专题04 阅读理解之说明文12篇（期末真题好题速递）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语上学期期末真题分类汇编（北京专用）

专题04 阅读理解之说明文12篇 （23-24高二上·北京通州·期末）Have you ever wondered what happens to all of the old object s launched into space, such as rockets and satellites? It’s called space junk, and much of it is still out there now. According to NASA, the definition of space junk is “any man-made object in orbit (轨道) around Earth that no longer serves a useful function”. One large piece of space junk, an abandoned rocket, hit the dark side of the moon on March 4. The rocket’s origin is not clear, but scientists know that it was massive—weighing about 3 tons. It must have left a large crater (坑), estimated 10 to 20 meters wide, on the moon’s surface. It won’t be visible right away, but scientists are trying to locate it. “We will find the crater, eventually,” Mark Robinson, lead investigator for NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, told USA TODAY. “Depending on its location, it could take as long as 28 days.” What’s significant about this space junk crash is that it draws attention to some of the potential dangers of space junk. First, the accumulation of space junk in Earth’s orbit means that satellites and the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk. In 2016, tiny space debris (残骸),smaller than a millimeter, caused a tiny chip in the ISS’ window. Imagine the damage that a larger piece of debris could cause. The European Space Agency website states that objects “up to 1 cm in size could disable an instrument or a critical flight system on a satellite” while objects over 10 cm “could shatter a satellite or spacecraft into pieces”. If this sounds terrifying, that’s because it is. Any collision (碰撞) with larger pieces of debris could be especially dangerous for manned spacecraft. In addition to potential damage to spacecraft and satellites, space junk also poses a threat to the Earth itself Crashes can send debris into the atmosphere where it can remain for many decades. Some powerful collisions can even send large debris hurtling (猛冲) toward Earth’s surface where it can affect the local environment. Leftover rocket debris can contain toxic materials that are harmful to plant and animal life. Some people in Siberia have even reported serious health problems after rocket debris landed in their regions in 2012, a local doctor told the BBC． 1．Which of the following can be regarded as space junk? A．A disused space station. B．A spacecraft orbiting the moon. C．A crater on the moon’s surface. D．A satellite working in low Earth orbit. 2．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in Paragraph 2? A．Locating the crater. B．Tracking the rocket. C．Cleaning up the space junk. D．Finding out the rocket’s origin. 3．What can be inferred about space junk from the last paragraph? A．It’s likely to cause a global environmental crisis. B．It’s impossible to stop it from entering the atmosphere. C．It can cause a lasting threat if it remains in the atmosphere. D．The toxic materials contained in space junk are the biggest risk. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了太空垃圾对于太空，地球，以及人类会造成的潜在的威胁以及伤害。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“According to NASA, the definition of space junk is “any man-made object in orbit (轨道) around Earth that no longer serves a useful function”. (根据美国国家航空航天局的说法，太空垃圾的定义是“任何在地球轨道上的人造物体，不再具有有用的功能”。)”可知，废弃的空间站属于不再具有有用功能的人造物体，因此是太空垃圾。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段““We will find the crater. eventually,” Mark Robinson, lead investigator for NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, told USA TODAY. “Depending on its location, it could take as long as 28 days.” (“我们最终会找到陨石坑，”美国国家航空航天局月球勘测轨道相机首席研究员马克・罗宾逊告诉《今日美国》。“根据地点的不同，可能需要28天的时间。”)”可知，这里说的it指代上文提到的陨石坑的位置。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In addition to potential damage to spacecraft and satellites, space junk also poses a threat to the Earth itself Crashes can send debris into the atmosphere where it can remain for many decades. (除了对航天器和卫星的潜在损害外，太空垃圾还对地球本身构成威胁。撞击会将碎片送入大气层，并在那里停留几十年。)”可知，太空垃圾留在大气层中会造成持续的威胁。故选C。 （23-24高二上·北京大兴·期末）In the modern age, social media platforms have emerged as powerful tools for communication, networking, and self-expression. With billions of active users worldwide, these platforms have profoundly influenced the human interaction. Recent psychological studies have delved into understanding the influence of prolonged (长期的) social media usage on individual self-esteem (自尊) and identity formation. Context and Prevalence (流行) Social media platforms, including Weibo, WeChat Moments, Douyin, and Little Red Book, offer ways for individuals to project curated versions of their lives. While this can serve as a medium of affirmation, it also compares one’s daily life against the specially edited highlights of others, which could potentially lead to feelings of failure and unsatisfactory. Research Findings on Self-Esteem A study conducted among adolescents aged 13-19 showed that extreme social media use correlates with lower self-esteem scores. Participants who spent over five hours daily on these platforms demonstrated significant tendencies towards self-devaluation (自我贬低) and negative self-perception (自体感受). The study believed that the constant exposure of idealized images and lives leads to an involuntary (不自主的) comparison, often placing the individual on the lesser end of the spectrum. Implications for Identity Formation For adolescents, a critical time of identity formation happens during the teenage years. Social media can often blur the lines (模糊界限) between personal identity and digital persona (面貌，形象). A study tracked teenagers for five years and found that heavy social media users often experienced identity confusion. Their digital avatars, formed under societal pressures, sometimes overshadowed their real personalities, leading to internal conflicts and a confusion to real selfhood. Possible Solutions and Future Research While the negative influence of social media on mental well-being are evident, it’s also essential to highlight its potential benefits. Platforms can help to add a sense of belonging, provide informational support, and serve as outlets for creative expression. Future research could explore potential interventions (介入，干涉) to reduce the negative effects. In conclusion, while social media offers a huge number of opportunities and ways for expression, it’s important that teenagers approach it with awareness. The psychological landscape it shapes is hard to understand, and understanding its depths requires continued research, empathy (共鸣), and active measures. 1．What do we know about the study involving adolescents aged 13-19? A．It took five hours for participants to take part in the study B．It suggested that we should not compare our lives with others C．It caused self-devaluation and negative self-perception to participants. D．It showed that too much social media use resulted in low self-esteem. 2．What does the term “digital avatars” refer to in paragraph 4? A．Social media algorithms (算法). B．Digital marketing tools. C．Online versions of individuals. D．Digital assistants. 3．Why social media are especially bad for adolescents? A．They cause identity crises (危机) to them. B．They lead to feelings of unsatisfactory. C．They project version of their lives. D．They overshadow their personalities. 4．How does the author feel about the effect of social media on users? A．Entirely negative. B．Quite positive. C．Mixed with caution. D．Indifferent and neutral. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究发现，长期使用社交媒体会对个人自尊和身份认同产生影响。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“A study conducted among adolescents aged 13-19 showed that extreme social media use correlates with lower self-esteem scores.(一项针对13-19岁青少年的研究表明，过度使用社交媒体与较低的自尊得分相关。)”可知，我们从这项涉及13-19岁青少年的研究中了解到过度使用社交媒体会导致自尊心低下。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第四段“For adolescents, a critical time of identity formation happens during the teenage years. Social media can often blur the lines (模糊界限) between personal identity and digital persona (面貌，形象). A study tracked teenagers for five years and found that heavy social media users often experienced identity confusion.(对于青少年来说，身份形成的关键时期发生在青少年时期。社交媒体常常会模糊个人身份和数字形象之间的界限。一项追踪青少年五年的研究发现，重度社交媒体用户经常经历身份困惑。)”可知，他们在社会压力下形成的数字形象有时会掩盖他们的真实个性，导致内部冲突和对真实自我的困惑。由此可知，digital avatars意为“数字形象”，与C项：Online versions of individuals.(个人的在线版本。)意思接近。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“For adolescents, a critical time of identity formation happens during the teenage years. Social media can often blur the lines (模糊界限) between personal identity and digital persona (面貌，形象). A study tracked teenagers for five years and found that heavy social media users often experienced identity confusion.(对于青少年来说，身份形成的关键时期发生在青少年时期。社交媒体常常会模糊个人身份和数字形象之间的界限。一项追踪青少年五年的研究发现，重度社交媒体用户经常经历身份困惑。)”可知，对于青少年爱说，身份形成的关键时期发生在青少年时期。社交媒体容易让青少年出现身份混淆的危机。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“In conclusion, while social media offers a huge number of opportunities and ways for expression, it’s important that teenagers approach it with awareness. The psychological landscape it shapes is hard to understand, and understanding its depths requires continued research, empathy (共鸣), and active measures.(总之，虽然社交媒体提供了大量的表达机会和方式，但重要的是青少年要有意识地接近它。它塑造的心理景观很难理解，理解它的深度需要持续的研究、共鸣和积极的措施。)”可知，作者对社交媒体对用户的影响的看法是谨慎的。故选C。 （23-24高二上·北京房山·期末）As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 1．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________. A．give an example B．introduce a topic C．reach a conclusion D．make a comparison 2．Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A．To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. B．To compare different types of park-goers. C．To explain why the park attracts tourists. D．To collect data from the park. 3．What should we do before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A．Create a new language. B．Develop communication skills. C．Conserve the Earth. D．Educate people. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，该研究表明，城市地区的野生环境对人类的福祉极其重要。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对野生的地方是不寻常的。)”以及第二段内容“Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.(过去的研究发现，自然对人类的健康有益，但一项新的研究表明，城市地区的野生环境对人类的福祉极其重要。)”可知，作者写第一段的目的是为了引出本文主题，即城市地区的野生环境对人类的福祉极其重要。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”(然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分成不同的类别。例如，一个参与者的“我们坐在沙滩上听了一会儿海浪”的经历被分配到“坐在沙滩上”和“听海浪”的类别。)”以及文章第四段“After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.(在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对访问者最重要。)”可知，研究人员将这些提交的内容进行编码，将经历分为不同的类别。因此，研究人员将参与者提交的内容编码为类别是为了在游客的总结中找到模式。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.(“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者Peter Kahn说。)”可知，我们在与自然互动之前应该保护环境。故选C。 （23-24高二上·北京西城·期末）An AI model can be used to detect stress in office workers based on how they use their mouse and keyboard. A new study suggests that a machine-learning model using these two elements was more accurate at detecting stress in people than a model that tracked their heart-rate data. “We saw that the models that just used the mouse and keyboard data performed better than the models that had the heart-rate data in it,” says Mart Naegelin. a Ph. D．student at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and one of the study’s authors. Naegelin and her fellow researchers used machine-learning models to analyze data on keyboard-typing activity, mouse movements and heart-rate data. They also studied the data of a combination of two or all three of these elements to determine which performed best in terms of measuring stress. They found that the model trained on mouse and keyboard data performed better than the model that used mouse, keyboard and heart rates. Of the single-modality (形态) models, the heart-rate data performed the worst. “The test was conducted in an environment that simulated an office environment, so the results still need to be confirmed in real-life scenarios (情况),” Naegelin says. In the experiment, participants were divided into three groups. A control group carried out assigned tasks, such as planning meetings and collecting data, with no additional work. A second group at times answered questions from managers in person in a mock interview scenario while completing other assigned tasks. And members of a third group were, at certain points, interrupted with additional questions sent through an online chat on top of tasks assigned to other groups. At regular intervals during the experiment, participants were asked to rate their stress levels through a computer questionnaire. Researchers learned that workers made longer, less accurate movements with their mouse, as well as more typing errors, when they were stressed. Shorter, more direct movements with the mouse were tied to lower stress levels. The study didn’t focus on why increased levels of stress are thought to affect muscle activity. The researchers say they believe a stress-detection system that logs keyboard and mouse movements might be beneficial as a self-help tool for employees alongside other initiatives to improve workplace mental health. But employee participation would need to be optional and based on informed consent (同意), and companies would need to commit to protecting user privacy. It remains to be seen how this technology will evolve and be adopted in practice, but the potential for AI to contribute positively to employee well-being is an appealing avenue for future exploration. 1．What do we know from Naegelin’s study? A．Heart-rate data has little connection with stress. B．Mouse and keyboard data proves effective in stress detection. C．Mouse data performs worst in measuring stress among all models. D．Using more elements in a model increases accuracy in stress detection. 2．What is Paragragh 5 mainly about? A．The research process. B．The research findings. C．The research purpose. D．The research background. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI models based on mouse and keyboard data have been widely applied. B．Naegelin’s study explains why muscle activity can affect stress levels. C．Employers need to respect employees’ privacy while detecting stress. D．A stress-detection system improves physical health at the workplace. 4．What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A．To introduce a new model to detect stress. B．To compare different models in stress detection. C．To show the disadvantages of being overstressed. D．To state the importance of a stress-detection system. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新研究表明，人工智能模型根据上班族使用鼠标和键盘的方式可以检测人们的压力，其结果比跟踪他们心率数据得出的结果更准确。 1．细节理解题。由第一段“An AI model can be used to detect stress in office workers based on how they use their mouse and keyboard. A new study suggests that a machine-learning model using these two elements was more accurate at detecting stress in people than a model that tracked their heart-rate data. (人工智能模型可以根据上班族使用鼠标和键盘的方式来检测他们的压力。一项新的研究表明，使用这两个元素的机器学习模型在检测人们的压力方面比跟踪他们心率数据的模型更准确)”和第二段中“We saw that the models that just used the mouse and keyboard data performed better than the models that had the heart-rate data in it (我们发现，只使用鼠标和键盘数据的模型比包含心率数据的模型表现更好)”可知，鼠标和键盘数据在压力检测中被证明是有效的。故选B项。 2．主旨大意题。由第五段中“Researchers learned that workers made longer, less accurate movements with their mouse, as well as more typing errors, when they were stressed. Shorter, more direct movements with the mouse were tied to lower stress levels. (研究人员了解到，当员工受到压力时，他们用鼠标做的动作更长、更不准确，打字错误也更多。用鼠标做更短、更直接的运动与更低的压力水平有关)”可知，第五段主要讲这项研究最后得出的结果。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。由第五段得出的研究结果和倒数第二段“The researchers say they believe a stress-detection system that logs keyboard and mouse movements might be beneficial as a self-help tool for employees alongside other initiatives to improve workplace mental health. But employee participation would need to be optional and based on informed consent (同意), and companies would need to commit to protecting user privacy. (研究人员表示，他们相信，一个记录键盘和鼠标运动的压力检测系统，作为员工的自助工具，以及其他改善工作场所心理健康的举措，可能是有益的。但员工的参与是非强制的，并基于知情同意，公司需要承诺保护用户隐私)”可知，基于鼠标和键盘数据的AI模型能帮雇主发现员工的压力，但不能强制员工参与，需要尊重员工的隐私。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。由第一段“An AI model can be used to detect stress in office workers based on how they use their mouse and keyboard. A new study suggests that a machine-learning model using these two elements was more accurate at detecting stress in people than a model that tracked their heart-rate data. (人工智能模型可以根据上班族使用鼠标和键盘的方式来检测他们的压力。一项新的研究表明，使用这两个元素的机器学习模型在检测人们的压力方面比跟踪他们心率数据的模型更准确)”和第二段中“We saw that the models that just used the mouse and keyboard data performed better than the models that had the heart-rate data in it (我们发现，只使用鼠标和键盘数据的模型比包含心率数据的模型表现更好)”可知，文章介绍了一项新研究表明，人工智能模型根据上班族使用鼠标和键盘的方式可以检测人们的压力，其结果比跟踪他们心率数据的得出的结果更准确，本文目的在于介绍一种新的压力检测模型。故选A项。 （23-24高二上·北京东城·期末）Think of the words in your head: that tasteless joke you wisely kept to yourself at dinner; your unvoiced impression of your best friend’s new partner. Now imagine that someone could listen in. Recently, scientists from the University of Texas, have made another step in that direction. In a study published in Neuroscience, the team showed it was possible to read people’s thoughts with a non-invasive brain scanner called fMRI and large language models (LLMs) built with GPT. The study centered on three subjects, who lay in an fMRI scanner recording their brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow in parts of their brains while they listened to online stories. By integrating this information with the LLMs’ ability to understand how words relate to one another, the researchers developed an encoded (编码的) map of how each individual’s brain responds to different words. Then, the team worked backward. They recorded the fMRI activity while the participants listened to a new story. Using a combination of the patterns previously encoded for each individual and LLMs, the researchers attempted to translate this new brain activity. While many of the sentences it produced were inaccurate, the decoder generated sentences that got the main idea of what the person was thinking. For instance, when a person heard, “I don’t have my driver’s license yet,” the decoder spat out, “She has not even started to learn to drive yet.” Alex Huth from the university said, “We were shocked and impressed that this worked as well as it does.” The researchers also found that the technology isn’t one-size-fits-all. Each decoder was quite personalized and worked only for the person whose brain data had helped build it. Additionally, a person had to voluntarily cooperate for the decoder to identify ideas. If a person wasn’t paying attention to an audio story, the decoder couldn’t pick that story up from brain signals. While the technology was still far from perfect, the result could ultimately lead to seamless devices that help people who can’t talk or otherwise communicate easily. However, the research also raises privacy concerns about unwelcome neural overhearing. The team said the potential of the technology was such that policymakers should proactively address how it can be legally used. Jerry Tang from the team said, “Nobody’s brain should be decoded without their permission. If one day it does become possible to get accurate decoding without a person’s will, we’ll have a regulatory foundation in place.” 1．What is the study mainly about? A．The working principle of a smart scanner. B．The potential impact of mind-reading GPT. C．The advance in brain-decoding technology. D．The breakthrough in large language models. 2．How did the team work backward? A．They fed the decoder data on people’s brain activities. B．They employed the scanner to encode people’s thoughts. C．They recorded the fMRI activity to assess thinking ability. D．They used brain activity patterns to read the subjects’ mind. 3．What did the researchers find? A．The decoder worked as expected. B．The decoder can get the wording right. C．The decoder required willing participation. D．The decoder can be applied to different people. 4．What will the team most probably do next? A．Personalize the technology. B．Establish proper regulations. C．Apply the technology across fields. D．Break limitations of the technology. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了得克萨斯大学的科学家们在一份研究中表明通过将功能性磁共振成像和用GPT建造的大型语言模型相结合，读取人们内心想法成为可能，但这项技术还不成熟，并且涉及隐私问题。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“In a study published in Neuroscience, the team showed it was possible to read people’s thoughts with a non-invasive brain scanner called fMRI and large language models (LLMs) built with GPT.(在《神经科学》杂志上发表的一项研究中，该团队表明，使用一种名为功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）的非侵入性大脑扫描仪和用GPT构建的大型语言模型（LLM）可以读取人们的想法)”和第三段中的“Using a combination of the patterns previously encoded for each individual and LLMs, the researchers attempted to translate this new brain activity.(利用之前为每个个体编码的模式和LLM的组合，研究人员试图翻译这种新的大脑活动)”可推测出，这项研究主要是关于大脑解码技术的发展。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Then, the team worked backward. They recorded the fMRI activity while the participants listened to a new story. Using a combination of the patterns previously encoded for each individual and LLMs, the researchers attempted to translate this new brain activity.(然后，团队再退回去。当参与者听一个新故事时，他们记录了功能磁共振成像的活动。利用之前为每个个体编码的模式和LLM的组合，研究人员试图翻译这种新的大脑活动)”和前文可推知，研究人员利用之前研究出的大脑活动模式去读取受试者的思想。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Additionally, a person had to voluntarily cooperate for the decoder to identify ideas. If a person wasn’t paying attention to an audio story, the decoder couldn’t pick that story up from brain signals.(此外，一个人必须自愿合作让解码器来识别想法。如果一个人没有将注意放在音频故事上，解码器就无法从大脑信号中提取出这个故事)”可知，解码器需要参与者自愿合作。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“The researchers also found that the technology isn’t one-size-fits-all. Each decoder was quite personalized and worked only for the person whose brain data had helped build it. Additionally, a person had to voluntarily cooperate for the decoder to identify ideas. If a person wasn’t paying attention to an audio story, the decoder couldn’t pick that story up from brain signals.(研究人员还发现，这项技术并非是通用的。每个解码器都是非常个性化的，只适用于大脑数据帮助构建它的人。此外，一个人必须自愿合作让解码器来识别想法。如果一个人没有将注意放在音频故事上，解码器就无法从大脑信号中提取出这个故事)”和最后一段中的“While the technology was still far from perfect, the result could ultimately lead to seamless devices that help people who can’t talk or otherwise communicate easily.(虽然这项技术还远远不够完美，但最终可能会产生无缝设备，帮助那些无法轻松交谈或交流的人)”可推测出，该研究团队接下来可能会尝试打破这项技术的种种限制，创造出无缝设备。故选D。 （23-24高二上·北京丰台·期末）For some it is the sound of a bouncing basketball. For others the clearing of a throat. For Dr. Jane Gregory the list includes pigeons, ticking clocks and the sound of popcorn being eaten. “I cried on the plane the other day because I couldn’t figure out the volume on my new headphones and so I couldn’t block out the sound of a guy sniffing,” she says. Gregory is among those who experience misophonia, a phenomenon in which particular sounds can prove unbearable, triggering(引起)emotions from anxiety and panic to shame and anger. Now in her book, Sounds Like Misophonia, the academic is on a mission to explore what’s behind it, and to help those affected cope. Gregory, a clinical psychologist at the University of Oxford, suggests misophonia is far from being a simple sensitivity to sound. It can be fed by a complex interplay of factors, including a lower ability to filter out certain noises, the association of negative meanings with particular sounds, and the burden of feelings associated with an emotional response to them. Yet, the phenomenon was largely unknown until the 2010s. In one study, researchers asked people with high and low traits of misophonia to listen out for a “trigger” sound in the presence of a masking sound. Both groups detected the trigger just as easily. “The person with misophonia had a more intense reaction, but only after they identified what the sound was,” adds Gregory. Those results, she says, suggest that people with misophonia are not inherently better at detecting particular sounds, such as a sniff or a rustle—rather they might be listening out for them more, or not be as good as others at tuning them out. This is a trait, Gregory speculates, that might have offered our ancestors an evolutionary advantage, such as helping them to detect hiding predators. Another implication of the research, Gregory says, is that it is not just the auditory features of the sounds that cause negative reactions but the meaning attached to them. An example would be a reaction to the jingling of a dog’s collar after being frightened by an aggressive dog. Gregory hopes her book will support those too often told to ignore sounds. She says: “The emotional reaction is much more complex than just being annoyed... They feel trapped and helpless when they encounter these sounds. If you think it’s nothing, then you’re not experiencing what this person is experiencing.” 1．Misophonia is a phenomenon where ________. A．people fail to recognize particular sounds B．specific sounds cause negative emotions C．different feelings are mixed up together D．people lose control of their emotions 2．Which of the following might be the cause of misophonia? A．Trigger sounds of similar origins. B．Disability to ignore certain sounds. C．Understanding of particular sounds. D．Inborn ability to tell certain sounds. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．To detect certain sounds is a solution to misophonia. B．People with misophonia are well understood by others. C．People can benefit from misophonia in some situations. D．Objects related to sounds may trigger negative reactions. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了恐音症患者以及探索这一现象背后的原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Gregory is among those who experience misophonia, a phenomenon in which particular sounds can prove unbearable, triggering(引起)emotions from anxiety and panic to shame and anger.”（格雷戈里就是恐音症患者之一。恐音症患者无法忍受特定的声音，从而引发焦虑、恐慌、羞愧和愤怒等情绪。）可知，恐音症是一种特定的声音会引起负面情绪的现象。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Those results, she says, suggest that people with misophonia are not inherently better at detecting particular sounds, such as a sniff or a rustle—rather they might be listening out for them more, or not be as good as others at tuning them out.”（她说，这些结果表明，患有恐音症的人并不是天生就更擅长探测特定的声音，比如嗅嗅声或沙沙声——相反，他们可能会更多地倾听这些声音，或者不像其他人那样善于忽略这些声音。）可知，无法忽略某些声音能是恐音症的原因。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Another implication of the research, Gregory says, is that it is not just the auditory features of the sounds that cause negative reactions but the meaning attached to them. An example would be a reaction to the jingling of a dog’s collar after being frightened by an aggressive dog.”（格雷戈里说，这项研究的另一个含义是，引起负面反应的不仅仅是声音的听觉特征，还有附加在这些声音上的含义。一个例子是，在被一只好斗的狗吓到后，人们对狗项圈发出的丁当声做出反应。）可推知，我们能从文章中了解到与声音有关的物体可能会引发负面反应。故选D项。 （23-24高二上·北京顺义·期末）For many of us, the desire to speak a foreign language is overshadowed by the idea that it’s a long journey or that there’s no practical reason to learn. However, research has shown that speaking two languages has many advantages in this connected world today. Businesses with people around the world need someone who is not only capable of communicating in another language but also culturally aware and open-minded. Many companies prefer the people who are able to speak more than one language since they have faced more difficult situations in their language learning than the people who only speak one language, thus they desire to deal with more challenges in the work. While creativity can be a difficult thing to measure, researchers have attempted to measure creative ability in a number of ways. One of the tools that are most widely used to understand creativity is a test known as the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). The TTCT was first introduced in 1962 by Ellis Paul Torrance and measures one’s divergent (发散的) thinking in some key areas. Divergent thinking is how well and how quickly your mind can solve problems. A study conducted by the University of Mashhad collected the TTCT results of the people who speak only one language and the people who have learned two languages and clearly showed that the second of the two groups performed better. Some reasons for this could be that people who speak two languages are often faced with situations where they must consider various things, which can have an effect on problem-solving ability. Language allows you to express your thoughts to other people, but what if there are no words to express what you’re thinking and feeling? Understanding a second language can allow you to express something you may not be able to with only one language. Because language is linked to culture, you will find that by speaking more than one language you have a better understanding and appreciation of other cultures. This allows you to establish stronger connections with people from other cultural backgrounds. Nelson Mandela once said: “If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.” Communicating in someone’s native language is not only a great way to show respect, but also helps you develop a deeper personal connection that goes beyond just being understood. 1．What does the underlined word “overshadowed” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Reduced. B．Encouraged. C．Controlled. D．Strengthened. 2．People who speak more than one language often ______. A．show no interest in new ideas B．communicate more with others C．receive more money for their work D．want to perform more difficult tasks 3．What do we know about TTCT? A．Its results can tell us how creative we are. B．It can be used to develop divergent thinking. C．It trains our minds to solve problems quickly. D．It offers us measures to handle different situations. 4．What can help us build deeper personal connections with foreigners? A．Understanding what they said. B．Speaking their native languages. C．Teaching them our native languages. D．Expressing thoughts in our native languages. 5．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Benefits of Leaning a Second Language B．Importance of Understanding Other Cultures C．TTCT: A Useful Tool for Language Learning D．Second Language: An Advantage in Your Work 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了学习一门第二外语的益处。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词的下一句“it’s a long journey or that there’s no practical reason to learn.(这是一个漫长的过程，或者没有实际的理由去学习)”可知，这种想法会影响说一门外语的欲望，此处是指说一门外语的欲望受这种想法影响而“降低了”，所以划线词是“降低”的意思。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Many companies prefer the people who are able to speak more than one language since they have faced more difficult situations in their language learning than the people who only speak one language, thus they desire to deal with more challenges in the work.(许多公司更喜欢会说一种以上语言的人，因为他们在语言学习中比只会说一种语言的人面临更多困难的情况，因此他们希望在工作中应对更多的挑战)”可知，会说一门以上语言的人希望应对更多挑战。由此推知，会说多种语言的人通常想要完成更困难的任务。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“While creativity can be a difficult thing to measure, researchers have attempted to measure creative ability in a number of ways. One of the tools that are most widely used to understand creativity is a test known as the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT).(虽然创造力是一件很难衡量的事情，但研究人员试图用多种方法来衡量创造力。最广泛用于理解创造力的工具之一是被称为托伦斯创造性思维测试(TTCT)的测试) ”可知，TTCT可以用来衡量创造力，即TTCT的结果可以告诉我们我们有多有创造力。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Communicating in someone’s native language is not only a great way to show respect, but also helps you develop a deeper personal connection that goes beyond just being understood.(用别人的母语交流不仅是表达尊重的好方法，而且还能帮助你建立更深层次的个人联系，而不仅仅是被理解)”可知，用别人的母语交流能帮助我们与外国人建立更深层次的个人联系。故选B项。 5．主旨大意题。分析全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了学习一门第二外语的好处，再根据文章第一段“However, research has shown that speaking two languages has many advantages in this connected world today.(然而，研究表明，在当今这个相互联系的世界里，说两种语言有很多优势)”可知，A选项“学习第二语言的好处”能概括全文内容，适合用作文章标题。故选A项。 （23-24高二上·北京顺义·期末）A national activity, which aims to make people more strictly follow laws on the illegal (非法的) wildlife trade, will try to find out a large number of cases, in which millions of animals and plants are killed. If you would like to do some volunteer work for wildlife protection, then the activity will be suitable for you. What should the activity do? The activity will be really important, which aims to take away illegal gains from the lawbreakers and force them to receive punishments. This activity will also take away their wildlife products and illegal hunting tools. What’s more, all the lawbreakers will be taken to the police station. What’s the purpose of the activity? The activity is to stop the complete connection with the illegal wildlife trade across the country, including illegal hunting, killing, transportation and the action of buying and using the wildlife products. The government says that China will have its strong official action to punish those who work on illegal wildlife trade. What’s your duty? During the activity, the government hopes you can help check carefully part of tools, main stations and natural environment of the wildlife. You and other volunteers will be working together to help the experts build a law system (系统) that will cover all areas and leave no stone unturned. What’s the future plan? The next step is to increase the ways of working for wildlife resource information and management. We need lots of efforts so that the situation of national protection for wildlife will become satisfying one day. 1．Why will the national activity be carried out? A．To ask people to raise some kinds of wildlife. B．To ask people to keep watching wildlife from now on. C．To make people get to know some animals and plants. D．To make people follow laws on the illegal wildlife trade. 2．What is this activity supposed to do? A．To give lawbreakers punishment in order to protect wildlife. B．To give some illegal products away to the people in poor areas. C．To prevent lawbreakers from making more tools to hunt wildlife. D．To stop the public from entering natural environment of wildlife. 3．What will Chinese government do to punish those lawbreakers? A．Fine all of the lawbreakers. B．Have a strong official action. C．Build new useful management. D．Start a new transportation system. 4．What are volunteers expected to do during the activity? A．To check all the dangerous stones in all areas. B．To help build a law system together with others. C．To take away part of the tools from lawbreakers. D．To help build more stations with the help of experts. 5．From this passage, we know the activity may ______. A．punish all the lawbreakers in the area B．protect all the national animals in China C．stop illegal wildlife trade all over the world D．reduce illegal wildlife trade to a certain degree 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了野生动物保护活动，以及这个活动的目的、参与者应该做什么、活动的意义以及未来的计划。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A national activity, which aims to make people more strictly follow laws on the illegal (非法的) wildlife trade, will try to find out a large number of cases, in which millions of animals and plants are killed.(一项旨在使人们更严格地遵守非法野生动物贸易法律的全国性活动，将试图找出大量的案件，在这些案件中，数百万动植物被杀害)”可知，为了让人们遵守有关非法野生动物贸易的法律，所以开展全国性的活动。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据What should the activity do?下的“The activity will be really important, which aims to take away illegal gains from the lawbreakers and force them to receive punishments.(这项活动将是非常重要的，它旨在从违法者那里拿走非法所得，并迫使他们接受惩罚)”可知，这个活动应该给违法者以惩罚，以保护野生动物。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据What’s the purpose of the activity?下的“The government says that China will have its strong official action to punish those who work on illegal wildlife trade.(中国政府表示，中国将采取强有力的官方行动来惩罚那些从事非法野生动物贸易的人)”可知，将采取强有力的官方行动来惩罚那些从事非法野生动物贸易的人。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据What’s your duty?下的“You and other volunteers will be working together to help the experts build a law system (系统) that will cover all areas and leave no stone unturned.(你和其他志愿者将共同努力，帮助专家们建立一个覆盖所有领域、不遗余力的法律体系)”可知，志愿者在活动中需要与他人一起帮助建立法律体系。故选B项。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“We need lots of efforts so that the situation of national protection for wildlife will become satisfying one day.(我们需要大量的努力，使国家保护野生动物的情况有一天会变得令人满意)”可知，还需要大量的努力才能变得令人满意，所以本次活动可能在一定程度上减少非法野生动物贸易。故选D项。 （23-24高二上·北京西城·期末）Frozen in time, a 125-million-year-old mammal attacking a dinosaur. A 39-million-year-old whale, the heaviest animal that ever lived. The oldest known jellyfish, from 505 million years ago. Paleontology (古生物学) produces newsworthy discoveries. Fossils (化石), moreover, provide direct evidence for the long history of life, allowing paleontologists to test hypotheses (假设) about evolution with data only they provide. They allow investigation of present and past life on Earth. Flows of biological diversity, appearances of new life forms and the extinctions of long existing ones, would go undiscovered without these efforts. But the headlines over exciting new fossils greatly underestimate the true importance of paleontology. Its real significance lies in how such discoveries brighten the grand history of life on Earth. From its beginnings, more than three billion years ago, to the present day, fossils record how life adapted or disappeared in the face of major environmental challenges. Paleontologists provide us with a unique vantage on modern climate change. They play an essential role in interpreting ancient environments, in reconstructing ancient oceans, continents and climates. Fossils provide key limitation on the climate models that are essential for predicting future climate change. And the fossil record gives important insights into how life will respond to predicted future climate conditions, because these have occurred before in Earth’s history. In addition, paleontology has provided a fundamental contribution to human thought: the reality of species extinction and thus of a world that has dramatically changed over time. In documenting the history of life, paleontologists recognized that many extinction episodes could occur suddenly, such as the event 66 million years ago that ended the dinosaurs. The search for the causes of past mass extinctions started pioneering studies from across the scientific spectrum (科学界), focusing on potential future threats to humanity. Not only do paleontologists know what happens to life when things go bad, they also know how long it takes for ecosystems and biodiversity to recover from these disasters, which can take far longer than modern humans have existed. Paleontologists thus provide a unique perspective on the nature and future long-term ecological impact of the current human-produced biodiversity crisis, the so-called Sixth Extinction, and therefore the importance of protecting modern biodiversity. The very concept of a Sixth Extinction would not exist without paleontologists documenting the first five. Paleontologists know that understanding life’s past is critical to anticipating and adapting to life’s and humanity’s future. Paleontology is important because it brings its unique and critical perspective to current challenges in climate change, biodiversity loss and the environment. Paleontologists can predict the future because they know the past. 1．The first two paragraphs are written to _______. A．describe an event B．raise a question C．present an opinion D．make a comparison 2．What does the underlined word “vantage” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．A positive effect. B．A valuable suggestion. C．A quick decision. D．A comprehensive view. 3．Which of the following would the author agree with? A．Ecological recovery takes shorter than imagined. B．Past lessons can help to predict the future threats. C．Paleontologists can handle the biodiversity crisis. D．Fossil studies focus on the causes of mass extinctions. 4．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Paleontology: A Pioneering Study B．Paleontology: A History Recorder C．Paleontology Tells More About Nature Than Humans D．Paleontology Is Far More Than New Fossil Discoveries 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了古生物学远不止是新的化石发现，通过化石上表征的过去，古生物学家抽丝剥茧得出过去经验，预测危险，为未来如何避免犯过去同样的错误提供明灯，强调了古生物学研究的真正意义何在。 1．推理判断题。第一段“Frozen in time, a 125-million-year-old mammal attacking a dinosaur. A 39-million-year-old whale, the heaviest animal that ever lived. The oldest known jellyfish, from 505 million years ago. Paleontology (古生物学) produces newsworthy discoveries. (时间凝固，一只1.25亿年前的哺乳动物正在攻击一只恐龙。一头3900万年前的鲸鱼，是有史以来最重的动物。已知最古老的水母，来自5.05亿年前。古生物学产生了有新闻价值的发现)”讲述了古生物学产生了有新闻价值的古老化石发现，再结合第二段“Fossils (化石), moreover, provide direct evidence for the long history of life, allowing paleontologists to test hypotheses (假设) about evolution with data only they provide. (此外，化石为漫长的生命史提供了直接证据，使古生物学家能够用他们提供的数据来检验进化论的假设)”和“But the headlines over exciting new fossils greatly underestimate the true importance of paleontology. Its real significance lies in how such discoveries brighten the grand history of life on Earth. (但是，关于令人兴奋的新化石的头条新闻大大低估了古生物学的真正重要性。它的真正意义在于这些发现如何照亮地球上生命的伟大历史)”可知，作者在前两段提出了一个观点——古生物学的意义不仅是化石发现，它的真正意义在于这些发现如何照亮地球上生命的伟大历史。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。由第三段“Paleontologists provide us with a unique vantage on modern climate change. They play an essential role in interpreting ancient environments, in reconstructing ancient oceans, continents and climates. Fossils provide key limitation on the climate models that are essential for predicting future climate change. And the fossil record gives important insights into how life will respond to predicted future climate conditions, because these have occurred before in Earth’s history. (古生物学家为我们提供了一个了解现代气候变化的独特vantage。他们在解释古代环境、重建古代海洋、大陆和气候方面发挥着重要作用。化石对预测未来气候变化至关重要的气候模型提供了关键的限制。化石记录为生命将如何应对预测的未来气候条件提供了重要的见解，因为这些情况在地球历史上以前就发生过)”可知，古生物学家通过对化石进行研究，获得了重要的见解，使他们在解释古代环境、重建古代海洋、大陆和气候方面发挥着重要作用，所以他们能为人类了解现代气候变化提供独特全面的视角，划线词意为“A comprehensive view (全面的视角)”。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。由第四段中“The search for the causes of past mass extinctions started pioneering studies from across the scientific spectrum (科学界), focusing on potential future threats to humanity. (寻找过去大规模灭绝的原因开始了跨科学领域的开创性研究，重点关注未来对人类的潜在威胁)”和最后一段中“Paleontologists know that understanding life’s past is critical to anticipating and adapting to life’s and humanity’s future. (古生物学家知道，了解生命的过去对于预测和适应生命和人类的未来至关重要)”可知，通过化石上表征的过去，古生物学家能得出过去的经验，预测危险，为未来如何避免犯过去同样的错误提供明灯。由此推知，作者同意“过去的经验教训有助于预测未来的威胁”。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。由第二段中“But the headlines over exciting new fossils greatly underestimate the true importance of paleontology. Its real significance lies in how such discoveries brighten the grand history of life on Earth. (但是，关于令人兴奋的新化石的头条新闻大大低估了古生物学的真正重要性。它的真正意义在于这些发现如何照亮地球上生命的伟大历史)”和其它段落可知，文章讲述了古生物学远不止是新的化石发现，通过化石上表征的过去，古生物学家抽丝剥茧得出过去经验，预测危险，为未来如何避免犯过去同样的错误提供明灯，强调了古生物学研究的真正意义何在，D项“古生物学远不止是新的化石发现”符合文意，可以作为小标题。故选D项。 （23-24高二上·北京昌平·期末）It’s logical for humans to feel anxious about artificial intelligence. After all, the news is constantly listing job after job where the technology seems to outperform us. But humans aren’t yet headed for all-out replacement. And if you do suffer from so-called AI anxiety, there are ways to alleviate your fears and even change them into a motivating force for good. Here’s how some psychologists and other experts suggest handling our AI fears. First off, context is key, says Sanae Okamoto, a psychologist and behavioral scientist in the Netherlands. She suggests keeping in mind that the present moment is far from the first time people have feared the rise of an unfamiliar technology. “Computer anxiety” dates back decades, Okamoto notes. Before that, there was worry over industrial automation. Past technological advances have led to big social and economic shifts. Some fears became reality, and some jobs did disappear, but many of the worst science fiction predictions did not come true. Facing fears of AI by actually trying out the tools, seeing where and how they can be useful, reading up on how they work and understanding their limitations can turn the tech from a monster into a potential helper, says Jerri Lynn Hogg, a media psychologist. A deeper understanding can empower someone to advocate for meaningful job protections or policies that hold back potential problems. Mary Alvord, a practicing psychologist, also stresses the importance of addressing the problem directly. “We talk about what actions you can take instead of sticking your head in the sand,” she says. Maybe that means gaining new skills to prepare for a career change or learning about ongoing efforts to control AI. Or maybe it means building a union with colleagues at work, which is important to help people feel more secure and hopeful about the future.      Perhaps the better response is to use our AI anxiety to push us forward. Mastering a craft—be it drawing, writing, programming or translating — and using that skill to create something new is “the most rewarding thing that we can possibly do.” says Sean Kelly, a Harvard University philosophy professor. So why not let AI motivate more creation instead of replacing it? If the technology produces something interesting, we can build on it. And if it doesn’t, then why worry about it at all? 1．What does the word “alleviate” underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Analyze. B．Relieve. C．Understand. D．Forget. 2．The author mentions “computer anxiety”  in Paragraph 2 to ________. A．make a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．give an example 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI fears will hold back the technological advance. B．Policy makers may control the development of AI. C．AI will lead to severe competition among colleagues. D．Humans may become more creative when motivated by AI. 4．Regarding Sean Kelly’s opinion, the author is ________. A．unconcerned B．puzzled C．supportive D．doubtful 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一些心理学家和专家提出的一些如何处理对人工智能恐惧的建议。 1．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前的“And if you do suffer from so-called AI anxiety, there are ways(如果你确实患有所谓的人工智能焦虑，有一些方法……)”以及划线单词后的“your fears and even change them into a motivating force for good.(……你的恐惧甚至把它们变成一种积极的动力)”可知，如果患有对人工智能的焦虑，下文中讲述的应是有一些方法可以对人工智能的恐惧有所帮助，甚至能把它们变成一种积极的动力，结合下文中的“Here’s how some psychologists and other experts suggest handling our AI fears.(以下是一些心理学家和其他专家建议如何处理我们对人工智能的恐惧)”可知，下面讲述的是如何处理对人工智能恐惧的一些建议，由此可知，划线单词的意思应与“解除或减轻”意义相近。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“First off, context is key, says Sanae Okamoto, a psychologist and behavioral scientist in the Netherlands. She suggests keeping in mind that the present moment is far from the first time people have feared the rise of an unfamiliar technology.(首先，语境是关键，荷兰心理学家和行为科学家Sanae Okamoto说。她建议大家记住，人们对一项不熟悉的技术的崛起感到恐惧，现在已经不是第一次了)”可知，荷兰心理学家和行为科学家Sanae Okamoto认为，人们对不熟悉的技术的崛起产生恐惧不是第一次了，进而在下文中的提到了“computer anxiety”，由此可推断，此处提出“computer anxiety”是举例来说明人们对不熟悉技术的崛起产生恐惧不是第一次。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Facing fears of AI by actually trying out the tools, seeing where and how they can be useful, reading up on how they work and understanding their limitations can turn the tech from a monster into a potential helper, says Jerri Lynn Hogg, a media psychologist.(媒体心理学家杰瑞·林恩·霍格(Jerri Lynn Hogg)表示，面对对人工智能的恐惧，通过实际尝试这些工具，看看它们在哪里以及如何有用，阅读它们的工作原理，了解它们的局限性，可以把技术从一个怪物变成一个潜在的帮手)”可知，通过实际尝试这些工具，了解它们的局限性，可以把一项技术从一个怪物变成一个潜在的帮手，结合尾段中的“So why not let AI motivate more creation instead of replacing it? If the technology produces something interesting, we can build on it. And if it doesn’t, then why worry about it at all?(那么，为什么不让人工智能激发更多的创造，而不是取代它呢？如果这项技术产生了一些有趣的东西，我们就可以在此基础上进行建设。如果没有，那又何必担心呢)”可知，作者利用反问的形式表达的是人工智能能激发更多的创造，”由此可知，在人工智能的激励下，人类可能变得更有创造力。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“Mastering a craft—be it drawing, writing, programming or translating — and using that skill to create something new is “the most rewarding thing that we can possibly do.” says Sean Kelly, a Harvard University philosophy professor.(掌握一门手艺——无论是绘画、写作、编程还是翻译——并利用这项技能创造新东西是“我们能做的最有价值的事情”，哈佛大学哲学教授Sean Kelly说)”可知，哈佛大学哲学教授Sean Kelly认为掌握一门技术并利用这项技术创造新东西是我们能做的最有价值的事情，结合下文中的“So why not let AI motivate more creation instead of replacing it? If the technology produces something interesting, we can build on it. And if it doesn’t, then why worry about it at all?(那么，为什么不让人工智能激发更多的创造，而不是取代它呢？如果这项技术产生了一些有趣的东西，我们就可以在此基础上进行建设。如果没有，那又何必担心呢)”可知，作者利用反问的形式表达的是让人工智能激发更多的创造，与哈佛大学哲学教授Sean Kelly所阐述的观点相同，所以作者对哈佛大学哲学教授Sean Kelly的观点持支持的态度。故选C项。 （23-24高二上·北京昌平·期末）We often take sleep for granted, but not getting enough shut-eye can increase our risk for many serious health issues such as poor mental health, heart problems or even early death. The ideal bedroom temperature for people to fall asleep is relatively cold — between 17 to 20℃. A drop in our core body temperature is essential for us falling and staying asleep because it stimulates sleepiness. Obradovich and his colleagues found unusually warm temperatures had the largest effect on people’s bedtime duration by delaying falling asleep. Short sleep durations were the worst during the summertime and among the elderly, probably because they have more difficulty regulating their body temperature. The team also found warmer locations experienced the most sleep loss, suggesting people’s bodies haven’t adapted to their geographic location. Lower income countries are also heavily affected, which Obradovich supposes could be because of a lack of air-conditioning. But he plans to investigate further. Data show global warming also will have the biggest sleep loss in the Middle East, southeast Asia and Australia. By the end of the 21st century, people in the warmest regions are expected to lose another three nights of sleep per year due to higher nighttime temperatures. Obradovich said his team’s findings could help communities or policymakers better improve the sleep environment for people, such as helping to cool bedrooms more effectively. On an individual level, Robbins, a physician at Harvard Medical School, said people also need to practice generally good sleep behavior. For instance, reducing screen time 15 to 20 minutes before falling asleep as the blue lights from cellphones or computers can work like the sun and throw off our body clock. She suggested meditation (冥想) before bed can significantly help people relax, making it easier for people to fall asleep. “There’s still belief that ‘I’ll sleep when I’m dead’ kind of attitude towards sleep,” Robbins said. “There’s so much work to be done to improve our collective view of sleep.” 1．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Temperature affects sleep duration. B．Global warming improves sleep quality. C．Sleep loss leads to serious health problems. D．Sleep quality influences attitude towards life. 2．From Paragraph 3, we can know that __________. A．those in the warmer regions can well adapt to the temperature B．the elderly suffer from sleep loss due to their sickness C．it is harder to fall asleep in warmer temperature D．unusual warmth contributes to earlier wake-up 3．What does Robbins intend to tell us in the last paragraph? A．People should pay more attention to sleep. B．People have different attitudes towards sleep. C．Scientists will solve the problem of sleep loss. D．Scientists should help to improve humans’ sleep quality. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了温度对睡眠持续时间的影响。 1． 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段“The ideal bedroom temperature for people to fall asleep is relatively cold — between 17 to 20℃. A drop in our core body temperature is essential for us falling and staying asleep because it stimulates sleepiness. (人们入睡的理想卧室温度相对较低——在17到20摄氏度之间。核心体温的下降对我们入睡和保持睡眠至关重要，因为它会刺激睡意。)”根据第三段“Obradovich and his colleagues found unusually warm temperatures had the largest effect on people’s bedtime duration by delaying falling asleep.”（奥布拉多维奇和他的同事们发现，异常温暖的气温对人们的就寝时间影响最大，会推迟入睡时间。）可知，这篇文章的主旨是温度对睡眠时间的影响。故选A项。 2． 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Obradovich and his colleagues found unusually warm temperatures had the largest effect on people’s bedtime duration by delaying falling asleep. Short sleep durations were the worst during the summertime and among the elderly, probably because they have more difficulty regulating their body temperature. The team also found warmer locations experienced the most sleep loss, suggesting people’s bodies haven’t adapted to their geographic location. (Obradovich和他的同事们发现，异常温暖的气温对人们的就寝时间影响最大，会推迟入睡时间。睡眠时间短的情况在夏季和老年人中最为严重，这可能是因为他们更难调节体温。研究小组还发现，在较温暖的地区，人们的睡眠损失最多，这表明人们的身体还没有适应他们的地理位置。)”等内容可知，在温暖的温度下更难入睡。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段Robbins所说“There’s still belief that ‘I’ll sleep when I’m dead’ kind of attitude towards sleep.(人们仍然相信‘我死后自然会睡觉’这种对待睡眠的态度。)”和“There’s so much work to be done to improve our collective view of sleep. (要改善我们对睡眠的集体看法，还有很多工作要做。)”可知，许多人对于睡眠问题并不重视，Robbins打算告诉人们应该更加重视睡眠问题。故选A项。 （23-24高二上·北京朝阳·期末）If the great dinosaurs hadn’t gone extinct, would they have dominated Earth today? There has been a debate about this possibility for decades. Recently two analyses have put the surprising cognitive (认知) abilities of dinosaurs — and their potential limitations — in a new light. In one study, Suzana Herculano-Houzel at Vanderbilt University calculated the likely number of neurons (神经细胞) in dinosaurs’ pallium, a brain structure that is responsible for advanced cognitive functions. Research suggests that it is the number of neurons in these areas, rather than the brain size, that indicates an animal’s cognitive potential. For example, despite having a very small head, birds have more densely packed brain cells than many mammals (哺乳动物) and so can possess roughly as many neurons as monkeys. The result is that some birds show great cognitive abilities, comparable to the smartest non-human mammals. And it is precisely birds, being the only surviving lineage (宗系) of dinosaurs, that are Herculano-Houzel’s foundation. By comparing the relationship between brain size, number of neurons and body size in numerous existing birds and available fossils of dinosaurs, Herculano-Houzel concludes that a large dinosaur such as T. rex could have housed two billion to three billion neurons in its pallium. If so, dinosaurs could have had the capacity for tool use and planning for the future. But neurons’ number may not be enough. For intelligence, brain architecture also matters. And this could be the weakness of dinosaurs, argues Anton Reiner from the University of Tennessee. Over 350 million years of separate evolution, mammals and dinosaurs found two rather different ways to organize cognitive functions. The mammalian neurons are organized in a relatively thin layer formed by compact columns. In each column, different parts can communicate with one another over short distances. In contrast, in the dinosaurs that survive today, namely birds, the organization is less compact. According to Reiner, expanding brain capabilities beyond a certain point could make the structure far more complex and less efficient than it is in humans. If this were the case, an increase in brain size would correspond to a greater distance between different parts of the brain, slowing down their communication. The issue remains open to debate. Herculano-Houzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejections to the other’s argument. Meanwhile, other scientists have entered the fight. For example, neurobiologist Giorgio Vallortigara assumes that speed in transmitting information between networks of neurons is probably one of dinosaurs’ strengths. Whatever the truth is, understanding how and if brain architecture imposes limits on the development of cognition could reveal much about the evolution of abilities and behaviors of various animals. Also, this debate may tell us more about our own species than about dinosaurs. 1．Why do Herculano-Houzel and Reiner study birds? A．Because birds are more intelligent than dinosaurs. B．Because birds’ brain structures are the same as dinosaurs’. C．Because birds are the only survivors of the dinosaur family. D．Because birds have the same cognitive abilities as dinosaurs. 2．What does the word “compact” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Tight. B．Light. C．Large. D．Wide. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Dinosaurs’ ability for tool use owes to bigger brains. B．The number of neurons has little to do with brain architecture. C．Greater inter-brain distance causes higher cognitive efficiency. D．The factors behind dinosaur intelligence remain to be identified. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Are Dinosaurs Comparable to Humans in Intelligence? B．Are Dinosaurs with Bigger Brains the Ultimate Geniuses? C．How Smart Were Dinosaurs? New Studies Fuel the Debate D．Can Dinosaurs Outsmart Birds? Researches Cast a New Light 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了关于恐龙智力的最近的两项研究，新的研究加剧了争论。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“And it is precisely birds, being the only surviving lineage (宗系) of dinosaurs, that are Herculano-Houzel’s foundation.(正是鸟类，作为唯一幸存的恐龙宗系，是Herculano-Houzel的基础)”和第三段中“In contrast, in the dinosaurs that survive today, namely birds, the organization is less compact.(相比之下，在今天幸存下来的恐龙中，也就是鸟类，这个组织就没有那么紧凑了)”可知，Herculano-Houzel和Reiner研究鸟类是因为鸟类是恐龙宗系中唯一的幸存者，故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词下一句“In each column, different parts can communicate with one another over short distances.(在每一柱中，不同的部分可以在短距离内相互通信)”可知，不同的部分可以在短距离内相互通信，说明柱状结构应是很紧凑，由此推知划线词所在句意为“哺乳动物的神经元组织在一个由紧凑的柱状结构组成的相对较薄的层中”，compact意为“紧凑的”，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The issue remains open to debate. Herculano-Houzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejections to the other’s argument. Meanwhile, other scientists have entered the fight.(这个问题仍有待讨论。Herculano-Houzel和Reiner各自发表了一篇论文，反驳了对方的观点。与此同时，其他科学家也加入了这场斗争)”可知，科学家对于影响恐龙智力的因素观点不一，该问题仍有待讨论，故恐龙智力背后的因素仍有待确定。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段“If the great dinosaurs hadn’t gone extinct, would they have dominated Earth today? There has been a debate about this possibility for decades. Recently two analyses have put the surprising cognitive (认知) abilities of dinosaurs — and their potential limitations — in a new light.(如果大恐龙没有灭绝，它们今天会已经统治了地球吗？关于这种可能性的争论已经持续了几十年。最近有两项分析对恐龙惊人的认知能力及其潜在的局限性有了新的认识)”可知，对于恐龙智力的争论已经持续了几十年，文章主要介绍了关于恐龙智力的最近的两项研究，C项“恐龙有多聪明？新的研究加剧了争论”为最佳标题，故选C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 阅读理解之说明文12篇 （23-24高二上·北京通州·期末）Have you ever wondered what happens to all of the old object s launched into space, such as rockets and satellites? It’s called space junk, and much of it is still out there now. According to NASA, the definition of space junk is “any man-made object in orbit (轨道) around Earth that no longer serves a useful function”. One large piece of space junk, an abandoned rocket, hit the dark side of the moon on March 4. The rocket’s origin is not clear, but scientists know that it was massive—weighing about 3 tons. It must have left a large crater (坑), estimated 10 to 20 meters wide, on the moon’s surface. It won’t be visible right away, but scientists are trying to locate it. “We will find the crater, eventually,” Mark Robinson, lead investigator for NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, told USA TODAY. “Depending on its location, it could take as long as 28 days.” What’s significant about this space junk crash is that it draws attention to some of the potential dangers of space junk. First, the accumulation of space junk in Earth’s orbit means that satellites and the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk. In 2016, tiny space debris (残骸),smaller than a millimeter, caused a tiny chip in the ISS’ window. Imagine the damage that a larger piece of debris could cause. The European Space Agency website states that objects “up to 1 cm in size could disable an instrument or a critical flight system on a satellite” while objects over 10 cm “could shatter a satellite or spacecraft into pieces”. If this sounds terrifying, that’s because it is. Any collision (碰撞) with larger pieces of debris could be especially dangerous for manned spacecraft. In addition to potential damage to spacecraft and satellites, space junk also poses a threat to the Earth itself Crashes can send debris into the atmosphere where it can remain for many decades. Some powerful collisions can even send large debris hurtling (猛冲) toward Earth’s surface where it can affect the local environment. Leftover rocket debris can contain toxic materials that are harmful to plant and animal life. Some people in Siberia have even reported serious health problems after rocket debris landed in their regions in 2012, a local doctor told the BBC． 1．Which of the following can be regarded as space junk? A．A disused space station. B．A spacecraft orbiting the moon. C．A crater on the moon’s surface. D．A satellite working in low Earth orbit. 2．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in Paragraph 2? A．Locating the crater. B．Tracking the rocket. C．Cleaning up the space junk. D．Finding out the rocket’s origin. 3．What can be inferred about space junk from the last paragraph? A．It’s likely to cause a global environmental crisis. B．It’s impossible to stop it from entering the atmosphere. C．It can cause a lasting threat if it remains in the atmosphere. D．The toxic materials contained in space junk are the biggest risk. （23-24高二上·北京大兴·期末）In the modern age, social media platforms have emerged as powerful tools for communication, networking, and self-expression. With billions of active users worldwide, these platforms have profoundly influenced the human interaction. Recent psychological studies have delved into understanding the influence of prolonged (长期的) social media usage on individual self-esteem (自尊) and identity formation. Context and Prevalence (流行) Social media platforms, including Weibo, WeChat Moments, Douyin, and Little Red Book, offer ways for individuals to project curated versions of their lives. While this can serve as a medium of affirmation, it also compares one’s daily life against the specially edited highlights of others, which could potentially lead to feelings of failure and unsatisfactory. Research Findings on Self-Esteem A study conducted among adolescents aged 13-19 showed that extreme social media use correlates with lower self-esteem scores. Participants who spent over five hours daily on these platforms demonstrated significant tendencies towards self-devaluation (自我贬低) and negative self-perception (自体感受). The study believed that the constant exposure of idealized images and lives leads to an involuntary (不自主的) comparison, often placing the individual on the lesser end of the spectrum. Implications for Identity Formation For adolescents, a critical time of identity formation happens during the teenage years. Social media can often blur the lines (模糊界限) between personal identity and digital persona (面貌，形象). A study tracked teenagers for five years and found that heavy social media users often experienced identity confusion. Their digital avatars, formed under societal pressures, sometimes overshadowed their real personalities, leading to internal conflicts and a confusion to real selfhood. Possible Solutions and Future Research While the negative influence of social media on mental well-being are evident, it’s also essential to highlight its potential benefits. Platforms can help to add a sense of belonging, provide informational support, and serve as outlets for creative expression. Future research could explore potential interventions (介入，干涉) to reduce the negative effects. In conclusion, while social media offers a huge number of opportunities and ways for expression, it’s important that teenagers approach it with awareness. The psychological landscape it shapes is hard to understand, and understanding its depths requires continued research, empathy (共鸣), and active measures. 1．What do we know about the study involving adolescents aged 13-19? A．It took five hours for participants to take part in the study B．It suggested that we should not compare our lives with others C．It caused self-devaluation and negative self-perception to participants. D．It showed that too much social media use resulted in low self-esteem. 2．What does the term “digital avatars” refer to in paragraph 4? A．Social media algorithms (算法). B．Digital marketing tools. C．Online versions of individuals. D．Digital assistants. 3．Why social media are especially bad for adolescents? A．They cause identity crises (危机) to them. B．They lead to feelings of unsatisfactory. C．They project version of their lives. D．They overshadow their personalities. 4．How does the author feel about the effect of social media on users? A．Entirely negative. B．Quite positive. C．Mixed with caution. D．Indifferent and neutral. （23-24高二上·北京房山·期末）As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 1．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________. A．give an example B．introduce a topic C．reach a conclusion D．make a comparison 2．Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A．To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. B．To compare different types of park-goers. C．To explain why the park attracts tourists. D．To collect data from the park. 3．What should we do before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A．Create a new language. B．Develop communication skills. C．Conserve the Earth. D．Educate people. （23-24高二上·北京西城·期末）An AI model can be used to detect stress in office workers based on how they use their mouse and keyboard. A new study suggests that a machine-learning model using these two elements was more accurate at detecting stress in people than a model that tracked their heart-rate data. “We saw that the models that just used the mouse and keyboard data performed better than the models that had the heart-rate data in it,” says Mart Naegelin. a Ph. D．student at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and one of the study’s authors. Naegelin and her fellow researchers used machine-learning models to analyze data on keyboard-typing activity, mouse movements and heart-rate data. They also studied the data of a combination of two or all three of these elements to determine which performed best in terms of measuring stress. They found that the model trained on mouse and keyboard data performed better than the model that used mouse, keyboard and heart rates. Of the single-modality (形态) models, the heart-rate data performed the worst. “The test was conducted in an environment that simulated an office environment, so the results still need to be confirmed in real-life scenarios (情况),” Naegelin says. In the experiment, participants were divided into three groups. A control group carried out assigned tasks, such as planning meetings and collecting data, with no additional work. A second group at times answered questions from managers in person in a mock interview scenario while completing other assigned tasks. And members of a third group were, at certain points, interrupted with additional questions sent through an online chat on top of tasks assigned to other groups. At regular intervals during the experiment, participants were asked to rate their stress levels through a computer questionnaire. Researchers learned that workers made longer, less accurate movements with their mouse, as well as more typing errors, when they were stressed. Shorter, more direct movements with the mouse were tied to lower stress levels. The study didn’t focus on why increased levels of stress are thought to affect muscle activity. The researchers say they believe a stress-detection system that logs keyboard and mouse movements might be beneficial as a self-help tool for employees alongside other initiatives to improve workplace mental health. But employee participation would need to be optional and based on informed consent (同意), and companies would need to commit to protecting user privacy. It remains to be seen how this technology will evolve and be adopted in practice, but the potential for AI to contribute positively to employee well-being is an appealing avenue for future exploration. 1．What do we know from Naegelin’s study? A．Heart-rate data has little connection with stress. B．Mouse and keyboard data proves effective in stress detection. C．Mouse data performs worst in measuring stress among all models. D．Using more elements in a model increases accuracy in stress detection. 2．What is Paragragh 5 mainly about? A．The research process. B．The research findings. C．The research purpose. D．The research background. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI models based on mouse and keyboard data have been widely applied. B．Naegelin’s study explains why muscle activity can affect stress levels. C．Employers need to respect employees’ privacy while detecting stress. D．A stress-detection system improves physical health at the workplace. 4．What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A．To introduce a new model to detect stress. B．To compare different models in stress detection. C．To show the disadvantages of being overstressed. D．To state the importance of a stress-detection system. （23-24高二上·北京东城·期末）Think of the words in your head: that tasteless joke you wisely kept to yourself at dinner; your unvoiced impression of your best friend’s new partner. Now imagine that someone could listen in. Recently, scientists from the University of Texas, have made another step in that direction. In a study published in Neuroscience, the team showed it was possible to read people’s thoughts with a non-invasive brain scanner called fMRI and large language models (LLMs) built with GPT. The study centered on three subjects, who lay in an fMRI scanner recording their brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow in parts of their brains while they listened to online stories. By integrating this information with the LLMs’ ability to understand how words relate to one another, the researchers developed an encoded (编码的) map of how each individual’s brain responds to different words. Then, the team worked backward. They recorded the fMRI activity while the participants listened to a new story. Using a combination of the patterns previously encoded for each individual and LLMs, the researchers attempted to translate this new brain activity. While many of the sentences it produced were inaccurate, the decoder generated sentences that got the main idea of what the person was thinking. For instance, when a person heard, “I don’t have my driver’s license yet,” the decoder spat out, “She has not even started to learn to drive yet.” Alex Huth from the university said, “We were shocked and impressed that this worked as well as it does.” The researchers also found that the technology isn’t one-size-fits-all. Each decoder was quite personalized and worked only for the person whose brain data had helped build it. Additionally, a person had to voluntarily cooperate for the decoder to identify ideas. If a person wasn’t paying attention to an audio story, the decoder couldn’t pick that story up from brain signals. While the technology was still far from perfect, the result could ultimately lead to seamless devices that help people who can’t talk or otherwise communicate easily. However, the research also raises privacy concerns about unwelcome neural overhearing. The team said the potential of the technology was such that policymakers should proactively address how it can be legally used. Jerry Tang from the team said, “Nobody’s brain should be decoded without their permission. If one day it does become possible to get accurate decoding without a person’s will, we’ll have a regulatory foundation in place.” 1．What is the study mainly about? A．The working principle of a smart scanner. B．The potential impact of mind-reading GPT. C．The advance in brain-decoding technology. D．The breakthrough in large language models. 2．How did the team work backward? A．They fed the decoder data on people’s brain activities. B．They employed the scanner to encode people’s thoughts. C．They recorded the fMRI activity to assess thinking ability. D．They used brain activity patterns to read the subjects’ mind. 3．What did the researchers find? A．The decoder worked as expected. B．The decoder can get the wording right. C．The decoder required willing participation. D．The decoder can be applied to different people. 4．What will the team most probably do next? A．Personalize the technology. B．Establish proper regulations. C．Apply the technology across fields. D．Break limitations of the technology. （23-24高二上·北京丰台·期末）For some it is the sound of a bouncing basketball. For others the clearing of a throat. For Dr. Jane Gregory the list includes pigeons, ticking clocks and the sound of popcorn being eaten. “I cried on the plane the other day because I couldn’t figure out the volume on my new headphones and so I couldn’t block out the sound of a guy sniffing,” she says. Gregory is among those who experience misophonia, a phenomenon in which particular sounds can prove unbearable, triggering(引起)emotions from anxiety and panic to shame and anger. Now in her book, Sounds Like Misophonia, the academic is on a mission to explore what’s behind it, and to help those affected cope. Gregory, a clinical psychologist at the University of Oxford, suggests misophonia is far from being a simple sensitivity to sound. It can be fed by a complex interplay of factors, including a lower ability to filter out certain noises, the association of negative meanings with particular sounds, and the burden of feelings associated with an emotional response to them. Yet, the phenomenon was largely unknown until the 2010s. In one study, researchers asked people with high and low traits of misophonia to listen out for a “trigger” sound in the presence of a masking sound. Both groups detected the trigger just as easily. “The person with misophonia had a more intense reaction, but only after they identified what the sound was,” adds Gregory. Those results, she says, suggest that people with misophonia are not inherently better at detecting particular sounds, such as a sniff or a rustle—rather they might be listening out for them more, or not be as good as others at tuning them out. This is a trait, Gregory speculates, that might have offered our ancestors an evolutionary advantage, such as helping them to detect hiding predators. Another implication of the research, Gregory says, is that it is not just the auditory features of the sounds that cause negative reactions but the meaning attached to them. An example would be a reaction to the jingling of a dog’s collar after being frightened by an aggressive dog. Gregory hopes her book will support those too often told to ignore sounds. She says: “The emotional reaction is much more complex than just being annoyed... They feel trapped and helpless when they encounter these sounds. If you think it’s nothing, then you’re not experiencing what this person is experiencing.” 1．Misophonia is a phenomenon where ________. A．people fail to recognize particular sounds B．specific sounds cause negative emotions C．different feelings are mixed up together D．people lose control of their emotions 2．Which of the following might be the cause of misophonia? A．Trigger sounds of similar origins. B．Disability to ignore certain sounds. C．Understanding of particular sounds. D．Inborn ability to tell certain sounds. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．To detect certain sounds is a solution to misophonia. B．People with misophonia are well understood by others. C．People can benefit from misophonia in some situations. D．Objects related to sounds may trigger negative reactions. （23-24高二上·北京顺义·期末）For many of us, the desire to speak a foreign language is overshadowed by the idea that it’s a long journey or that there’s no practical reason to learn. However, research has shown that speaking two languages has many advantages in this connected world today. Businesses with people around the world need someone who is not only capable of communicating in another language but also culturally aware and open-minded. Many companies prefer the people who are able to speak more than one language since they have faced more difficult situations in their language learning than the people who only speak one language, thus they desire to deal with more challenges in the work. While creativity can be a difficult thing to measure, researchers have attempted to measure creative ability in a number of ways. One of the tools that are most widely used to understand creativity is a test known as the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). The TTCT was first introduced in 1962 by Ellis Paul Torrance and measures one’s divergent (发散的) thinking in some key areas. Divergent thinking is how well and how quickly your mind can solve problems. A study conducted by the University of Mashhad collected the TTCT results of the people who speak only one language and the people who have learned two languages and clearly showed that the second of the two groups performed better. Some reasons for this could be that people who speak two languages are often faced with situations where they must consider various things, which can have an effect on problem-solving ability. Language allows you to express your thoughts to other people, but what if there are no words to express what you’re thinking and feeling? Understanding a second language can allow you to express something you may not be able to with only one language. Because language is linked to culture, you will find that by speaking more than one language you have a better understanding and appreciation of other cultures. This allows you to establish stronger connections with people from other cultural backgrounds. Nelson Mandela once said: “If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.” Communicating in someone’s native language is not only a great way to show respect, but also helps you develop a deeper personal connection that goes beyond just being understood. 1．What does the underlined word “overshadowed” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Reduced. B．Encouraged. C．Controlled. D．Strengthened. 2．People who speak more than one language often ______. A．show no interest in new ideas B．communicate more with others C．receive more money for their work D．want to perform more difficult tasks 3．What do we know about TTCT? A．Its results can tell us how creative we are. B．It can be used to develop divergent thinking. C．It trains our minds to solve problems quickly. D．It offers us measures to handle different situations. 4．What can help us build deeper personal connections with foreigners? A．Understanding what they said. B．Speaking their native languages. C．Teaching them our native languages. D．Expressing thoughts in our native languages. 5．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Benefits of Leaning a Second Language B．Importance of Understanding Other Cultures C．TTCT: A Useful Tool for Language Learning D．Second Language: An Advantage in Your Work （23-24高二上·北京顺义·期末）A national activity, which aims to make people more strictly follow laws on the illegal (非法的) wildlife trade, will try to find out a large number of cases, in which millions of animals and plants are killed. If you would like to do some volunteer work for wildlife protection, then the activity will be suitable for you. What should the activity do? The activity will be really important, which aims to take away illegal gains from the lawbreakers and force them to receive punishments. This activity will also take away their wildlife products and illegal hunting tools. What’s more, all the lawbreakers will be taken to the police station. What’s the purpose of the activity? The activity is to stop the complete connection with the illegal wildlife trade across the country, including illegal hunting, killing, transportation and the action of buying and using the wildlife products. The government says that China will have its strong official action to punish those who work on illegal wildlife trade. What’s your duty? During the activity, the government hopes you can help check carefully part of tools, main stations and natural environment of the wildlife. You and other volunteers will be working together to help the experts build a law system (系统) that will cover all areas and leave no stone unturned. What’s the future plan? The next step is to increase the ways of working for wildlife resource information and management. We need lots of efforts so that the situation of national protection for wildlife will become satisfying one day. 1．Why will the national activity be carried out? A．To ask people to raise some kinds of wildlife. B．To ask people to keep watching wildlife from now on. C．To make people get to know some animals and plants. D．To make people follow laws on the illegal wildlife trade. 2．What is this activity supposed to do? A．To give lawbreakers punishment in order to protect wildlife. B．To give some illegal products away to the people in poor areas. C．To prevent lawbreakers from making more tools to hunt wildlife. D．To stop the public from entering natural environment of wildlife. 3．What will Chinese government do to punish those lawbreakers? A．Fine all of the lawbreakers. B．Have a strong official action. C．Build new useful management. D．Start a new transportation system. 4．What are volunteers expected to do during the activity? A．To check all the dangerous stones in all areas. B．To help build a law system together with others. C．To take away part of the tools from lawbreakers. D．To help build more stations with the help of experts. 5．From this passage, we know the activity may ______. A．punish all the lawbreakers in the area B．protect all the national animals in China C．stop illegal wildlife trade all over the world D．reduce illegal wildlife trade to a certain degree （23-24高二上·北京西城·期末）Frozen in time, a 125-million-year-old mammal attacking a dinosaur. A 39-million-year-old whale, the heaviest animal that ever lived. The oldest known jellyfish, from 505 million years ago. Paleontology (古生物学) produces newsworthy discoveries. Fossils (化石), moreover, provide direct evidence for the long history of life, allowing paleontologists to test hypotheses (假设) about evolution with data only they provide. They allow investigation of present and past life on Earth. Flows of biological diversity, appearances of new life forms and the extinctions of long existing ones, would go undiscovered without these efforts. But the headlines over exciting new fossils greatly underestimate the true importance of paleontology. Its real significance lies in how such discoveries brighten the grand history of life on Earth. From its beginnings, more than three billion years ago, to the present day, fossils record how life adapted or disappeared in the face of major environmental challenges. Paleontologists provide us with a unique vantage on modern climate change. They play an essential role in interpreting ancient environments, in reconstructing ancient oceans, continents and climates. Fossils provide key limitation on the climate models that are essential for predicting future climate change. And the fossil record gives important insights into how life will respond to predicted future climate conditions, because these have occurred before in Earth’s history. In addition, paleontology has provided a fundamental contribution to human thought: the reality of species extinction and thus of a world that has dramatically changed over time. In documenting the history of life, paleontologists recognized that many extinction episodes could occur suddenly, such as the event 66 million years ago that ended the dinosaurs. The search for the causes of past mass extinctions started pioneering studies from across the scientific spectrum (科学界), focusing on potential future threats to humanity. Not only do paleontologists know what happens to life when things go bad, they also know how long it takes for ecosystems and biodiversity to recover from these disasters, which can take far longer than modern humans have existed. Paleontologists thus provide a unique perspective on the nature and future long-term ecological impact of the current human-produced biodiversity crisis, the so-called Sixth Extinction, and therefore the importance of protecting modern biodiversity. The very concept of a Sixth Extinction would not exist without paleontologists documenting the first five. Paleontologists know that understanding life’s past is critical to anticipating and adapting to life’s and humanity’s future. Paleontology is important because it brings its unique and critical perspective to current challenges in climate change, biodiversity loss and the environment. Paleontologists can predict the future because they know the past. 1．The first two paragraphs are written to _______. A．describe an event B．raise a question C．present an opinion D．make a comparison 2．What does the underlined word “vantage” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．A positive effect. B．A valuable suggestion. C．A quick decision. D．A comprehensive view. 3．Which of the following would the author agree with? A．Ecological recovery takes shorter than imagined. B．Past lessons can help to predict the future threats. C．Paleontologists can handle the biodiversity crisis. D．Fossil studies focus on the causes of mass extinctions. 4．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Paleontology: A Pioneering Study B．Paleontology: A History Recorder C．Paleontology Tells More About Nature Than Humans D．Paleontology Is Far More Than New Fossil Discoveries （23-24高二上·北京昌平·期末）It’s logical for humans to feel anxious about artificial intelligence. After all, the news is constantly listing job after job where the technology seems to outperform us. But humans aren’t yet headed for all-out replacement. And if you do suffer from so-called AI anxiety, there are ways to alleviate your fears and even change them into a motivating force for good. Here’s how some psychologists and other experts suggest handling our AI fears. First off, context is key, says Sanae Okamoto, a psychologist and behavioral scientist in the Netherlands. She suggests keeping in mind that the present moment is far from the first time people have feared the rise of an unfamiliar technology. “Computer anxiety” dates back decades, Okamoto notes. Before that, there was worry over industrial automation. Past technological advances have led to big social and economic shifts. Some fears became reality, and some jobs did disappear, but many of the worst science fiction predictions did not come true. Facing fears of AI by actually trying out the tools, seeing where and how they can be useful, reading up on how they work and understanding their limitations can turn the tech from a monster into a potential helper, says Jerri Lynn Hogg, a media psychologist. A deeper understanding can empower someone to advocate for meaningful job protections or policies that hold back potential problems. Mary Alvord, a practicing psychologist, also stresses the importance of addressing the problem directly. “We talk about what actions you can take instead of sticking your head in the sand,” she says. Maybe that means gaining new skills to prepare for a career change or learning about ongoing efforts to control AI. Or maybe it means building a union with colleagues at work, which is important to help people feel more secure and hopeful about the future.      Perhaps the better response is to use our AI anxiety to push us forward. Mastering a craft—be it drawing, writing, programming or translating — and using that skill to create something new is “the most rewarding thing that we can possibly do.” says Sean Kelly, a Harvard University philosophy professor. So why not let AI motivate more creation instead of replacing it? If the technology produces something interesting, we can build on it. And if it doesn’t, then why worry about it at all? 1．What does the word “alleviate” underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Analyze. B．Relieve. C．Understand. D．Forget. 2．The author mentions “computer anxiety”  in Paragraph 2 to ________. A．make a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．give an example 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．AI fears will hold back the technological advance. B．Policy makers may control the development of AI. C．AI will lead to severe competition among colleagues. D．Humans may become more creative when motivated by AI. 4．Regarding Sean Kelly’s opinion, the author is ________. A．unconcerned B．puzzled C．supportive D．doubtful （23-24高二上·北京昌平·期末）We often take sleep for granted, but not getting enough shut-eye can increase our risk for many serious health issues such as poor mental health, heart problems or even early death. The ideal bedroom temperature for people to fall asleep is relatively cold — between 17 to 20℃. A drop in our core body temperature is essential for us falling and staying asleep because it stimulates sleepiness. Obradovich and his colleagues found unusually warm temperatures had the largest effect on people’s bedtime duration by delaying falling asleep. Short sleep durations were the worst during the summertime and among the elderly, probably because they have more difficulty regulating their body temperature. The team also found warmer locations experienced the most sleep loss, suggesting people’s bodies haven’t adapted to their geographic location. Lower income countries are also heavily affected, which Obradovich supposes could be because of a lack of air-conditioning. But he plans to investigate further. Data show global warming also will have the biggest sleep loss in the Middle East, southeast Asia and Australia. By the end of the 21st century, people in the warmest regions are expected to lose another three nights of sleep per year due to higher nighttime temperatures. Obradovich said his team’s findings could help communities or policymakers better improve the sleep environment for people, such as helping to cool bedrooms more effectively. On an individual level, Robbins, a physician at Harvard Medical School, said people also need to practice generally good sleep behavior. For instance, reducing screen time 15 to 20 minutes before falling asleep as the blue lights from cellphones or computers can work like the sun and throw off our body clock. She suggested meditation (冥想) before bed can significantly help people relax, making it easier for people to fall asleep. “There’s still belief that ‘I’ll sleep when I’m dead’ kind of attitude towards sleep,” Robbins said. “There’s so much work to be done to improve our collective view of sleep.” 1．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Temperature affects sleep duration. B．Global warming improves sleep quality. C．Sleep loss leads to serious health problems. D．Sleep quality influences attitude towards life. 2．From Paragraph 3, we can know that __________. A．those in the warmer regions can well adapt to the temperature B．the elderly suffer from sleep loss due to their sickness C．it is harder to fall asleep in warmer temperature D．unusual warmth contributes to earlier wake-up 3．What does Robbins intend to tell us in the last paragraph? A．People should pay more attention to sleep. B．People have different attitudes towards sleep. C．Scientists will solve the problem of sleep loss. D．Scientists should help to improve humans’ sleep quality. （23-24高二上·北京朝阳·期末）If the great dinosaurs hadn’t gone extinct, would they have dominated Earth today? There has been a debate about this possibility for decades. Recently two analyses have put the surprising cognitive (认知) abilities of dinosaurs — and their potential limitations — in a new light. In one study, Suzana Herculano-Houzel at Vanderbilt University calculated the likely number of neurons (神经细胞) in dinosaurs’ pallium, a brain structure that is responsible for advanced cognitive functions. Research suggests that it is the number of neurons in these areas, rather than the brain size, that indicates an animal’s cognitive potential. For example, despite having a very small head, birds have more densely packed brain cells than many mammals (哺乳动物) and so can possess roughly as many neurons as monkeys. The result is that some birds show great cognitive abilities, comparable to the smartest non-human mammals. And it is precisely birds, being the only surviving lineage (宗系) of dinosaurs, that are Herculano-Houzel’s foundation. By comparing the relationship between brain size, number of neurons and body size in numerous existing birds and available fossils of dinosaurs, Herculano-Houzel concludes that a large dinosaur such as T. rex could have housed two billion to three billion neurons in its pallium. If so, dinosaurs could have had the capacity for tool use and planning for the future. But neurons’ number may not be enough. For intelligence, brain architecture also matters. And this could be the weakness of dinosaurs, argues Anton Reiner from the University of Tennessee. Over 350 million years of separate evolution, mammals and dinosaurs found two rather different ways to organize cognitive functions. The mammalian neurons are organized in a relatively thin layer formed by compact columns. In each column, different parts can communicate with one another over short distances. In contrast, in the dinosaurs that survive today, namely birds, the organization is less compact. According to Reiner, expanding brain capabilities beyond a certain point could make the structure far more complex and less efficient than it is in humans. If this were the case, an increase in brain size would correspond to a greater distance between different parts of the brain, slowing down their communication. The issue remains open to debate. Herculano-Houzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejections to the other’s argument. Meanwhile, other scientists have entered the fight. For example, neurobiologist Giorgio Vallortigara assumes that speed in transmitting information between networks of neurons is probably one of dinosaurs’ strengths. Whatever the truth is, understanding how and if brain architecture imposes limits on the development of cognition could reveal much about the evolution of abilities and behaviors of various animals. Also, this debate may tell us more about our own species than about dinosaurs. 1．Why do Herculano-Houzel and Reiner study birds? A．Because birds are more intelligent than dinosaurs. B．Because birds’ brain structures are the same as dinosaurs’. C．Because birds are the only survivors of the dinosaur family. D．Because birds have the same cognitive abilities as dinosaurs. 2．What does the word “compact” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Tight. B．Light. C．Large. D．Wide. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Dinosaurs’ ability for tool use owes to bigger brains. B．The number of neurons has little to do with brain architecture. C．Greater inter-brain distance causes higher cognitive efficiency. D．The factors behind dinosaur intelligence remain to be identified. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Are Dinosaurs Comparable to Humans in Intelligence? B．Are Dinosaurs with Bigger Brains the Ultimate Geniuses? C．How Smart Were Dinosaurs? New Studies Fuel the Debate D．Can Dinosaurs Outsmart Birds? Researches Cast a New Light 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$