第08辑二轮专题 2025届阅读微技能之段落大意题（提分干货+高考真题+名校模拟）-2025届新高三英语提分培优通关练

· 第08辑二轮专题 2025届阅读微技能之段落大意题 · （提分干货+高考真题+名校模拟）原卷版 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，提供高效提分干货，帮你举一反三提分 一、段落大意题干扰项特征 1.过于笼统，不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的范围。 2.以偏概全，主次不分。以文章中的细节内容或个别词语做出选项内容。 3.移花接木，偷换概念。选项中定语和状语影响语意范围，或者把属于A的内容放在B上。 4.主观臆测，无中生有。选项中关键词也在文中提及，但选项的实际含义与文章主题无关。 二、段落大意题两大抓手 1.寻找段落主题句 解答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。一般而言，每个段落总有一个中心，通常中心思想会在首句或尾句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。总体来说，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中；若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。 2.确定段落关键词 段落中反复出现的词汇一般就是段落关键词，往往需要出现在正确选项中。 三、段落大意题思维导图 真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分技巧和应试思维！ (2024新课标I卷第26题)“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine – combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 24. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him? A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict. C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude. 25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A. He was trained in it at university. B. He was inspired by another veterinarian. C. He benefited from it as a patient. D. He wanted to save money for pet owners. 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance. C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection. 模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！ 【01】（24-25高三上·辽宁大连·期中）When climate activists gathered in front of a copy of The Last Supper at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, criticizing the British government’s support of the fossil fuel industry, people reflected deeply on their argument. But when protesters threw tomato soup at Van Gogh’s Sunflowers, and mashed potatoes at Haystacks by Monet, criticism rose. “We have been deeply shaken by their absurd and risky endangerment,” read a statement from the International Council of Museums. Luckily the targeted works are protected behind glass, so actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts proves their point: that people care more about the possible destruction of a painting than the actual destruction of the planet. But as the attacks wear down, and their impact decreases, they risk changing into a joke. What’s especially misguided about the protests is that they ask people to make a choice — “What is worth more, art or life?” But why choose? “It’s possible to blame both environmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair of the Boston Art Commission, said. Art is not the problem here. In fact, some artists are making quite effective works about the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. One such example is Maya Lin’s Ghost Forest, a climate change memorial she created in a New York City park. The climate activists are surely correct that the pace of reform is far too slow, as the planet burns and deadly storms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere efforts of millions of people working on the issue. It would be easier to gain people’s support and respect if they were to spend their time and energy on the unexciting but essential political work around climate change: legislation (法律), regulation, and winning hearts and minds. Predictably, the debates caused by the protests have not been about climate change, but about the protests themselves. Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion among people, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere drama. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．Presenting protesters’ attitude to art works. B．Blaming the British Government’s decision. C．Stressing the seriousness of environment crises. D．Contrasting public attitudes to activists’ protests. 2．Which expression best describes climate activists’ vandalizing action? A．The end justifies the means. B．Art speaks where words fail. C．The freedom of protest should be protected. D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis. 3．Why does the author mention Maya Lin’s Ghost Forest in paragraph 3? A．To blame the two kinds of vandalism. B．To prove art is more important than life. C．To advocate people making right choices. D．To show some artists are pulling their weight. 4．What is the author’s attitude to the protesters’ attacks to art? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Unfavorable. D．Tolerant. 【02】（24-25高三上·云南·阶段练习）As part of a post-fire response and recovery project, the Debris Flow Hazard Team (泥石流危害小组) is engaging in several studies to better understand the drivers of post-fire debris flows and improve post-fire hazard assessments across the Pacific Northwest. Wildfires make debris flows easy to happen, a fast-moving mixture of water, soil, and rock that can cause property damage and loss of life. After a wildfire, emergency managers need rapid answers to the questions: Where are debris flows likely? How much rain will it take to cause a debris flow? And how big will that debris flow be? Researchers are conducting applied research and emergency hazard assessments to answer these questions. Evaluated burn areas they’ve assessed included the nearly 2021 Dixie fire, the 2020 Labor Day wildfires, and many of the 2021 wildfires in Washington. The models used for hazard assessment have been developed and tested in drier places. But the models have not been tested widely in wetter places. Are the models accurate for wetter regions? Researchers have begun monitoring post-fire debris-flow activity in wetter places to answer the question. Post-fire monitoring involves measuring the rainfall within the burned areas and recording the flow response after rainstorms. The observed flow response is compared to the predicted possibility. If the model predicted a high possibility of debris flow and there was a debris flow, the model got it right. Recent data bespeaks both similarities and differences in debris-flow processes between the areas with higher humidity (湿度) and drier areas. For example, in the 2021 Dixie fire, major debris flows were caused by short bursts of intense rainfall like they are in drier places. In contrast, debris flows in the 2017 Eagle Creek Fire were caused by long time rainfall. Continued observation and testing is expected to lead to an improved set of hazard assessment models. Other frequently asked questions after wildfires are: How far will debris flows travel? What will be impacted? And how long will the burned areas remain hazardous? These questions are presently not addressed in current debris-flow hazard assessments, but the researchers are doing research to provide answers soon. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．Contents included in a project. B．Hazards caused by debris flows. C．Causes of post-fire debris flows. D．Reasons for conducting the studies. 2．What places are current studies focusing on? A．Places seldom noticed. B．Places with debris flow records. C．Places with higher humidity. D．Places once affected by wildfires. 3．What does the underlined word “bespeaks” mean in paragraph 4? A．Replaces. B．Reveals. C．Recognizes. D．Recommends. 4．What may be included in the next studies according to the text? A．Methods to prevent debris flows. B．Possible effects of debris flows. C．The lasting time of the debris flows. D．Other risks in the burned areas. 【03】（24-25高三上·安徽·阶段练习）Fire season is approaching in the massive Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge in east Alaska, where fires have long been allowed to burn unchecked unless they threaten human life and property. But as climate change increases the frequency of these fires, the land’s overseers (监督者) are changing course. Working with scientists, refuge managers have designed a pilot programme to send experienced firefighting teams into remote areas to protect not people but permafrost (永久冻土). The forests of the Denmark-sized refuge cover a deep layer of permafrost — frozen ground that holds enormous quantities of carbon across the Northern Hemisphere. After fires remove vegetation and soils, however, that frozen ground often begins to melt, releasing its stores of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. New research suggests that the resulting emissions, from both the fires themselves and the subsequent permafrost melt, could be equal to those of a major global economy over the course of this century. This could effectively reduce by up to 20% the amount of carbon dioxide that humanity can emit and still meet its goal of limiting global warming to 1.5℃ above preindustrial levels. A rise in fire frequency can have cascading effects (级联效应) on the ecosystem. Historically, northern forests have burnt once every 70 — 120 years, which gives the black-spruce (黑云杉) forest that dominates the ecosystem enough time to regenerate and rebuild carbon in the soil. More-frequent fires can burn ‘legacy’ carbon that has accumulated over centuries and can also kill off the black spruce. That provides an opening for leafy deciduous (落叶的) trees, which do not promote the kind of carbon-rich soils that separate permafrost. Fire control could help to put off some of these effects, buying humanity time to address the climate crisis. It could be a few decades before scientists can determine whether the effort pays off, but we have to try. 1．How did the refuge authorities deal with fires in the past? A．They dropped firefighters by parachute. B．They took no measures if there was no threat. C．They protected permafrost rather than people. D．They sent well-trained pilots to remote areas. 2．What are Paragraphs 2 and 3 mainly about? A．The effect of fires on permafrost. B．The numbers of carbon emissions. C．The advance of global economy. D．The tendency of global warming. 3．Which is not mentioned concerning the cascading effects? A．More emissions of greenhouse gas. B．More destruction of black spruce. C．The rise of leafy deciduous trees. D．The increase in carbon-rich soils. 4．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Addressing the climate crisis is credited to firefighting teams. B．It is no good changing the long- standing fire control policies. C．There’s still a long way to go before addressing climate crisis. D．Our effort will definitely pay off if we protect the permafrost. 【04】（24-25高三上·山东·阶段练习）Classics of art are supposed to carry some mysterious appeal that continues to exist across the ages. But as Rochelle Gurstein, a historian, writes in a new book, the“timeless classic” is anything but. “What I believed was written in stone was actually written in water,” she argues. Classics come and go. The rise and fall of classics is not just a matter of changing tastes; art itself has changed. Artists used to focus on ideal forms of beauty. Genius was the “child of imitation”. Artists learned by studying and imitating classical masterpieces, often Roman copies of Greek sculptures. But such classical ideals were challenged by “discoveries”. Lord Elgin tried to fix up the magnificent friezes (雕带) that once beautified the Parthenon, but restorers refused. When the marbles (大理石雕像) went on display in 1807, British visitors did not see the perfect Roman sculptures they were used to. Timeless “ideals” paled in comparison with the timeworn marbles, and artists began to feel “cut off” from the classical tradition, writes Ms Gurstein. The writing of art history has also changed tastes. In the 16th century Giorgio Vasari, an Italian painter, advanced an influential story of artistic progress that reached its peak in the realism of Raphael and Michelangelo. But in the 19th century John Ruskin, a critic, called attention to the pre-Raphaelite movement when he argued that the real “Old Masters” were actually Middle Ages Christian painters, Walter Pater, an English critic, later upgraded the individual interpretation of art as the most important criterion of judgment, planting the seeds for the aesthetic (审美) relativism that still dominates. Ms Gurstein’s narrative shows that the “status of a classic” depends on critics, and is proof to the power of passionate writers to change the way people look at art. Taste evolves, and it should. But culture lives on only as long as people continue to argue over what counts as a classic today. The true enemy of the classic is not relativism or wokeness. It is silence. 1．What does the underlined words “written in water” mean? A．The way of writing a classic is special. B．The appreciation of classics is constant. C．The“timeless classic”changes over time D．The art classics are hard to understand. 2．Why does the author mention the “marbles” on display in paragraph 3? A．To highlight Lord Elgin's restoration efforts B．To show the popularity of Roman sculptures C．To argue for the preservation of ancient art. D．To demonstrate the change of classical tradition. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The rise of modern art. B．The development of artistic preferences, C．The techniques of old masters D．The transformation of creative methods, 4．What has a significant influence on aesthetic relativism? A．Realistic style. B．Ancient Christian art. C．Art critics’views. D．Historical narratives. 【05】（24-25高三上·湖北·阶段练习）During the day, Gellin is the Pediatric Residents (儿科实习医生) Program Director at the UR Medical Center (URMC) and a doctor at Golisano Children’s Hospital. At night though, twice a week she leads Zumba classes that attract all sorts of people. Participants don’t need to copy Gellin’s moves exactly, rather she tells everyone to have fun and move their bodies in whatever way feels the most comfortable for them. “There are no mistakes in Zumba,” she says. “Zumba is meant to be a workout after all, so my goal is to present a level that no matter where you are, you have to push yourself.” With songs involving more fitness movements such as squats and jumping jacks, Gellin makes sure to alternate (交替) the higher and lower intensity songs and dances, giving students a bit of a breather in between and always ending with a cooldown period of stretches and deep breathing. Each year at URMC, new pediatrics residents get a crash course in Zumba as well. “Residency is a time where it’s probably every physicians’ steepest learning curve in their life,” Gellin said. Drawing some comparisons to beginning a Zumba class, she said,“ It’s a time where they are thrown into doing things they may not feel comfortable doing but there’s always people around to support them.” Gellin noted that most of her job is actually centered around education rather than practicing medicine, so she spends a lot of time thinking about what safe learning spaces mean and look like. This has translated into her Zumba teaching as well; while there are no mistakes in Zumba, as she tells newcomers, there are unfortunately mistakes in medicine-some with serious consequences. Gellin works on setting up learning so her residents can have safety nets to catch them if they make an error in judgment and prevent patient harm. “A really important part of medicine is actually ‘be who you are’,” Gellin said. “It’s OK if you do it a little differently than I do it. I’m your guide.” 1．What do we know about Gellin’s zumba classes? A．They are open to her residents only. B．They are given on a bi-weekly basis. C．They are casually taken by participants. D．They are moderately challenging. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．People’s support to Zumba beginners. B．The similarity of starting Zumba and residency. C．The popularity of Zumba classes among residents. D．The toughest period for future physicians. 3．What is the focus of Gellin’s job as a doctor? A．Encouraging diversity in medical practice. B．Preventing residents’ errors in judgement. C．Offering guidance on residents’ possible mistakes. D．Creating a tolerant environment for any outcomes. 4．Which words best describe Gellin? A．Active and supportive. B．Humble and modest. C．Strict and demanding. D．Energetic and aggressive. 【06】（24-25高三上·湖南长沙·阶段练习）You constantly find yourself apologizing to a friend when you’ve done nothing wrong. You feel you must obey someone’s demands, fearing that he/ she will reveal a secret or weakness. Or perhaps a relative is trying to make you feel obliged to do something by saying, “That’s what friends or family do for each other.” They arouse feelings of guilt in you for not meeting their needs. If you have had experiences with any of these cases, then you are the victim of emotional blackmail (勒索). This style of handle controls you through your emotions. Fear, obligation and guilt — FOG — are used by an emotional blackmailer to get what they want from people. Anyone — a friend, colleague, parent, partner or other family members — could be that person. Their demands are intended to control their victim’s behavior in unhealthy methods. Dr. Susan Forward identifies six stages in emotional blackmail. Implied or obvious demands come first. “I don’t think you should do things with that person. They’re not good for you.” After this kind of statement is stage two: Resistance. The victim often avoids the blackmailer or suggests alternatives instead of saying no. Stage three is persistent pressure by the blackmailer: “If we were really friends, you’d do it.” Stage four involves threats: “If you don’t do this… then I will…” The victim doesn’t want the blackmailer to make good on their threats, so obedience (顺从), which is stage five, often leaves the victim feeling guilty or resentful. In stage six the blackmailer backs off until the next demand. What can you do? First, recognize if you are being pressured, threatened or controlled. Stay calm, so you can consider other possibilities. Identify your triggers; don’t be pressured into an immediate response. Offer a compromise. Tell the blackmailer how you feel, and give them a chance to acknowledge their behavior and change. If they won’t, walk away from the relationship. Under no circumstances should you let your fears be used against you. 1．What is called emotional blackmail? A．Having experiences of fear, obligation and guilt. B．Reaching goals through emotional controls over others. C．Enriching one’s emotions like fear, obligation and guilt. D．Getting whatever one wants without any emotional changes. 2．Which of the following can be the second stage of blackmail? A．The victim felt scared to be threatened and asked others for help. B．The victim announced, “I would not do as you ordered any more!” C．The victim said, “How about treating you to a big meal instead?” D．The victim decided to have a face- to- face talk with the blackmailer. 3．What does the underlined word “resentful” in the last paragraph but one mean? A．Angry. B．Frightened. C．Indifferent. D．Amazed. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The risks of emotionally blackmailing others. B．The steps of avoiding being emotionally blackmailed. C．The suggestions on punishing an emotional blackmailer. D．The ways to prevent oneself emotionally blackmailing others. 【07】（24-25高三上·山东聊城·阶段练习）Researchers at the University of Waterloo are developing new technology that would free people with diabetes (糖尿病) from painful finger sticks to monitor their blood sugar. A team led by engineering professor George Shaker has combined radar and artificial intelligence (AI) to detect changes in glucose (葡萄糖) levels without the need to draw blood several times a day. The system under development uses the radar device to send high-frequency radio waves into liquids containing various levels of glucose and receive radio waves that are reflected back to it. Information on the reflected waves is then changed into digital data for analysis by machine-learning AI, developed by the researchers. The software is capable of detecting glucose changes based on more than 500 wave features or characteristics including how long it takes for them to return to the device. Initial tests with volunteers at the Research Institute for Aging in Waterloo achieved results that were 85 percent as accurate as traditional, invasive blood analysis. “The result was actually amazing,” says Shaker. “We have shown it is possible to use radar to look into blood to detect changes.” Next steps include enhancing the system to precisely quantify (量化) glucose levels and obtain results through the skin, which makes the process more challenging. The research team is also working with German hardware company Infineon to make the radar device smaller so that it is both low-cost and low-power. The data analyzed by AI is now sent wirelessly to computers, but the final aim is self-contained technology similar to the smartwatches that monitor heart rate. “I’m hoping we’ll see a wearable device on the market within the next five years,” Shaker says. “There are challenges, but the research has been going at a really good rate.” 1．What is paragraph 3 of the text mainly about? A．The radar-reflected wave analysis process. B．The technical principle underlying the system. C．The machine-learning-powered glucose detection. D．The high-frequency wave transmission technique. 2．What do Shaker’s words in paragraph 5 suggest? A．The radar system’s practicality is proven. B．The radar technology’s limitations are noticed. C．The volunteers’ test performance was highlighted. D．The traditional blood analysis’s accuracy is emphasized. 3．What does the follow-up study focus on? A．Developing smartwatches for AI analysis. B．Exploring low-cost AI and radar technology. C．Improving skin-based glucose quantification. D．Sending analyzed data to computers wirelessly. 4．What is Shaker’s attitude toward the research? A．Unclear. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Favorable. 【08】（24-25高三上·海南·阶段练习）So a lot has been going on lately in my life, and one of them is getting a new job as an international student, not to mention the research position at my university, my regular classes, gym and guitar practice. Balancing these things has become so annoying that some days I just want to be left alone without talking to anyone. But something miraculous happened when I started waking up at 5:30 in the morning. At the start, it was really difficult and made me miserable. I turned off my alarm a lot of times, which resulted in me missing my buses and trains, which had a chain reaction—I got late for work and had some issues with my job. Recently, I went to the bookstore and laid my eyes on the book Morning Miracle, which said that the author changed his life after getting up just half an hour earlier than usual, so copying his method, I did the same. I got up at 5:30 sharp, and followed the following schedule: 5 minutes of journaling; 5 minutes of drinking water in peace; 5 minutes of meditation (冥想); 5 minutes of push-ups; 5 minutes of looking at vision board. I found that after following these basic habits for 21 days straight, I got my performance in my job to a new overwhelming level. When I walk down the passage, I feel as if I took Compound Vitamin. I can feel the air hitting my face differently, and I am more focused and energetic to get through each day and still have the energy for myself. I tried to rationalize (使合理化) this by stating that this is the comfort effect, but no, things have been actually different for me. Starting your day in the best way in the morning will help you maintain the focus you need to optimize your daily tasks, your body, soul and mind. 1．What was the author’s university life like before? A．It was satisfying. B．It was meaningful. C．It was destructive. D．It was troublesome. 2．Why does the author mention Morning Miracle? A．To show how his life changed. B．To recommend the book to readers. C．To prove the influence of celebrities. D．To emphasize the importance of reading. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The routine in the morning. B．The process of the workout. C．The motivation for change. D．The advice for the exercise. 4．What is probably the best title for this text? A．Enjoying Present Life to the Fullest B．Walking out of the Comfort Zone Is Key C．The Changes Since Getting Up at 5:30 D．Balancing All the Things Is Possible 【09】（24-25高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习）Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports. The findings indicate that users may underestimate the extent to which their own moral judgments can be influenced by the chatbot. Sebastian Krigel and colleagues asked ChatGPT multiple times whether it is right to sacrifice (牺牲) the life of one person in order to save the lives of five others. They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场). The authors then presented 767 U. S. participants, who were on average 39 years old, with a dilemma whether to sacrifice one person’s life to save five others. Before answering, participants read a statement provided by ChatGPT arguing either for or against sacrificing one life to save five. Statements were from either a moral advisor or ChatGPT. After answering, participants were asked whether the statement they read influenced their answers. Eighty percent of participants reported that their answers were not influenced by the statements they read. However, the authors found that the answers participants believed they would have provided without reading the statements were still more likely to agree with the moral stance of the statement they did read than with the opposite stance. This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments. The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgments highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgment or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings. 1．What are ChatGPT’s answers to a certain moral stance like according to Paragraph 2? A．Inconsistent. B．Valuable. C．Creative. D．Simple. 2．What is learned about the participants? A．They admitted the power of ChatGPT. B．They were interviewed by a moral advisor. C．They were affected by ChatGPT unknowingly. D．They were presented with different moral dilemmas. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Different findings of the study. B．Future potentials for chatbots. C．Major focuses of future education. D．Solutions to the impact of chatbots. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．ChatGPT Tends to Cause Moral Panics B．ChatGPT: Is It Likely to Affect Our Life? C．ChatGPT:Why Is It Making Us So Nervous? D．ChatGPT Can Influence Human Moral Judgments 【10】（24-25高三上·辽宁·阶段练习）When Celia Barberena retired in 2012 after a long career in higher education, she faced a new challenge: how to spend her retirement. While some view retirement as a time to relax and enjoy life without pressure, Barberena wanted to engage in something meaningful. At 67, she decided that volunteering would be her new focus. Barberena believes that volunteering helps keep her mind sharp, and recent research backs her up. A study presented at the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference indicated that volunteering is connected with better scores on cognitive (认知) function tests. Volunteers are vital to communities, and many organizations rely on their contributions. Donna McCullough, Chief Mission and Field Operations Officer at the Alzheimer’s Association, hopes these findings will inspire people to volunteer not just for community but also for potential brain health benefits. This research stands out because it included a diverse population of nearly 2,500 participants who varied in race. background, and education levels. Previous studies have found positive links between volunteering and cognitive function； however, when it comes to the new research, it found that those who volunteered performed better on tests of planning, attention focusing, task prioritization, and memory recall, regardless of their age, gender, education, or income. Now 75, Barberena stays busy with various volunteer roles. She believes that volunteering exercises her memory and reasoning skills. Additionally, she notes that retirement can lead to isolation (孤独), and the resulting loneliness or anxiety can negatively impact cognition, making social engagement even more crucial. Volunteering has provided Barberena with a sense of purpose and a network of friends, all of which are invaluable to her mental health and overall quality of life. Experts suggest that the positive effects of volunteering create a beneficial cycle that can help reduce depression and loneliness. Even with physical limitations, many volunteering opportunities are available online, making it accessible to almost everyone. The key is to find an activity that is enjoyable and personally rewarding, allowing individuals to stay engaged and mentally active in their later years. 1．Why did Barberena turn to volunteering? A．To pursue a purposeful activity. B．To enjoy a stress-free retirement. C．To avoid additional responsibilities. D．To confirm recent research findings 2．What makes the new research unique? A．Its narrow focus. B．Its mixed sample. C．Its high accuracy. D．Its small selection. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Berberena’s gains from volunteering. B．Barberena’s motivation for retirement. C．Barberena’s challenges in volunteering. D．Barberena’s hobbies outside volunteering. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Volunteering primarily benefits physical health. B．Volunteering should be satisfying and meaningful. C．Online volunteering is suited for skilled professionals. D．Only in-person volunteering offers a sense of purpose. 【11】（24-25高三上·全国·阶段练习）Picture this: Your computer could sense your emotions as you worked — feeling your joy at completing a task, your boredom during repetitive data entry, or your frustration when an error message keeps emerging. This might sound like science fiction, but researchers are bringing this vision closer to reality by developing advanced computational models that can predict human emotions during computer interactions. At the forefront of this effort is a team of Finnish scientists who have created a model. The model essentially puts itself in the user’s shoes, simulating (模拟) the series of actions, outcomes, and cognitive appraisals (认知评估) that ultimately give rise to emotions like happiness, boredom, or frustration. To test their model, the researchers designed a series of interactive computer tasks meant to cause specific emotions. In the “happiness” task, users answered a series of questions and received positive feedback for correct responses. The “boredom” task involved a series of repetitive questions. In the “frustration” task, the system was intentionally programmed to display error messages and ultimately fail, regardless of the user’s answers. As study participants worked through these tasks, the emotional reactions predicted by the model closely matched the emotions reported by the users themselves. The model was even able to discover small changes, such as a steady increase in frustration over the course of the error-ridden task. The researchers believe their emotion-predicting model could pave the way for a new generation of emotionally intelligent computers that can tailor their behavior to the user’s psychological state. An effective system might offer a stressed user comforting words of encouragement, liven up a boring task with humor, or provide emotional assistance when frustration mounts. “By creating interactions that are more emotionally attuned, designers could boost user engagement, productivity, and overall well-being,” they add. However, the model is still in progress and needs to be extended to recognize a wider range of emotions across more complex, real-world computer interactions. The researchers also emphasize the importance of gathering more diverse training data to ensure the model can accurately predict emotions for users of all backgrounds. 1．How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A．By making a comparison. B．By creating an imaginary scene. C．By telling a real life story. D．By sharing a popular book. 2．What were computer users asked to do in the study? A．Comfort each other. B．Report their feelings. C．Get rid of boredom. D．Stay disconnected online. 3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Great improvements on the model. B．Characteristics of future computer users. C．Researchers’ expectation of their model. D．Computer users’ responses to the model. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Smart Computers May Replace Humans B．Interactions with Computers Are Enjoyable C．Computers Might Understand Our Emotions D．An Emotion-predicting Model Meets Challenges 【12】（24-25高三上·广西·阶段练习）Chloe Ricketts is only 15 years old, but she’s already signed a professional contract with the Washington Spirit soccer team. That makes her the youngest player ever to sign with the National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL). Chloe began working out with the Washington Spirit team in January. She trained with the team in Florida and Virginia. During training, Chloe impressed the team’s managers with her ability to compete with the other professional players. That led the team to offer her the contract. Chloe started playing soccer when she was seven. She claims that at the time, she was “the worst on the team”. She says she improved through hard work, extra training, and staying late after practice. In 2021, she played on a girls’ team, which went to the national finals of the Elite Clubs National League. She also played on a boys’ team, the 2007 Boys Ann Arbor Tigers, which won the Michigan State Cup that year. In January of 2022, Chloe signed with AFC Ann Arbor — a team that is part of USL League Two. USL League Two helps develop players for the NWSL. When she joined AFC Ann Arbor, Chloe was just 14 the youngest player ever to join the club. But Chloe isn’t the first 15-year-old to play for the NWSL. The NWSL used to have a rule saying that no one under the age of 18 could join its teams. But in 2021, another 15-year-old, Olivia Moultrie, took the league to court. Olivia won her case, and the NWSL made special rules that allowed players younger than 18 to join. The new rules are mainly designed to protect young players, and require that the players live with a parent. They also protect young players from being traded to another team unless both the player and the parents agree. When Chloe signed with the Washington Spirit, she was 15 years and 283 days old, beating Olivia’s record by three days. 1．What contributed to Chloe’s signing with NWSL? A．Her competitive competence. B．Her staying late after practice. C．Her willingness to do extra training. D．Her potential to be a world-class star. 2．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A．Chloe’s challenging experiences in life. B．Chloe’s shooting up in the soccer world. C．Chloe’s good cooperation with teammates. D．Chloe’s personal achievements in matches. 3．What can we learn about Olivia from Paragraph 5? A．She advocated against trading players. B．She persuaded NWSL to protect its players. C．She challenged and broke the NWSL’s old rule. D．She helped NWSL make rules for playing soccer. 4．What might be the most suitable title for the text? A．An American girl breaking a record in the World Cup. B．Chloe Ricketts making efforts to reform NWSL greatly. C．US professional women soccer getting more fresh blood. D．The youngest player entering US professional women’s soccer league. 【13】（2024·湖南永州·一模）The Oceans in Depth series from the University of Chicago Press aims to place “the ocean at the center of our narratives (叙述) about the past.” Wilko Graf von Hardenberg’s new book on the history of sea level, Sea Level: A History, is no different. In it, von Hardenberg, a historian of the environment and science, describes the pursuit of a standardized definition of sea level through the history of geology, oceanography, hydrography and coastal engineering. What emerges is a slim volume that raises big questions about the nature of global science in the modern age. The book is divided into two major sections. The first three chapters tell the history of debates surrounding the development of a standardized mean sea level. These take the reader from early German mathematical theories of sea level subsidence (下沉) through the debates about geological and oceanographic processes. In the next section, von Hardenberg shows how the development of standard ideas of sea level became a basis for scientific and public debates about the history and future of shifting coastlines. The final chapter brings the discussion into the present, with a chapter devoted to current debates about sea level. One of the most interesting clues in the book is related to technology. The making of an international mean required the standardization of measurement technologies. According to the author,“ the history of the assessment of sea level is part of a broader development toward the reform and unification of reference points and metrics.” This history includes tracing (追溯) instrumentation from barometry (气压测定法) to tide gauges (测量仪器) and satellites. Technology is not replaced, reveals von Hardenberg. New methods develop, built upon the infrastructure of older technologies still being used. For instance, the first self-registering (自动记录的) tidal gauge was equipped at the Sheerness, England, dockyard in 1831, and up to a third of all gauging stations throughout Europe still used simple scaled gauges in 1890. Sea Level is a powerful reminder that examining the history of scientific values can shed light on both the structure of modern science and its impact on the near future. This book is well written, and informative without using any unnecessary words and it is a strong example of what ocean history has to offer. 1．Why does the author mention the Oceans in Depth series in Paragraph 1? A．To define sea level. B．To introduce the topic. C．To give examples of ocean history. D．To compare the contents of the books. 2．What is presented in the first section of the book ? A．The future of shifting coastlines. B．The influence of sea level subsidence. C．The basis for scientific and public debates. D．The debates about geological and oceanographic processes. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The highlight of the book. B．The progress of technology. C．The application of old technology. D．The background of writing the book. 4．What does the author of the passage like about Sea Level? A．Its humorous tone. B．Its brief language. C．Its writing structure. D．Its traditional perspective. 试卷第44页，共45页 18 / 18 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ · 第08辑二轮专题 2025届阅读微技能之段落大意题 · （提分干货+高考真题+名校模拟）解析版 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，提供高效提分干货，帮你举一反三提分 一、段落大意题干扰项特征 1.过于笼统，不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的范围。 2.以偏概全，主次不分。以文章中的细节内容或个别词语做出选项内容。 3.移花接木，偷换概念。选项中定语和状语影响语意范围，或者把属于A的内容放在B上。 4.主观臆测，无中生有。选项中关键词也在文中提及，但选项的实际含义与文章主题无关。 二、段落大意题两大抓手 1.寻找段落主题句 解答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。一般而言，每个段落总有一个中心，通常中心思想会在首句或尾句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。总体来说，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中；若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。 2.确定段落关键词 段落中反复出现的词汇一般就是段落关键词，往往需要出现在正确选项中。 三、段落大意题思维导图 真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分技巧和应试思维！ (2024新课标I卷第26题)“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine – combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 24. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him? A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict. C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude. 25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A. He was trained in it at university. B. He was inspired by another veterinarian. C. He benefited from it as a patient. D. He wanted to save money for pet owners. 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance. C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection. 【答案】24. A 25. C 26. D 27. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用于动物，并取得了初步成效。 24.细节理解题。根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.( 如果他看起来有点自卫，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。) ”可知，Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。故选A。 25.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.(然后，他尝试了针灸，这是一种古老的中国疗法，并惊讶地发现，经过两三次治疗，他的病情有所好转。对兽医有效的方法似乎对他的病人也有效。因此，在研究了这些技术几年后，他开始把它们提供给宠物。)”可知，Farber作为患者从针灸中受益，这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。 26.主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。 27.推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ( 法伯确信，随着时间的推移，综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的:自1982年以来，美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。)”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。 模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！ 【01】（24-25高三上·辽宁大连·期中）When climate activists gathered in front of a copy of The Last Supper at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, criticizing the British government’s support of the fossil fuel industry, people reflected deeply on their argument. But when protesters threw tomato soup at Van Gogh’s Sunflowers, and mashed potatoes at Haystacks by Monet, criticism rose. “We have been deeply shaken by their absurd and risky endangerment,” read a statement from the International Council of Museums. Luckily the targeted works are protected behind glass, so actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts proves their point: that people care more about the possible destruction of a painting than the actual destruction of the planet. But as the attacks wear down, and their impact decreases, they risk changing into a joke. What’s especially misguided about the protests is that they ask people to make a choice — “What is worth more, art or life?” But why choose? “It’s possible to blame both environmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair of the Boston Art Commission, said. Art is not the problem here. In fact, some artists are making quite effective works about the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. One such example is Maya Lin’s Ghost Forest, a climate change memorial she created in a New York City park. The climate activists are surely correct that the pace of reform is far too slow, as the planet burns and deadly storms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere efforts of millions of people working on the issue. It would be easier to gain people’s support and respect if they were to spend their time and energy on the unexciting but essential political work around climate change: legislation (法律), regulation, and winning hearts and minds. Predictably, the debates caused by the protests have not been about climate change, but about the protests themselves. Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion among people, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere drama. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．Presenting protesters’ attitude to art works. B．Blaming the British Government’s decision. C．Stressing the seriousness of environment crises. D．Contrasting public attitudes to activists’ protests. 2．Which expression best describes climate activists’ vandalizing action? A．The end justifies the means. B．Art speaks where words fail. C．The freedom of protest should be protected. D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis. 3．Why does the author mention Maya Lin’s Ghost Forest in paragraph 3? A．To blame the two kinds of vandalism. B．To prove art is more important than life. C．To advocate people making right choices. D．To show some artists are pulling their weight. 4．What is the author’s attitude to the protesters’ attacks to art? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Unfavorable. D．Tolerant. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响。 1．主旨大意题。由文章第一段“When climate activists gathered in front of a copy of The Last Supper at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, criticizing the British government’s support of the fossil fuel industry, people reflected deeply on their argument. But when protesters threw tomato soup at Van Gogh’s Sunflowers, and mashed potatoes at Haystacks by Monet, criticism rose.(当气候活动家聚集在伦敦皇家艺术学院的一幅《最后的晚餐》前，批评英国政府对化石燃料行业的支持时，人们对他们的论点进行了深刻的反思。但当抗议者向梵高的《向日葵》扔番茄汤，向莫奈的《干草堆》扔土豆泥时，批评声越来越大。)”可知，第一段主要介绍抗议者对艺术作品的态度。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。由文章第二段“And perhaps the anger greeting their acts proves their point: that people care more about the possible destruction of a painting than the actual destruction of the planet. (也许他们的行为所引发的愤怒证明了他们的观点：人们更关心的是一幅画的可能毁灭，而不是地球的实际毁灭。)”可知，气候活动家的激进行为是为了证明他们的观点（即人们更关心艺术品的潜在破坏，而不是地球的实际破坏），这让普通群众对此感到愤怒，可得出气候活动家的行动表明了A项The end justifies the means. (为了达到目的，不择手段。)。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。由文章第三段“Art is not the problem here. In fact, some artists are making quite effective works about the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. One such example is Maya Lin’s Ghost Forest, a climate change memorial she created in a New York City park.(艺术不是这里的问题。事实上，一些艺术家正在制作关于气候危机的非常有效的作品，正是将艺术作为行动主义。其中一个例子是Maya Lin的Ghost Forest，这是她在纽约市公园创建的一座气候变化纪念碑。)”可推测，作者在第三段中提到了Lin的Ghost Forest，以表明一些艺术家也在努力呼吁关注气候危机。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Predictably, the debates caused by the protests have not been about climate change, but about the protests themselves. Given how little they’ve done to generate serious discussion among people, the art attacks seem less like vital acts of lawbreaking than mere drama.(可以预见的是，抗议活动引发的争论不是关于气候变化，而是关于抗议活动本身。鉴于他们在引发人们认真讨论方面做得很少，这些艺术攻击似乎更像是一场闹剧，而不是至关重要的违法行为。)”可知，作者认为抗议活动并没有引起广泛的关注，而更像一场闹剧一样。所以作者对抗议者攻击艺术的态度是不支持的。故选C项。 【02】（24-25高三上·云南·阶段练习）As part of a post-fire response and recovery project, the Debris Flow Hazard Team (泥石流危害小组) is engaging in several studies to better understand the drivers of post-fire debris flows and improve post-fire hazard assessments across the Pacific Northwest. Wildfires make debris flows easy to happen, a fast-moving mixture of water, soil, and rock that can cause property damage and loss of life. After a wildfire, emergency managers need rapid answers to the questions: Where are debris flows likely? How much rain will it take to cause a debris flow? And how big will that debris flow be? Researchers are conducting applied research and emergency hazard assessments to answer these questions. Evaluated burn areas they’ve assessed included the nearly 2021 Dixie fire, the 2020 Labor Day wildfires, and many of the 2021 wildfires in Washington. The models used for hazard assessment have been developed and tested in drier places. But the models have not been tested widely in wetter places. Are the models accurate for wetter regions? Researchers have begun monitoring post-fire debris-flow activity in wetter places to answer the question. Post-fire monitoring involves measuring the rainfall within the burned areas and recording the flow response after rainstorms. The observed flow response is compared to the predicted possibility. If the model predicted a high possibility of debris flow and there was a debris flow, the model got it right. Recent data bespeaks both similarities and differences in debris-flow processes between the areas with higher humidity (湿度) and drier areas. For example, in the 2021 Dixie fire, major debris flows were caused by short bursts of intense rainfall like they are in drier places. In contrast, debris flows in the 2017 Eagle Creek Fire were caused by long time rainfall. Continued observation and testing is expected to lead to an improved set of hazard assessment models. Other frequently asked questions after wildfires are: How far will debris flows travel? What will be impacted? And how long will the burned areas remain hazardous? These questions are presently not addressed in current debris-flow hazard assessments, but the researchers are doing research to provide answers soon. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．Contents included in a project. B．Hazards caused by debris flows. C．Causes of post-fire debris flows. D．Reasons for conducting the studies. 2．What places are current studies focusing on? A．Places seldom noticed. B．Places with debris flow records. C．Places with higher humidity. D．Places once affected by wildfires. 3．What does the underlined word “bespeaks” mean in paragraph 4? A．Replaces. B．Reveals. C．Recognizes. D．Recommends. 4．What may be included in the next studies according to the text? A．Methods to prevent debris flows. B．Possible effects of debris flows. C．The lasting time of the debris flows. D．Other risks in the burned areas. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。山火容易诱发泥石流灾害，对火灾地区进行及时、有效的泥石流风险评估能为后续预警以及行动提供信息。 1．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“As part of a post-fire response and recovery project, the Debris Flow Hazard Team (泥石流危害小组) is engaging in several studies to better understand the drivers of post-fire debris flows and improve post- fire hazard assessments across the Pacific Northwest. Wildfires make debris flows easy to happen, a fast- moving mixture of water, soil, and rock that can cause property damage and loss of life. (作为火灾后反应和恢复项目的一部分，泥石流灾害小组正在进行几项研究，以更好地了解火灾后泥石流的驱动因素，并改进整个太平洋西北地区的火灾后灾害评估。野火使泥石流容易发生，一种快速移动的水、土壤和岩石的混合物会造成财产损失和生命损失。)”可知，第一段讲述了开展这项研究的原因。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Researchers have begun monitoring post- fire debris- flow activity in wetter places to answer the question.  Post-fire monitoring involves measuring the rainfall within the burned areas and recording the flow response after rainstorms. (研究人员已经开始在潮湿的地方监测火灾后的泥石流活动来回答这个问题。火灾后监测包括测量燃烧区域内的降雨量和记录暴雨后的流量反应。)”可知，目前的研究关注湿度更高的区域。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据文章第四段中的“both similarities and differences in debris-flow processes between the areas with higher humidity (湿度) and drier areas. (高湿度地区和干燥地区的泥石流过程既有相似之处，也有不同之处。)”可知，高湿度地区和干燥地区的泥石流过程既有相似之处，也有不同之处是最近的数据所显示或揭示的结果。bespeaks是“揭示，显示”的意思。A. Replaces替换；B. Reveals揭示，显示；C. Recognizes承认；D. Recommends建议。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Other frequently asked questions after wildfires are: How far will debris flows travel? What will be impacted? And how long will the burned areas remain hazardous? These questions are presently not addressed in current debris-flow hazard assessments, but the researchers are doing research to provide answers soon. (野火后经常被问到的其他问题是:泥石流会传播多远？会有什么影响?燃烧区域的危险还会持续多久？这些问题目前还没有在当前的泥石流危害评估中得到解决，但研究人员正在进行研究以尽快提供答案。)”可以推断，接下来的研究可能会关注泥石流可能造成的影响。故选B。 【03】（24-25高三上·安徽·阶段练习）Fire season is approaching in the massive Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge in east Alaska, where fires have long been allowed to burn unchecked unless they threaten human life and property. But as climate change increases the frequency of these fires, the land’s overseers (监督者) are changing course. Working with scientists, refuge managers have designed a pilot programme to send experienced firefighting teams into remote areas to protect not people but permafrost (永久冻土). The forests of the Denmark-sized refuge cover a deep layer of permafrost — frozen ground that holds enormous quantities of carbon across the Northern Hemisphere. After fires remove vegetation and soils, however, that frozen ground often begins to melt, releasing its stores of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. New research suggests that the resulting emissions, from both the fires themselves and the subsequent permafrost melt, could be equal to those of a major global economy over the course of this century. This could effectively reduce by up to 20% the amount of carbon dioxide that humanity can emit and still meet its goal of limiting global warming to 1.5℃ above preindustrial levels. A rise in fire frequency can have cascading effects (级联效应) on the ecosystem. Historically, northern forests have burnt once every 70 — 120 years, which gives the black-spruce (黑云杉) forest that dominates the ecosystem enough time to regenerate and rebuild carbon in the soil. More-frequent fires can burn ‘legacy’ carbon that has accumulated over centuries and can also kill off the black spruce. That provides an opening for leafy deciduous (落叶的) trees, which do not promote the kind of carbon-rich soils that separate permafrost. Fire control could help to put off some of these effects, buying humanity time to address the climate crisis. It could be a few decades before scientists can determine whether the effort pays off, but we have to try. 1．How did the refuge authorities deal with fires in the past? A．They dropped firefighters by parachute. B．They took no measures if there was no threat. C．They protected permafrost rather than people. D．They sent well-trained pilots to remote areas. 2．What are Paragraphs 2 and 3 mainly about? A．The effect of fires on permafrost. B．The numbers of carbon emissions. C．The advance of global economy. D．The tendency of global warming. 3．Which is not mentioned concerning the cascading effects? A．More emissions of greenhouse gas. B．More destruction of black spruce. C．The rise of leafy deciduous trees. D．The increase in carbon-rich soils. 4．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Addressing the climate crisis is credited to firefighting teams. B．It is no good changing the long- standing fire control policies. C．There’s still a long way to go before addressing climate crisis. D．Our effort will definitely pay off if we protect the permafrost. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文的体裁是说明文。文章主要介绍了阿拉斯加尤康平原国家野生动物保护区应对火灾的新策略，以及火灾对永久冻土和碳排放的影响。 1．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Fire season is approaching in the massive Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge in east Alaska, where fires have long been allowed to burn unchecked unless they threaten human life and property. (阿拉斯加东部大面积的育空平原国家野生动物保护区的火灾季节即将来临，长期以来，除非威胁到人类生命和财产，否则火灾一直被允许不受控制地燃烧)”可知，在过去，如果火灾不威胁人类生命和财产，避难当局就不采取任何行动。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。由文章第二段“The forests of the Denmark- sized refuge cover a deep layer of permafrost — frozen ground that holds enormous quantities of carbon across the Northern Hemisphere. After fires remove vegetation and soils, however, that frozen ground often begins to melt, releasing its stores of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. (这个丹麦大小的保护区的森林覆盖着一层很深的永久冻土层——整个北半球都储存着大量的碳。然而，在火灾带走植被和土壤之后，冻土往往开始融化，将其储存的二氧化碳和其他温室气体释放到大气中)”和第三段中“New research suggests that the resulting emissions, from both the fires themselves and the subsequent permafrost melt, could be equal to those of a major global economy over the course of this century. (新的研究表明，火灾本身及其随后的永久冻土融化所导致的排放量，在本世纪内可能相当于一个主要全球经济体的排放量)”可知，这两段主要讨论了火灾对永久冻土的影响。故选A。 3．细节理解题。由文章第四段“A rise in fire frequency can have cascading effects (级联效应) on the ecosystem. Historically, northern forests have burnt once every 70-120 years, which gives the black- spruce (黑云杉) forest that dominates the ecosystem enough time to regenerate and rebuild carbon in the soil. More-frequent fires can burn ‘legacy’ carbon that has accumulated over centuries and can also kill off the black spruce. That provides an opening for leafy deciduous (落叶的) trees, which do not promote the kind of carbon-rich soils that separate permafrost. (火灾频率的上升会对生态系统产生级联效应。历史上，北部森林每70至120年才会发生一次火灾，这给了以黑云杉为主的生态系统足够的时间来恢复和重建土壤中的碳。更加频繁的火灾会烧毁数百年积累下来的“遗产”碳，还会杀死黑云杉。这为落叶树的生长提供了机会，而落叶树并不会促进那种能够隔离永久冻土的富含碳的土壤的形成)”可知，“级联效应”中包含黑云杉的破坏、落叶树的增多。由第二段中“After fires remove vegetation and soils, however, that frozen ground often begins to melt, releasing its stores of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. (然而，在火灾带走植被和土壤之后，冻土往往开始融化，将其储存的二氧化碳和其他温室气体释放到大气中)”可知，火灾移除植被和土壤后，冻土开始融化，释放出其储存的二氧化碳和其他温室气体到大气中。这实际上是在描述火灾（以及随后的冻土融化）导致的温室气体排放量增加，尽管没有直接用“级联效应”来标签这一过程，但这个后果是火灾频率增加后可能产生的一系列影响之一。“级联效应”中并未提到增加富含碳的土壤。故选D。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“Fire control could help to put off some of these effects, buying humanity time to address the climate crisis. It could be a few decades before scientists can determine whether the effort pays off, but we have to try. (控制火灾可以帮助延缓其中一些影响，为人类解决气候危机赢得时间。科学家们可能需要几十年的时间才能确定这些努力是否有回报，但我们必须尝试)”可知，作者认为解决气候危机还有很长的路要走。故选C。 【04】（24-25高三上·山东·阶段练习）Classics of art are supposed to carry some mysterious appeal that continues to exist across the ages. But as Rochelle Gurstein, a historian, writes in a new book, the“timeless classic” is anything but. “What I believed was written in stone was actually written in water,” she argues. Classics come and go. The rise and fall of classics is not just a matter of changing tastes; art itself has changed. Artists used to focus on ideal forms of beauty. Genius was the “child of imitation”. Artists learned by studying and imitating classical masterpieces, often Roman copies of Greek sculptures. But such classical ideals were challenged by “discoveries”. Lord Elgin tried to fix up the magnificent friezes (雕带) that once beautified the Parthenon, but restorers refused. When the marbles (大理石雕像) went on display in 1807, British visitors did not see the perfect Roman sculptures they were used to. Timeless “ideals” paled in comparison with the timeworn marbles, and artists began to feel “cut off” from the classical tradition, writes Ms Gurstein. The writing of art history has also changed tastes. In the 16th century Giorgio Vasari, an Italian painter, advanced an influential story of artistic progress that reached its peak in the realism of Raphael and Michelangelo. But in the 19th century John Ruskin, a critic, called attention to the pre-Raphaelite movement when he argued that the real “Old Masters” were actually Middle Ages Christian painters, Walter Pater, an English critic, later upgraded the individual interpretation of art as the most important criterion of judgment, planting the seeds for the aesthetic (审美) relativism that still dominates. Ms Gurstein’s narrative shows that the “status of a classic” depends on critics, and is proof to the power of passionate writers to change the way people look at art. Taste evolves, and it should. But culture lives on only as long as people continue to argue over what counts as a classic today. The true enemy of the classic is not relativism or wokeness. It is silence. 1．What does the underlined words “written in water” mean? A．The way of writing a classic is special. B．The appreciation of classics is constant. C．The“timeless classic”changes over time D．The art classics are hard to understand. 2．Why does the author mention the “marbles” on display in paragraph 3? A．To highlight Lord Elgin's restoration efforts B．To show the popularity of Roman sculptures C．To argue for the preservation of ancient art. D．To demonstrate the change of classical tradition. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The rise of modern art. B．The development of artistic preferences, C．The techniques of old masters D．The transformation of creative methods, 4．What has a significant influence on aesthetic relativism? A．Realistic style. B．Ancient Christian art. C．Art critics’views. D．Historical narratives. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章主要表达了艺术经典在历史长河中经历了起起伏伏，随着艺术本身的变化，人们对艺术的品味也在改变。经典作品的地位取决于评论家对艺术的看法，人们对经典的争论同时也促使艺术文化继续发展。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“Classics of art are supposed to carry some mysterious appeal that continues to exist across the ages. But as Rochelle Gurstein, a historian, writes in a new book, the“timeless classic” is anything but.”（艺术经典被认为具有某种神秘的吸引力，这种吸引力将持续存在于各个时代。但正如历史学家Rochelle Gurstein在一本新书中所写的那样，“永恒的经典”绝非如此。）可知，“timeless classic(永恒的经典)”并不是一直有吸引力，保持不变的；结合下文“Classics come and go.”（经典作品来来去去。）可知，经典作品随着时间的变化也是来来去去，不断改变的，故“What I believed was written in stone was actually written in water,”（我相信写在石头上的东西实际上是写在水里的，）中的“written in water”是指这些永恒的经典作品实际上是随着时间的推移而改变的。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Timeless “ideals”paled in comparison with the timeworn marbles, and artists began to feel “cut off” from the classical tradition, writes Ms Gurstein.”（Ms Gurstein写道，永恒的“理想”与陈旧的大理石雕像相比显得苍白，艺术家们开始感到与经典传统“隔绝”了。）可知，作者提到展出的“大理石雕像”是为了证明经典传统的变化。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段主题句“The writing of art history has also changed tastes.”（艺术史的写作也改变了人们的品味。）和该段内容可知，该段主要讲述了人们对艺术品味的变化和发展，即艺术偏好的发展。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Ms Gurstein’s narrative shows that the “status of a classic” depends on critics, and is proof to the power of passionate writers to change the way people look at art.”（Ms Gurstein的叙述表明，“经典作品的地位”取决于评论家，并证明了热情的评论家改变人们看待艺术的方式的力量。）可知，艺术评论家对经典作品的看法和观点决定了艺术经典作品的地位，可以改变人们对艺术作品的审美，对人们的审美相对论产生了非常重要的影响。故选C。 【05】（24-25高三上·湖北·阶段练习）During the day, Gellin is the Pediatric Residents (儿科实习医生) Program Director at the UR Medical Center (URMC) and a doctor at Golisano Children’s Hospital. At night though, twice a week she leads Zumba classes that attract all sorts of people. Participants don’t need to copy Gellin’s moves exactly, rather she tells everyone to have fun and move their bodies in whatever way feels the most comfortable for them. “There are no mistakes in Zumba,” she says. “Zumba is meant to be a workout after all, so my goal is to present a level that no matter where you are, you have to push yourself.” With songs involving more fitness movements such as squats and jumping jacks, Gellin makes sure to alternate (交替) the higher and lower intensity songs and dances, giving students a bit of a breather in between and always ending with a cooldown period of stretches and deep breathing. Each year at URMC, new pediatrics residents get a crash course in Zumba as well. “Residency is a time where it’s probably every physicians’ steepest learning curve in their life,” Gellin said. Drawing some comparisons to beginning a Zumba class, she said,“ It’s a time where they are thrown into doing things they may not feel comfortable doing but there’s always people around to support them.” Gellin noted that most of her job is actually centered around education rather than practicing medicine, so she spends a lot of time thinking about what safe learning spaces mean and look like. This has translated into her Zumba teaching as well; while there are no mistakes in Zumba, as she tells newcomers, there are unfortunately mistakes in medicine-some with serious consequences. Gellin works on setting up learning so her residents can have safety nets to catch them if they make an error in judgment and prevent patient harm. “A really important part of medicine is actually ‘be who you are’,” Gellin said. “It’s OK if you do it a little differently than I do it. I’m your guide.” 1．What do we know about Gellin’s zumba classes? A．They are open to her residents only. B．They are given on a bi-weekly basis. C．They are casually taken by participants. D．They are moderately challenging. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．People’s support to Zumba beginners. B．The similarity of starting Zumba and residency. C．The popularity of Zumba classes among residents. D．The toughest period for future physicians. 3．What is the focus of Gellin’s job as a doctor? A．Encouraging diversity in medical practice. B．Preventing residents’ errors in judgement. C．Offering guidance on residents’ possible mistakes. D．Creating a tolerant environment for any outcomes. 4．Which words best describe Gellin? A．Active and supportive. B．Humble and modest. C．Strict and demanding. D．Energetic and aggressive. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了Gellin在白天作为医生以及晚上教授尊巴，通过这种对比突出Gellin的职业生活平衡和教育理念。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“With songs involving more fitness movements such as squats and jumping jacks, Gellin makes sure to alternate the higher and lower intensity songs and dances, giving students a bit of a breather in between and always ending with a cool down period of stretches and deep breathing.(通过包含更多健身动作的歌曲，例如深蹲和开合跳，Gellin确保交替安排高强度和低强度的歌曲和舞蹈，让学生在中间稍作休息，并总是以伸展和深呼吸的放松期结束。)”可知，盖林的尊巴课程设计了难度适中的活动，包括高低强度交替的运动，确保锻炼的挑战性，故选D项。 2．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Each year at URMC, new pediatrics residents get a crash course in Zumba as well. “Residency is a time where it’s probably every physicians’ steepest learning curve in their life,” Gellin said. Drawing some comparisons to beginning a Zumba class, she said,“ It’s a time where they are thrown into doing things they may not feel comfortable doing but there’s always people around to support them.”(每年在URMC，新的儿科住院医师也会接受尊巴速成课程。“住院医师培训是每位医生一生中学习曲线最陡峭的时期，”Gellin说。她将住院医师培训与开始尊巴课程进行了一些比较，说：“这是一个他们被迫去做一些可能感到不自在的事情的时期，但周围总有人支持他们。”)”可知，第三段主要讨论了开始尊巴课程和开始住院医师培训之间的相似性，故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Gellin works on setting up learning so her residents can have safety nets to catch them if they make an error in judgment and prevent patient harm. “A really important part of medicine is actually ‘be who you are’,” Gellin said. “It’s ok if you do it a little differently than I do it. I’m your guide.”(Gellin致力于建立学习环境，以便她的住院医师在判断失误时有安全网来保护他们，并防止患者受到伤害。“医学中非常重要的一部分实际上是‘做你自己’，”Gellin说。“如果你的做法与我有所不同，那也没关系。我是你的指导者。”)”可知，Gellin的主要工作是对住院医师可能犯的错误提供指导。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据全文内容和文章第一段“Participants don’t need to copy Gellin’s moves exactly, rather she tells everyone to have fun and move their bodies in whatever way feels the most comfortable for them. “There are no mistakes in Zumba,” she says.(参与者不需要完全照搬Gellin的动作，而是她告诉每个人玩得开心，以他们觉得最舒服的方式移动他们的身体。“尊巴没有错误，”她说)”以及文章第三段“It’s a time where they are thrown into doing things they may not feel comfortable doing but there’s always people around to support them.(这是一个他们被迫做他们可能不舒服的事情的时候，但是总有人在周围支持他们)”可知，Gellin积极领导尊巴课程，强调在医学训练中支持学员的发展，表现出她的积极和支持。故选A项。                                          【06】（24-25高三上·湖南长沙·阶段练习）You constantly find yourself apologizing to a friend when you’ve done nothing wrong. You feel you must obey someone’s demands, fearing that he/ she will reveal a secret or weakness. Or perhaps a relative is trying to make you feel obliged to do something by saying, “That’s what friends or family do for each other.” They arouse feelings of guilt in you for not meeting their needs. If you have had experiences with any of these cases, then you are the victim of emotional blackmail (勒索). This style of handle controls you through your emotions. Fear, obligation and guilt — FOG — are used by an emotional blackmailer to get what they want from people. Anyone — a friend, colleague, parent, partner or other family members — could be that person. Their demands are intended to control their victim’s behavior in unhealthy methods. Dr. Susan Forward identifies six stages in emotional blackmail. Implied or obvious demands come first. “I don’t think you should do things with that person. They’re not good for you.” After this kind of statement is stage two: Resistance. The victim often avoids the blackmailer or suggests alternatives instead of saying no. Stage three is persistent pressure by the blackmailer: “If we were really friends, you’d do it.” Stage four involves threats: “If you don’t do this… then I will…” The victim doesn’t want the blackmailer to make good on their threats, so obedience (顺从), which is stage five, often leaves the victim feeling guilty or resentful. In stage six the blackmailer backs off until the next demand. What can you do? First, recognize if you are being pressured, threatened or controlled. Stay calm, so you can consider other possibilities. Identify your triggers; don’t be pressured into an immediate response. Offer a compromise. Tell the blackmailer how you feel, and give them a chance to acknowledge their behavior and change. If they won’t, walk away from the relationship. Under no circumstances should you let your fears be used against you. 1．What is called emotional blackmail? A．Having experiences of fear, obligation and guilt. B．Reaching goals through emotional controls over others. C．Enriching one’s emotions like fear, obligation and guilt. D．Getting whatever one wants without any emotional changes. 2．Which of the following can be the second stage of blackmail? A．The victim felt scared to be threatened and asked others for help. B．The victim announced, “I would not do as you ordered any more!” C．The victim said, “How about treating you to a big meal instead?” D．The victim decided to have a face- to- face talk with the blackmailer. 3．What does the underlined word “resentful” in the last paragraph but one mean? A．Angry. B．Frightened. C．Indifferent. D．Amazed. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The risks of emotionally blackmailing others. B．The steps of avoiding being emotionally blackmailed. C．The suggestions on punishing an emotional blackmailer. D．The ways to prevent oneself emotionally blackmailing others. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了情感勒索及其过程，最后提出面对情感勒索应该怎么做。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“If you have had experiences with any of these cases, then you are the victim of emotional blackmail (勒索). This style of handle controls you through your emotions. Fear, obligation and guilt — FOG — are used by an emotional blackmailer to get what they want from people.(如果你有过这些经历，那么你就是情感勒索的受害者。这种风格的手柄通过你的情绪来控制你。恐惧、义务和内疚——FOG——被情感勒索者用来从人们那里得到他们想要的东西)”可知，情感勒索是指通过对他人的情感控制来达到目标。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“After this kind of statement is stage two: Resistance. The victim often avoids the blackmailer or suggests alternatives instead of saying no.(在这种陈述之后是第二阶段：抵抗。受害者通常会避开勒索者，或者提出其他建议，而不是拒绝)”可知，在第二阶段，受害者可能会用其它建议来回应勒索者的要求。所以C选项“受害者说：‘不如请你吃顿大餐吧。’”可能是勒索的第二阶段。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“The victim doesn’t want the blackmailer to make good on their threats, so obedience (顺从), which is stage five, often leaves the victim feeling guilty or(受害者不希望勒索者兑现他们的威胁，所以服从，这是第五阶段，通常会让受害者感到内疚或……)”可知，受害者不希望勒索者兑现他们的威胁，所以选择服从。结合常识可知，屈服于别人的威胁会让人感觉愧疚或者愤慨，故划线词与Angry同义。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“What can you do? First, recognize if you are being pressured, threatened or controlled. Stay calm, so you can consider other possibilities. Identify your triggers; don’t be pressured into an immediate response. Offer a compromise. Tell the blackmailer how you feel, and give them a chance to acknowledge their behavior and change. If they won’t, walk away from the relationship. Under no circumstances should you let your fears be used against you.(你能做什么？首先，认清自己是否受到了压力、威胁或控制。保持冷静，这样你才能考虑其他的可能性。确定你的触发因素；不要迫于压力而立即做出回应。做出妥协。告诉勒索者你的感受，给他们一个机会承认自己的行为并做出改变。如果他们不愿意，那就离开这段关系。在任何情况下，你都不应该让你的恐惧被用来对付你)”可知，最后一段主要讲避免被情感勒索的步骤。故选B。 【07】（24-25高三上·山东聊城·阶段练习）Researchers at the University of Waterloo are developing new technology that would free people with diabetes (糖尿病) from painful finger sticks to monitor their blood sugar. A team led by engineering professor George Shaker has combined radar and artificial intelligence (AI) to detect changes in glucose (葡萄糖) levels without the need to draw blood several times a day. The system under development uses the radar device to send high-frequency radio waves into liquids containing various levels of glucose and receive radio waves that are reflected back to it. Information on the reflected waves is then changed into digital data for analysis by machine-learning AI, developed by the researchers. The software is capable of detecting glucose changes based on more than 500 wave features or characteristics including how long it takes for them to return to the device. Initial tests with volunteers at the Research Institute for Aging in Waterloo achieved results that were 85 percent as accurate as traditional, invasive blood analysis. “The result was actually amazing,” says Shaker. “We have shown it is possible to use radar to look into blood to detect changes.” Next steps include enhancing the system to precisely quantify (量化) glucose levels and obtain results through the skin, which makes the process more challenging. The research team is also working with German hardware company Infineon to make the radar device smaller so that it is both low-cost and low-power. The data analyzed by AI is now sent wirelessly to computers, but the final aim is self-contained technology similar to the smartwatches that monitor heart rate. “I’m hoping we’ll see a wearable device on the market within the next five years,” Shaker says. “There are challenges, but the research has been going at a really good rate.” 1．What is paragraph 3 of the text mainly about? A．The radar-reflected wave analysis process. B．The technical principle underlying the system. C．The machine-learning-powered glucose detection. D．The high-frequency wave transmission technique. 2．What do Shaker’s words in paragraph 5 suggest? A．The radar system’s practicality is proven. B．The radar technology’s limitations are noticed. C．The volunteers’ test performance was highlighted. D．The traditional blood analysis’s accuracy is emphasized. 3．What does the follow-up study focus on? A．Developing smartwatches for AI analysis. B．Exploring low-cost AI and radar technology. C．Improving skin-based glucose quantification. D．Sending analyzed data to computers wirelessly. 4．What is Shaker’s attitude toward the research? A．Unclear. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Favorable. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了滑铁卢大学的研究人员正在开发一种新技术，将雷达和人工智能结合起来去检测血糖水平的变化，从而让糖尿病患者摆脱每天多次采血监测血糖的痛苦。 1．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The system under development uses the radar device to send high-frequency radio waves into liquids containing various levels of glucose and receive radio waves that are reflected back to it. Information on the reflected waves is then changed into digital data for analysis by machine-learning AI, developed by the researchers. The software is capable of detecting glucose changes based on more than 500 wave features or characteristics including how long it takes for them to return to the device. (正在开发的系统使用雷达设备将高频无线电波发送到含有不同水平葡萄糖的液体中，并接收被反射回来的无线电波。然后，反射波的信息被转换成数字数据，供研究人员开发的机器学习人工智能进行分析。该软件能够根据500多种波特征或特点(包括它们返回设备所需的时间)检测葡萄糖的变化。)”可知，本段主要介绍了该系统的技术原理，包括无线电波的发送、接收和数据分析。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中Shaker所说的话“The result was actually amazing (结果非常惊人)”和“We have shown it is possible to use radar to look into blood to detect changes. (我们已经证明，用雷达观察血液来检测变化是可能的。)”可推知，Shaker所说的话表明该雷达系统的实用性得到了验证。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段中“Next steps include enhancing the system to precisely quantify (量化) glucose levels and obtain results through the skin, which makes the process more challenging. (接下来的措施包括增强系统以精确量化葡萄糖水平，并通过皮肤获得结果，这使得该过程更具挑战性。)”可知，后续研究的重点是改善基于皮肤获取的葡萄糖水平的量化水准。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Shaker所说的话“There are challenges, but the research has been going at a really good rate. (虽然存在挑战，但研究进展得非常顺利。)”可知，Shaker对该研究持认可的态度。故选D项。 【08】（24-25高三上·海南·阶段练习）So a lot has been going on lately in my life, and one of them is getting a new job as an international student, not to mention the research position at my university, my regular classes, gym and guitar practice. Balancing these things has become so annoying that some days I just want to be left alone without talking to anyone. But something miraculous happened when I started waking up at 5:30 in the morning. At the start, it was really difficult and made me miserable. I turned off my alarm a lot of times, which resulted in me missing my buses and trains, which had a chain reaction—I got late for work and had some issues with my job. Recently, I went to the bookstore and laid my eyes on the book Morning Miracle, which said that the author changed his life after getting up just half an hour earlier than usual, so copying his method, I did the same. I got up at 5:30 sharp, and followed the following schedule: 5 minutes of journaling; 5 minutes of drinking water in peace; 5 minutes of meditation (冥想); 5 minutes of push-ups; 5 minutes of looking at vision board. I found that after following these basic habits for 21 days straight, I got my performance in my job to a new overwhelming level. When I walk down the passage, I feel as if I took Compound Vitamin. I can feel the air hitting my face differently, and I am more focused and energetic to get through each day and still have the energy for myself. I tried to rationalize (使合理化) this by stating that this is the comfort effect, but no, things have been actually different for me. Starting your day in the best way in the morning will help you maintain the focus you need to optimize your daily tasks, your body, soul and mind. 1．What was the author’s university life like before? A．It was satisfying. B．It was meaningful. C．It was destructive. D．It was troublesome. 2．Why does the author mention Morning Miracle? A．To show how his life changed. B．To recommend the book to readers. C．To prove the influence of celebrities. D．To emphasize the importance of reading. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The routine in the morning. B．The process of the workout. C．The motivation for change. D．The advice for the exercise. 4．What is probably the best title for this text? A．Enjoying Present Life to the Fullest B．Walking out of the Comfort Zone Is Key C．The Changes Since Getting Up at 5:30 D．Balancing All the Things Is Possible 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者通过改变早晨起床时间，从5:30开始一系列早晨习惯，从而显著改善工作表现和生活态度的故事。作者原本的生活忙碌且难以平衡，但在尝试了早晨的固定习惯后，不仅工作表现大幅提升，整体生活状态也变得更加积极和高效。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的描述“So a lot has been going on lately in my life, and one of them is getting a new job as an international student, not to mention the research position at my university, my regular classes, gym and guitar practice. Balancing these things has become so annoying that some days I just want to be left alone without talking to anyone.( 所以最近我的生活中发生了很多事情，其中之一就是作为一名国际学生找到了一份新工作，更不用说我在大学的研究职位，我的常规课程，健身房和吉他练习。平衡这些事情变得如此烦人，以至于有些日子我只想一个人待着，不想和任何人说话。)”可知，作者之前的大学生活是麻烦的，需要平衡很多事情。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Recently, I went to the bookstore and laid my eyes on the book Morning Miracle, which said that the author changed his life after getting up just half an hour earlier than usual, so copying his method, I did the same.( 最近，我去了书店，看到了《Morning Miracle》这本书，书中说作者只是比平时早起半小时就改变了自己的生活，于是我也照做了。)”以及第五段的“I found that after following these basic habits for 21 days straight, I got my performance in my job to a new overwhelming level. When I walk down the passage, I feel as if I took Compound Vitamin. I can feel the air hitting my face differently, and I am more focused and energetic to get through each day and still have the energy for myself. (我发现，在连续21天遵循这些基本习惯之后，我的工作表现达到了一个令人难以置信的新水平。当我走过走廊时，我感觉好像服用了复合维生素。我能感觉到空气打在我脸上的感觉不同了，我更专注、更有活力地度过每一天，而且仍然有精力。)”可知，作者读了《Morning Miracle》这本书，并受到了启发，开始尝试提前半小时起床，作者的生活发生了巨大的变化。因此，作者提到这本书是为了展示他的生活是如何发生变化的。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“I got up at 5:30 sharp, and followed the following schedule: 5 minutes of journaling; 5 minutes of drinking water in peace; 5 minutes of meditation (冥想); 5 minutes of push-ups; 5 minutes of looking at vision board.( 我在五点半准时起床，按照以下时间表：花5分钟写日记；5分钟平安饮水；5分钟的冥想；俯卧撑5分钟；花5分钟看愿景板。)”可知，本段详细列出了作者早晨的固定习惯，包括写日记、喝水、冥想、做俯卧撑和看愿景板等，这些都是早晨的常规活动。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，全文围绕作者从5:30起床后，通过一系列早晨习惯的改变，工作和生活状态发生的积极变化来展开。因此，最合适的标题是C选项“The Changes Since Getting Up at 5:30(自从5:30起床后的变化)”，它准确地概括了文章的主要内容。故选C。 【09】（24-25高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习）Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports. The findings indicate that users may underestimate the extent to which their own moral judgments can be influenced by the chatbot. Sebastian Krigel and colleagues asked ChatGPT multiple times whether it is right to sacrifice (牺牲) the life of one person in order to save the lives of five others. They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场). The authors then presented 767 U. S. participants, who were on average 39 years old, with a dilemma whether to sacrifice one person’s life to save five others. Before answering, participants read a statement provided by ChatGPT arguing either for or against sacrificing one life to save five. Statements were from either a moral advisor or ChatGPT. After answering, participants were asked whether the statement they read influenced their answers. Eighty percent of participants reported that their answers were not influenced by the statements they read. However, the authors found that the answers participants believed they would have provided without reading the statements were still more likely to agree with the moral stance of the statement they did read than with the opposite stance. This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments. The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgments highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgment or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings. 1．What are ChatGPT’s answers to a certain moral stance like according to Paragraph 2? A．Inconsistent. B．Valuable. C．Creative. D．Simple. 2．What is learned about the participants? A．They admitted the power of ChatGPT. B．They were interviewed by a moral advisor. C．They were affected by ChatGPT unknowingly. D．They were presented with different moral dilemmas. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Different findings of the study. B．Future potentials for chatbots. C．Major focuses of future education. D．Solutions to the impact of chatbots. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．ChatGPT Tends to Cause Moral Panics B．ChatGPT: Is It Likely to Affect Our Life? C．ChatGPT:Why Is It Making Us So Nervous? D．ChatGPT Can Influence Human Moral Judgments 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写语句的影响。文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场).(他们发现，ChatGPT随机写出支持或反对牺牲一条生命的陈述，这表明它并不偏向于某种道德立场)”可推知，ChatGPT对某种道德立场的回答不一致。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments.(这表明参与者可能低估了ChatGPT的陈述对他们自己道德判断的影响)”可知，参与者在不知不觉中受到了ChatGPT的影响。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgments highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgment or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings.(作者认为，聊天机器人影响人类道德判断的潜力凸显了教育的必要性，以帮助人类更好地理解人工智能。他们提出，未来的研究应该设计出这样的聊天机器人：要么拒绝回答需要道德判断的问题，要么通过提供多种论证和警告来回答这些问题)”可知，最后一段主要讲解决聊天机器人影响人类道德判断力的方法。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports.(发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写言论的影响)”以及倒数第二段“This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments.(这表明参与者可能低估了ChatGPT的陈述对他们自己道德判断的影响)”并结合文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。可知，D选项“ChatGPT可以影响人类的道德判断”最符合文章标题。故选D。 【10】（24-25高三上·辽宁·阶段练习）When Celia Barberena retired in 2012 after a long career in higher education, she faced a new challenge: how to spend her retirement. While some view retirement as a time to relax and enjoy life without pressure, Barberena wanted to engage in something meaningful. At 67, she decided that volunteering would be her new focus. Barberena believes that volunteering helps keep her mind sharp, and recent research backs her up. A study presented at the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference indicated that volunteering is connected with better scores on cognitive (认知) function tests. Volunteers are vital to communities, and many organizations rely on their contributions. Donna McCullough, Chief Mission and Field Operations Officer at the Alzheimer’s Association, hopes these findings will inspire people to volunteer not just for community but also for potential brain health benefits. This research stands out because it included a diverse population of nearly 2,500 participants who varied in race. background, and education levels. Previous studies have found positive links between volunteering and cognitive function； however, when it comes to the new research, it found that those who volunteered performed better on tests of planning, attention focusing, task prioritization, and memory recall, regardless of their age, gender, education, or income. Now 75, Barberena stays busy with various volunteer roles. She believes that volunteering exercises her memory and reasoning skills. Additionally, she notes that retirement can lead to isolation (孤独), and the resulting loneliness or anxiety can negatively impact cognition, making social engagement even more crucial. Volunteering has provided Barberena with a sense of purpose and a network of friends, all of which are invaluable to her mental health and overall quality of life. Experts suggest that the positive effects of volunteering create a beneficial cycle that can help reduce depression and loneliness. Even with physical limitations, many volunteering opportunities are available online, making it accessible to almost everyone. The key is to find an activity that is enjoyable and personally rewarding, allowing individuals to stay engaged and mentally active in their later years. 1．Why did Barberena turn to volunteering? A．To pursue a purposeful activity. B．To enjoy a stress-free retirement. C．To avoid additional responsibilities. D．To confirm recent research findings 2．What makes the new research unique? A．Its narrow focus. B．Its mixed sample. C．Its high accuracy. D．Its small selection. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Berberena’s gains from volunteering. B．Barberena’s motivation for retirement. C．Barberena’s challenges in volunteering. D．Barberena’s hobbies outside volunteering. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Volunteering primarily benefits physical health. B．Volunteering should be satisfying and meaningful. C．Online volunteering is suited for skilled professionals. D．Only in-person volunteering offers a sense of purpose. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Celia Barberena在退休后通过志愿服务保持认知功能，并引用研究表明志愿服务对大脑健康和心理健康有积极影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Barberena wanted to engage in something meaningful. At 7, she decided that volunteering would be her new focus. ”（Barberena想从事一些有意义的事情。7岁时，她决定把志愿服务作为自己的新重点。）Barberena在退休后希望从事有意义的事情，因此她选择了志愿服务。她认为这能帮助她保持头脑清晰并提供一种目的感。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“This research stands out because it included a diverse population of nearly 2,500 participants who varied in race, background, and education levels. ”（这项研究之所以引人注目，是因为它包括了近2500名不同种族、背景和教育水平的参与者。）这项研究的独特之处在于它包含了种族、背景和教育水平各异的多样化样本。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Now 75, Barberena stays busy with various volunteer roles. She believes that volunteering exercises her memory and reasoning skills. Additionally, she notes that retirement can lead to isolation (孤独), and the resulting loneliness or anxiety can negatively impact cognition, making social engagement even more crucial.”（现年75岁的Barberena仍然忙于各种志愿者角色。她认为志愿活动锻炼了她的记忆力和推理能力。此外，她指出，退休会导致孤立，由此产生的孤独或焦虑会对认知产生负面影响，使社会参与变得更加重要。）可知，本段主要讨论了Barberena通过志愿服务在记忆和推理能力方面的收获。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The key is to find an activity that is enjoyable and personally rewarding, allowing individuals to stay engaged and mentally active in their later years.”（关键是要找到一项令人愉快且对个人有益的活动，让个人在晚年保持投入和精神活跃。） 可知，从最后一段推理出志愿服务应该是令人满意和有意义的。故选B项。 【11】（24-25高三上·全国·阶段练习）Picture this: Your computer could sense your emotions as you worked — feeling your joy at completing a task, your boredom during repetitive data entry, or your frustration when an error message keeps emerging. This might sound like science fiction, but researchers are bringing this vision closer to reality by developing advanced computational models that can predict human emotions during computer interactions. At the forefront of this effort is a team of Finnish scientists who have created a model. The model essentially puts itself in the user’s shoes, simulating (模拟) the series of actions, outcomes, and cognitive appraisals (认知评估) that ultimately give rise to emotions like happiness, boredom, or frustration. To test their model, the researchers designed a series of interactive computer tasks meant to cause specific emotions. In the “happiness” task, users answered a series of questions and received positive feedback for correct responses. The “boredom” task involved a series of repetitive questions. In the “frustration” task, the system was intentionally programmed to display error messages and ultimately fail, regardless of the user’s answers. As study participants worked through these tasks, the emotional reactions predicted by the model closely matched the emotions reported by the users themselves. The model was even able to discover small changes, such as a steady increase in frustration over the course of the error-ridden task. The researchers believe their emotion-predicting model could pave the way for a new generation of emotionally intelligent computers that can tailor their behavior to the user’s psychological state. An effective system might offer a stressed user comforting words of encouragement, liven up a boring task with humor, or provide emotional assistance when frustration mounts. “By creating interactions that are more emotionally attuned, designers could boost user engagement, productivity, and overall well-being,” they add. However, the model is still in progress and needs to be extended to recognize a wider range of emotions across more complex, real-world computer interactions. The researchers also emphasize the importance of gathering more diverse training data to ensure the model can accurately predict emotions for users of all backgrounds. 1．How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A．By making a comparison. B．By creating an imaginary scene. C．By telling a real life story. D．By sharing a popular book. 2．What were computer users asked to do in the study? A．Comfort each other. B．Report their feelings. C．Get rid of boredom. D．Stay disconnected online. 3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Great improvements on the model. B．Characteristics of future computer users. C．Researchers’ expectation of their model. D．Computer users’ responses to the model. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Smart Computers May Replace Humans B．Interactions with Computers Are Enjoyable C．Computers Might Understand Our Emotions D．An Emotion-predicting Model Meets Challenges 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。芬兰科学家设计了能够预测人类在使用计算机过程中所展现的情绪的计算机模型。这一模型有望为新一代的情感智能计算机铺路。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Picture this: Your computer could sense your emotions as you worked— feeling your joy at completing a task, your boredom during repetitive data entry, or your frustration when an error message keeps emerging. (想象一下：你的电脑可以在你工作时感觉到你的情绪——感觉到完成任务的快乐，重复数据输入时的无聊，或者当错误消息不断出现时的沮丧。) ”可知，作者通过创造一个想象中的场景来引入文本的主题，即计算机能够感知用户的情绪。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the “happiness” task, users answered a series of questions and received positive feedback for correct responses. The “boredom” task involved a series of repetitive questions. In the “frustration” task, the system was intentionally programmed to display error messages and ultimately fail, regardless of the user’s answers. (在“幸福”任务中，用户回答了一系列问题，并收到了正确答案的积极反馈。“无聊”任务涉及一系列重复的问题。在“挫折”任务中，系统被有意编程为显示错误消息并最终失败，而不管用户的答案如何。) ”可知，参与者在不同任务中被要求回答问题、接受反馈等任务，而这些任务设计的目的是引发特定的情绪，即计算机使用者在研究中需要告知他们的感受。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“The researchers believe their emotion-predicting model could pave the way for a new generation of emotionally intelligent computers that can tailor their behavior to the user’s psychological state. (研究人员相信，他们的情绪预测模型可以为新一代情绪智能计算机铺平道路，这些计算机可以根据用户的心理状态调整他们的行为。) ”可知，本段主要介绍了研究人员对这个模型的期待——希望它能为新一代的情感智能计算机铺路，而不是模型本身的改进、未来计算机用户的特点或计算机用户对模型的反应。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Picture this: Your computer could sense your emotions as you worked— feeling your joy at completing a task, your boredom during repetitive data entry, or your frustration when an error message keeps emerging. (想象一下：你的电脑可以在你工作时感觉到你的情绪——感觉到完成任务的快乐，重复数据输入时的无聊，或者当错误消息不断出现时的沮丧。) ”和第二段“At the forefront of this effort is a team of Finnish scientists who have created a model. The model essentially puts itself in the user’s shoes, simulating (模拟) the series of actions, outcomes, and cognitive appraisals (认知评估) that ultimately give rise to emotions like happiness, boredom, or frustration. (这项工作的最前沿是一个芬兰科学家团队，他们创建了一个模型。该模型本质上是设身处地地为用户着想，模拟一系列最终导致幸福、无聊或沮丧等情绪的行为、结果和认知评估。) ”可知，本文主要介绍了芬兰科学家设计的能够预测人类在使用计算机过程中所展现的情绪的计算机模型，这说明计算机也许能够理解人类的情绪了。故选C项。 【12】（24-25高三上·广西·阶段练习）Chloe Ricketts is only 15 years old, but she’s already signed a professional contract with the Washington Spirit soccer team. That makes her the youngest player ever to sign with the National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL). Chloe began working out with the Washington Spirit team in January. She trained with the team in Florida and Virginia. During training, Chloe impressed the team’s managers with her ability to compete with the other professional players. That led the team to offer her the contract. Chloe started playing soccer when she was seven. She claims that at the time, she was “the worst on the team”. She says she improved through hard work, extra training, and staying late after practice. In 2021, she played on a girls’ team, which went to the national finals of the Elite Clubs National League. She also played on a boys’ team, the 2007 Boys Ann Arbor Tigers, which won the Michigan State Cup that year. In January of 2022, Chloe signed with AFC Ann Arbor — a team that is part of USL League Two. USL League Two helps develop players for the NWSL. When she joined AFC Ann Arbor, Chloe was just 14 the youngest player ever to join the club. But Chloe isn’t the first 15-year-old to play for the NWSL. The NWSL used to have a rule saying that no one under the age of 18 could join its teams. But in 2021, another 15-year-old, Olivia Moultrie, took the league to court. Olivia won her case, and the NWSL made special rules that allowed players younger than 18 to join. The new rules are mainly designed to protect young players, and require that the players live with a parent. They also protect young players from being traded to another team unless both the player and the parents agree. When Chloe signed with the Washington Spirit, she was 15 years and 283 days old, beating Olivia’s record by three days. 1．What contributed to Chloe’s signing with NWSL? A．Her competitive competence. B．Her staying late after practice. C．Her willingness to do extra training. D．Her potential to be a world-class star. 2．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A．Chloe’s challenging experiences in life. B．Chloe’s shooting up in the soccer world. C．Chloe’s good cooperation with teammates. D．Chloe’s personal achievements in matches. 3．What can we learn about Olivia from Paragraph 5? A．She advocated against trading players. B．She persuaded NWSL to protect its players. C．She challenged and broke the NWSL’s old rule. D．She helped NWSL make rules for playing soccer. 4．What might be the most suitable title for the text? A．An American girl breaking a record in the World Cup. B．Chloe Ricketts making efforts to reform NWSL greatly. C．US professional women soccer getting more fresh blood. D．The youngest player entering US professional women’s soccer league. 【答案】2．A 3．B 4．C 5．D 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。15岁的克洛伊·里基茨与华盛顿精神足球队签下了一份职业合同，成为与美国女子足球联盟（NWSL）签约的最年轻的球员。文章对此进行了详细报道。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句“During training, Chloe impressed the team’s managers with her ability to compete with the other professional players. That led the team to offer her the contract.(在训练期间，克洛伊给球队经理留下了深刻的印象，她有能力与其他职业球员竞争。这导致团队向她提供了合同。)”可知，克洛伊的竞争能力促成了其与NWSL的签约。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段第一句“In 2021, she played on a girls’ team, which went to the national finals of the Elite Clubs National League.(2021年，她参加了女子球队，进入了精英俱乐部全国联赛的全国决赛。)”和最后一句“When she joined AFC Ann Arbor, Chloe was just 14 the youngest player ever to join the club.(当她加入安娜堡亚足联时，克洛伊只有14岁，是该俱乐部有史以来最年轻的球员。)”可知，第四段主要是讲克洛伊在足球界的崛起。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段第三句和第四句“But in 2021, another 15-year-old, Olivia Moultrie, took the league to court. Olivia won her case, and the NWSL made special rules that allowed players younger than 18 to join.(但在2021年，另一名15岁的奥利维亚·莫尔特里将联盟告上法庭。奥利维亚打赢了官司，NWSL制定了特殊规则，允许18岁以下的球员加入。)”可知，奥利维亚挑战并打破了NWSL的旧规则。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Chloe Ricketts is only 15 years old, but she’s already signed a professional contract with the Washington Spirit soccer team. That makes her the youngest player ever to sign with the National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL).(克洛伊·里基茨只有15岁，但她已经与华盛顿精神足球队签下了一份职业合同。这使她成为与美国女子足球联盟（NWSL）签约的最年轻的球员。)”可知，文章主要是讲15岁的克洛伊·里基茨成为与美国女子足球联盟（NWSL）签约的最年轻的球员。故选D。 【13】（2024·湖南永州·一模）The Oceans in Depth series from the University of Chicago Press aims to place “the ocean at the center of our narratives (叙述) about the past.” Wilko Graf von Hardenberg’s new book on the history of sea level, Sea Level: A History, is no different. In it, von Hardenberg, a historian of the environment and science, describes the pursuit of a standardized definition of sea level through the history of geology, oceanography, hydrography and coastal engineering. What emerges is a slim volume that raises big questions about the nature of global science in the modern age. The book is divided into two major sections. The first three chapters tell the history of debates surrounding the development of a standardized mean sea level. These take the reader from early German mathematical theories of sea level subsidence (下沉) through the debates about geological and oceanographic processes. In the next section, von Hardenberg shows how the development of standard ideas of sea level became a basis for scientific and public debates about the history and future of shifting coastlines. The final chapter brings the discussion into the present, with a chapter devoted to current debates about sea level. One of the most interesting clues in the book is related to technology. The making of an international mean required the standardization of measurement technologies. According to the author,“ the history of the assessment of sea level is part of a broader development toward the reform and unification of reference points and metrics.” This history includes tracing (追溯) instrumentation from barometry (气压测定法) to tide gauges (测量仪器) and satellites. Technology is not replaced, reveals von Hardenberg. New methods develop, built upon the infrastructure of older technologies still being used. For instance, the first self-registering (自动记录的) tidal gauge was equipped at the Sheerness, England, dockyard in 1831, and up to a third of all gauging stations throughout Europe still used simple scaled gauges in 1890. Sea Level is a powerful reminder that examining the history of scientific values can shed light on both the structure of modern science and its impact on the near future. This book is well written, and informative without using any unnecessary words and it is a strong example of what ocean history has to offer. 1．Why does the author mention the Oceans in Depth series in Paragraph 1? A．To define sea level. B．To introduce the topic. C．To give examples of ocean history. D．To compare the contents of the books. 2．What is presented in the first section of the book ? A．The future of shifting coastlines. B．The influence of sea level subsidence. C．The basis for scientific and public debates. D．The debates about geological and oceanographic processes. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The highlight of the book. B．The progress of technology. C．The application of old technology. D．The background of writing the book. 4．What does the author of the passage like about Sea Level? A．Its humorous tone. B．Its brief language. C．Its writing structure. D．Its traditional perspective. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了Wilko Graf von Hardenberg的新书《Sea Level: A History》。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The Oceans in Depth series from the University of Chicago Press aims to place“ the ocean at the center of our narratives (叙述) about the past.” Wilko Graf von Hardenberg’s new book on the history of sea level, Sea Level: A History, is no different.(芝加哥大学出版社的《Oceans in Depth》系列旨在将“海洋置于我们对过去叙述的中心”。威尔科·格拉夫·冯·哈登伯格关于海平面历史的新书《Sea Level: A History》也不例外。)”可知，提到Oceans in Depth系列是为了引出话题，介绍Wilko Graf von Hardenberg的新书《Sea Level: A History》。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The first three chapters tell the history of debates surrounding the development of a standardized mean sea level. These take the reader from early German mathematical theories of sea level subsidence (下沉) through the debates about geological and oceanographic processes.(前三章讲述了围绕标准化平均海平面发展的争论历史。这些书将读者从早期德国关于海平面下沉的数学理论带到了关于地质和海洋学过程的辩论中)”可知，书的第一部分呈现出了地质和海洋过程的辩论。故选D项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“One of the most interesting clues in the book is related to technology. The making of an international mean required the standardization of measurement technologies. According to the author,“ the history of the assessment of sea level is part of a broader development toward the reform and unification of reference points and metrics.” This history includes tracing (追溯) instrumentation from barometry (气压测定法) to tide gauges (测量仪器) and satellites.(书中最有趣的线索之一与技术有关。国际均价的制定需要计量技术的标准化。根据作者的说法，“海平面评估的历史是朝着改革和统一参考点和度量的更广泛发展的一部分。”这段历史包括跟踪从气压计到潮汐计和卫星的仪器。)”可知，第三段主要讲述了书中关于技术的亮点。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“This book is well written, and informative without using any unnecessary words and it is a strong example of what ocean history has to offer.(这本书写得很好，内容丰富，没有使用任何不必要的词汇，它是海洋历史所提供的一个强有力的例子)”可知，作者认为Sea Level语言简洁。故选B项。 试卷第44页，共45页 31 / 31 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$