专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇（期末真题好题速递）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期末真题分类汇编（上海专用）

专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇 （23-24高一上·上海·期末）Buying organic (有机的) food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers. There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 perent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food, and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said. Organic farms tend to use less energy and produce lower emissions, but “when lower organic yields are taken into account, greenhouse gas emissions might actually be higher under organic management.” The authors of the study, published in Science Advances, said: “We don’t know whether organic agriculture provides any benefits for biodiversity if lower organic yields are taken into account.” Organic farms tend to cause less nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of water systems, but the lower yields could mean that nitrogen loss per unit of food produced is higher than on conventional farms. The authors argued that in countries such as Canada, where pesticide regulations are strict and diets are rich in micronutrients, the health benefits of choosing organic might be marginal. They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”. The team analyzed organic crop farming across 17 criteria including yield, impact on climate change, farmer livelihood and consumer health. “Organic is often proposed as a good solution to current environmental and food scarcity problems, but we found that the costs and benefits will vary heavily depending on the context,” Verena Seufert, one of the authors, said. They concluded that organic farming is not the only solution to providing a sustainable source of food for an ever-growing global population, but does have an important role to play. “We need to stop the perception of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms. Seufert said. The study, which involved a review of the scientific literature on the environmental and economic performance of organic farms, also found that they were highly dependent on animal manure (排泄物) from conventional farms and added: “It is not clear whether we would have enough organic fertilizers to feed everyone in the world with organic food” Organic food is more expensive and “therefore less accessible to consumers with low income, they said. 1．What does the study find about organic farms? A．They are less than efficient. B．They rely on wildlife species. C．They used to produce added emission. D．They use high-quality pesticides. 2．The word “marginal” (in paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to __________. A．irregular B．unlimited C．unimportant D．irrelevant 3．What can be inferred from the passage about organic agriculture? A．Its benefits are yet to be confirmed by review of scientific literature. B．It is perceived as reaching the end of its development like conventional agriculture. C．It is regarded as the opposite of conventional agriculture. D．Its drawbacks outweigh the benefits it yields in most cases. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Organic Farming: Balancing Costs and Benefits B．Organic Farming: Winner in Sustainable Agriculture C．Organic Farming: A Cost-Effective Path to a Healthier Planet D．Organic Farming: The Answer to Global Food Scarcity 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有机食品的优点以及其缺点。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 per cent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food, and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said.(有机农场往往有更多的鸟类和蜜蜂，但这些好处可能会被抵消，因为它们每英亩生产的食物平均比传统农场少19%至25%。英属哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说，这意味着需要更多的土地来生产同样数量的食物，而土地被改变为农业是对野生动物的最大威胁之一)”可知，研究发现有机农场效率不高。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后句“They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”.(他们表示，有机食品可能含有更少量的微量元素，但尚不清楚这是否“对消费者的健康有任何实际好处”)”可知，选择有机食品对健康的好处可能微乎其微的。所以marginal为“微小的，不重要的”之意。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段““We need to stop the perception of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms. Seufert said.(“我们需要停止认为有机农业和传统农业是两个极端。相反，消费者应该要求两方面都采取更好的做法，这样我们才能以可持续的方式满足世界粮食需求，”苏弗特女士说)”可推断，有机农业被认为是传统农业的对立面。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Buying organic (有机的) food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers.(研究人员称，购买有机食品可能并不总是比使用人工杀虫剂种植的廉价食品对地球或人类健康更好)”结合文章主要介绍了有机食品的优点以及其缺点。故A选项“有机农业：平衡代价和好处”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （23-24高一上·上海·期末）States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states. The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases. The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited States’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.” The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to. Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state. Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.” 1．The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ______. A．better businesses’ relations with states B．put most online businesses in a dilemma C．make more online shoppers pay sales tax D．force some states to cut sales tax 2．It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ______. A．have led to the dominance of e-commerce B．have cost consumers a lot over the years C．were widely criticized by online purchasers D．were considered unfavorable by states 3．According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ______. A．hindered economic development B．brought prosperity to the country C．harmed fair market competition D．boosted growth in states revenue 4．In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ______. A．gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences B．describes the long and complicated process of its making C．presents its main points with conflicting views on them D．cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国最高法院一项允许各州对更多在线购物收取销售税的决定，分析了其背景、影响以及各方反应。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.(根据最高法院周四的一项裁决，各州将能够强制更多的人在网上购物时缴纳销售税，这将使购物者的钱包更轻，但对各州来说是一个巨大的财政胜利)”可知，最高法院周四的裁决将使更多网购者支付销售税。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.(最高法院星期四的意见推翻了两项已有数十年历史的裁决，各州表示，这两项裁决每年造成数十亿美元的收入损失)”以及第三段的“The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.(法院推翻的案件称，如果一家企业将客户的购买品运往一个没有实体存在的州，如仓库或办公室，则该企业不必为该州征收销售税。如果没有向客户收取销售税，他们通常有责任自己向州政府支付，但大多数客户没有意识到他们欠了这笔税，很少有人支付)”可知，被推翻的决定导致州政府每年损失数十亿美元的收入，由此可推知，推翻的案件被认为是不利于州政府的。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited States’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”(肯尼迪写道，该规则“限制了各国寻求长期繁荣的能力，并阻止了市场参与者在公平的竞争环境中竞争。”)”可知，肯尼迪认为实体存在规则限制了州寻求长期繁荣的能力，并阻碍了市场参与者在公平竞争环境中的竞争，即妨碍了经济发展。故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章首先陈述了最高法院的这一裁决及其对消费者和州政府的影响（即更多网购需缴纳销售税，州政府收入增加），然后在后续段落中讨论了该裁决对不同商家群体（如大型连锁店、纯在线零售商、小型企业）的可能影响，由此可推知，在处理最高法院星期四的裁决时，作者对其进行了真实的描述并讨论了其后果。故选A。 （23-24高一上·上海·期末）Dear boss — You have always tried to attract young and youngish consumers, and our consultants have always come up with new ways to label them. I don’t need to remind you that “millennials” and, increasingly, “Gen Z” are our most important markets. The trouble is that coming up with rules to define a swathe of humanity is more art than science. It is liable to apply stereotypes. Luckily you have me, and I’m here to tell you that much of what is written about marketing to today’s most prized consumers is a myth. Social media has just changed the ways people discover brands from viewing television, newspapers and magazines to surfing Instagram and TikTok; it has weakened the power of marketing as a whole. Such is the ease with which digital natives can fact-check our tricky marketing claims that it is getting harder to build brand loyalty. Online, communication is cheap and prices are readily Googled. There is a similar temptation to think that physical shops no longer matter. Young consumers love their Amazon deliveries. But what works best is the seamless combination of the digital and physical worlds. Remember those online-only influencer-backed beauty brands like Glossier, which took the world by storm during the pandemic? It turns out that they struggle to get repeat business and have had to pair up with physical retailers. If we want to succeed, we need to offer the best of both physical and virtual worlds. Gen Z will consider a brand’s sustainability and social impact, but considering something isn’t surrendering to it. They are never brand-slaved. It is chiefly youngsters who buy cheap “fast-fashion” outfits to wear once and then send to landfill. Also, youngsters care less for consumer boycotts than its virtue-signaling parents, thus open to various brands. No wonder, most brands originate from youngsters with duel identities of producers and consumers. What determines the shopping mode of a generation is their mindset. In Gen Z, lies are easily exposed online, where everyone loves a takedown and hates hypocrisy. We are people just as our young customers are and people will always buy sincerity. 1．What is the article primarily warning readers against in marketing? A．The excessive use of digital advertising and ignoring traditional media. B．The use of influencers and social media platforms for product promotion. C．Focusing solely on Gen Z without considering other demographic groups. D．Relying on outdated perceptions of young consumer behaviors. 2．Why is it challenging to build brand loyalty among younger consumers in the digital age? A．Young consumers are less interested in brand loyalty. B．Digital natives can check out marketing claims. C．Young consumers prefer shopping in physical stores. D．Social media platforms are misguiding in brand establishment. 3．What is suggested about the importance of physical stores in modern retailing? A．Physical stores are becoming obsolete due to the rise of e-commerce. B．Young consumers only prefer online shopping and home deliveries. C．A combination of digital and physical retail experiences is most effective. D．Physical stores should be completely replaced by digital marketing strategies. 4．What’s the attitude of young consumers towards brands? A．They commit to social justice and boycott unethical brands. B．They consider a brand’s sustainability but are not controlled by it. C．They are indifferent to a brand’s quality and social influence. D．They only support brands that are created by their peers. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要为老板们提供了打开年轻人市场的具体建议。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Dear boss — You have always tried to attract young and youngish consumers, and our consultants have always come up with new ways to label them. (亲爱的老板：你一直在努力吸引年轻的消费者，我们的顾问也总是能想出新的方法来给他们贴上标签)”和“The trouble is that coming up with rules to define a swathe of humanity is more art than science. It is liable to apply stereotypes. Luckily you have me, and I’m here to tell you that much of what is written about marketing to today’s most prized consumers is a myth. (问题在于，制定规则来定义一部分人与其说是科学，不如说是艺术。很容易使用刻板印象。幸运的是，你有我，我在这里告诉你，很多关于今天最珍贵的消费者的营销都是无稽之谈)”可知，文章认为在定义年轻消费者时，人们很容易犯贴标签、用刻板印象的错误，很多营销都是无稽之谈。由此推知，文章主要是在警告不要在营销中依赖于对年轻消费者行为的过时看法。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Such is the ease with which digital natives can fact-check our tricky marketing claims that it is getting harder to build brand loyalty. (数字原住民可以如此轻松地核实我们狡猾的营销宣传，以至于建立品牌忠诚度变得越来越困难)”可知，这变得有挑战性是因为数字原住民可以核实营销宣传。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“There is a similar temptation to think that physical shops no longer matter. Young consumers love their Amazon deliveries. But what works best is the seamless combination of the digital and physical worlds. (还有一个类似的诱惑，人们会被认为实体店不再重要。年轻消费者喜欢亚马逊的送货服务。但效果最好的是数字世界和现实世界的无缝结合)”可知，实体店在现代零售业中依然重要，文章认为数字和实体零售体验的结合是最有效的。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Gen Z will consider a brand’s sustainability and social impact, but considering something isn’t surrendering to it. They are never brand-slaved. (Z世代会考虑一个品牌的可持续性和社会影响，但考虑某些东西并不意味着向它投降。他们从不受品牌的束缚)”可知，年轻消费者会考虑品牌的可持续性，但并不受其控制。故选B项。 （23-24高一上·上海·期末）They say the average person makes 35,000 decisions a day. Yet in her new book, How Woman Decide, Therese Huston explores a widespread phenomenon that many women fail to notice. “There’s a huge double standard when it comes to how men and women are viewed as decision-makers,” explains Therese, a psychologist from Seattle University. Therese decided to write the book after looking at her bookshelf: At one end, there were bestselling books about how to be a clever decision-maker — all written by men and featuring interviews with men like athletes. At the other end were books aimed at women on gaining leadership skills and confidence. “Once those women are at the table, will their decisions be taken as seriously as men’s?” Therese wondered. “Men are respected as decision-makers more than women, especially in the workplace, largely because there’s this cultural belief that women are unable to make smart choices at work.” So, Therese set out to pick apart the stereotypes to see what scientific research had found. “Scientific research shows that men and women struggle with decision-making equally. The only disadvantage I found was that during the teenage years — teenage girls are more indecisive than teenage boys. Otherwise, there’s little difference between the genders.” However, there are some differences. “Women are more collaborative,” says Therese. “A female boss is more likely to ask the opinions of those around her when making a choice. Women ask for input, which helps make better decisions. However, this is often seen as a weakness rather than a strength.” Therese also found that during times of stress, men and women make different choices, and the outcomes are often better when women are involved. Study after study backs this view up. Neuroscientists Mara Mather and Nicole Lighthall from the University of Southern California studied the way men and women make decisions and found that in times of stress, they react very differently. During their study, which involved playing a virtual gambling game, they found that when the females became stressed, they made smart decisions — quitting while they were ahead or taking safe bets. But when the men became stressed, they did the opposite, risking everything for a slim chance of a big win. 1．Therese Huston wrote the book How women Decide because she finds that ____________. A．Women are less respected as decision makers. B．Women are not equally treated in workplaces. C．Women are unable to make smart choices. D．Women are poor at making big decisions. 2．According to Therese Huston, what is women’s weakness in decision-making? A．Men can make quicker decisions than women. B．Women easily get stressed when making decisions. C．Women are likely to ask for input when making decisions. D．Teenage girls are less able to make decisions than teenage boys. 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Women show less confidence in times of stress. B．Men tend to make risky decisions in times of stress. C．Men demonstrate great bravery in times of stress. D．Women quit making decisions when ahead in games. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Women are brilliant as decision makers. B．Men are weaker in making smart decisions. C．We should give up all cultural beliefs about gender. D．Great difference exists between the two genders in decision-making. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Therese Huston的新书《女性怎样决定》中对两性的决策能力的相关研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中Therese Huston的话“Men are respected as decision-makers more than women, especially in the workplace, largely because there’s this cultural belief that women are unable to make smart choices at work.”(作为决策者，男性比女性更受尊重，尤其是在工作场所，很大程度上是因为有一种文化观念认为女性无法在工作中做出明智的选择。)和第三段“So, Therese set out to pick apart the stereotypes to see what scientific research had found.”(因此，Therese开始对这些刻板印象进行分析，看看科学研究有什么发现。)可知，Therese Huston写这本书是因为她发现女性作为决策者受到的尊重较少。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中Therese Huston的话“The only disadvantage I found was that during the teenage years — teenage girls are more indecisive than teenage boys. Otherwise, there’s little difference between the genders.”(我发现唯一的缺点是，在青少年时期，女孩比男孩更优柔寡断。除此之外，性别之间的差异很小。)可知，Therese Huston认为女性在决策方面的弱点是十几岁的女孩做决定的能力不如十几岁的男孩。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But when the men became stressed, they did the opposite, risking everything for a slim chance of a big win.”(但当男性感到压力大时，他们就会反其道而行，冒着一切风险去争取一个微小的大赢机会。)可知，男性在压力下往往会做出冒险的决定。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第二段中“Men are respected as decision-makers more than women, especially in the workplace, largely because there’s this cultural belief that women are unable to make smart choices at work.”(作为决策者，男性比女性更受尊重，尤其是在工作场所，很大程度上是因为有一种文化观念认为女性无法在工作中做出明智的选择。)提出女性无法在工作中做出明智的选择这一普遍观点，但在第三段中“Scientific research shows that men and women struggle with decision-making equally. The only disadvantage I found was that during the teenage years — teenage girls are more indecisive than teenage boys. Otherwise, there’s little difference between the genders.”(科学研究表明，男性和女性在决策方面面对的困难是一样的。我发现唯一的缺点是，在青少年时期，女孩比男孩更优柔寡断。除此之外，在决策中性别之间的差异很小。)、第五段中“Therese also found that during times of stress, men and women make different choices, and the outcomes are often better when women are involved.”(Therese还发现，在面临压力时，男性和女性会做出不同的选择，而有女性参与的结果往往更好。)和最后一段中“During their study, which involved playing a virtual gambling game, they found that when the females became stressed, they made smart decisions — quitting while they were ahead or taking safe bets. But when the men became stressed, they did the opposite, risking everything for a slim chance of a big win.”(在他们的研究中，他们玩了一个虚拟的赌博游戏，他们发现，当女性感到压力时，它们会做出明智的决定——在领先的时候退出，或者选择安全的赌注。但当男性感到压力大时，他们就会反其道而行，冒着一切风险去争取一个微小的大赢机会。)驳斥了这一观点，用实验证明女性也可以做出明智的选择，也是杰出的决策者，这也是本文要表达的主要意思。故选A。 （23-24高一上·上海·期末）When is the best time to... You might think you’re in control of your schedule, but your body evolved to follow a natural rhythm. Sticking closer to that routine can help keep you in tiptoe shape. ①Drink coffee Sipping caffeine is best early in the day. Consumed later, it can reset your body’s clock and prevent sleep. If you’re sure you can take a shot of espresso at 8 p.m. and be snoring by 10, try skipping the caffeine for a few weeks to see what a night of truly good rest feels like. ②Eat It’s best to eat your biggest meal carly, contrary to a typical American day. Insulin – the hormone that regulates metabolism – peaks in the first half of the day, then steadily drops. So your blood sugar is less likely to skyrocket after a big breakfast than after a comparable dinner. ③Sleep Around 8 or 9 p.m., our bodies start to cool down, and we sleep better when we have a low core body temperature. But how much shut-eye is ideal? Studies show that those who get six and a half to eight hours are less likely to die prematurely. Eight hours seems to be perfect. ④Exercise Some people prefer early-morning jogs. But muscle tone is highest around 5 p.m. It is even the same with professional ones: West Coast NFL teams won more often and by a higher margin in matches after 8 p.m. on the East Coast. Still on Pacific time, their bodies were prepared to play. ⑤Be creative The evolution of language, religion, and philosophy all started with late-night talks. So save that short story you’ve been meaning to write for a dark and restless night. ⑥Do math Scientists think we reach maximum alertness between l0 a.m. and 2 p.m., with a peak around noon. For the first few hours after we wake, organs with more basic functions take priority. Once they get activated, our brains have a chance to obtain more energy. 1．The author suggests people who drink coffee late in the day _____. A．go to bed without drinking coffee B．break their habit and go to bed early C．stick to their habit to have a truly good sleep D．go to bed just two hours after drinking coffee 2．Joanna is a promising young writer whose microblog enjoys one million followers. What is probably the best time for her to writer inspiring stories for her fans? A．8 a.m. B．10 a.m. C．6 p.m. D．11 p.m. 3．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Having a higher body temperature helps people sleep better. B．Students should work on their math tasks as soon as they get up because their brain works best at the time. C．Professional athletes are likely to achieve better results when training in the late afternoon than in the early morning. D．Americans usually have their biggest meal in the morning. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章就如何保持身体状态良好，从饮食、睡眠、锻炼等多个方面提供了一些建议。 1．细节理解题。根据①Drink coffee部分最后一句“If you’re sure you can take a shot of espresso at 8 p.m. and be snoring by 10, try skipping the caffeine for a few weeks to see what a night of truly good rest feels like. (如果你确信你可以在晚上8点喝一杯浓缩咖啡，到10点就会打鼾，那就试着在几周内不喝咖啡因，看看晚上真正的好休息是什么感觉。)”可知，作者劝告晚上喝咖啡的人们尝试别喝咖啡，然后就能改善睡眠。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据⑤Be creative部分“The evolution of language, religion, and philosophy all started with late-night talks. So save that short story you’ve been meaning to write for a dark and restless night. (语言、宗教和哲学的演变都始于深夜的谈话。所以，把你一直想写的短篇小说留到一个黑暗而不安的夜晚吧。)”可知，人在晚上有着不同的思维模式，适合进行创作、构思创意。题目中Joanna要给粉丝写故事，最佳的时间也应该选在晚上。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据④Exercise部分中“But muscle tone is highest around 5 p.m. It is even the same with professional ones: West Coast NFL teams won more often and by a higher margin in matches after 8 p.m. on the East Coast. (但是肌肉张力在下午5点左右是最高的。甚至职业球队也是如此:西海岸的NFL球队在东海岸晚上8点之后的比赛中获胜的几率更高，优势也更大。)”可知，下午五点时人的肌肉张力达到峰值，后面举出了例子证实运动员在傍晚取得的成绩更佳，D选项“专业运动员在傍晚训练比在早上更有可能取得好成绩”符合文意。故选C项。 （23-24高一上·上海·期末）In spite of “endless talk of difference”, American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This includes the uniformity in clothing and communication, as well as the casualness and lack of respect seen in popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered a wide range of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of fancy shops catering to the upper-class, these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background.” This turned shopping into a public and democratic (民主的) act. The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. Immigrants are quickly adapting to this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at remarkable levels nor resistant to assimilation (融合). In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indicators of assimilation — language, home ownership and intermarriage. The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual (双语的) and good at English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence, America is described as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians. Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States are not influenced by the nation’s assimilative power.” Are there divisive issues and anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s troubled past, today’s social Indicators hardly suggest a dark and worsening social environment. 1．The underlined phrase in paragraph 1 probably means ________. A．making people adapt to American consumption culture B．encouraging people to embrace a democratic lifestyle C．encouraging people to stick to their own ideas and principles D．making people behave more similarly in many aspects 2．According to the passage, what can be inferred about the immigrants now in the U.S.? A．Their adaptation to the common culture is quick but harmful to the society. B．The scale of immigration is not big and the immigrants welcome American culture. C．Their children are good at both English and their original language. D．Hispanic and Asian-American women both prefer to marry native-born Americans. 3．The author mentions Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks in paragraph 4 to ________. A．provide examples of successful immigrants B．suggest the weakness of America’s assimilative power C．show the powerful influence of American culture D．prove their popularity at home and abroad 4．What is the author’s general attitude towards the cultural assimilation in American society? A．Optimistic. B．Concerned. C．Neutral. D．Negative. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国对美国移民的文化同化问题。 1．词句猜测题。划线词句前文“In spite of “endless talk of difference”(尽管“没完没了地谈论差异”)”说明尽管人们对于美国社会的差异性有没完没了的争议，与后文形成转折关系，从而推知划线词句“American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people(美国社会是一台神奇的homogenizing people的机器)”其中划线短语应为“同质人们，使人们同质化”的意思，与D项“使人们在许多方面表现得更加相似”同义。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Immigrants are quickly adapting to this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at remarkable levels nor resistant to assimilation (融合). In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000.(移民们正在很快迅速适应这种共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们。Gregory Rodriguez为《国家移民论坛》撰写文章，他在报道中指出，如今移民既没有创新高，也不抵制同化，1998年移民占美国人口总数的9.8%，而1990年移民人口所占比例是13.6%。1990年之前的10年里，每1000名居民中就有3.1名移民抵达；在1890年之前的10年中，每1000人中有9.2人)”和第三段中“The 1990 Census revealed  that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common  countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years  of residence.”(1990年的人口普查显示，“来自15个最常见的原籍国的大多数移民在居住10年后都能说‘好’或‘非常好’的英语。”)”可推知，现在在美国的移民，移民规模不大，并且移民欢迎美国文化。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States are not influenced by the nation’s assimilative power.”(罗德里格斯指出，世界各地偏远村庄的孩子都是阿诺德·施瓦辛格和加思·布鲁克斯等巨星的粉丝，但“一些美国人担心生活在美国的移民不会受到美国同化能力的影响。”)”可推知，作者在第4段提到阿诺德·施瓦辛格和加思·布鲁克斯是为了表明美国文化的巨大影响力。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Are there divisive issues and anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s troubled past, today’s social Indicators hardly suggest a dark and worsening social environment.(美国是否存在分裂问题和愤怒？没错这个国家足够大，就会什么东西都会有点儿。但特别是当与美国动荡的过去相比时，今天的社会指标不能表明社会环境是黑暗和恶化的)”可推知，作者对美国社会文化同化的总体态度是乐观的。故选A项。 （23-24高一上·上海嘉定·期末）People around the world take celebrating seriously, and many of them are willing to go to great effort and expense to plan and participate in public celebrations. Exactly when and where human beings began coming together in public to celebrate as a group can date back to hunter-gatherer societies, when success in the never-ending search for food, clothing, and shelter must have aroused the need to celebrate together. Besides the need for food and survival, there are records of religious parades dating back to 3000 B．C． Parades were also used to demonstrate military power and celebrate military victories; to attract customers to events such as the circus by giving the public a sample of the entertainment; or to celebrate ethnic (民族的) connection and holidays. The New York Times of October 28, 1917, summed it up by saying, “If you take the parades out of history, you have precious little history left.” Of course, many modern celebrations are not connected to any religion. In the Internet era, electronic communication makes it possible to organize celebrations almost instantly. “Flash mobs” are a new way of gathering and celebrating. Secretly planned online, they bring together tens, hundreds, or thousands of individuals to perform some unusual or funny act in a public place. Flash mobs not only reflect the increased speed of communication but also a lighter attitude to celebration. No longer is public celebrating something necessarily linked to human survival, religion, or deep traditions. This does not mean, however, that modern celebrations are not socially conscious. One striking image inspiring community spirit is Edwards’ photograph of crowds in Australia, who were gathering in the rain for a music festival to raise funds for wildfire relief. Throughout history, across countries and cultures, celebrations are always worth significant amount of time and money spent planning, preparing, organizing, and carrying out an event. The priority given to celebrating seems to put it alongside food, shelter, love, and freedom as a basic need of humanity. 1．According to the passage, which one of the following events can make celebrations happen? A．A business has made a huge profit. B．It has been sunny for a week. C．Farmers harvest in the autumn. D．A new museum opens in the city center. 2．What does the underlined sentence (paragraph 3) imply? A．If there is no parade, human history will be more precious. B．Students should be taught the importance of parades in history class. C．Only parades can be recorded in history books. D．Many significant historic moments featured a parade. 3．Which of the following best describes a flash mob? A．Four strangers meet at a concert and then decide to perform together in a public square. B．Someone announces openly a series of performances to take place at school. C．An online group plans and performs a dance in a crowded train station. D．The number of people watching a street performer grows to several hundred. 4．Which of these is the best title for the passage? A．Why We Celebrate? B．Celebration and Social Responsibility C．Planning a Parade D．The Origin of Celebration 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍了古代和现在人们举行庆祝活动的原因以及一些庆祝活动方式。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Exactly when and where human beings began coming together in public to celebrate as a group can date back to hunter-gatherer societies, when success in the never-ending search for food, clothing, and shelter must have aroused the need to celebrate together. (确切地说，人类作为一个群体在何时何地开始在公共场合聚在一起庆祝，这可以追溯到狩猎采集社会，当时在永无止境地寻找食物、衣服和住所方面的成功一定引起了共同庆祝的需要。)”可知，人类作为一个全体开始在公共场合聚集在一起庆祝可以追溯到狩猎采集社会，成功找到食物、住所时人们就会聚在一起庆祝；由此推知，当农民在秋天收获时就会举行庆祝活动。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中划线句上文“Besides the need for food and survival, there are records of religious parades dating back to 3000 B.C. Parades were also used to demonstrate military power and celebrate military victories; to attract customers to events such as the circus by giving the public a sample of the entertainment; or to celebrate ethnic (民族的) connection and holidays. (除了食物和生存的需要，还有可以追溯到公元前3000年的宗教游行记录。游行也被用来展示军事力量和庆祝军事胜利；为吸引顾客参加马戏表演等活动向公众提供娱乐体验；或者庆祝民族联系和节日。)”可知，游行有着非常悠久的历史，公元前3000年就有宗教游行的记录，且许多场合都会有游行活动，它涉及到各个方面，如军事、娱乐、庆祝民族联系和节日等；由此可知，游行有着非常悠久的历史，许多重要的历史时刻都会有游行活动。由划线词所在句“The New York Times of October 28, 1917, summed it up by saying, “If you take the parades out of history, you have precious little history left.”(1917年10月28日的《纽约时报》总结道：‘If you take the parades out of history, you have precious little history left.’)”通过引用1917年10月28日《纽约时报》中的一句话“如果你把游行从历史中剔除，那么你的历史就所剩无几了。”进一步说明在人类历史中重要的时刻都会有游行活动。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中““Flash mobs” are a new way of gathering and celebrating. Secretly planned online, they bring together tens, hundreds, or thousands of individuals to perform some unusual or funny act in a public place. (‘快闪族’是一种新的聚会和庆祝方式。他们在网上秘密策划，将数十人、数百人或数千人聚集在一起，在公共场所表演一些不寻常或有趣的行为。)”可知，“快闪族”是一个在网上进行策划，在约定好的公共场所聚集并表演一些不寻常或有趣的行为的网络群体；C选项“An online group plans and performs a dance in a crowded train station.(一个网络团体策划并在拥挤的火车站表演了一场舞蹈。)”最能描述“快闪族”。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。文章第一段“People around the world take celebrating seriously, and many of them are willing to go to great effort and expense to plan and participate in public celebrations.(世界各地的人们都很重视庆祝活动，他们中的许多人都愿意付出巨大的努力和费用来计划和参与公共庆祝活动。)”指出世界各地的人们都很重视庆祝活动，愿意付出巨大的努力和费用来计划和参与公共庆祝活动；结合第三段中“Besides the need for food and survival, there are records of religious parades dating back to 3000 B.C. Parades were also used to demonstrate military power and celebrate military victories; to attract customers to events such as the circus by giving the public a sample of the entertainment; or to celebrate ethnic (民族的) connection and holidays. (除了食物和生存的需要，还有可以追溯到公元前3000年的宗教游行记录。游行也被用来展示军事力量和庆祝军事胜利；为吸引顾客参加马戏表演等活动向公众提供娱乐体验；或者庆祝民族联系和节日。)”以及第五段中“This does not mean, however, that modern celebrations are not socially conscious. One striking image inspiring community spirit is Edwards’ photograph of crowds in Australia, who were gathering in the rain for a music festival to raise funds for wildfire relief.(然而，这并不意味着现代庆祝活动没有社会意识。爱德华兹拍摄的澳大利亚人群在雨中聚集在一起，参加一个音乐节，为野火救援筹集资金，这是一张激发社区精神的引人注目的照片。)”可知，本文主要阐述了在古代和现在人们都会付出巨大的努力和费用来举行庆祝活动的原因；A选项“Why We Celebrate(我们为什么要庆祝)”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选A。 （23-24高一上·上海徐汇·期末）For many years, ships that wanted to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific or from the Pacific to the Atlantic had to sail around South America. The trip took weeks and was very dangerous. To make the route shorter and safter, it was decided to build a canal (运河). Panama was chosen because it is the narrowest country in the Americas. The French started building the canal as early as 1880, but their attempt failed after 21,900 people died of diseases and accidents. The Americans finally completed the project, and the Panama Canal opened in 1914. When the Panama Canal opened in 1914, ships were able to make the trip between oceans in approximately 10 hours. The locks in the canal have been called one of the seven wonders of the modern world. The 48-mile-long Panama Canal was dug through the country of Panama. To pass between oceans, ships must actually go up. In fact, to travel through the canal, ships are raised 85 feet above sea level and then lowered again. A ship enters the canal and sails to the first series of locks. Each lock is a huge compartment(分隔的空间) made of concrete walls and metal doors at each end. When one set of doors opens, the ship enters the lock. The doors close, and water flows into the lock, raising the ship until the water level equals the level in the next lock. At that time, the doors open to allow the ship to move into the next lock. When the doors close, the same process continues to raise the ship again. On either end of the canal, three sets of locks raise and lower ships. After the third lock, the ship enters Gatun Lake, sails about 23 miles, and begins its descent through the series of locks. To lower the ship, the locks work in reverse, allowing water to flow out of the lock until the water level is the same as the next lock. In this way, the ship reaches sea level and moves out into the ocean. Over one million ships have passed through the Panama Canal since it opened. It has proven to be very important to world trade. In 2016, the canal was expanded to allow wider ships to pass through it, proving it will be a vital part of the world for many years to come. 1．Which of the following is the correct order of the events? ① The ship enters a lock. ② Water flows into the lock to raise the water level. ③ The doors close. ④ The doors open and the ship move out. A．④③②① B．③①②④ C．①③②④ D．③②④① 2．We can infer from the article that the Panama Canal ______. A．is the narrowest canal in the world B．was easy to construct C．is an important link in global shipping D．will be closed in the near future 3．Which word in paragraph 4 probably means “a journey downward”? A．reverse B．series C．process D．descent 4．According to the passage, the Panama Canal was built ______. A．to shorten the trip between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans B．to raise and lower the water level in the locks C．so that ships could travel to Panama from other countries D．so that people could enjoy the beautiful view of Gatun Lake 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了修建巴拿马运河的原因，船只怎样通过巴拿马运河以及巴拿马运河的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段“A ship enters the canal and sails to the first series of locks. Each lock is a huge compartment(分隔的空间) made of concrete walls and metal doors at each end. When one set of doors opens, the ship enters the lock. The doors close, and water flows into the lock, raising the ship until the water level equals the level in the next lock. At that time, the doors open to allow the ship to move into the next lock. (一艘船进入运河，驶向第一组船闸。每个船闸都是一个巨大的隔间，由混凝土墙和两端的金属门组成。当一扇门打开时，船就进入了船闸。门关上了，水流入船闸，使船升高，直到水位与下一个船闸的水位相等。这时，船门打开，允许船只进入下一个船闸。)”可知应是船先进入船闸，然后门关上，水流入船闸，使船升高，最后门打开，船开走，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Over one million ships have passed through the Panama Canal since it opened. It has proven to be very important to world trade. In 2016, the canal was expanded to allow wider ships to pass through it, proving it will be a vital part of the world for many years to come. (自巴拿马运河开通以来，已有100多万艘船只通过。事实证明，它对世界贸易非常重要。2016年，运河进行了扩建，允许更宽的船只通过，这证明了它在未来许多年里仍将是世界的重要组成部分。)”可推断巴拿马运河是全球航运的重要环节，故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据题干中的“a journey downward (向下的旅程)”，可知应该在原文中找到向下，下降的单词。再结合第四段最后两句“After the third lock, the ship enters Gatun Lake, sails about 23 miles, and begins its descent through the series of locks. To lower the ship, the locks work in reverse, allowing water to flow out of the lock until the water level is the same as the next lock. In this way, the ship reaches sea level and moves out into the ocean. (经过第三个水闸后，船进入加通湖，航行约23英里，并开始通过一系列水闸下降。为了降低船身，船闸会反向工作，让水从船闸流出，直到水位与下一个船闸相同。通过这种方式，船到达海平面并驶进海洋。)”可知水闸下降来降低船身向下运行，所以decent和“a journey downward”同义，故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第一段“For many years, ships that wanted to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific or from the Pacific to the Atlantic had to sail around South America. The trip took weeks and was very dangerous. (多年来，想要从大西洋到太平洋或从太平洋到大西洋的船只必须绕过南美洲。这次旅行花了几个星期，而且非常危险。)”和第二段“To make the route shorter and safter, it was decided to build a canal (运河). (为了使这条路线更短、更安全，人们决定修建一条运河。)”可知巴拿马运河的建造缩短了大西洋和太平洋之间的航程。故选A。 （23-24高一上·上海徐汇·期末）You may have seen white-faced capuchin monkeys (卷尾猴) before, whether at a zoo or in a popular movie. These medium-sized monkeys are found in Central America and northern South America. They have a mostly black-haired body and white hair on their face and shoulders. The cap of black fur on their head resembles the hoods(兜帽) that Capuchin monks in Italy wore, and that’s where the name came from. Another fascinating feature of these monkeys is their long tail, which acts like a third hand. Capuchin monkeys use their tail to hang on to tree branches to support their body weight while looking for food. While they eat fruit and nuts, they also enjoy insects, frogs, and lizards. Since they spread various fruit seeds through their feces(粪便) and eat insects that are harmful to trees, they contribute a lot to the preservations of forests. Capuchin monkeys are very social and live in groups of 20 members or so. A group of capuchins is known as a troop or a barrel. Troops are mainly made up of females, who remain in the same troop their whole lives, while males change troops about every four years. Communication and social activities play a significant role among monkeys in a troop because they help form social bonds. A curious example is “hand sniffing,” where the monkeys stick their fingers in front of each other’s nose. Outside the forests, capuchin monkeys are not only used by humans for their acting abilities. These intelligent animals have small fingers and are gifted with fine motor skills. They can be trained to do many tasks that humans with disabilities cannot do, like turning the pages of a book or picking up dropped objects. Therefore, the white-faced capuchin can be important assistants and companions for some disabled people. 1．How did white-faced capuchin monkeys get their name? A．They appeared in popular films with Capuchin monks. B．Their fur crowns look like the hoods of Capuchin monks. C．They are found in regions where Capuchin monks live. D．They used to be kept by Capuchin monks as pets. 2．According to the passage, what contribution do white-faced capuchins make to forests? A．They help keep the trees healthy. B．They make forest soil more fertile. C．They reduce the risk of forest fires. D．They eat plants that damage forests. 3．Which of the following aspect is NOT mentioned in the passage? A．Diet. B．Behavior. C．Threats. D．Appearance. 4．Why are white-faced capuchin monkeys used as human helpers? A．They are very friendly and loyal to humans. B．They are strong enough to carry heavy things. C．They are smart and can perform different tasks. D．They are good at making faces and acting. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了白脸卷尾猴这种动物的特征、习性等情况。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The cap of black fur on their head resembles the hoods(兜帽) that Capuchin monks in Italy wore, and that’s where the name came from.(他们头上的黑色毛皮帽类似于意大利卷尾猴僧侣戴的兜帽，这就是这个名字的由来)”可知，白脸卷尾猴的名字由来是因为它们的毛皮王冠看起来像卷尾猴僧侣的兜帽。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Since they spread various fruit seeds through their feces(粪便) and eat insects that are harmful to trees, they contribute a lot to the preservations of forests.(由于它们通过粪便传播各种水果种子，并吃对树木有害的昆虫，它们对保护森林做出了很大贡献)”可知，白面卷尾猴对森林的贡献是帮助保持树木健康。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段“They have a mostly black-haired body and white hair on their face and shoulders.(他们的身体大多是黑色的毛发，脸上和肩膀上有白色的毛发)”提到了外貌；第二段“While they eat fruit and nuts, they also enjoy insects, frogs, and lizards.(虽然它们吃水果和坚果，但它们也喜欢昆虫、青蛙和蜥蜴)”提到了饮食；最后一段“These intelligent animals have small fingers and are gifted with fine motor skills. They can be trained to do many tasks that humans with disabilities cannot do, like turning the pages of a book or picking up dropped objects. (这些聪明的动物有细小的手指，具有精细的运动技能。通过训练，它们可以完成许多残疾人无法完成的任务，比如翻页或捡起掉在地上的东西)”提到了行为。可知，文章中没有提到威胁。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“These intelligent animals have small fingers and are gifted with fine motor skills. They can be trained to do many tasks that humans with disabilities cannot do, like turning the pages of a book or picking up dropped objects. Therefore, the white-faced capuchin can be important assistants and companions for some disabled people.(这些聪明的动物有细小的手指，具有精细的运动技能。通过训练，它们可以完成许多残疾人无法完成的任务，比如翻页或捡起掉在地上的东西。因此，白面卷尾猴可以成为一些残疾人的重要助手和同伴)”可知，白脸卷尾猴被用作人类的帮手因为他们很聪明，可以执行不同的任务。故选C。 （23-24高一上·上海长宁·期末）People’s creativity knows no bounds. There is always something new being developed that promises to improve people’s quality of life. These two inventions promise to do just that. Riding a bicycle is an enjoyable activity. Most people wear a helmet to protect their heads as accidents do happen and can be deadly. Helmets protect to a degree, but now a Swedish company has something even better. Meet Hövding 3, an airbag for cyclists that blows up to protect the head in an accident. A scientific study shows that it protects the head much better than a traditional bike helmet. The Hövding 3 airbag is worn around the neck like a collar. If the cyclist is in an accident, the airbag fills with air in 0.1 seconds. The Hövding 3 is easy to use. Just charge it up, zip it around your neck and activate it. It can also be linked to your smartphone. Then if you have an accident, the Hövding app will notify your selected contacts. At €349 (about USS380) the device isn’t cheap, but if it saves your life, it’s worth it. Have you ever heard of electronic skin, also known as e-skin? Just as your skin can feel things, electronic skin can “feel,” too. Made of special materials that are stretchy, e-skin can twist and stretch without breaking. It can also detect changes in temperature, pressure and wetness wherever it is used. E-skin is being combined with wearable health monitors, making them last longer and more comfortable for the wearer. E-skin can be put on robots that need to “feel” their environment and help them interact with the world around them. This is exactly how humans use their sense of touch to feel and respond to different stimuli (刺激物). For example, e-skin can be used to make prosthetic limbs (义肢) feel pressure and temperature changes. This would allow the person to have a better sense of touch, feel and control of the limb. Scientists and engineers are still working on improving the technology behind e-skin. They want to make it even more sensitive and responsive. 1．The expression “knows no bounds” in the first paragraph most probably means “________” A．shows no changes B．has no limits C．promises no drawbacks D．gets no bad results 2．Unlike a traditional helmet, the Hövding 3 ________. A．is very much complicated to use B．is a life-saving but low-cost device C．can inform the contacts of the injured D．can injure the wearers with its airbag 3．Which of the following statements about electronic skin is true? A．It has been mass-produced recently. B．It lacks flexibility and is easily worn out. C．It loses its sense of temperature in the sea. D．It is highly similar to human skin in function. 4．It can be concluded from the passage that ________. A．new inventions are changing our lives B．the two technologies are already quite perfect C．the future of modern technologies is uncertain D．robots play a key role in scientific experiments 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了两项新的发明——安全气囊Hövding 3和电子皮肤。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段第二句“There is always something new being developed that promises to improve people’s quality of life.(总有新的东西被开发出来，有望提高人们的生活质量。)”可知，此处是指人类的创造性是无限的，所以knows no bounds意为“没有限制”。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段第四句“Then if you have an accident, the Hövding app will notify your selected contacts.(然后，如果你发生意外，Hövding应用程序会通知你选定的联系人。)”可知，与传统的头盔不同，Hövding 3可以通知受伤人员的联系人。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第五句前两句“E-skin can be put on robots that need to “feel” their environment and help them interact with the world around them. This is exactly how humans use their sense of touch to feel and respond to different stimuli (刺激物).(电子皮肤可以穿在需要“感知”环境的机器人身上，帮助它们与周围的世界互动。就像是人类利用他们的触觉来感受和回应不同的刺激。)”可知，电子皮肤和人类皮肤的功能高度相似。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“There is always something new being developed that promises to improve people’s quality of life.(总有新的东西被开发出来，有望提高人们的生活质量。)”可知，新的发明正在改变我们的生活。故选A。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇 （23-24高一上·上海·期末）Buying organic (有机的) food may not always be better for the planet or for human health than cheaper options grown with artificial pesticides, according to researchers. There tend to be more birds and bees on organic farms but the benefits may be cancelled out because they produce an average of 19 to 25 perent less food per acre than conventional farms. This means that more land is needed to produce the same amount of food, and land being changed for agriculture is one of the greatest threats to wildlife, researchers at the University of British Columbia said. Organic farms tend to use less energy and produce lower emissions, but “when lower organic yields are taken into account, greenhouse gas emissions might actually be higher under organic management.” The authors of the study, published in Science Advances, said: “We don’t know whether organic agriculture provides any benefits for biodiversity if lower organic yields are taken into account.” Organic farms tend to cause less nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of water systems, but the lower yields could mean that nitrogen loss per unit of food produced is higher than on conventional farms. The authors argued that in countries such as Canada, where pesticide regulations are strict and diets are rich in micronutrients, the health benefits of choosing organic might be marginal. They said organically grown food probably contained slightly more micronutrients but it was not clear whether this provided “any actual health benefits to consumers”. The team analyzed organic crop farming across 17 criteria including yield, impact on climate change, farmer livelihood and consumer health. “Organic is often proposed as a good solution to current environmental and food scarcity problems, but we found that the costs and benefits will vary heavily depending on the context,” Verena Seufert, one of the authors, said. They concluded that organic farming is not the only solution to providing a sustainable source of food for an ever-growing global population, but does have an important role to play. “We need to stop the perception of organic and conventional agriculture as two ends of the spectrum. Instead, consumers should demand better practices for both so that we can achieve the world’s food needs in a sustainable way,” Ms. Seufert said. The study, which involved a review of the scientific literature on the environmental and economic performance of organic farms, also found that they were highly dependent on animal manure (排泄物) from conventional farms and added: “It is not clear whether we would have enough organic fertilizers to feed everyone in the world with organic food” Organic food is more expensive and “therefore less accessible to consumers with low income, they said. 1．What does the study find about organic farms? A．They are less than efficient. B．They rely on wildlife species. C．They used to produce added emission. D．They use high-quality pesticides. 2．The word “marginal” (in paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to __________. A．irregular B．unlimited C．unimportant D．irrelevant 3．What can be inferred from the passage about organic agriculture? A．Its benefits are yet to be confirmed by review of scientific literature. B．It is perceived as reaching the end of its development like conventional agriculture. C．It is regarded as the opposite of conventional agriculture. D．Its drawbacks outweigh the benefits it yields in most cases. 4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Organic Farming: Balancing Costs and Benefits B．Organic Farming: Winner in Sustainable Agriculture C．Organic Farming: A Cost-Effective Path to a Healthier Planet D．Organic Farming: The Answer to Global Food Scarcity （23-24高一上·上海·期末）States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states. The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases. The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited States’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.” The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to. Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state. Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.” 1．The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ______. A．better businesses’ relations with states B．put most online businesses in a dilemma C．make more online shoppers pay sales tax D．force some states to cut sales tax 2．It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ______. A．have led to the dominance of e-commerce B．have cost consumers a lot over the years C．were widely criticized by online purchasers D．were considered unfavorable by states 3．According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ______. A．hindered economic development B．brought prosperity to the country C．harmed fair market competition D．boosted growth in states revenue 4．In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ______. A．gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences B．describes the long and complicated process of its making C．presents its main points with conflicting views on them D．cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications （23-24高一上·上海·期末）Dear boss — You have always tried to attract young and youngish consumers, and our consultants have always come up with new ways to label them. I don’t need to remind you that “millennials” and, increasingly, “Gen Z” are our most important markets. The trouble is that coming up with rules to define a swathe of humanity is more art than science. It is liable to apply stereotypes. Luckily you have me, and I’m here to tell you that much of what is written about marketing to today’s most prized consumers is a myth. Social media has just changed the ways people discover brands from viewing television, newspapers and magazines to surfing Instagram and TikTok; it has weakened the power of marketing as a whole. Such is the ease with which digital natives can fact-check our tricky marketing claims that it is getting harder to build brand loyalty. Online, communication is cheap and prices are readily Googled. There is a similar temptation to think that physical shops no longer matter. Young consumers love their Amazon deliveries. But what works best is the seamless combination of the digital and physical worlds. Remember those online-only influencer-backed beauty brands like Glossier, which took the world by storm during the pandemic? It turns out that they struggle to get repeat business and have had to pair up with physical retailers. If we want to succeed, we need to offer the best of both physical and virtual worlds. Gen Z will consider a brand’s sustainability and social impact, but considering something isn’t surrendering to it. They are never brand-slaved. It is chiefly youngsters who buy cheap “fast-fashion” outfits to wear once and then send to landfill. Also, youngsters care less for consumer boycotts than its virtue-signaling parents, thus open to various brands. No wonder, most brands originate from youngsters with duel identities of producers and consumers. What determines the shopping mode of a generation is their mindset. In Gen Z, lies are easily exposed online, where everyone loves a takedown and hates hypocrisy. We are people just as our young customers are and people will always buy sincerity. 1．What is the article primarily warning readers against in marketing? A．The excessive use of digital advertising and ignoring traditional media. B．The use of influencers and social media platforms for product promotion. C．Focusing solely on Gen Z without considering other demographic groups. D．Relying on outdated perceptions of young consumer behaviors. 2．Why is it challenging to build brand loyalty among younger consumers in the digital age? A．Young consumers are less interested in brand loyalty. B．Digital natives can check out marketing claims. C．Young consumers prefer shopping in physical stores. D．Social media platforms are misguiding in brand establishment. 3．What is suggested about the importance of physical stores in modern retailing? A．Physical stores are becoming obsolete due to the rise of e-commerce. B．Young consumers only prefer online shopping and home deliveries. C．A combination of digital and physical retail experiences is most effective. D．Physical stores should be completely replaced by digital marketing strategies. 4．What’s the attitude of young consumers towards brands? A．They commit to social justice and boycott unethical brands. B．They consider a brand’s sustainability but are not controlled by it. C．They are indifferent to a brand’s quality and social influence. D．They only support brands that are created by their peers. （23-24高一上·上海·期末）They say the average person makes 35,000 decisions a day. Yet in her new book, How Woman Decide, Therese Huston explores a widespread phenomenon that many women fail to notice. “There’s a huge double standard when it comes to how men and women are viewed as decision-makers,” explains Therese, a psychologist from Seattle University. Therese decided to write the book after looking at her bookshelf: At one end, there were bestselling books about how to be a clever decision-maker — all written by men and featuring interviews with men like athletes. At the other end were books aimed at women on gaining leadership skills and confidence. “Once those women are at the table, will their decisions be taken as seriously as men’s?” Therese wondered. “Men are respected as decision-makers more than women, especially in the workplace, largely because there’s this cultural belief that women are unable to make smart choices at work.” So, Therese set out to pick apart the stereotypes to see what scientific research had found. “Scientific research shows that men and women struggle with decision-making equally. The only disadvantage I found was that during the teenage years — teenage girls are more indecisive than teenage boys. Otherwise, there’s little difference between the genders.” However, there are some differences. “Women are more collaborative,” says Therese. “A female boss is more likely to ask the opinions of those around her when making a choice. Women ask for input, which helps make better decisions. However, this is often seen as a weakness rather than a strength.” Therese also found that during times of stress, men and women make different choices, and the outcomes are often better when women are involved. Study after study backs this view up. Neuroscientists Mara Mather and Nicole Lighthall from the University of Southern California studied the way men and women make decisions and found that in times of stress, they react very differently. During their study, which involved playing a virtual gambling game, they found that when the females became stressed, they made smart decisions — quitting while they were ahead or taking safe bets. But when the men became stressed, they did the opposite, risking everything for a slim chance of a big win. 1．Therese Huston wrote the book How women Decide because she finds that ____________. A．Women are less respected as decision makers. B．Women are not equally treated in workplaces. C．Women are unable to make smart choices. D．Women are poor at making big decisions. 2．According to Therese Huston, what is women’s weakness in decision-making? A．Men can make quicker decisions than women. B．Women easily get stressed when making decisions. C．Women are likely to ask for input when making decisions. D．Teenage girls are less able to make decisions than teenage boys. 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Women show less confidence in times of stress. B．Men tend to make risky decisions in times of stress. C．Men demonstrate great bravery in times of stress. D．Women quit making decisions when ahead in games. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Women are brilliant as decision makers. B．Men are weaker in making smart decisions. C．We should give up all cultural beliefs about gender. D．Great difference exists between the two genders in decision-making. （23-24高一上·上海·期末）When is the best time to... You might think you’re in control of your schedule, but your body evolved to follow a natural rhythm. Sticking closer to that routine can help keep you in tiptoe shape. ①Drink coffee Sipping caffeine is best early in the day. Consumed later, it can reset your body’s clock and prevent sleep. If you’re sure you can take a shot of espresso at 8 p.m. and be snoring by 10, try skipping the caffeine for a few weeks to see what a night of truly good rest feels like. ②Eat It’s best to eat your biggest meal carly, contrary to a typical American day. Insulin – the hormone that regulates metabolism – peaks in the first half of the day, then steadily drops. So your blood sugar is less likely to skyrocket after a big breakfast than after a comparable dinner. ③Sleep Around 8 or 9 p.m., our bodies start to cool down, and we sleep better when we have a low core body temperature. But how much shut-eye is ideal? Studies show that those who get six and a half to eight hours are less likely to die prematurely. Eight hours seems to be perfect. ④Exercise Some people prefer early-morning jogs. But muscle tone is highest around 5 p.m. It is even the same with professional ones: West Coast NFL teams won more often and by a higher margin in matches after 8 p.m. on the East Coast. Still on Pacific time, their bodies were prepared to play. ⑤Be creative The evolution of language, religion, and philosophy all started with late-night talks. So save that short story you’ve been meaning to write for a dark and restless night. ⑥Do math Scientists think we reach maximum alertness between l0 a.m. and 2 p.m., with a peak around noon. For the first few hours after we wake, organs with more basic functions take priority. Once they get activated, our brains have a chance to obtain more energy. 1．The author suggests people who drink coffee late in the day _____. A．go to bed without drinking coffee B．break their habit and go to bed early C．stick to their habit to have a truly good sleep D．go to bed just two hours after drinking coffee 2．Joanna is a promising young writer whose microblog enjoys one million followers. What is probably the best time for her to writer inspiring stories for her fans? A．8 a.m. B．10 a.m. C．6 p.m. D．11 p.m. 3．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Having a higher body temperature helps people sleep better. B．Students should work on their math tasks as soon as they get up because their brain works best at the time. C．Professional athletes are likely to achieve better results when training in the late afternoon than in the early morning. D．Americans usually have their biggest meal in the morning. （23-24高一上·上海·期末）In spite of “endless talk of difference”, American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This includes the uniformity in clothing and communication, as well as the casualness and lack of respect seen in popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered a wide range of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of fancy shops catering to the upper-class, these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background.” This turned shopping into a public and democratic (民主的) act. The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. Immigrants are quickly adapting to this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at remarkable levels nor resistant to assimilation (融合). In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indicators of assimilation — language, home ownership and intermarriage. The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual (双语的) and good at English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence, America is described as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians. Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States are not influenced by the nation’s assimilative power.” Are there divisive issues and anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s troubled past, today’s social Indicators hardly suggest a dark and worsening social environment. 1．The underlined phrase in paragraph 1 probably means ________. A．making people adapt to American consumption culture B．encouraging people to embrace a democratic lifestyle C．encouraging people to stick to their own ideas and principles D．making people behave more similarly in many aspects 2．According to the passage, what can be inferred about the immigrants now in the U.S.? A．Their adaptation to the common culture is quick but harmful to the society. B．The scale of immigration is not big and the immigrants welcome American culture. C．Their children are good at both English and their original language. D．Hispanic and Asian-American women both prefer to marry native-born Americans. 3．The author mentions Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks in paragraph 4 to ________. A．provide examples of successful immigrants B．suggest the weakness of America’s assimilative power C．show the powerful influence of American culture D．prove their popularity at home and abroad 4．What is the author’s general attitude towards the cultural assimilation in American society? A．Optimistic. B．Concerned. C．Neutral. D．Negative. （23-24高一上·上海嘉定·期末）People around the world take celebrating seriously, and many of them are willing to go to great effort and expense to plan and participate in public celebrations. Exactly when and where human beings began coming together in public to celebrate as a group can date back to hunter-gatherer societies, when success in the never-ending search for food, clothing, and shelter must have aroused the need to celebrate together. Besides the need for food and survival, there are records of religious parades dating back to 3000 B．C． Parades were also used to demonstrate military power and celebrate military victories; to attract customers to events such as the circus by giving the public a sample of the entertainment; or to celebrate ethnic (民族的) connection and holidays. The New York Times of October 28, 1917, summed it up by saying, “If you take the parades out of history, you have precious little history left.” Of course, many modern celebrations are not connected to any religion. In the Internet era, electronic communication makes it possible to organize celebrations almost instantly. “Flash mobs” are a new way of gathering and celebrating. Secretly planned online, they bring together tens, hundreds, or thousands of individuals to perform some unusual or funny act in a public place. Flash mobs not only reflect the increased speed of communication but also a lighter attitude to celebration. No longer is public celebrating something necessarily linked to human survival, religion, or deep traditions. This does not mean, however, that modern celebrations are not socially conscious. One striking image inspiring community spirit is Edwards’ photograph of crowds in Australia, who were gathering in the rain for a music festival to raise funds for wildfire relief. Throughout history, across countries and cultures, celebrations are always worth significant amount of time and money spent planning, preparing, organizing, and carrying out an event. The priority given to celebrating seems to put it alongside food, shelter, love, and freedom as a basic need of humanity. 1．According to the passage, which one of the following events can make celebrations happen? A．A business has made a huge profit. B．It has been sunny for a week. C．Farmers harvest in the autumn. D．A new museum opens in the city center. 2．What does the underlined sentence (paragraph 3) imply? A．If there is no parade, human history will be more precious. B．Students should be taught the importance of parades in history class. C．Only parades can be recorded in history books. D．Many significant historic moments featured a parade. 3．Which of the following best describes a flash mob? A．Four strangers meet at a concert and then decide to perform together in a public square. B．Someone announces openly a series of performances to take place at school. C．An online group plans and performs a dance in a crowded train station. D．The number of people watching a street performer grows to several hundred. 4．Which of these is the best title for the passage? A．Why We Celebrate? B．Celebration and Social Responsibility C．Planning a Parade D．The Origin of Celebration （23-24高一上·上海徐汇·期末）For many years, ships that wanted to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific or from the Pacific to the Atlantic had to sail around South America. The trip took weeks and was very dangerous. To make the route shorter and safter, it was decided to build a canal (运河). Panama was chosen because it is the narrowest country in the Americas. The French started building the canal as early as 1880, but their attempt failed after 21,900 people died of diseases and accidents. The Americans finally completed the project, and the Panama Canal opened in 1914. When the Panama Canal opened in 1914, ships were able to make the trip between oceans in approximately 10 hours. The locks in the canal have been called one of the seven wonders of the modern world. The 48-mile-long Panama Canal was dug through the country of Panama. To pass between oceans, ships must actually go up. In fact, to travel through the canal, ships are raised 85 feet above sea level and then lowered again. A ship enters the canal and sails to the first series of locks. Each lock is a huge compartment(分隔的空间) made of concrete walls and metal doors at each end. When one set of doors opens, the ship enters the lock. The doors close, and water flows into the lock, raising the ship until the water level equals the level in the next lock. At that time, the doors open to allow the ship to move into the next lock. When the doors close, the same process continues to raise the ship again. On either end of the canal, three sets of locks raise and lower ships. After the third lock, the ship enters Gatun Lake, sails about 23 miles, and begins its descent through the series of locks. To lower the ship, the locks work in reverse, allowing water to flow out of the lock until the water level is the same as the next lock. In this way, the ship reaches sea level and moves out into the ocean. Over one million ships have passed through the Panama Canal since it opened. It has proven to be very important to world trade. In 2016, the canal was expanded to allow wider ships to pass through it, proving it will be a vital part of the world for many years to come. 1．Which of the following is the correct order of the events? ① The ship enters a lock. ② Water flows into the lock to raise the water level. ③ The doors close. ④ The doors open and the ship move out. A．④③②① B．③①②④ C．①③②④ D．③②④① 2．We can infer from the article that the Panama Canal ______. A．is the narrowest canal in the world B．was easy to construct C．is an important link in global shipping D．will be closed in the near future 3．Which word in paragraph 4 probably means “a journey downward”? A．reverse B．series C．process D．descent 4．According to the passage, the Panama Canal was built ______. A．to shorten the trip between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans B．to raise and lower the water level in the locks C．so that ships could travel to Panama from other countries D．so that people could enjoy the beautiful view of Gatun Lake （23-24高一上·上海徐汇·期末）You may have seen white-faced capuchin monkeys (卷尾猴) before, whether at a zoo or in a popular movie. These medium-sized monkeys are found in Central America and northern South America. They have a mostly black-haired body and white hair on their face and shoulders. The cap of black fur on their head resembles the hoods(兜帽) that Capuchin monks in Italy wore, and that’s where the name came from. Another fascinating feature of these monkeys is their long tail, which acts like a third hand. Capuchin monkeys use their tail to hang on to tree branches to support their body weight while looking for food. While they eat fruit and nuts, they also enjoy insects, frogs, and lizards. Since they spread various fruit seeds through their feces(粪便) and eat insects that are harmful to trees, they contribute a lot to the preservations of forests. Capuchin monkeys are very social and live in groups of 20 members or so. A group of capuchins is known as a troop or a barrel. Troops are mainly made up of females, who remain in the same troop their whole lives, while males change troops about every four years. Communication and social activities play a significant role among monkeys in a troop because they help form social bonds. A curious example is “hand sniffing,” where the monkeys stick their fingers in front of each other’s nose. Outside the forests, capuchin monkeys are not only used by humans for their acting abilities. These intelligent animals have small fingers and are gifted with fine motor skills. They can be trained to do many tasks that humans with disabilities cannot do, like turning the pages of a book or picking up dropped objects. Therefore, the white-faced capuchin can be important assistants and companions for some disabled people. 1．How did white-faced capuchin monkeys get their name? A．They appeared in popular films with Capuchin monks. B．Their fur crowns look like the hoods of Capuchin monks. C．They are found in regions where Capuchin monks live. D．They used to be kept by Capuchin monks as pets. 2．According to the passage, what contribution do white-faced capuchins make to forests? A．They help keep the trees healthy. B．They make forest soil more fertile. C．They reduce the risk of forest fires. D．They eat plants that damage forests. 3．Which of the following aspect is NOT mentioned in the passage? A．Diet. B．Behavior. C．Threats. D．Appearance. 4．Why are white-faced capuchin monkeys used as human helpers? A．They are very friendly and loyal to humans. B．They are strong enough to carry heavy things. C．They are smart and can perform different tasks. D．They are good at making faces and acting. （23-24高一上·上海长宁·期末）People’s creativity knows no bounds. There is always something new being developed that promises to improve people’s quality of life. These two inventions promise to do just that. Riding a bicycle is an enjoyable activity. Most people wear a helmet to protect their heads as accidents do happen and can be deadly. Helmets protect to a degree, but now a Swedish company has something even better. Meet Hövding 3, an airbag for cyclists that blows up to protect the head in an accident. A scientific study shows that it protects the head much better than a traditional bike helmet. The Hövding 3 airbag is worn around the neck like a collar. If the cyclist is in an accident, the airbag fills with air in 0.1 seconds. The Hövding 3 is easy to use. Just charge it up, zip it around your neck and activate it. It can also be linked to your smartphone. Then if you have an accident, the Hövding app will notify your selected contacts. At €349 (about USS380) the device isn’t cheap, but if it saves your life, it’s worth it. Have you ever heard of electronic skin, also known as e-skin? Just as your skin can feel things, electronic skin can “feel,” too. Made of special materials that are stretchy, e-skin can twist and stretch without breaking. It can also detect changes in temperature, pressure and wetness wherever it is used. E-skin is being combined with wearable health monitors, making them last longer and more comfortable for the wearer. E-skin can be put on robots that need to “feel” their environment and help them interact with the world around them. This is exactly how humans use their sense of touch to feel and respond to different stimuli (刺激物). For example, e-skin can be used to make prosthetic limbs (义肢) feel pressure and temperature changes. This would allow the person to have a better sense of touch, feel and control of the limb. Scientists and engineers are still working on improving the technology behind e-skin. They want to make it even more sensitive and responsive. 1．The expression “knows no bounds” in the first paragraph most probably means “________” A．shows no changes B．has no limits C．promises no drawbacks D．gets no bad results 2．Unlike a traditional helmet, the Hövding 3 ________. A．is very much complicated to use B．is a life-saving but low-cost device C．can inform the contacts of the injured D．can injure the wearers with its airbag 3．Which of the following statements about electronic skin is true? A．It has been mass-produced recently. B．It lacks flexibility and is easily worn out. C．It loses its sense of temperature in the sea. D．It is highly similar to human skin in function. 4．It can be concluded from the passage that ________. A．new inventions are changing our lives B．the two technologies are already quite perfect C．the future of modern technologies is uncertain D．robots play a key role in scientific experiments 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$