生就有一种或另一种性格类型)”提出是什么导致内向和外向性格，并介绍研究结果，选项F“我们内向或外向的部分原因是我们的大脑对周围世界的反应。”承接上文，总结研究结果，说明导致内向和外向的原因。故选F项。 （22-23高二上·上海崇明·期末）Dr. De Momi, of the Politecnico di Milano (Italy), led an international team that trained a robot to imitate natural human actions. 1 Over time this should lead to improvements in safety during surgeries because unlike their human partners, robots do not tire and can complete an endless series of precise(精准的) movements. The goal is not to remove human skill from the operating room, but to complement it with a robot's particular skills and benefits. “As a roboticist, I firmly believe that robotic (co)workers, or say, collaborators will definitely change the work market, but they won’t steal job opportunities. 2 ”De Momi explains. To conduct their experiment De Momi’s team photographed a human being doing numerous reaching motions, in a way similar to handing instruments (手术工具) to a surgeon. These camera captures were input into the neural (神经) network of the robotic arm, which is essential to controlling movements. Next, a human operator guided the robotic arm in imitating the reaching motions that the human subject had initially performed. Although there was not a perfect match between the robotic and human actions, they were generally similar. 3 These observers determined whether the actions of the robotic arms were “biologically inspired,” which meant that their neural networks had effectively learned to imitate human behavior. About 70% of the time this is exactly what the human observers concluded. These results are promising, although further research is necessary to confirm or refine De Momi’s conclusions. If robotic arms can indeed imitate human behavior, it would be necessary to build conditions in which humans and robots can cooperate effectively in high stress environments like operating rooms. 4 De Momi’s work is part of the growing field of healthcare robotics, which has the potential to change the way we receive health care sooner rather than later. A．This future may not be as far away as we think. B．Robots can’t successfully imitate doctors’ motions in the operating room. C．Finally, several humans observed as the robotic arm made numerous motions. D．De Momi’s robots have been widely used in many fields and are sure to change the market. E．They will just help us decrease workload and achieve better performances in several tasks. F．His work suggests that humans and robots can effectively cooperate during high-risk events. 【答案】1．F 2．E 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了意大利米兰理工大学De Momi博士领导了一个国际团队，训练机器人模仿人类的自然行为，以便在高风险事件中，人类和机器人可以有效合作。 1．上文“Dr. De Momi, of the Politecnico di Milano (Italy), led an international team that trained a robot to imitate natural human actions. (意大利米兰理工大学的De Momi博士领导了一个国际团队，训练机器人模仿人类的自然行为。)”提到科学团队训练机器人模仿人类的自然行为，选项F“他的工作表明，在高风险事件中，人类和机器人可以有效合作。”承接上文，阐明这项工作的意义，引出下文“Over time this should lead to improvements in safety during surgeries because unlike their human partners, robots do not tire and can complete an endless series of precise(精准的) movements. (随着时间的推移，这将提高手术的安全性，因为与人类伙伴不同，机器人不会疲劳，可以完成一系列的精确动作。)”进一步具体地阐明机器人的优势。语义通顺。故选F项。 2．上文“As a roboticist, I firmly believe that robotic (co)workers, or say, collaborators will definitely change the work market, but they won’t steal job opportunities. (作为一名机器人专家，我坚信机器人工作人员，或说，合作者肯定会改变劳动力市场，但他们不会偷走工作机会。)”阐明了机器人不会使人们丧失工作机会，也就是说，机器人不会取代人类，选项E“它们只会帮助我们降低工作负担，并在一些任务中取得更好的表现。”承接上文，继续阐述机器人不会完全取代人类，只是帮助人类做得更好。逻辑合理。故选E项。 3．下文“These observers determined whether the actions of the robotic arms were “biologically inspired,” which meant that their neural networks had effectively learned to imitate human behavior. (这些观察人员确定机器手臂的动作是否受到了‘生物启示’，这意味着它们的神经网络已经有效地学会了模仿人类的行为。)”说明观察人员确定机器人的工作原理，选项C“最后，当机器人手臂做出许多动作时，有几个人在观察”说明观察人员在确定工作原理时，观察机器人手臂动作。选项中observed和下文中observers语义相关。故选C项。 4．下文“De Momi’s work is part of the growing field of healthcare robotics, which has the potential to change the way we receive health care sooner rather than later. (De Momi的工作是日益增长的医疗机器人领域的一部分，它有潜力改变我们接受医疗保健的方式，更早而不是更晚。)”说明这项发明创造的应用很快就会实现，选项A“这个未来可能并不像我们想象的那么遥远。”说明这项发明创造的未来并不会遥远，并呼应本段首句“These results are promising, although further research is necessary to confirm or refine De Momi’s conclusions. (这些结果很有希望，尽管还需要进一步的研究来证实或完善De Momi的结论。)”。故选A项。 （22-23高二上·上海·期末）The term mark twain is a navigational description of two fathoms, meaning a depth of twelve feet of water, derived from the measurement of a mark combined with “twain”, meaning “two.” Mark twain is considered the lowest depth for safe water travel. 1 The rope is usually twenty-five fathoms long and is marked in increments of two, three, five, seven, ten, fifteen, seventeen and twenty fathoms. The process of measuring the water is called “sounding,” which was overseen by a leadsman who measures and “sounds out” the depth to the other crew members responsible for sailing or operating the boat in open water. The leadsman would usually stand on a platform, called “the chains” which projected from the ship over the water and “sound” from there. A typical sound would be expressed as “By the mark 7,” or whatever the depth was. In modern English language, it is interesting to note that the expression “deep six” refers to this old method of measuring water. In Life on the Mississippi, Twain describes sounding: “ 2 But in winter the cold and the peril take most of the fun out of it.” Today, the mark is measured by sonar equipment, but in Mark Twain’s day, it was the common method of ensuring that a boat could safely navigate a body of water without becoming stranded on a sandbar, which were plentiful in the Mississippi River. 3 Mark Twain is also significant in the literary world as it is the pen name of Samuel Clemens, the author. Legend has it that Twain actually “lifted” the pseudonym from his supervising captain, who often contributed articles to local papers. Regardless of how Mark Twain, the writer, devised the name, it has become synonymous with tales of adventure, mischief, mishap and life along the Mississippi River, namely in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, known as Hannibal, Missouri in real life. 4 A．Often there is a deal of fun and excitement about sounding, especially if it is a glorious summer day, or a blustering night. B．Books by Mark Twain have proven to be what he wanted them to be: entertainment, food for thought, a landscape about life, a look into what makes people tick, and many more things. C．Through many characters, Mark Twain’s mark never halted at the twain, it would always be bottomless. D．In 1857 Twain becomes an apprentice in order to work as a river pilot. E．The measurement of a mark is taken with a “hand lead” that consists of a rope with a heavy weight fastened to its end. F．As a steamboat pilot, Twain would be especially subjected to these marks as he moved his boats up and down that river. 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．F 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了马克·吐温的含义，测量方法，重要性以及其他马克·吐温的标记。 1．根据下文“The rope is usually twenty-five fathoms long and is marked in increments of two, three, five, seven, ten, fifteen, seventeen and twenty fathoms.（绳子的长度通常为25英制，并以2英制、3英制、5英制、7英制、10英制、15英制、17英制和20英制来表示。）”可知，本段与绳子描述有关。E选项“The measurement of a mark is taken with a “hand lead” that consists of a rope with a heavy weight fastened to its end.（标记的测量是用“手牵绳”进行的，“手牵绳”由一根绳子组成，绳子的一端系着一个重物。）”符合题意，故选E。 2．根据前文“In Life on the Mississippi, Twain describes sounding（在《密西西比河上的生活》一书中，马克·吐温这样描述声音）”可知，下文描述的内容与声音有关。A选项“Often there is a deal of fun and excitement about sounding, especially if it is a glorious summer day, or a blustering night.（经常会有很多有趣和兴奋的声音，特别是当它是一个灿烂的夏日，或一个狂风大作的夜晚。）”符合题意，故选A。 3．根据前文“Today, the mark is measured by sonar equipment, but in Mark Twain’s day, it was the common method of ensuring that a boat could safely navigate a body of water without becoming stranded on a sandbar, which were plentiful in the Mississippi River.（今天，这个标记是由声呐设备测量的，但在马克·吐温的时代，这是一种常见的方法，以确保船只可以安全航行在水体中，而不会搁浅在密西西比河中丰富的沙洲上。）”可知，本段介绍的是这些标记的重要性。F选项“As a steamboat pilot, Twain would be especially subjected to these marks as he moved his boats up and down that river.（作为一名汽船领航员，当吐温在这条河上上下移动他的船时，他尤其会受到这些标记的影响。）”符合题意，故选F。 4．根据前文“Regardless of how Mark Twain, the writer, devised the name, it has become synonymous with tales of adventure, mischief, mishap and life along the Mississippi River, namely in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, known as Hannibal, Missouri in real life.（不管作家马克·吐温是如何命名这个名字的，它已经成为密西西比河沿岸冒险、恶作剧、不幸和生活的代名词，即虚构的圣彼得堡小镇，在现实生活中被称为密苏里的汉尼拔。）”可知，本段介绍是与马克·吐温所代表的多种身份认为有关。C选项“Through many characters, Mark Twain’s mark never halted at the twain, it would always be bottomless.（通过许多角色，马克·吐温的标记从不停留在两个，它将永远是无底的。）”符合题意，故选C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$