专题05 阅读理解之议论文10篇（期末真题好题速递）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语上学期期末真题分类汇编（北京专用）

专题05 阅读理解之议论文10篇 （23-24高二上·北京石景山·期末）There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, so it’s not only necessary, but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us tide through difficult times in our lives. Putting a smile on someone’s face when you know they are feeling depressed, as the saying goes, makes me feel good and warms my heart. How would you feel if you could not joke around with your wife, husband, child, co-worker, neighbor, close friend, or even just someone that you are standing in line with at your corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy (礼貌) to speak to others that are around you. I know of a few people that don’t have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say. Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke? Laughing is essential to keeping your stress levels under control. Without humor we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness in this present world. It drives people crazy. We all need to find a way to bypass the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together. 1．What is the author’s attitude towards the present world? A．Positive. B．Satisfied. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 2．The author answers the question in the second paragraph with . A．evidence and argument B．opinions and persuasion C．examples and conclusion D．descriptions and analysis 3．The phrase “busting a gut” underlined in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by . A．speaking loudly B．laughing hard C．acting strangely D．explaining carefully 4．In writing the passage, the author mainly intends to . A．talk about his own understanding of humor B．introduce a practical way to get through daily life C．encourage people to make jokes about serious matters D．convince people of the power of being optimistic about life （23-24高二上·北京大兴·期末）In the annals of human history, few subjects have generated as much excitement, debate, and guess as artificial intelligence (AI). This revolutionary technology, which enables machines to perform tasks that once required human intelligence, has the potential to transform every part of our society, from healthcare and finance to transportation and entertainment. At its heart, AI is all about data. Massive amounts of data are fed into algorithms that learn from this data, allowing them to make predictions, recognize patterns, and even make decisions. This “machine learning” is the driving force behind many of the AI applications we see today, from virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to more advanced systems like IBM’s Watson, which can analyze vast amounts of information to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases. The transformative potential of AI is undeniable. In the medical field, for instance, AI can assist in early detection of diseases, predict patient outcomes, and even suggest treatment options. In finance, algorithms can predict stock market trends, and provide personalized financial advice. In transportation, self-driving cars equipped with AI systems promise to reduce accidents, ease traffic jams, and transform urban landscapes. However, with great potential comes great responsibility. The rise of AI has caused debates about is ethical implications (道德含义). The machines are only as good as the data they are fed, and there’s a growing concern about biases (偏见) being built into AI systems. For instance, facial recognition technologies, used in everything from unlocking phones to police monitoring cameras, have come under check for misidentifying individuals based on race or gender. Moreover, the widespread adoption of AI could lead to significant job displacement. While new roles and industries might emerge as a result of AI, it is not sure that these will pay off the jobs lost. This could increase income inequalities and causes difficulties to social systems. Another major concern is the “black box” nature of AI. Many AI systems operate in ways that even their creators don’t fully understand. This can be problematic, especially in critical applications like healthcare or criminal justice where understanding the logic behind a decision is important. Then there’s the potential for AI to be weaponized. In the hands of evil actors, AI could be used to spread misinformation, control public opinion, or even engage in internet warfare. The global community must come together to set standards and regulations to prevent such misuse. On the brighter side, many experts believe that by setting the right frameworks and investing in education and retraining, we can use the power of AI for the greater good. By fostering (促进) a culture of continuous learning and staying abreast (并排的，并肩的) of technological advancements, society can benefit from the promise of AI while avoiding its potential dangers. In conclusion, artificial intelligence stands as one of the most profound inventions of our time. While it offers vast opportunities, it also poses significant challenges that we, as a society, must welcome. As we stand at this technological crossroads, our choices will determine whether AI serves as a benefit or a harm for humanity. 1．Which of the following best describes the method by which machines acquire the capability to perform tasks that traditionally required human intelligence? A．By programming predefined rules. B．Through user interactions every day. C．By ingesting and processing vast amounts of data. D．Via regular software updates from developers. 2．In the context of the article, how does the author primarily demonstrate the effect of artificial intelligence? A．By citing numerous statistical data. B．By presenting both the positive potential and the challenges of AI. C．Through personal experiences. D．By focusing on the negative effects of AI. 3．Which of the following is the best title? A．The Rise of Virtual Assistants: Siri and Alexa B．Understanding the Mechanisms Behind AI Algorithms C．Artificial Intelligence: Charting the Course for Tomorrow’s Tech D．Balancing the Potential and challenges of AI in Modern Society 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI has already replaced most human jobs and is the leading cause of unemployment. B．The global community has taken measures to prevent AI misuse. C．The operation of many AI systems is easily understood by their creators. D．The solving to the dilemma brought by AI needs collective efforts of our society. （23-24高二上·北京东城·期末）As you leave the Bandhavgarh National Park in India, there is a notice which shows a huge tiger. The notice says, “You may not have seen me, but I have seen you.” There are more than a billion people in India and Indian tigers probably see humans every single day. Tigers can and do kill almost anything they meet in the jungle. However, it is a little strange that attacks on humans are not that frequent. Some people might argue that these attacks were in fact common in the past. But there were far more tigers around in those days. So, to some extent, attacks appear to have been as rare then as they are today. People think it is because of fears, but what exactly are tigers afraid of? Can they really know that we may be even better armed than they are? Surely not. Has the species programmed the experiences of all tigers with humans into its genes to be inherited as instinct? Perhaps. But I think the explanation may be simpler and, in a way, more interesting. I suspect that a tiger’s fear of humans lies in the way he actually observes us visually. Imagine a tiger sees a man who is 1.8 meters tall. A tiger is less than 1 meter tall but he may be up to 3 meters long from head to tail. So when a tiger sees the man face on, it might not be unreasonable for him to assume that the man is 6 meters long. If he met a deer of this size, he might attack the animal by leaping on its back, but when he looks behind the man, he can’t see a back. From the front the man is huge, but looked at from the side he all but disappears. This must be very disturbing. A hunter has to be confident that it can kill its prey, and no one is confident when they are disconcerted. The opposite is true of a squatting human. A squatting human is half the size and presents twice the spread of back, and appears like a medium-sized deer. Many incidents of attacks on people involve villagers bending over to cut grass. The fact that humans stand upright may not just distinguish them from other species, but also help them to survive in an unpredictable environment. 1．As for some people’s opinion on tiger attacks, the author is ________. A．objective B．unconcerned C．supportive D．disapproving 2．Why does the author raise three questions in Paragraph 3? A．To present assumptions. B．To evaluate arguments. C．To question findings. D．To confirm opinions. 3．What does the underlined word “disconcerted” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Confused. B．Annoyed. C．Depressed. D．Surprised. 4．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A．It is the genes that cause the tiger’s fear of humans. B．It is hard for a tiger to make out the shape of humans. C．Tigers sense the danger the moment they spot humans. D．Tigers are less confident when facing squatting humans. （23-24高二上·北京丰台·期末）The need for clarity extends beyond how we communicate science to how we evaluate it. Who can really define stock phrases such as ‘a significant contribution to research’? Or understand what ‘high impact’ or ‘world-class’ mean? Scientists demand that institutions should be clear about their criteria and consider all scholarly outputs—preprints, code, data, peer review, teaching, mentoring and so on. My view about the practices in research assessment is that most assessment guidelines permit sliding standards: instead of clearly defined terms, they give us feel-good slogans that lack any fixed meaning. Facing the problem will get us much of the way towards a solution. Broad language increases room for misunderstanding. ‘High impact’ can be code for where research is published. Or it can mean the effect that research has had on its field, or on society locally or globally—often very different things. Yet confusion is the least of the problems. Words such as ‘world-class’ and ‘excellent’ allow assessors to vary comparisons depending on whose work they are assessing. Academia(学术界) cannot be a fair and reasonable system if standards change depending on whom we are evaluating. Unconscious bias(偏见) associated with factors such as a researcher’s gender, ethnic origin and social background helps the academic injustice continue. It was only with double-blind review of research proposals that women finally got fair access to the Hubble Space Telescope. Many strategies exist to improve fairness in academia, but conceptual clarity is paramount. Being clear about how specific qualities are valued leads assessors to think critically about whether those qualities are truly being considered. Achieving that conceptual clarity requires discussion with faculties, staff and students: hours and hours of it. The University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands, for example, held a series of conversations, each involving 20-60 researchers, and then spent another year revising its research assessment policies to recognize social impacts. Frank conversations about what is valued in a particular context, or at a specific institution, are an essential first step in developing concrete recommendations. Although ambiguous(模棱两可的) terms, for instance ‘world-class’ and ‘significant’, are a barrier when performing assessments, university administrators have said that they rely on flexible language to make room to reward a variety of contributions. So it makes sense that more specific language in review and promotion must be able to accommodate varied outputs, outcomes and impacts of scholarly work. Setting specific standards will be tough. It will be inviting to fall back on the misleading standards such as impact factors, or on ambiguous terms that can be agreed to by everyone but applied wisely by no one. It is too early to know what those standards will be or how much they will vary, but the right discussions are starting to happen. They must continue. 1．Regarding the current practices in research assessment, the author is ________. A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．disapproving 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Bias on assessors can cause inequality. B．Frank conversations harm scholarly work. C．Specific qualities need to be clearly stated. D．Broad language ensures academic fairness. 3．What does the word “paramount” underlined in Para. 4 most probably mean? A．primary. B．recognized. C．optional. D．accomplished. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Fix research assessment. Change slogans for clear standards. B．Fix research assessment. Change evaluations for conversations. C．Define research assessment. Change simplicity for specification. D．Define research assessment. Change broad language for flexible one. （23-24高二上·北京平谷·期末）In many languages, the word for “mother/mom” takes an m-sound. Is there any reason for such near-universality? Linguists(语言学家) generally argue for “the arbitrariness of the sign”: no connection exists between the word dog and the furry quadruped. A rare exception is onomatopoeia, where words representing the bark of a dog (bow-wow) and the buzz made by a bee are more or less similar to the sound. Yet most things are not subject to naming this way. What about mama? It does not sound like a mother, but the fact is that some sounds are more widespread than others around the world. There are many dozens of observed consonants which are rare and hard for non-natives to learn. In contrast, a few—such as b, m, p, t, d and k—show up far more frequently, in nearly every spoken language in the world. That is almost certainly because they are easy to make. A baby vocalising will, at first, make a vowel-like sound, usually something like “ah”, which requires little in the way of control over the mouth. If they briefly close their mouth and continue vocalising, air will come out of their nose, thus making the m-sound that is used in “mother” around the world. Though the “mamas” bear the most obvious similarity, the “papas” have striking commonalities, too. Babies can easily stop their breath when they close their lips (rather than going on breathing through the nose). This produces a b-or a p-sound. It is surely for this reason that so many names for “father” use these consonants: papa in English, abb in Arabic and baba in Mandarin. T-and d-sounds are similarly basic, involving a simple tap of the tongue against the teeth: hence daddy, tatay (Tagalog) or tayta (Quechua). Father and mother are, therefore, an oddity. F-is not especially easy to utter(发音); th-sounds are even harder. English, Greek and Spanish are unusual in having them. Even Anglophone children may struggle with th-sounds when they are five, or older still in many cases. Anyway, it is hard to find linguistic universals amid the world’s dazzling variety. 1．What does the underlined word “quadruped” in Paragraph 2 most probably refer to? A．Pronunciation B．Sound C．Bee D．Animal 2．“Mamas” and “papas” are used so universally because ________. A．the sounds of the two words sound alike B．air will come out of baby’s mouth directly C．the sounds can be easily and naturally uttered D．babies can continue their breath when closing their lips 3．According to the passage, which of the following words might be the most difficult to articulate? A．Forthcoming. B．Programme. C．Magnificent. D．Magazine. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Inspiration from babies’ smile and talks. B．Linguists’ efforts to the research of sounds. C．Connection between the word mum and dad. D．Reasons for similar sounds in unrelated languages. （23-24高二上·北京石景山·期末）Lately, I’ve been thinking about my school life in the 1990s, when in class we were encouraged to express ourselves through creative writing, public speaking or perhaps taking part in some form of drama. And as we shared our creativity we were improving our communication skills. The emphasis here was how best to convey our thoughts as clearly as possible. Yet it seemed that all spoken word exercises were being taught only from the speaker’s point of view, with little or no time spent teaching the art of listening. And that was a missed opportunity because young children are remarkable listeners. They take in words, ideas and speech patterns, quite often without our awareness. Yet somewhere along the way, we teach them to stop listening. Perhaps they would benefit from lessons in selective silence, concentration, while focusing on knowing how to process all incoming information. Sadly, to the best of my knowledge, no such programs are offered. We seem to spend less time actually listening to one another. One reason might be the fact that we have become a much more visual society as a result of exposure to television, the Internet and all manner of hand-held wireless devices. We tend to be more self-absorbed and primarily focused on hearing ourselves talk rather than listening to others. I attended a small family gathering a few years ago and almost everyone, except my 86-year-old aunt, was constantly texting or checking email on their iPhone. It made me wonder why we had bothered to get together in the first place as we were paying so little attention to one another. We could just as easily have had an online get-together. Listening is indeed a rare and special talent, and one that takes a lot of practice. But once you have gotten comfortable with the technique, you might find your next face-to-face talk a whole lot more meaningful. Simply listening for nuances(细微差别)in conversation will provide so much more context and substance for the words you are hearing. Remember, in order to be interesting, you must first be interested. And in conversation, you are supposed to be listening, not waiting to talk. 1．What is the author’s attitude toward the class in the 1990s? A．Objective. B．Tolerant. C．Favorable. D．Prejudiced. 2．What might be a reason that makes us bad listeners according to the author? A．We have less time to communicate. B．We have a sense of self-importance. C．The rapid development of technology. D．The lack of care and understanding for others. 3．What can we learn about the author’s family gathering a few years ago? A．His aunt wasn’t good at listening. B．His aunt didn’t like attending family gatherings. C．His family members were engaged in hot discussions. D．His family members showed little interest in one another. 4．What is the purpose of the last paragraph? A．To lead a discussion. B．To give a suggestion. C．To provide a warning. D．To make a comparison. （21-22高二上·北京顺义·期末）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked (缺乏) either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. Just like what Mencius (孟子) said, “The great man is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average which encourages us to occupy our own little corner and avoid falling into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent. How should you start so as not to become discouraged? One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You don’t have any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 1．What sets outstanding people apart from average people according to the author? A．Curiosity. B．Discontent. C．Curiosity and discontent. D．Calm and restful average. 2．What does the underlined word “recapture” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Regain. B．Retell. C．Replace. D．Reduce. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．There are few geniuses in the world. B．Time is a most important factor in doing things. C．Some people succeeded after years of hard work. D．One way to take action is to stop making any excuses. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To inspire us to work hard. B．To inform us the keys to achievement. C．To tell us curious minds never feel satisfied. D．To introduce the importance of curiosity and discontent. （21-22高二上·北京海淀·期末）You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or creator. When you choose to be a victim, the world is a cold and difficult place.“They” did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering.“They” are wrong and bad, and life is terrible as long as “they” are around.Or you may blame yourself for all your problems, thus internalizing(内化)your victimization.The truth is, your life is likely to stay that way as long as you feel a need to blame yourself or others. Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently.They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they don't let this get in the way.They know they have their weaknesses, yet they don't blame themselves when they fail.Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter.They believe their dance with each sacred(神圣的)moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth. Victims and creators live in the same physical world and deal with many of the same physical realities, yet their experience of life is worlds apart.Victims relish(沉溺)in anger, guilt, and other emotions that cause others--and even themselves---to feel like victims, too.Creators consciously choose love, inspiration, and other qualities which inspire not only themselves, but al1around them.Both victims and creators always have choice to determine the direction of their lives. In reality, all of us play the victim or the creator at various points in our lives.One person, on losing a job or a special relationship, may feel as if it is the end of the world and sink into terrible suffering for months, years, or even a lifetime.Another with the same experience may choose to first experience the grief, then accept the loss and soon move on to be a powerful creative force in his life. In every moment and every circumstance, you can choose to have fuller, richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are. 1．What does the word “they” in Paragraph 1 probably refer to? A．People and things around you. B．Opportunities and problems. C．Creators and their choices. D．Victims and their sufferings. 2．According to Paragraph 2, creators__________. A．seem willing to experience failures in life B．possess the ability to predict future life C．handle ups and downs of life wisely D．have potential to create something new 3．What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? A．To define victims and creators. B．To evaluate victims against creators. C．To explain the relationship between victims and creators. D．To suggest the transformation from victims to creators. 4．The examples mentioned in Paragraph 4 show that_________. A．strong attachment to sufferings in life pulls people into victims. B．people need family support to deal with challengers in life. C．it takes creators quite a long time to get rid of their pains. D．one's experiences determine his attitude toward life. （21-22高二上·北京海淀·期末）The mind is a wonderful thing. It's also excuse-making machine that frequently tries to convince us not to take action we know are good for us. If we hadn't learned about these excuses, or how to overcome them, we would never have succeeded in making these positive changes. So why does the mind mess with us and make unreasonable excuses? Because the mind wants comfort, that's the reason. It's afraid of discomfort, pressure and change. The mind is absorbed in its comfort zone, and anytime we try to stretch that zone too far, for too long, the mind tries desperately to get back to “ground zero” at any cost. These damaging excuses, such as “I can't do it”, “It is too hard for me”, “It's too late now” and so on, are no strangers to our minds. It seems too difficult at first, so you think you can't stick to the positive change you're making. This excuse can be countered (对抗)by looking at the fact that other people were no more capable than you thought you were. For example, my 60-year-old next-door neighbor finished running a marathon, so I told myself, “If she can do it, so can I!” Truth be told, the only person who tells you “I can't” is yourself. If you hear those words echoing in the back of your mind, tune them out. I've witnessed people reinventing themselves at all ages 48-year-olds starting families, 57-year-olds graduating from college for the first time, 71-year-olds starting successful businesses, and so forth. Another common excuse is that “I've already failed too much.” If you break down, it's fine, because you are only human. Just don't stay down; take a rest, and then pick yourself up so you can go to where you'd rather be. As Winston Churchill said, “Success is never final; failure is never fatal. It is courage to continue that counts.” Some people feel like quitting when they have almost reached their goal, while others attain goals through their efforts until the last second. So make some necessary adjustments to get rid of the bad habit of making excuses. Keep going! No excuses! Think, work, and climb, that's how you'll move your life forward. 1．What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? A．To tell readers how to make a change. B．To help readers develop a new view of life. C．To encourage readers to leave their comfortable zone. D．To tell readers to stop making excuses and keep fighting. 2．Knowing his neighbor finished the marathon made the author realize_________. A．completing a marathon was not too difficult B．people often neglect their abilities C．looking down upon the others is wrong D．people shouldn't let negative thoughts step in their way 3．Why does our mind make excuses? A．It tends to seek comforts rather than suffering. B．It needs rest and relaxation. C．It is preparing for the difficult times. D．It is the way it tries to find a solution. 4．What might “ground zero” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The lowest spot. B．The safest place C．The original place D．The proper position （23-24高二上·北京·期末）I major in Mechanical Engineering and Political Science. When someone hears what I study, I’m usually meant with two reactions. First up is a small smile with the word “overachiever” on the tip of their tongue. The second is a look of confusion, followed by an exaggerated(夸张的) “why?”. The short answer: I want to be a problem solver, and engineering teaches me how to become that type of person. In addition, I also want to be able to look at the bigger picture. It’s the beginning of a new year, and a lot of first-years have plans for double or triple majors. However, as most of us quickly realize after that first fall semester, college is a lot! We are unavoidably forced to make choices—do we keep trying to make our double or triple majors work or do we completely switch gears? The thing I wished someone told me on day one is if you’re passionate about something, it’s not going to feel like work. Political Science can be challenging, but to me, it’s fun to read the Constitution(宪法) and see the impact each word has on our interpretation. This may sound hard to accept, but if you are double or triple majoring because you think you’re in a race with your peers, you’re only running yourself into the ground. Don’t double or triple major if you are doing it for a mark on your resume(简历), because then your life will be a living hell for the next four years. What is going to make you impressive is the passion that you have—whether it be in your study, career, or something else your career and study will enable you to do. Always think about your “why” when it comes to the schedule a double or triple major entails. Because at the end of the day, it’s going to be you doing the homework—so try to enjoy what you’re doing along the ride for what it’s worth. 1．How do people tend to feel about the writer’s majors? A．Satisfied or confused. B．Amazed or concerned. C．Impressed or puzzled. D．Ashamed or challenged. 2．What enables the writer to enjoy learning Political Science? A．His enthusiasm for the major. B．His career planning for the future. C．The influence of learning engineering. D．The value of studying the Constitution. 3．What causes the hard situation of students with multiple majors? A．Adjusting the schedule for majors constantly. B．Pursuing multiple majors out of competitive motivation. C．Making random choices without sufficient consideration. D．Estimating the difficulty of multiple majoring inaccurately. 4．What is the author’s purpose of writing the text? A．To promote the concept of multiple majoring. B．To explain the reasons for choosing a double major. C．To compare the gains and losses of multiple majoring. D．To stress the significance of passion in multiple majoring. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解之议论文10篇 （23-24高二上·北京石景山·期末）There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, so it’s not only necessary, but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us tide through difficult times in our lives. Putting a smile on someone’s face when you know they are feeling depressed, as the saying goes, makes me feel good and warms my heart. How would you feel if you could not joke around with your wife, husband, child, co-worker, neighbor, close friend, or even just someone that you are standing in line with at your corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy (礼貌) to speak to others that are around you. I know of a few people that don’t have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say. Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke? Laughing is essential to keeping your stress levels under control. Without humor we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness in this present world. It drives people crazy. We all need to find a way to bypass the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together. 1．What is the author’s attitude towards the present world? A．Positive. B．Satisfied. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 2．The author answers the question in the second paragraph with . A．evidence and argument B．opinions and persuasion C．examples and conclusion D．descriptions and analysis 3．The phrase “busting a gut” underlined in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by . A．speaking loudly B．laughing hard C．acting strangely D．explaining carefully 4．In writing the passage, the author mainly intends to . A．talk about his own understanding of humor B．introduce a practical way to get through daily life C．encourage people to make jokes about serious matters D．convince people of the power of being optimistic about life 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是幽默和笑的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the world today(当今世界存在着残酷的战争、战斗和悲伤)”可知，作者对当今世界持批评的态度，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don’t know the person I’m joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy (礼貌) to speak to others that are around you.(我总是说一些让别人微笑或大笑的话，即使我不知道和我开玩笑的人是谁。我奶奶总是在她做的每件事中找到幽默，即使那是任何人能想象到的最困难的工作。这不仅在任何情况下都能缓解压力，而且对你周围的人说话也是一种礼貌。)”可知，第二段用证据来说明幽默的好处，因此是通过证据与论证来回答第二段的问题，故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don’t get the joke that makes others laugh.(他们周围的每个人都可能在听到一个很棒的笑话后在地板上打滚，他们会坐在那里，脸上没有一丝微笑。他们听不懂让别人发笑的笑话。)”和“while they just sit there(而他们只是坐在那里)”可知，作者听到笑话会笑得很厉害，划线短语busting a gut的意思是“大笑”。故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“We all need to find a way to bypass the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together.(我们都需要找到一种方法来绕过悲伤，给我们的生活带来一点光明。所以，我相信我们最好的药是聚在一起，讲一些笑话，一起笑得开心。)”可知，本文作者给大家论述了幽默和笑的重要性，因此目的是让人们相信对生活保持乐观的力量。故选D。 （23-24高二上·北京大兴·期末）In the annals of human history, few subjects have generated as much excitement, debate, and guess as artificial intelligence (AI). This revolutionary technology, which enables machines to perform tasks that once required human intelligence, has the potential to transform every part of our society, from healthcare and finance to transportation and entertainment. At its heart, AI is all about data. Massive amounts of data are fed into algorithms that learn from this data, allowing them to make predictions, recognize patterns, and even make decisions. This “machine learning” is the driving force behind many of the AI applications we see today, from virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to more advanced systems like IBM’s Watson, which can analyze vast amounts of information to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases. The transformative potential of AI is undeniable. In the medical field, for instance, AI can assist in early detection of diseases, predict patient outcomes, and even suggest treatment options. In finance, algorithms can predict stock market trends, and provide personalized financial advice. In transportation, self-driving cars equipped with AI systems promise to reduce accidents, ease traffic jams, and transform urban landscapes. However, with great potential comes great responsibility. The rise of AI has caused debates about is ethical implications (道德含义). The machines are only as good as the data they are fed, and there’s a growing concern about biases (偏见) being built into AI systems. For instance, facial recognition technologies, used in everything from unlocking phones to police monitoring cameras, have come under check for misidentifying individuals based on race or gender. Moreover, the widespread adoption of AI could lead to significant job displacement. While new roles and industries might emerge as a result of AI, it is not sure that these will pay off the jobs lost. This could increase income inequalities and causes difficulties to social systems. Another major concern is the “black box” nature of AI. Many AI systems operate in ways that even their creators don’t fully understand. This can be problematic, especially in critical applications like healthcare or criminal justice where understanding the logic behind a decision is important. Then there’s the potential for AI to be weaponized. In the hands of evil actors, AI could be used to spread misinformation, control public opinion, or even engage in internet warfare. The global community must come together to set standards and regulations to prevent such misuse. On the brighter side, many experts believe that by setting the right frameworks and investing in education and retraining, we can use the power of AI for the greater good. By fostering (促进) a culture of continuous learning and staying abreast (并排的，并肩的) of technological advancements, society can benefit from the promise of AI while avoiding its potential dangers. In conclusion, artificial intelligence stands as one of the most profound inventions of our time. While it offers vast opportunities, it also poses significant challenges that we, as a society, must welcome. As we stand at this technological crossroads, our choices will determine whether AI serves as a benefit or a harm for humanity. 1．Which of the following best describes the method by which machines acquire the capability to perform tasks that traditionally required human intelligence? A．By programming predefined rules. B．Through user interactions every day. C．By ingesting and processing vast amounts of data. D．Via regular software updates from developers. 2．In the context of the article, how does the author primarily demonstrate the effect of artificial intelligence? A．By citing numerous statistical data. B．By presenting both the positive potential and the challenges of AI. C．Through personal experiences. D．By focusing on the negative effects of AI. 3．Which of the following is the best title? A．The Rise of Virtual Assistants: Siri and Alexa B．Understanding the Mechanisms Behind AI Algorithms C．Artificial Intelligence: Charting the Course for Tomorrow’s Tech D．Balancing the Potential and challenges of AI in Modern Society 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI has already replaced most human jobs and is the leading cause of unemployment. B．The global community has taken measures to prevent AI misuse. C．The operation of many AI systems is easily understood by their creators. D．The solving to the dilemma brought by AI needs collective efforts of our society. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了人工智能的潜力和挑战。作者呼吁全球社区共同努力，通过制定标准和规定，投资教育和再培训，以确保AI的潜力得到最大限度的利用，同时避免潜在的危险。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“At its heart, AI is all about data. Massive amounts of data are fed into algorithms that learn from this data, allowing them to make predictions, recognize patterns, and even make decisions.(人工智能的核心是数据。大量的数据被输入到算法中，从这些数据中学习，使它们能够做出预测，识别模式，甚至做出决策。)”可知，机器获得执行传统上需要人类智能的任务的能力的方法是通过摄取和处理大量数据。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The transformative potential of AI is undeniable. In the medical field, for instance, AI can assist in early detection of diseases, predict patient outcomes, and even suggest treatment options. In finance, algorithms can predict stock market trends, and provide personalized financial advice. In transportation, self-driving cars equipped with AI systems promise to reduce accidents, ease traffic jams, and transform urban landscapes.(人工智能的变革潜力是不可否认的。例如，在医疗领域，人工智能可以帮助早期发现疾病，预测患者的预后，甚至提出治疗方案。在金融领域，算法可以预测股票市场趋势，并提供个性化的理财建议。在交通方面，配备人工智能系统的自动驾驶汽车有望减少事故，缓解交通拥堵，并改变城市景观。)”、第四段“However, with great potential comes great responsibility. The rise of AI has caused debates about is ethical implications (道德含义).(然而，潜力越大，责任越大。人工智能的兴起引发了关于其道德含义的争论。)”、第五段“Moreover, the widespread adoption of AI could lead to significant job displacement.( 此外，人工智能的广泛应用可能会导致大量的工作岗位流失。)”以及第六段“Another major concern is the “black box” nature of AI.(另一个主要问题是人工智能的“黑匣子”性质。)”可推知，作者通过展示人工智能的积极潜力和挑战来论证人工智能的影响。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“In conclusion, artificial intelligence stands as one of the most profound inventions of our time. While it offers vast opportunities, it also poses significant challenges that we, as a society, must welcome. As we stand at this technological crossroads, our choices will determine whether AI serves as a benefit or a harm for humanity.(总之，人工智能是我们这个时代最深刻的发明之一。虽然它提供了巨大的机会，但它也带来了我们作为一个社会必须欢迎的重大挑战。当我们站在这个技术的十字路口时，我们的选择将决定人工智能对人类是有益还是有害。)”可知，文章主要讲述了人工智能的潜力和挑战。作者呼吁全球社区共同努力，通过制定标准和规定，投资教育和再培训，以确保AI的潜力得到最大限度的利用，同时避免潜在的危险。由此可知，D项：Balancing the Potential and challenges of AI in Modern Society(平衡人工智能在现代社会中的潜力和挑战)是最好的标题。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“On the brighter side, many experts believe that by setting the right frameworks and investing in education and retraining, we can use the power of AI for the greater good. By fostering (促进) a culture of continuous learning and staying abreast (并排的，并肩的) of technological advancements, society can benefit from the promise of AI while avoiding its potential dangers.(从好的方面来看，许多专家认为，通过建立正确的框架，投资于教育和再培训，我们可以利用人工智能的力量为更大的利益服务。通过培养一种持续学习的文化和跟上技术进步的步伐，社会可以从人工智能的前景中受益，同时避免其潜在的危险。)”可知，解决人工智能带来的困境需要我们社会的共同努力。故选D。 （23-24高二上·北京东城·期末）As you leave the Bandhavgarh National Park in India, there is a notice which shows a huge tiger. The notice says, “You may not have seen me, but I have seen you.” There are more than a billion people in India and Indian tigers probably see humans every single day. Tigers can and do kill almost anything they meet in the jungle. However, it is a little strange that attacks on humans are not that frequent. Some people might argue that these attacks were in fact common in the past. But there were far more tigers around in those days. So, to some extent, attacks appear to have been as rare then as they are today. People think it is because of fears, but what exactly are tigers afraid of? Can they really know that we may be even better armed than they are? Surely not. Has the species programmed the experiences of all tigers with humans into its genes to be inherited as instinct? Perhaps. But I think the explanation may be simpler and, in a way, more interesting. I suspect that a tiger’s fear of humans lies in the way he actually observes us visually. Imagine a tiger sees a man who is 1.8 meters tall. A tiger is less than 1 meter tall but he may be up to 3 meters long from head to tail. So when a tiger sees the man face on, it might not be unreasonable for him to assume that the man is 6 meters long. If he met a deer of this size, he might attack the animal by leaping on its back, but when he looks behind the man, he can’t see a back. From the front the man is huge, but looked at from the side he all but disappears. This must be very disturbing. A hunter has to be confident that it can kill its prey, and no one is confident when they are disconcerted. The opposite is true of a squatting human. A squatting human is half the size and presents twice the spread of back, and appears like a medium-sized deer. Many incidents of attacks on people involve villagers bending over to cut grass. The fact that humans stand upright may not just distinguish them from other species, but also help them to survive in an unpredictable environment. 1．As for some people’s opinion on tiger attacks, the author is ________. A．objective B．unconcerned C．supportive D．disapproving 2．Why does the author raise three questions in Paragraph 3? A．To present assumptions. B．To evaluate arguments. C．To question findings. D．To confirm opinions. 3．What does the underlined word “disconcerted” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Confused. B．Annoyed. C．Depressed. D．Surprised. 4．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A．It is the genes that cause the tiger’s fear of humans. B．It is hard for a tiger to make out the shape of humans. C．Tigers sense the danger the moment they spot humans. D．Tigers are less confident when facing squatting humans. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就老虎袭击人的原因展开讨论，作者认为老虎攻击人是因为很难辨认出人的形状。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Some people might argue that these attacks were in fact common in the past. But there were far more tigers around in those days. So, to some extent, attacks appear to have been as rare then as they are today. (有些人可能会争辩说，这些攻击实际上在过去很常见。但那时候老虎的数量要多得多。因此，从某种程度上说，袭击事件在当时和今天一样罕见)”可知，对于一些人对老虎袭击的看法，作者不赞成。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“People think it is because of fears, but what exactly are tigers afraid of? Can they really know that we may be even better armed than they are? Surely not. Has the species programmed the experiences of all tigers with humans into its genes to be inherited as instinct? Perhaps. But I think the explanation may be simpler and, in a way, more interesting.(人们认为这是因为恐惧，但老虎到底害怕什么？他们真的知道我们的武器装备比他们更好吗？当然不是。这个物种是否将所有老虎与人类相处的经历编入了自己的基因，并作为本能遗传了下来？也许。但我认为解释可能更简单，在某种程度上也更有趣)”可推知，作者在第3段提出了三个问题是为了提出假设。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“A hunter has to be confident that it can kill its prey, and no one is confident when they are”可知，猎人必须对自己能杀死猎物充满信心，而没有人在对猎物感到困惑时是自信的。故划线词意思是“困惑的”。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“I suspect that a tiger’s fear of humans lies in the way he actually observes us visually. Imagine a tiger sees a man who is 1.8 meters tall. A tiger is less than 1 meter tall but he may be up to 3 meters long from head to tail. So when a tiger sees the man face on, it might not be unreasonable for him to assume that the man is 6 meters long. If he met a deer of this size, he might attack the animal by leaping on its back, but when he looks behind the man, he can’t see a back.(我怀疑老虎对人类的恐惧来自于它观察人类的视觉方式。想象一只老虎看到一个1.8米高的人。老虎不到1米高，但从头到尾可达3米长。因此，当老虎看到这个人的脸时，它可能会认为这个人有6米长。如果他遇到这么大的鹿，他可能会跳到它的背上攻击它，但当他看那个人的背后时，他看不到背影)”以及最后一段“The opposite is true of a squatting human. A squatting human is half the size and presents twice the spread of back, and appears like a medium-sized deer.(而蹲着的人则相反。一个蹲着的人只有一半的大小，两倍的背部伸展，看起来像一只中等大小的鹿)”可知，老虎很难辨认出人的形状。故选B。 （23-24高二上·北京丰台·期末）The need for clarity extends beyond how we communicate science to how we evaluate it. Who can really define stock phrases such as ‘a significant contribution to research’? Or understand what ‘high impact’ or ‘world-class’ mean? Scientists demand that institutions should be clear about their criteria and consider all scholarly outputs—preprints, code, data, peer review, teaching, mentoring and so on. My view about the practices in research assessment is that most assessment guidelines permit sliding standards: instead of clearly defined terms, they give us feel-good slogans that lack any fixed meaning. Facing the problem will get us much of the way towards a solution. Broad language increases room for misunderstanding. ‘High impact’ can be code for where research is published. Or it can mean the effect that research has had on its field, or on society locally or globally—often very different things. Yet confusion is the least of the problems. Words such as ‘world-class’ and ‘excellent’ allow assessors to vary comparisons depending on whose work they are assessing. Academia(学术界) cannot be a fair and reasonable system if standards change depending on whom we are evaluating. Unconscious bias(偏见) associated with factors such as a researcher’s gender, ethnic origin and social background helps the academic injustice continue. It was only with double-blind review of research proposals that women finally got fair access to the Hubble Space Telescope. Many strategies exist to improve fairness in academia, but conceptual clarity is paramount. Being clear about how specific qualities are valued leads assessors to think critically about whether those qualities are truly being considered. Achieving that conceptual clarity requires discussion with faculties, staff and students: hours and hours of it. The University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands, for example, held a series of conversations, each involving 20-60 researchers, and then spent another year revising its research assessment policies to recognize social impacts. Frank conversations about what is valued in a particular context, or at a specific institution, are an essential first step in developing concrete recommendations. Although ambiguous(模棱两可的) terms, for instance ‘world-class’ and ‘significant’, are a barrier when performing assessments, university administrators have said that they rely on flexible language to make room to reward a variety of contributions. So it makes sense that more specific language in review and promotion must be able to accommodate varied outputs, outcomes and impacts of scholarly work. Setting specific standards will be tough. It will be inviting to fall back on the misleading standards such as impact factors, or on ambiguous terms that can be agreed to by everyone but applied wisely by no one. It is too early to know what those standards will be or how much they will vary, but the right discussions are starting to happen. They must continue. 1．Regarding the current practices in research assessment, the author is ________. A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．disapproving 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Bias on assessors can cause inequality. B．Frank conversations harm scholarly work. C．Specific qualities need to be clearly stated. D．Broad language ensures academic fairness. 3．What does the word “paramount” underlined in Para. 4 most probably mean? A．primary. B．recognized. C．optional. D．accomplished. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Fix research assessment. Change slogans for clear standards. B．Fix research assessment. Change evaluations for conversations. C．Define research assessment. Change simplicity for specification. D．Define research assessment. Change broad language for flexible one. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。这篇文章讨论了科研评估中存在的概念不清的问题，并提出了需要明确标准和提高公正性的观点。作者认为目前的评估准则通常允许标准滑动，使用模棱两可的口号代替明确的术语。广泛的语言增加了误解的空间，并导致评估中的主观因素和偏见。为了改善学术界的公正性，需要进行概念上的明确，并与教职员工和学生进行广泛的讨论。文章强调了制定具体标准的困难，但认为必须继续进行正确的讨论。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“My view about the practices in research assessment is that most assessment guidelines permit sliding standards: instead of clearly defined terms, they give us feel-good slogans that lack any fixed meaning. Facing the problem will get us much of the way towards a solution.”（我对研究评估实践的看法是，大多数评估指南允许滑动标准：它们给我们的是缺乏任何固定含义的自我感觉良好的口号，而不是明确定义的术语。面对这个问题会让我们在很大程度上找到解决办法。）可推知，对于目前的研究评估实践，作者是不赞成的。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Many strategies exist to improve fairness in academia, but conceptual clarity is paramount. Being clear about how specific qualities are valued leads assessors to think critically about whether those qualities are truly being considered.”（有许多策略可以提高学术界的公平性，但概念的清晰是最重要的。明确具体的品质是如何被评估的，会让评估者批判性地思考这些品质是否真的被考虑在内。）可知，需要明确说明具体的品质。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Being clear about how specific qualities are valued leads assessors to think critically about whether those qualities are truly being considered. Achieving that conceptual clarity requires discussion with faculties, staff and students: hours and hours of it.”（明确具体的品质是如何被评估的，会让评估者批判性地思考这些品质是否真的被考虑在内。要实现概念上的清晰，需要与教师、教职员工和学生们进行长时间的讨论。）由此可知，此处为有许多策略可以提高学术界的公平性，但概念的清晰是最重要的。故可猜测划线单词paramount为“主要的”意思，结合选项A项primary“主要的”，意思一致。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第二段“My view about the practices in research assessment is that most assessment guidelines permit sliding standards: instead of clearly defined terms, they give us feel-good slogans that lack any fixed meaning. Facing the problem will get us much of the way towards a solution.”（我对研究评估实践的看法是，大多数评估指南允许滑动标准：它们给我们的是缺乏任何固定含义的自我感觉良好的口号，而不是明确定义的术语。面对这个问题会让我们在很大程度上找到解决办法。）和最后一段中“It is too early to know what those standards will be or how much they will vary, but the right discussions are starting to happen. They must continue.”（现在要知道这些标准将是什么，或者它们会有多大的变化还为时过早，但正确的讨论正在开始进行。它们必须继续下去。）可知，文章主要讨论了科研评估中存在的概念不清的问题，并提出了需要明确标准和提高公正性的观点。作者认为目前的评估准则通常允许标准滑动，使用模棱两可的口号代替明确的术语。广泛的语言增加了误解的空间，并导致评估中的主观因素和偏见。为了改善学术界的公正性，需要进行概念上的明确，并与教职员工和学生进行广泛的讨论。文章强调了制定具体标准的困难，但认为必须继续进行正确的讨论。故文章最好的标题是“修正研究评估。为明确的标准改变口号”。故选A项。 （23-24高二上·北京平谷·期末）In many languages, the word for “mother/mom” takes an m-sound. Is there any reason for such near-universality? Linguists(语言学家) generally argue for “the arbitrariness of the sign”: no connection exists between the word dog and the furry quadruped. A rare exception is onomatopoeia, where words representing the bark of a dog (bow-wow) and the buzz made by a bee are more or less similar to the sound. Yet most things are not subject to naming this way. What about mama? It does not sound like a mother, but the fact is that some sounds are more widespread than others around the world. There are many dozens of observed consonants which are rare and hard for non-natives to learn. In contrast, a few—such as b, m, p, t, d and k—show up far more frequently, in nearly every spoken language in the world. That is almost certainly because they are easy to make. A baby vocalising will, at first, make a vowel-like sound, usually something like “ah”, which requires little in the way of control over the mouth. If they briefly close their mouth and continue vocalising, air will come out of their nose, thus making the m-sound that is used in “mother” around the world. Though the “mamas” bear the most obvious similarity, the “papas” have striking commonalities, too. Babies can easily stop their breath when they close their lips (rather than going on breathing through the nose). This produces a b-or a p-sound. It is surely for this reason that so many names for “father” use these consonants: papa in English, abb in Arabic and baba in Mandarin. T-and d-sounds are similarly basic, involving a simple tap of the tongue against the teeth: hence daddy, tatay (Tagalog) or tayta (Quechua). Father and mother are, therefore, an oddity. F-is not especially easy to utter(发音); th-sounds are even harder. English, Greek and Spanish are unusual in having them. Even Anglophone children may struggle with th-sounds when they are five, or older still in many cases. Anyway, it is hard to find linguistic universals amid the world’s dazzling variety. 1．What does the underlined word “quadruped” in Paragraph 2 most probably refer to? A．Pronunciation B．Sound C．Bee D．Animal 2．“Mamas” and “papas” are used so universally because ________. A．the sounds of the two words sound alike B．air will come out of baby’s mouth directly C．the sounds can be easily and naturally uttered D．babies can continue their breath when closing their lips 3．According to the passage, which of the following words might be the most difficult to articulate? A．Forthcoming. B．Programme. C．Magnificent. D．Magazine. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Inspiration from babies’ smile and talks. B．Linguists’ efforts to the research of sounds. C．Connection between the word mum and dad. D．Reasons for similar sounds in unrelated languages. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章主要在探讨在不同的语言中，一些相似的发音存在的原因是什么。 1．词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句“no connection exists between the word dog and the furry quadruped.”（单词dog和毛茸茸的 quadruped之间没有任何联系。）及句中“dog”和“furry”（长毛的）可知，划线词应该是指和狗一样的长毛的动物。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“ a few—such as b, m, p, t, d and k—show up far more frequently, in nearly every spoken language in the world. That is almost certainly because they are easy to make.”（有少数几个，比如b、 m、p、t、d和k，在世界上几乎每一种口语中出现的频率都要高得多，这几乎可以肯定是因为它们容易发出。）可知，“Mamas”和“Papas”被如此普遍使用是因为它们会很容易、很自然地被发出读音。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“F-is not especially easy to utter(发音); th-sounds are even harder.”（F -不是特别容易发音；th音更难发音。）可知，选项A中的含有“F”和“th”，所以最难清晰地发音。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In many languages, the word for “mother/mom” takes an m-sound. Is there any reason for such near-universality?”（在许多语言中，““mother/mom”这个词带有m音，这种近乎普遍的现象有什么原因吗?）并结合全文可知，本文主要在讨论许多发音普遍存在于不同的语言中的原因。故选D。 （23-24高二上·北京石景山·期末）Lately, I’ve been thinking about my school life in the 1990s, when in class we were encouraged to express ourselves through creative writing, public speaking or perhaps taking part in some form of drama. And as we shared our creativity we were improving our communication skills. The emphasis here was how best to convey our thoughts as clearly as possible. Yet it seemed that all spoken word exercises were being taught only from the speaker’s point of view, with little or no time spent teaching the art of listening. And that was a missed opportunity because young children are remarkable listeners. They take in words, ideas and speech patterns, quite often without our awareness. Yet somewhere along the way, we teach them to stop listening. Perhaps they would benefit from lessons in selective silence, concentration, while focusing on knowing how to process all incoming information. Sadly, to the best of my knowledge, no such programs are offered. We seem to spend less time actually listening to one another. One reason might be the fact that we have become a much more visual society as a result of exposure to television, the Internet and all manner of hand-held wireless devices. We tend to be more self-absorbed and primarily focused on hearing ourselves talk rather than listening to others. I attended a small family gathering a few years ago and almost everyone, except my 86-year-old aunt, was constantly texting or checking email on their iPhone. It made me wonder why we had bothered to get together in the first place as we were paying so little attention to one another. We could just as easily have had an online get-together. Listening is indeed a rare and special talent, and one that takes a lot of practice. But once you have gotten comfortable with the technique, you might find your next face-to-face talk a whole lot more meaningful. Simply listening for nuances(细微差别)in conversation will provide so much more context and substance for the words you are hearing. Remember, in order to be interesting, you must first be interested. And in conversation, you are supposed to be listening, not waiting to talk. 1．What is the author’s attitude toward the class in the 1990s? A．Objective. B．Tolerant. C．Favorable. D．Prejudiced. 2．What might be a reason that makes us bad listeners according to the author? A．We have less time to communicate. B．We have a sense of self-importance. C．The rapid development of technology. D．The lack of care and understanding for others. 3．What can we learn about the author’s family gathering a few years ago? A．His aunt wasn’t good at listening. B．His aunt didn’t like attending family gatherings. C．His family members were engaged in hot discussions. D．His family members showed little interest in one another. 4．What is the purpose of the last paragraph? A．To lead a discussion. B．To give a suggestion. C．To provide a warning. D．To make a comparison. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了技术的发展导致我们花在真正倾听对方的时间似乎变少了这一问题，解释了其后背的原因以及倾听他人的建议。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Lately, I’ve been thinking about my school life in the 1990s, when in class we were encouraged to express ourselves through creative writing, public speaking or perhaps taking part in some form of drama. And as we shared our creativity we were improving our communication skills. The emphasis here was how best to convey our thoughts as clearly as possible. Yet it seemed that all spoken word exercises were being taught only from the speaker’s point of view, with little or no time spent teaching the art of listening.(最近，我一直在回想我在20世纪90年代的学校生活，当时我们在课堂上被鼓励通过创造性写作、公开演讲或参加某种形式的戏剧来表达自己。当我们分享我们的创造力时，我们提高了我们的沟通技巧。这里的重点是如何尽可能清楚地表达我们的想法。然而，似乎所有的口语练习都只是从说话者的角度进行教学，很少或根本没有花时间教授倾听的艺术。)”可推知，第一段提到了英语课的好处以及缺点，即作者对20世纪90年代英语课的态度是客观的。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“There is no question that we are a nation of bad listeners. One reason might be the fact that we have become a much more visual society as result of exposure to television, the Internet and all manner of hand-held wireless devices.(毫无疑问，我们的国家都是糟糕的听众。其中一个原因可能是，由于电视、互联网和各种手持无线设备的使用，我们的社会变得更加视觉化)”可知，作者认为，是技术的快速发展让我们成为糟糕的倾听者。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“I attended a small family gathering a few years ago and almost everyone except my 86-year-old aunt was constantly texting or checking email on their iPhone. It made me wonder why we had bothered get together in the first place as we were paying so little attention to one another.(几年前，我参加了一个小型家庭聚会，除了我86岁的姑姑，几乎所有人都在不停地用iPhone发短信或查看电子邮件。这让我很好奇，我们当初为什么要在一起，因为我们对彼此的关注如此之少)”可知，在几年前的家庭聚会中，作者的家人对彼此都不感兴趣。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Remember, in order to be interesting, you must first be interested. And in conversation, you are supposed to be listening, not waiting to talk.( 记住，要想做个有趣的人，你首先得有兴趣。在谈话中，你应该倾听，而不是等着说话。)”可推知，最后一段的目的针对于如何做一个有趣的人最后一段给出了建议。故最后一段的目的是给建议。故选B。 （21-22高二上·北京顺义·期末）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked (缺乏) either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. Just like what Mencius (孟子) said, “The great man is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average which encourages us to occupy our own little corner and avoid falling into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent. How should you start so as not to become discouraged? One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You don’t have any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 1．What sets outstanding people apart from average people according to the author? A．Curiosity. B．Discontent. C．Curiosity and discontent. D．Calm and restful average. 2．What does the underlined word “recapture” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Regain. B．Retell. C．Replace. D．Reduce. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．There are few geniuses in the world. B．Time is a most important factor in doing things. C．Some people succeeded after years of hard work. D．One way to take action is to stop making any excuses. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To inspire us to work hard. B．To inform us the keys to achievement. C．To tell us curious minds never feel satisfied. D．To introduce the importance of curiosity and discontent. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. (经过多年对人性的观察，我认为成就非凡的人与平庸之人之间的区别在于两种品质：好奇心和不满足。)”可知作者认为杰出的人与普通人的区别就是好奇心和不满足。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段上文“Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them(幸运的是，好奇心和不满足并不需要后天习得。我们与生俱来)”可知好奇心和不满足是我们天生就有的，我们只需要的是重新获得它们，故猜测recapture意为“重新获得”，与A选项regain同义，故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“How should you start so as not to become discouraged? One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You don’t have any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.(你应该怎样开始才不会气馁呢?开始的一种方法是回答你自己的借口。你没有什么特殊能力吗?大多数人都没有；天才屈指可数。你没有时间吗？这很好，因为总是那些没有时间的人把事情做好。哈里特·斯托是六个孩子的母亲，她在做饭的时候写了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的部分内容。你太老了?还记得托马斯·科斯坦57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，摩西奶奶78岁时首次展示了她的照片吗?)”可知本段告诉我们采取行动的方法就是停止找任何借口。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. (经过多年对人性的观察，我认为成就非凡的人与平庸之人之间的区别在于两种品质：好奇心和不满足。)”可知这篇文章的主要目的是就是告诉我们成功的关键就是好奇心和不满足。故选B。 （21-22高二上·北京海淀·期末）You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or creator. When you choose to be a victim, the world is a cold and difficult place.“They” did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering.“They” are wrong and bad, and life is terrible as long as “they” are around.Or you may blame yourself for all your problems, thus internalizing(内化)your victimization.The truth is, your life is likely to stay that way as long as you feel a need to blame yourself or others. Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently.They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they don't let this get in the way.They know they have their weaknesses, yet they don't blame themselves when they fail.Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter.They believe their dance with each sacred(神圣的)moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth. Victims and creators live in the same physical world and deal with many of the same physical realities, yet their experience of life is worlds apart.Victims relish(沉溺)in anger, guilt, and other emotions that cause others--and even themselves---to feel like victims, too.Creators consciously choose love, inspiration, and other qualities which inspire not only themselves, but al1around them.Both victims and creators always have choice to determine the direction of their lives. In reality, all of us play the victim or the creator at various points in our lives.One person, on losing a job or a special relationship, may feel as if it is the end of the world and sink into terrible suffering for months, years, or even a lifetime.Another with the same experience may choose to first experience the grief, then accept the loss and soon move on to be a powerful creative force in his life. In every moment and every circumstance, you can choose to have fuller, richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are. 1．What does the word “they” in Paragraph 1 probably refer to? A．People and things around you. B．Opportunities and problems. C．Creators and their choices. D．Victims and their sufferings. 2．According to Paragraph 2, creators__________. A．seem willing to experience failures in life B．possess the ability to predict future life C．handle ups and downs of life wisely D．have potential to create something new 3．What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? A．To define victims and creators. B．To evaluate victims against creators. C．To explain the relationship between victims and creators. D．To suggest the transformation from victims to creators. 4．The examples mentioned in Paragraph 4 show that_________. A．strong attachment to sufferings in life pulls people into victims. B．people need family support to deal with challengers in life. C．it takes creators quite a long time to get rid of their pains. D．one's experiences determine his attitude toward life. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．A 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了两种截然不同的人，一种是消极悲观怨天尤人的“受害者”，另一种是积极主动主宰自己命运的“缔造者”。在挫折面前他们表现出不同的态度，作者建议人们要转变心态，从命运的“受害者”变成自己命运的主宰者。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“When you choose to be a victim, the world is a cold and difficult place. (当你选择成为一个受害者，世界将是一个寒冷而艰难的地方。)”可知，当你选择消极悲观，世界就会报你以冷漠和艰难。那么周围的人和事就会带给你痛苦和苦难。因此代词they指的是“你所在的这个世界上的人和事”。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“They believe their dance with each sacred(神圣的)moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth. (他们相信他们与生命中每一个神圣时刻共舞是一份礼物，风暴是生命的自然组成部分，它可以带来情感和精神成长所需的雨水。)”可知，“创造者”对待人生的坎坷起伏的态度是很明智的，认为这是实现情感和精神成长的营养。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“In every moment and every circumstance, you can choose to have fuller, richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are. (在每一刻、每一种情况下，你都可以选择拥有更充实、更丰富的生活，方法是设定一个明确的意图来改变内心的“受害者”，并邀请你自己这个强大的“缔造者”进入你的生活。)”可知，文章讲述了两种人对待挫折困境的不同态度，不同做法，因此作者写这篇文章的目的是建议从“受害者”转变到“缔造者”。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Victims and creators live in the same physical world and deal with many of the same physical realities, yet their experience of life is worlds apart. Victims relish(沉溺)in anger, guilt, and other emotions that cause others--and even themselves---to feel like victims, too. (在现实生活中，我们每个人在生活的不同阶段都扮演着“受害者”或“缔造者”的角色。一个人，在失去工作或一段特殊的关系时，可能会觉得这是世界末日，并陷入可怕的痛苦数月，数年，甚至一生。)”可知，第四段提到的例子表明，强烈沉溺于生活中的苦难会使人们成为“受害者”。故选A项。 （21-22高二上·北京海淀·期末）The mind is a wonderful thing. It's also excuse-making machine that frequently tries to convince us not to take action we know are good for us. If we hadn't learned about these excuses, or how to overcome them, we would never have succeeded in making these positive changes. So why does the mind mess with us and make unreasonable excuses? Because the mind wants comfort, that's the reason. It's afraid of discomfort, pressure and change. The mind is absorbed in its comfort zone, and anytime we try to stretch that zone too far, for too long, the mind tries desperately to get back to “ground zero” at any cost. These damaging excuses, such as “I can't do it”, “It is too hard for me”, “It's too late now” and so on, are no strangers to our minds. It seems too difficult at first, so you think you can't stick to the positive change you're making. This excuse can be countered (对抗)by looking at the fact that other people were no more capable than you thought you were. For example, my 60-year-old next-door neighbor finished running a marathon, so I told myself, “If she can do it, so can I!” Truth be told, the only person who tells you “I can't” is yourself. If you hear those words echoing in the back of your mind, tune them out. I've witnessed people reinventing themselves at all ages 48-year-olds starting families, 57-year-olds graduating from college for the first time, 71-year-olds starting successful businesses, and so forth. Another common excuse is that “I've already failed too much.” If you break down, it's fine, because you are only human. Just don't stay down; take a rest, and then pick yourself up so you can go to where you'd rather be. As Winston Churchill said, “Success is never final; failure is never fatal. It is courage to continue that counts.” Some people feel like quitting when they have almost reached their goal, while others attain goals through their efforts until the last second. So make some necessary adjustments to get rid of the bad habit of making excuses. Keep going! No excuses! Think, work, and climb, that's how you'll move your life forward. 1．What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? A．To tell readers how to make a change. B．To help readers develop a new view of life. C．To encourage readers to leave their comfortable zone. D．To tell readers to stop making excuses and keep fighting. 2．Knowing his neighbor finished the marathon made the author realize_________. A．completing a marathon was not too difficult B．people often neglect their abilities C．looking down upon the others is wrong D．people shouldn't let negative thoughts step in their way 3．Why does our mind make excuses? A．It tends to seek comforts rather than suffering. B．It needs rest and relaxation. C．It is preparing for the difficult times. D．It is the way it tries to find a solution. 4．What might “ground zero” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The lowest spot. B．The safest place C．The original place D．The proper position 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 【分析】本文是议论文，文章主要告诉读者在面临困难时我们为什么会找借口。并让我们不要再找借口，要继续战斗，否则就永远不会成功地做出积极的改变。 1．推理判断题。根据最后一段“So make some necessary adjustments to get rid of the bad habit of making excuses. Keep going! No excuses!（所以做一些必要的调整，摆脱找借口的坏习惯。继续前进!不要找借口！）”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是为了告诉读者不要再找借口，继续战斗，故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Truth be told, the only person who tells you "I can't" is yourself.If you hear those words echoing in the back of your mind, tune them out.（说实话，唯一对你说“我不行”的人就是你自己。如果你听到这些话在你的脑海中回荡，那就把它们关掉）”可知，作者在得知60岁的邻居完成了马拉松比赛后，感慨人们不应该让消极的想法妨碍自己，不要对自己说“我不行”。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段“So why does the mind mess with us and make unreasonable excuses? Because the mind wants comfort, that's the reason. It’s afraid of discomfort, pressure and change. （那么，为什么大脑会搅乱我们，找不合理的借口呢？因为大脑需要舒适，这就是原因。它害怕不适、压力和改变）”可知，我们大脑找借口的原因是它更倾向于寻求舒适而不是痛苦。故选A项。 4．词义猜测题。根据划线词前的“The mind is absorbed in its comfort zone, and anytime we try to stretch that zone too far, for too long, the mind tries desperately to get back to “ground zero” at any cost.(大脑沉浸在它的舒适区，任何时候我们试图把这个区域延伸得太远，太长时间，大脑就会拼命地不惜一切代价回到“ground zero”。)”可知，我们的大脑被它的舒适区所吸引，这说明大脑不愿离开自己的舒适区。由此可知，此处是说当大脑远离自己的舒适区时，它会不惜一切代价拼命地试图回到前面提到的“舒适区”,即“原来的地方”，故选C项。 （23-24高二上·北京·期末）I major in Mechanical Engineering and Political Science. When someone hears what I study, I’m usually meant with two reactions. First up is a small smile with the word “overachiever” on the tip of their tongue. The second is a look of confusion, followed by an exaggerated(夸张的) “why?”. The short answer: I want to be a problem solver, and engineering teaches me how to become that type of person. In addition, I also want to be able to look at the bigger picture. It’s the beginning of a new year, and a lot of first-years have plans for double or triple majors. However, as most of us quickly realize after that first fall semester, college is a lot! We are unavoidably forced to make choices—do we keep trying to make our double or triple majors work or do we completely switch gears? The thing I wished someone told me on day one is if you’re passionate about something, it’s not going to feel like work. Political Science can be challenging, but to me, it’s fun to read the Constitution(宪法) and see the impact each word has on our interpretation. This may sound hard to accept, but if you are double or triple majoring because you think you’re in a race with your peers, you’re only running yourself into the ground. Don’t double or triple major if you are doing it for a mark on your resume(简历), because then your life will be a living hell for the next four years. What is going to make you impressive is the passion that you have—whether it be in your study, career, or something else your career and study will enable you to do. Always think about your “why” when it comes to the schedule a double or triple major entails. Because at the end of the day, it’s going to be you doing the homework—so try to enjoy what you’re doing along the ride for what it’s worth. 1．How do people tend to feel about the writer’s majors? A．Satisfied or confused. B．Amazed or concerned. C．Impressed or puzzled. D．Ashamed or challenged. 2．What enables the writer to enjoy learning Political Science? A．His enthusiasm for the major. B．His career planning for the future. C．The influence of learning engineering. D．The value of studying the Constitution. 3．What causes the hard situation of students with multiple majors? A．Adjusting the schedule for majors constantly. B．Pursuing multiple majors out of competitive motivation. C．Making random choices without sufficient consideration. D．Estimating the difficulty of multiple majoring inaccurately. 4．What is the author’s purpose of writing the text? A．To promote the concept of multiple majoring. B．To explain the reasons for choosing a double major. C．To compare the gains and losses of multiple majoring. D．To stress the significance of passion in multiple majoring. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述大学生不要盲目为了竞争而选择多个专业，一定要是因为热情和激情才去选择多个专业。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“When someone hears what I study, I’m usually meant with two reactions. First up is a small smile with the word “overachiever” on the tip of their tongue. The second is a look of confusion, followed by an exaggerated (夸张的) “why?”(当有人听到我学习的内容时，我通常会有两种反应。首先是一个小小的微笑并且说“太有成就了”。第二种是困惑的表情，接着是夸张的“为什么？”。) ”可知，当人们听到作者的专业时，有的会很佩服，有的是很困惑。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Political Science can be challenging, but to me, it’s fun to read the Constitution (宪法) and see the impact each word has on our interpretation.(政治学可能具有挑战性，但对我来说，阅读《宪法》，看看每一个字对我们的解释有什么影响是很有趣的。) ”和第三段“What is going to make you impressive is the passion that you have - whether it be in your study, career, or something else your career and study will enable you to do.(让你印象深刻的是你所拥有的激情——无论是在你的学习、职业生涯中，还是在你的职业和学习将使你能够做的其他事情中。)”可知，是热情和激情使得作者喜欢学习政治学。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“This may sound hard to accept, but if you are double or triple majoring because you think you’re in a race with your peers, you’re only running yourself into the ground. Don’t double or triple major if you are doing it for a mark on your resume (简历), because then your life will be a living hell for the next four years.(这听起来可能很难接受，但如果你是双主修或三主修，因为你认为你在与同龄人竞争，你只是把自己撞到地上。如果你是为了简历上的一个分数而选择双主修或三主修，那么你的生活在接下来的四年里将是一个地狱。)”可知，在作者看来，选择多个专业让大学生们处在糟糕的状况的原因是，他们只是为了在跟同龄人竞争才选择多个专业的。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段“What is going to make you impressive is the passion that you have - whether it be in your study, career, or something else your career and study will enable you to do.(让你印象深刻的是你所拥有的激情——无论是在你的学习、职业生涯中，还是在你的职业和学习将使你能够做的其他事情中。)”和最后一段“Always think about your “why” when it comes to the schedule a double or triple major entails. Because at the end of the day, it’s going to be you doing the homework - so try to enjoy what you’re doing along the ride for what it’s worth.(当涉及到一个双主修或三主修课程的时间表时，一定要考虑你的“为什么”。因为在一天结束的时候，是你自己在做家庭作业，所以试着享受你在旅途中所做的一切，因为它是值得的。)”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是在建议人们要带着激情去选择专业，强调激情在多专业中的重要性。故选D。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$