【春考特训课】第08讲：语法知识之时态语态和主谓一致---【决胜春考】2025年春季高考英语冲刺总复习（江苏专用）

第08讲 语法知识之时态语态和主谓一致 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 高中常考的时态有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时等。高中阶段的被动语态：主要掌握现在进行时与过去进行时的被动语态，以及将来完成时被动语态的用法。 特别注意：要把握各种时态的特点，注意容易混淆的时态差异，准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意义，捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息，务必要克服汉语式的惯性思维，排除误导，培养发散性思维习惯。 主谓一致在高考中常与名词结合在一起进行综合考查，多以语法填空和短文改错的形式出题，在完形填空中也会有所涉及，总体难度系数较低，纵观近年的高考真题，主谓一致中的固定搭配是考查的重难点。 1. 掌握主谓一致的三个原则：语法形态一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致； 2. 掌握主谓一致中的固定搭配； 3. 掌握定语从句中的主谓一致； 4. 掌握倒装句、强调句中的主谓一致。 【要点梳理】 考点一：动词时态 分类 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在 does/is/are/am is/are/am doing have done 过去 did was/were doing had done 将来 will do will be doing will have done 过去将来 would do would be doing would have done · 一般现在时 (1)形式：do/does (2)用法：表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态 (3)时间状语：always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually等 (1)表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。 Time and tide wait for no man.  岁月不待人。 The earth revolves around the sun.  地球绕着太阳转。 The human body contains about 60% water.  人体含有大约60%的水。 (2)表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。 Ice feels cold and be careful not to touch it. These oranges taste good and sell in the market. They always care for each other and help each other. (3)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem 等。 Smith owns a car, but he likes going to work by bike. All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School. (4)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。(主将从现) I’ll write a letter to her when I have time.   If you accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. (5)少数用于表示起止或转移等的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop 等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，只用一般现在时。 The students are leaving for Shanghai on Sunday. The flight takes off at 8:50 and will arrive in Beijing at 11:30. The shop opens at 8:00 a.m. and closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. Tomorrow is Thursday. · 一般过去时 (1)形式：did (2)用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。一般过去时只强调过去。 (3)时间状语：yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等 —Haven't seen you for ages！ Where have you been？ —I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year，teaching as a volunteer. (1)一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。 We met her in the street yesterday. When he was young, he took cold baths regularly. I didn’t expect to see you studying at the library. (2)如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。 He told me he read an interesting novel last night. · 一般将来时 (1)形式：①will/shall＋动词原形；②am/is/are going to＋动词原形 (2)用法：表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态 (3)时间状语：tomorrow, next year, in＋一段时间等 —Mr Li is ill in hospital. —Oh，I didn't know. I'll go to see him tomorrow. · 过去将来时 (1)形式：①should/would＋动词原形；②was/were(going/about) to＋动词原形 (2)用法：表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态 (3)时间状语：tomorrow, next year, in＋一段时间等 知识 1 ： 其他表示“将来”的结构及用法 ①“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 ②“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，也可表示禁止、命令、注定发生、应该做的事等。 ③“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的时间状语连用。　　 时态 谓语形式 用法 现在进行时 am/is/are doing ①说话时正在发生的事 ②现阶段正在发生的事 ③与always等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气 过去进行时 was/were doing ①过去某一阶段正在发生的事 ②过去某一时候正在发生的事 将来进行时 will/shall be doing 将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还将继续下去 · 现在进行时 (1)表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是讲话时正在进行的动作；表示近期特定的安排或计划； go, come等表示位置移动的动词可用进行时代替将来时；与always, often 等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或表达某种感情色彩。 Look, the train is just getting into the station. The river is flowing after last night’s rain. I am meeting Mr. Smith Zhang tonight. We are leaving for Beijing on Friday. The girl is always talking while having a meal. (2)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。 ①表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, (dis)agree, mean, need, doubt, prefer, realize, appreciate, recognize, remember, suppose, understand, astonish, deny, impress, please, satisfy等。 ②表示存在状态的动词：be, appear, concern, consist, contain, depend, deserve, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to等。 ③表示行为结果的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete等。 ④表示感官的动词：see (看见), hear (听见), feel (感觉出), taste (尝出), smell (闻到), notice (注意), observe (观察), look (看起来)等。 (3)现在进行时还可表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go， come， leave， stay， start， arrive， land， meet， move， return， stay， stop， do等。 “The moment is coming soon，” he thought to himself， waiting nervously. “这一刻就要来了，”他心里想，紧张地等待着。 The teacher told us to do morning exercises . 老师让我们做早操。 The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他的姐姐的。 · 将来进行时 将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。如： at this time tomorrow， the day after tomorrow， from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。 What will you be doing this time tomorrow？明天这个时候你将在干什么？ 时态 现在完成时 过去完成时 谓语形式 have/has done had  done 用法 ①到现在为止已发生或完成且对现在有影响 ②从过去某一时刻一直延续到现在 ③用于特定句型中，如 It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since 从句 This (That/It) is the first (second...) time that + 主语 + 现在完成时   ①到过去某一时刻之前已完成，即过去的过去，常和by the end of搭配 ②从过去某一时刻一直延续到另一个过去时间 时间状语 already, just, yet, lately, recently, in the last/past few days/months/years, up to now, till now, so far，“since＋时间点”，“for＋时间段”等 before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time等 · 过去完成时 常用过去完成时的几种情况： ①在 by, by the end of, by the time, until, before, since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。 By the end of last year, we had remembered 2,000 words. The train had just left before we reached the railway station. ②表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected 等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式，即：hoped / planned ... + to have done。 We had planned to finish the work in advance, but we were held up by a heavy traffic jam. ③“时间名词 +before”在句中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词+ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。 He told me that his father had died at least 10 years before. He left school five years ago. ④在hardly/scarcely ... when ..., no sooner ... than ...句式中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，表示“一……就……”。当hardly, scarcely, no sooner 置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。 She had hardly had time to sit and have a rest when the phone rang again. = Hardly had she had time to sit and have a rest when the phone rang again. 知识 2 ： 常使用完成时的句型 （1）This/It/That is the first/...time+that sb.has/have done； This/It/That was the first/...time+that sb.had done 这是某人第几次做某事。 （2）It（This） is/was the+最高级+名词+（that）定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。 （3）It is/has been+一段时间+since sb.did； It was/had been+一段时间+since sb.had done sth. 自从……以来多久了。 （4）hardly（scarcely）...when.../no sooner...than...（一……就……）主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down. 我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.  我们有10年没那么高兴过了。　 考点二：被动语态 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般式 am/is/ are done was/ were done will/shall be done would/ should be done 进行式 am/is/are being done was/were being done 完成式 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been  done would/ should have been done · 现在进行时 动词的被动语态的构成方式：be+过去分词，口语中也用 “get / become +过去分词”表示。 被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。 (1)主动变为被动时，宾语成主语；(作补语的)不定式前需加 to(位置不变)。 (2)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。 (3)情态动词，be going to, be to, be sure to, have to 等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be+过去分词”。 (4)当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式： ①谓语动词用被动语态，后跟动词不定式。 ②用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。 类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped / thought that... 知识 3 ： 不能用被动语态的几种情况 (1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into等。 (2)表示状态的谓语动词及系动词，如：last, hold, contain, fit, cost, appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn 等。 (3)表示归属的动词，如：have, own, belong to等。 (4)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate 等。 (5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。 知识 4 ： 主动形式表示被动意义 ①表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, catch, draw, cut, photograph, peel等，常与well, badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。 ②系动词appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, prove等后接形容词作表语，用主动形式表示被动意义。 ③open, close, lock, move, keep等动词常与won't, can't, wouldn't, hardly, scarcely等连用，及表示“开始”“结束”的动词，如：begin, start, finish, end等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。 知识 5 ： 被动形式表示主动意义 be seated 坐着；  be hidden 躲藏；           be lost 迷路； be drunk 喝醉； be dressed 穿着 考点三：主谓一致 一致原则 考点详解 例句 语法一致 1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. What he said is very important for us all. The children were in the classroom two hours ago. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。 Lucy and Lily are twins. She and I are classmates. The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than， besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。 Mr. Green，together with his wife and children，has come to China. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She，like you and Tom，is very tall. 4. either，neither，each，every 或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。 Each of us has a new book. Everything around us is matter. 5. 在定语从句中，关系代词that，who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.  语法一致 6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。 这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。 Class Four is on the third floor. Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注：people，police，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child. 7. 由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful. 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注：a number of 与the number of的区别 8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result.   Such are the facts. 逻辑一致 1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。 Which is your bag？Which are your bags？ All is going well.  All have gone to Beijing. 2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work. Ten miles is too long. 3. 若主语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. 逻辑一致 5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。 Twelve plus eight is twenty. Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 The paper works was built in 1990. I think physics isn‘t easy to study. 7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes，jeans 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his.  8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 The old are taken good care of. 9. a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 A large quantity of people is needed here. 注意：quantities一般用复数。 Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table. 10. a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可数名词， 作主语时， 谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of 修饰不可数名词， 作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。 A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time. Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. 就近一致 1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor，whether … or …，not only …but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither they nor he is wholly right. 2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. Here引导的句子用法同上。 如：Here is a map and a handbook for you. · 语法一致 (1)主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；反之，谓语动词用复数形式。 (2)“many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 (3)由and或both ...and ...连接并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 (4)主语后接with, along with, together with, like, except, but, besides, as well as, including, no less than等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与主语保持一致。 (5)one, everyone, each one, each ...and ...作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 (6)不定代词either, neither 和由every-， some-， no-， any-等构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。(none后的谓语动词根据情况可用单数，也可用复数) · 意义一致 (1)由and连接的两个名词作主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念(and后面无冠词)，则谓语动词用单数形式。 (2)family, class, group, team, company 等集体名词作主语时，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示其中的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。 (3)police (警察)，people等形式上是单数，但通常被用作复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。 (4)blind, old, young, poor, rich 等形容词与the连用，表示一类人，在意义上是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。 (5)news, maths, physics, politics(政治)等词的形式是以-s结尾，但意义上是单数，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。 (6)表示时间、距离、重量、金钱的名词作主语，通常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 (7)“the＋姓氏名词的复数形式”表示“某夫妇/一家人”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 · 就近一致 (1)there be句型或here be句型中有并列主语时，谓语动词be在数上与最近的主语保持一致。 (2)由either ...or(或者……或者)，neither ...nor(既不……也不，两者都不)，not only ... but also(不但……而且), or (或者), whether ...or(是……还是), not ...but (不是……而是)等连接的并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与最近的主语保持一致。 · 【时态语态思维导图】 课堂精练 演练 · 单句语法填空 1．Since the Belt and Road Initiative(“一带一路”倡议) ___________ (propose), the ancient city has once again drawn attention as a gateway to opening up to the outside world. 【答案】was proposed 【解析】考查动词时态语态。句意：自从“一带一路”倡议提出以来，这座古城作为对外开放的门户再次受到关注。主语“the Bet and Road Initiative”和谓语“propose”之间为被动关系，用被动语态，since 意为“自从”, 引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主语是单数，be动词用was。故填 was proposed。 2．The Kingdom of Ireland ___________ (add) to create the United Kingdom of Great Brain and Ireland in the 19th century. 【答案】was added 【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：19 世纪爱尔兰王国被加入，创建了大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国。空处为句子谓语动词，陈述过去的事情且主语 The Kingdom of Ireland 与 add 之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态，谓语用单数。故填 was added。 3．Over the past years, Han Zheming, a Shanghai resident, ___________ (manage) to perfect the skill, creating tea art in cups. 【答案】has managed 【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的几年里，上海居民韩哲明(音译)不断完善这一技艺，创造出了用杯子制作的茶艺。根据所给时间状语“Over the past years”可知，需用现在完成时，主语为Han Zheming，助动词用has。故填has managed。 4．He ___________ (write) his novel all day long, and hopefully he will complete it in a week. 【答案】has been writing 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：他整天都在写他的小说，希望他能在一周内完成。根据这句话的意思是和hopefully he will complete it in a week可知，他整天写小说这个动作从过去发生持续到现在，并且还将持续下去，符合现在完成进行时的定义。故填has been writing。 5．Up till now, the Yellow River ___________ (raise) 13 dynasties’ capital Luoyang, 8 dynasties’ capital Kaifeng and the biggest economic center in its area—Zhengzhou. 【答案】has raised 【解析】考查谓语动词。句意：迄今为止，黄河流域曾有13朝的都城洛阳、8朝的都城开封和该地区最大的经济中心郑州。分析句子结构可知，此处为谓语动词，根据时间状语Up till now可知，此处为现在完成时，raise与主语the Yellow River之间为主动关系，且主语为第三人称单数，所以此处使用has raised。故填has raised。 6．It was the first time that the novel by Charles Dickens ___________ (adapt) into cinema. 【答案】had been adapted 【解析】考查时态语态。句意：这是查尔斯•狄更斯的小说第一次被改编成电影。It was the first time that后接过去完成时，主语the novel与谓语adapt为被动关系，应用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been adapted。 7．Only team work will ___________ (able) us to get the job done on time. 【答案】enable 【解析】考查动词。句意：只有团队合作才能使我们按时完成工作。此处为短语enable sb. to do sth.，且will提示为一般将来时。故填enable。 8．Up to now, thousands of red phone boxes, the old image of Britain, ___________ (remove) due to mobile phones. 【答案】have been removed 【解析】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：由于移动电话，到目前为止，成千上万的红色电话亭——英国的旧形象，已经被拆除。主语phone boxes和动词remove之间是被动关系，结合时间状语Up to now可知此处使用现在完成时的被动语态，主语表示复数意义，故填have been removed。 9．It is reported that this organization ___________ (raise) over 1,000,000 dollars to help students in remote mountainous areas so far. 【答案】has raised 【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：据报道，到目前为止，这个组织已经筹集了100多万美元来帮助偏远山区的学生。根据时间状语“so far”可知，从句谓语动词raise使用现在完成时，主语为this organization，助动词用has。故填has raised。 10．A lot of information can ___________ (infer) from these statistics. 【答案】be inferred 【解析】考查语态。句意：从这些统计数据中可以推断出许多信息。主语与谓语构成被动关系，且can后跟动词原形。故填be inferred。 · 语法与写作 1.The following weeks _________________________________________________ each day determined to earn a penny. 在接下来的几个星期里，我每天从学校飞奔(dash)回家，决心挣一个便士。 2.I ___________________________________________________________________ all the way home，ashamed of my neglect.Maybe they _____________________________________________________________________ as my neighbors. 回家的路上我哭(sob)得很厉害，为自己的疏忽感到羞愧。也许他们和我的邻居有同样的遭遇。 3.Fortunately，they spotted the flashing headlights of Joe’s truck and ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ approaching them with a long rope. 幸运的是，他们发现了乔的卡车闪烁的前灯，并瞥见了他的粗壮的(stout)身影，带着一根长绳子接近他们。 4.Joe finally reached the couple.“Catching the rope.” he ____________________________________________________________________. 乔终于找到了这对夫妇。“抓住绳子。”他大声地喊道。 5.Having received Joe’s message，Charlie and Jane _____________________________________________________________________ and clutched the rope tightly. 收到乔的信息后，查理和简扭动着身子，紧紧抓住绳子。 6.On spotting the wolf swallowed by the road，Mac，bathed in perspiration，____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________. 马克看见狼消失在路上，浑身是汗，松了口气，坐到后座上。 【答案】 1.saw me dashing home from school　2.was sobbing terribly；were suffering from the same scene　 3.caught a glimpse of his stout figure　4.yelled at the top of his lungs 5.twisted their figures　 6.sighed with relief and sank down to the back seat 课后反馈 演练 单句语法填空 1．High-rises decorate the city’s skyline, creating a distinct contrast to the ancient neighborhoods, temples, and buildings that ___________ (occupy) previously by people. 【答案】were occupied 【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：高层建筑装饰着城市的天际线，与以前被人类占据的古老社区、寺庙和建筑形成鲜明的对比。动词occupy和主语之间是被动关系，根据句意可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时的被动语态。定语从句中主语that指代先行词the ancient neighborhoods, temples, and buildings，是复数，主谓一致，故填were occupied。 2．The money will ___________ (distribute) over a four-year period and is aimed at helping approximately 1, 000 homeless people in the county of Arvada. 【答案】be distributed 【解析】考查动词时态语态。句意：这笔钱将在四年时间内分发，目的是帮助阿瓦达县大约1000名无家可归的人。分析句子可知，distribute和will构成谓语动词，主语The money与动词distribute是被动关系，空前有助动词will，故用一般将来时的被动语态，故填be distributed。 3．Chang Shana, an outstanding designer and educator in China, was just 13 when her love affair with Dunhuang ___________ (begin). 【答案】began 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：中国杰出的设计师和教育家常莎娜13岁时就爱上了敦煌。根据上文“was just 13 when her love affair with Dunhuang”可知用一般过去时。故填began。 4．When I opened my door and was about to leave, I noticed that two men ___________ (question) by the police. 【答案】were being questioned 【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：当我打开门正要离开时，我注意到有两个人正在接受警察的盘问。that引导宾语从句，空处缺少从句谓语，主语two men与question构成被动关系，且结合句意可知，此处表示“过去正在被盘问”，用过去进行时的被动语态，主语为复数。故填were being questioned。 5．In the past decades, with the rapid development of science and technology, our daily life ___________ (change) a lot. 【答案】has changed 【解析】考查时态。句意：在过去的几十年里，随着科学技术的飞速发展，我们的日常生活改变了很多。根据本句的时间状语in the past decades可知，该句子应该用现在完成时。故填has changed。 6．So far, the site ___________ (conduct) the final preparation and rehearsal (彩排) for the launch, including fueling up the cargo craft and transferring the spacecraft-rocket combination to the launching area. 【答案】has conducted 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：到目前为止，该基地已经进行了发射的最后准备和彩排，包括给货运飞船加油和将飞船-火箭组合转移到发射区域。根据时间状语“so far”可知，此处为现在完成时，主语为the site，助动词用has。故填has conducted。 7．In 2008, a total of 46 Fujiantulou sites ___________ (list) as World Heritage Site by UNESCO. 【答案】were listed 【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：2008年，共有46处福建土楼遗址被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。时间状语In 2008表明事情发生在过去，46 Fujiantulou sites与list“把……列入名单”之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。故填were listed。 8．Known as rou jia mo, which translates to “meat burger” or “meat sandwich”, they consist of chopped meat inside a pita-like bun（小圆面包）, and they  ___________ (be)around since the Qin dynasty, from about 221 BC to 207 BC． 【答案】have been 【解析】4. 考查时态。因为有时间状语since the Qin dynasty, from about 221 BC to 207 BC.，可知要用现在完成时态：has/have done，又因为主语是they，所以用have been。故填have been。 9．Everyone was in silence, waiting to see who ___________（call） upon to read his or her paragraph aloud. 【答案】would be called 【解析】考查时态语态。句意：每个人都默不作声，等着看谁会被要求大声朗读自己的段落。see后接宾语从句，且根据Everyone was以及句意可知，本句为过去将来时，表过去的将来将要发生的动作，且who与call之间为被动关系。用过去将来时的被动语态。故填would be called。 10．Currently, Porter is translating more poems by Tao Yuanming, and his translation work PoemsoftheMasters ___________ (publish) in China soon. 【答案】will be published 【解析】考查谓语动词。句意：目前，波特正在翻译更多的陶渊明的诗歌，他的翻译作品《大师的诗》即将在中国出版。分析句子结构可知，此处为谓语动词，根据句意及时间状语soon可知，此处应为一般将来时，且publish与主语his translation work Poems of the Masters之间为被动关系，所以使用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be published。 单句语法填空 1．We wouldn’t have called a taxi yesterday if Harold ___________ (offer) us a ride home. 【答案】had offered 【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果哈罗德让我们搭车回家，我们昨天就不会叫出租车了。offer“提供，表示愿意”。由前文wouldn’t have called可知，此处是对过去的虚拟，时态应用过去完成时。故填had offered。 2．The UNESCO World Heritage Center repeatedly urges that some cultural relics in Egypt ___________ (restore) in order to prevent them from collapse. 【答案】(should) be restored 【解析】考查虚拟语气和被动语态。句意：联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)世界遗产中心为了防止埃及的部分文物倒塌，一再敦促对其进行修复。空处应填谓语动词，表示建议、要求或命令的动词urge/advise/suggest/command/demand,etc.其后接宾语从句时，从句谓语动词应用(should)+动词原形，should可以省略，从句主语some cultural relics与restore之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。故填(should) be restored。 3．John wants to see me today. I would rather he ___________ (come) tomorrow than today. 【答案】came 【解析】考查would rather句型中的虚拟语气。句意：约翰今天想见我。我宁愿他明天来，而不是今天来。分析句子可知，在would rather引导的从句中，表示现在或将来的愿望时（这一点已由时间状语tomorrow表明）要用动词过去式。故填came。 4．I’m leading a hard life. I wish I ___________ (work) harder when I was at college. 【答案】had worked 【解析】考查wish宾语从句的虚拟。句意：我现在过着艰苦的生活。我希望我在大学时更努力一些。此处为wish宾语从句的虚拟，由句意及空后的when I was at college可知此处是对过去的虚拟，从句应用过去完成时。故填had worked。 5．My suggestion is that more people from all walks of life  ___________ (encourage) to finance the project with their deeper love for these children. 【答案】should be encouraged/be encouraged 【解析】考查谓语动词。句意：我的建议是，应该鼓励更多来自各行各业的人怀着对这些孩子更深的爱来资助这个项目。分析句子结构可知，此处应为表语从句的谓语，suggestion意为“建议”，其后的表语从句的谓语动词形式应为“should+动词原形”，且should可以省略，encourage与主语“more people from all walks of life”之间为被动关系，所以此处应为should be encouraged，且should可以省略。故填(should) be encouraged。 6．The Antarctica is so mysteriously described by some people. If only I ___________ (be) there before! 【答案】had been 【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：有些人对南极洲的描述如此神秘。要是我以前去过那里就好了！If only引导的条件状语从句，对过去事情的虚拟，故谓语用过去完成时。故填had been。 7．If it ___________ (rain) tomorrow, I wouldn’t go to the grocery store. 【答案】were to rain/should rain/rained 【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果明天下雨，我就不会去杂货店了。rain“下雨”，动词。根据主句谓语动词“wouldn’t go”可以判断if引导的条件状语从句应该用虚拟语气，根据tomorrow可知，从句对将来虚拟，时态应该用动词的一般过去时态或“should+动词原形”或者“were +to do”。故填rained/were to rain/should rain。 8．The rising temperatures remind people ___________ (reduce) the damage to nature. 【答案】to reduce 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：气温上升提醒人们减少对自然的破坏。remind sb to do sth“提醒某人做某事”，故填to reduce。 9．He has a strong wish ___________ (inspire) others with his words. 【答案】to inspire 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：他有强烈的愿望用他的话来激励别人。wish后用动词不定式作定语，故填to inspire。 10．If you introduce yourself to a friendly face, you are more likely___________ (experience) local culture and customs first-hand. 【答案】to experience 【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：如果你向一张友好的面孔介绍自己，你就更有可能亲身体验当地的文化和习俗。be likely to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“可能做某事”。故填 to experience。 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】 Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse ____60____ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for ____61____ first time. 60.【答案】walks 【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：此外，围绕温室的丝绸之路花园带领游客走过一段受古丝绸之路影响的旅程。walk sb. through，意为“带领某人穿过……”，空处为本句谓语动词，根据上文可知，本句时态为一般现在时，主语the Silk Route Garden为单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填walks。 61.【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：亚洲和欧洲之间的贸易路线第一次为英国带来了丝绸、香料和许多植物。固定搭配：for the first time，意为“第一次”，符合句意。故填the。 【2024·新高考Ⅱ卷】 “Some of the things that Tang was writing about ___38___ (be)also Shakespeare’s concerns. 38.【答案】were 【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：“汤显祖所写的一些内容也是莎士比亚所关心的。我碰巧知道汤显祖的戏剧《牡丹亭》在某些方面与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》相似。”这里为本句谓语动词，根据句意以及定语从句时态可知，本句时态为一般过去时；主语为“some of the things”，复数。故填were。 Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, ___40___ (inspire)by The Peony Pavilion, ___41___ (build)at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace. 40.【答案】inspired 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：两年后，一座六米高的亭子在菲斯花园落成，该花园距离莎士比亚故居仅十分钟步行路程，其灵感来自《牡丹亭》。非谓语动词担当后置定语，被修饰词“a six-meter-tall pavilion”和动词“inspire”之间为被动关系，用过去分词形式。故填inspired。 41.【答案】was built 【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：两年后，一座六米高的亭子在菲斯花园落成，该花园距离莎士比亚故居仅十分钟步行路程，其灵感来自《牡丹亭》。这里为本句谓语动词，根据时间状语“Two years later”可知，本句时态为一般过去时；主语为“a six-meter-tall pavilion”，单数，和动词“build”之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填was built。 【2024年全国甲卷】 They ____44____（be）part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there. 【答案】were 【解析】考查时态。句意：他们是一个由15人组成的探险队的一部分，他们花了近五个星期的时间来见证那里的自然美景。本空前They指代上文提及的四个男人，时间为1870年，同时联系后文had spent的过去完成时可知，本空时态为过去式且为复数形式，故填were。 【2024年浙江卷1月】 However, though it’s nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages, it would help even more if they could sometimes ____41____ (offer) in smaller packs. Even the biggest sausage fan doesn’t want to eat them every day.【41题详解】 考查含有情态动词的被动语态。句意：然而，虽然一包香肠能便宜几美分是件好事，但如果有时能以小包装出售，那就更好了。动词offer意为“提供”，和主语构成被动关系，主语they代指前文中的sausages。在情态动词could后动词应用原形。故填be offered。 If your supermarket sells loose produce, then buying smaller quantities is easier. Over the last two years, some supermarkets ____42____ (start) selling chicken or salad in packs ____43____ (design) with two halves containing separate portions (份). 【42题详解】 考查现在完成时。句意：在过去的两年里，一些超市开始销售鸡肉或沙拉包装，设计成两半，拆分成两份。根据“Over the last two years”可知，此处应用现在完成时。动词start意为“开始”。故填have started。 【43题详解】 考查过去分词。句意：在过去的两年里，一些超市开始销售鸡肉或沙拉包装，设计成两半，拆分成两份。动词design意为“设计”，和谓语之间没有连词，和逻辑主语packs构成被动关系，且动作已完成，所以应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填designed。 【2024北京卷】 On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood ___15___ (name) the world’s oldest living man. 【15题详解】 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：2024年4月5日，约翰·廷尼斯伍德被评为世界上在世最长寿的人。根据时间状语On April 5, 2024可知，此处描述过去发生的事，句子应用一般过去时；name与主语John Tinniswood之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语John Tinniswood是单数，be动词使用was。故填was named。 My heart went out to him, and I ___20___ (jog) over to him. As I handed him the glasses, he looked at me and said, “Thanks!” 【20题详解】 考查时态。句意：我很同情他，然后朝他慢跑过去。句中and连接并列句，空处作后句谓语，根据句中went可知，此处描述过去发生的事，句子使用一般过去时，动词使用过去式形式jogged。故填jogged。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！共 23 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第08讲 语法知识之时态语态和主谓一致 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 高中常考的时态有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时等。高中阶段的被动语态：主要掌握现在进行时与过去进行时的被动语态，以及将来完成时被动语态的用法。 特别注意：要把握各种时态的特点，注意容易混淆的时态差异，准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意义，捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息，务必要克服汉语式的惯性思维，排除误导，培养发散性思维习惯。 主谓一致在高考中常与名词结合在一起进行综合考查，多以语法填空和短文改错的形式出题，在完形填空中也会有所涉及，总体难度系数较低，纵观近年的高考真题，主谓一致中的固定搭配是考查的重难点。 1. 掌握主谓一致的三个原则：语法形态一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致； 2. 掌握主谓一致中的固定搭配； 3. 掌握定语从句中的主谓一致； 4. 掌握倒装句、强调句中的主谓一致。 【要点梳理】 考点一：动词时态 分类 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在 does/is/are/am is/are/am doing have done 过去 did was/were doing had done 将来 will do will be doing will have done 过去将来 would do would be doing would have done · 一般现在时 (1)表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。 Time and tide wait for no man.  岁月不待人。 The earth revolves around the sun.  地球绕着太阳转。 The human body contains about 60% water.  人体含有大约60%的水。 (2)表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。 Ice feels cold and be careful not to touch it. These oranges taste good and sell in the market. They always care for each other and help each other. (3)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem 等。 Smith owns a car, but he likes going to work by bike. All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School. (4)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。(主将从现) I’ll write a letter to her when I have time.   If you accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. (5)少数用于表示起止或转移等的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop 等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，只用一般现在时。 The students are leaving for Shanghai on Sunday. The flight takes off at 8:50 and will arrive in Beijing at 11:30. The shop opens at 8:00 a.m. and closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. Tomorrow is Thursday. · 一般过去时 —Haven't seen you for ages！ Where have you been？ —I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year，teaching as a volunteer. (1)一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。 We met her in the street yesterday. When he was young, he took cold baths regularly. I didn’t expect to see you studying at the library. (2)如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。 He told me he read an interesting novel last night. · 一般将来时 —Mr Li is ill in hospital. —Oh，I didn't know. I'll go to see him tomorrow. · 过去将来时 知识 1 ： 其他表示“将来”的结构及用法 ①“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 ②“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，也可表示禁止、命令、注定发生、应该做的事等。 ③“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的时间状语连用。　　 时态 谓语形式 用法 现在进行时 am/is/are doing ①说话时正在发生的事 ②现阶段正在发生的事 ③与always等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气 过去进行时 was/were doing ①过去某一阶段正在发生的事 ②过去某一时候正在发生的事 将来进行时 will/shall be doing 将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还将继续下去 · 现在进行时 (1)表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是讲话时正在进行的动作；表示近期特定的安排或计划； go, come等表示位置移动的动词可用进行时代替将来时；与always, often 等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或表达某种感情色彩。 Look, the train is just getting into the station. The river is flowing after last night’s rain. I am meeting Mr. Smith Zhang tonight. We are leaving for Beijing on Friday. The girl is always talking while having a meal. (2)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。 ①表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, (dis)agree, mean, need, doubt, prefer, realize, appreciate, recognize, remember, suppose, understand, astonish, deny, impress, please, satisfy等。 ②表示存在状态的动词：be, appear, concern, consist, contain, depend, deserve, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to等。 ③表示行为结果的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete等。 ④表示感官的动词：see (看见), hear (听见), feel (感觉出), taste (尝出), smell (闻到), notice (注意), observe (观察), look (看起来)等。 (3)现在进行时还可表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go， come， leave， stay， start， arrive， land， meet， move， return， stay， stop， do等。 “The moment is coming soon，” he thought to himself， waiting nervously. “这一刻就要来了，”他心里想，紧张地等待着。 The teacher told us to do morning exercises . 老师让我们做早操。 The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他的姐姐的。 · 将来进行时 将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。如： at this time tomorrow， the day after tomorrow， from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。 What will you be doing this time tomorrow？明天这个时候你将在干什么？ 时态 现在完成时 过去完成时 谓语形式 have/has done had  done 用法 ①到现在为止已发生或完成且对现在有影响 ②从过去某一时刻一直延续到现在 ③用于特定句型中，如 It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since 从句 This (That/It) is the first (second...) time that + 主语 + 现在完成时   ①到过去某一时刻之前已完成，即过去的过去，常和by the end of搭配 ②从过去某一时刻一直延续到另一个过去时间 时间状语 already, just, yet, lately, recently, in the last/past few days/months/years, up to now, till now, so far，“since＋时间点”，“for＋时间段”等 before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time等 · 过去完成时 常用过去完成时的几种情况： ①在 by, by the end of, by the time, until, before, since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。 By the end of last year, we had remembered 2,000 words. The train had just left before we reached the railway station. ②表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected 等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式，即：hoped / planned ... + to have done。 We had planned to finish the work in advance, but we were held up by a heavy traffic jam. ③“时间名词 +before”在句中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词+ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。 He told me that his father had died at least 10 years before. He left school five years ago. ④在hardly/scarcely ... when ..., no sooner ... than ...句式中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，表示“一……就……”。当hardly, scarcely, no sooner 置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。 She had hardly had time to sit and have a rest when the phone rang again. = Hardly had she had time to sit and have a rest when the phone rang again. 知识 2 ： 常使用完成时的句型 （1）This/It/That is the first/...time+that sb.has/have done； This/It/That was the first/...time+that sb.had done 这是某人第几次做某事。 （2）It（This） is/was the+最高级+名词+（that）定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。 （3）It is/has been+一段时间+since sb.did； It was/had been+一段时间+since sb.had done sth. 自从……以来多久了。 （4）hardly（scarcely）...when.../no sooner...than...（一……就……）主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down. 我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.  我们有10年没那么高兴过了。　 考点二：被动语态 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般式 am/is/ are done was/ were done will/shall be done would/ should be done 进行式 am/is/are being done was/were being done 完成式 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been  done would/ should have been done · 现在进行时 动词的被动语态的构成方式：be+过去分词，口语中也用 “get / become +过去分词”表示。 被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。 (1)主动变为被动时，宾语成主语；(作补语的)不定式前需加 to(位置不变)。 (2)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。 (3)情态动词，be going to, be to, be sure to, have to 等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be+过去分词”。 (4)当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式： ①谓语动词用被动语态，后跟动词不定式。 ②用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。 类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped / thought that... 知识 3 ： 不能用被动语态的几种情况 (1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into等。 (2)表示状态的谓语动词及系动词，如：last, hold, contain, fit, cost, appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn 等。 (3)表示归属的动词，如：have, own, belong to等。 (4)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate 等。 (5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。 知识 4 ： 主动形式表示被动意义 ①表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, catch, draw, cut, photograph, peel等，常与well, badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。 ②系动词appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, prove等后接形容词作表语，用主动形式表示被动意义。 ③open, close, lock, move, keep等动词常与won't, can't, wouldn't, hardly, scarcely等连用，及表示“开始”“结束”的动词，如：begin, start, finish, end等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。 知识 5 ： 被动形式表示主动意义 be seated 坐着；  be hidden 躲藏；           be lost 迷路； be drunk 喝醉； be dressed 穿着 考点三：主谓一致 一致原则 考点详解 例句 语法一致 1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. What he said is very important for us all. The children were in the classroom two hours ago. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。 Lucy and Lily are twins. She and I are classmates. The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than， besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。 Mr. Green，together with his wife and children，has come to China. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She，like you and Tom，is very tall. 4. either，neither，each，every 或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。 Each of us has a new book. Everything around us is matter. 5. 在定语从句中，关系代词that，who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.  语法一致 6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。 这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。 Class Four is on the third floor. Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注：people，police，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child. 7. 由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful. 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注：a number of 与the number of的区别 8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result.   Such are the facts. 逻辑一致 1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。 Which is your bag？Which are your bags？ All is going well.  All have gone to Beijing. 2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work. Ten miles is too long. 3. 若主语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. 逻辑一致 5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。 Twelve plus eight is twenty. Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 The paper works was built in 1990. I think physics isn‘t easy to study. 7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes，jeans 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his.  8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 The old are taken good care of. 9. a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 A large quantity of people is needed here. 注意：quantities一般用复数。 Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table. 10. a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可数名词， 作主语时， 谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of 修饰不可数名词， 作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。 A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time. Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. 就近一致 1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor，whether … or …，not only …but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither they nor he is wholly right. 2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. Here引导的句子用法同上。 如：Here is a map and a handbook for you. · 语法一致 (1)主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；反之，谓语动词用复数形式。 (2)“many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 (3)由and或both ...and ...连接并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 (4)主语后接with, along with, together with, like, except, but, besides, as well as, including, no less than等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与主语保持一致。 (5)one, everyone, each one, each ...and ...作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 (6)不定代词either, neither 和由every-， some-， no-， any-等构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。(none后的谓语动词根据情况可用单数，也可用复数) · 意义一致 (1)由and连接的两个名词作主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念(and后面无冠词)，则谓语动词用单数形式。 (2)family, class, group, team, company 等集体名词作主语时，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示其中的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。 (3)police (警察)，people等形式上是单数，但通常被用作复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。 (4)blind, old, young, poor, rich 等形容词与the连用，表示一类人，在意义上是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。 (5)news, maths, physics, politics(政治)等词的形式是以-s结尾，但意义上是单数，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。 (6)表示时间、距离、重量、金钱的名词作主语，通常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 (7)“the＋姓氏名词的复数形式”表示“某夫妇/一家人”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 · 就近一致 (1)there be句型或here be句型中有并列主语时，谓语动词be在数上与最近的主语保持一致。 (2)由either ...or(或者……或者)，neither ...nor(既不……也不，两者都不)，not only ... but also(不但……而且), or (或者), whether ...or(是……还是), not ...but (不是……而是)等连接的并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与最近的主语保持一致。 · 【时态语态思维导图】 课堂精练 演练 · 单句语法填空 1．Since the Belt and Road Initiative(“一带一路”倡议) ___________ (propose), the ancient city has once again drawn attention as a gateway to opening up to the outside world. 2．The Kingdom of Ireland ___________ (add) to create the United Kingdom of Great Brain and Ireland in the 19th century. 3．Over the past years, Han Zheming, a Shanghai resident, ___________ (manage) to perfect the skill, creating tea art in cups. 4．He ___________ (write) his novel all day long, and hopefully he will complete it in a week. 5．Up till now, the Yellow River ___________ (raise) 13 dynasties’ capital Luoyang, 8 dynasties’ capital Kaifeng and the biggest economic center in its area—Zhengzhou. 6．It was the first time that the novel by Charles Dickens ___________ (adapt) into cinema. 7．Only team work will ___________ (able) us to get the job done on time. 8．Up to now, thousands of red phone boxes, the old image of Britain, ___________ (remove) due to mobile phones. 9．It is reported that this organization ___________ (raise) over 1,000,000 dollars to help students in remote mountainous areas so far. 10．A lot of information can ___________ (infer) from these statistics. · 语法与写作 1.The following weeks _________________________________________________ each day determined to earn a penny. 在接下来的几个星期里，我每天从学校飞奔(dash)回家，决心挣一个便士。 2.I ___________________________________________________________________ all the way home，ashamed of my neglect.Maybe they _____________________________________________________________________ as my neighbors. 回家的路上我哭(sob)得很厉害，为自己的疏忽感到羞愧。也许他们和我的邻居有同样的遭遇。 3.Fortunately，they spotted the flashing headlights of Joe’s truck and ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ approaching them with a long rope. 幸运的是，他们发现了乔的卡车闪烁的前灯，并瞥见了他的粗壮的(stout)身影，带着一根长绳子接近他们。 4.Joe finally reached the couple.“Catching the rope.” he ____________________________________________________________________. 乔终于找到了这对夫妇。“抓住绳子。”他大声地喊道。 5.Having received Joe’s message，Charlie and Jane _____________________________________________________________________ and clutched the rope tightly. 收到乔的信息后，查理和简扭动着身子，紧紧抓住绳子。 6.On spotting the wolf swallowed by the road，Mac，bathed in perspiration，____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________. 马克看见狼消失在路上，浑身是汗，松了口气，坐到后座上。 课后反馈 演练 单句语法填空 1．High-rises decorate the city’s skyline, creating a distinct contrast to the ancient neighborhoods, temples, and buildings that ___________ (occupy) previously by people. 2．The money will ___________ (distribute) over a four-year period and is aimed at helping approximately 1, 000 homeless people in the county of Arvada. 3．Chang Shana, an outstanding designer and educator in China, was just 13 when her love affair with Dunhuang ___________ (begin). 4．When I opened my door and was about to leave, I noticed that two men ___________ (question) by the police. 5．In the past decades, with the rapid development of science and technology, our daily life ___________ (change) a lot. 6．So far, the site ___________ (conduct) the final preparation and rehearsal (彩排) for the launch, including fueling up the cargo craft and transferring the spacecraft-rocket combination to the launching area. 7．In 2008, a total of 46 Fujiantulou sites ___________ (list) as World Heritage Site by UNESCO. 8．Known as rou jia mo, which translates to “meat burger” or “meat sandwich”, they consist of chopped meat inside a pita-like bun（小圆面包）, and they  ___________ (be)around since the Qin dynasty, from about 221 BC to 207 BC． 9．Everyone was in silence, waiting to see who ___________（call） upon to read his or her paragraph aloud. 10．Currently, Porter is translating more poems by Tao Yuanming, and his translation work PoemsoftheMasters ___________ (publish) in China soon. 单句语法填空 1．We wouldn’t have called a taxi yesterday if Harold ___________ (offer) us a ride home. 2．The UNESCO World Heritage Center repeatedly urges that some cultural relics in Egypt ___________ (restore) in order to prevent them from collapse. 3．John wants to see me today. I would rather he ___________ (come) tomorrow than today. 4．I’m leading a hard life. I wish I ___________ (work) harder when I was at college. 5．My suggestion is that more people from all walks of life  ___________ (encourage) to finance the project with their deeper love for these children. 6．The Antarctica is so mysteriously described by some people. If only I ___________ (be) there before! 7．If it ___________ (rain) tomorrow, I wouldn’t go to the grocery store. 8．The rising temperatures remind people ___________ (reduce) the damage to nature. 9．He has a strong wish ___________ (inspire) others with his words. 10．If you introduce yourself to a friendly face, you are more likely___________ (experience) local culture and customs first-hand. 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】 Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse ____60____ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for ____61____ first time. 【2024·新高考Ⅱ卷】 “Some of the things that Tang was writing about ___38___ (be)also Shakespeare’s concerns. Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, ___40___ (inspire)by The Peony Pavilion, ___41___ (build)at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace. 【2024年全国甲卷】 They ____44____（be）part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there. 【2024年浙江卷1月】 However, though it’s nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages, it would help even more if they could sometimes ____41____ (offer) in smaller packs. Even the biggest sausage fan doesn’t want to eat them every day.【41题详解】 If your supermarket sells loose produce, then buying smaller quantities is easier. Over the last two years, some supermarkets ____42____ (start) selling chicken or salad in packs ____43____ (design) with two halves containing separate portions (份). 【2024北京卷】 On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood ___15___ (name) the world’s oldest living man. My heart went out to him, and I ___20___ (jog) over to him. As I handed him the glasses, he looked at me and said, “Thanks!” 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！共 23 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$