2025届高三英语一轮状语从句复习精讲讲义

2024-11-20
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状语从句一轮精讲 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause) 状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。状语从句中的从句可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 注意:大部分状语从句的连词在从句都不作成分。但是有例外的情况:比如where引导地点状语从句、no matter+疑问词引导的让步状语从句(疑问词作成分),与之相等的疑问词+ever可以在从句中作成分。 一.时间状语从句 定义:用表示时间的连词连接一个句子作状语,这样的句子是时间状语从句。 位置:时间状语从句既可以放在主句的前面,又可以放在主句的后面,放在主句前面时要用逗号将主、从句隔开。 类别: 第一类:连词类(1-9) 1.when, while与as引导的时间状语从句都可以表示“当......的时候”。 连词 从句谓语动词 用法 when 从句谓语没有限制,可以延续性动词、非延续性动词、状态动词 when引导的时间状语从句既可以指时间点,又可以指时间段。从句谓语动作可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后发生或同时发生。 while 延续性动词或be动词 从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生。 as 从句谓语要用动态动词(延续性动词、短暂性动词都可以),不用be / have / like等状态动词 该时间状语从句既可以指时间点,又可以指时间段。从句谓语动作和主句谓语动作同时发生或主从句的动作紧接着先后发生。 (1)when引导时间状语从句和主句的6种时态特征: 1)主从句都用一般现在时。 Metals expand when they are heated.金属受热时膨胀。 2)主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 Tom will tell him the truth when he comes back .他回来时,汤姆会告诉他事实真相的。 3)主从句都用一般过去时。 Sorry,I was out when you called me.对不起,你打电话来的时候我出去了。 4)主句用过去进行时,从句用一般过去时。 When she came into my room,I was reading a book.她走进我房间时,我正在看书。 5)主句用一般过去时,从句用过去完成时,强调从句动作先发生。 When he had finished his homework,he took a short rest.他完成作业后休息了一会儿。 6)主句用一般现在时,从句用现在完成时。 You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it. 在我读完这本书后,你可以借阅。 7) 主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。 I had finished my homework when my mother got home. 我妈妈回家时我做完了家庭作业。 知识拓展:when可以构成句型“It +be动词+时间点+when从句.”表示“当......的时候时间是...”(主从句时态常保持一致) It was 5 o’clock when he came here. 他来的时候是5点。 (2) while引导时间状语从句和主句的6种时态特征: 1)主从句都用过去进行时。 He was listening to the music while we were watching TV.我们看电视时他在听音乐。 2)主句用过去进行时,从句用一般过去时。 He was drinking coffee while we drank wine.我们喝葡萄酒时他在喝咖啡。 3)主句用一般过去时,从句用过去进行时。 While the lights were changing to red,a car suddenly appeared round the corner. 当交通灯正在变为红色时, 一辆小汽车突然出现在拐角处。 4)主从句都用一般过去时或一般现在时。 His wife carried the two children while he carried the luggage. 妻子带着两个孩子,他拿着行李。 We must strike while the iron is hot.我们必须趁热打铁。 5)主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 I will be kind to him while you are away.你不在时我会对他很好的。 6)主句用一般现在时,从句用现在进行时。 It is impolite to speak loudly while you are having a meal.你吃饭时大声说话是不礼貌的。 (3)as引导时间状语从句和主句的两种时态特征: 1)主从句都用一般现在时或都用一般过去时。 As he sleeps,he dreams a bad dream. 他睡觉时做了一个噩梦。 As my mother sang those old songs, tears ran down her cheeks. 当我妈妈唱起那些老歌时,眼泪顺着她的脸颊流了下来。 2)主句用一般现在时,从句用现在进行性。主句用一般过去时,从句用过去进行时。 As we are going out, it begins to snow. 当我们出门时,开始下雪了。 As we were dancing,a stranger came in. 当我们正在跳舞时,一位陌生人进来了。 特别关注 使用while/when/as表示“当.......时候”的注意事项: 1)从句谓语动词是状态动词,when可以与while互换使用,不和as互换使用。 He always cries when/while he is sad. 他伤心的时候总是哭。 2)从句谓语动作和主句谓语动作同时发生,而且从句动作是延续性动词,when、while、as可以互换使用。 如果从句谓语是短暂性动词而且不表示状态,不能用while,可以用when或as。 When/While/As we are dancing,a stranger comes in. 我们跳舞时一位陌生人走了进来。 When/As I finish my task,I feel tired. 当我完成我的任务时,我感到疲惫不堪。 3)主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作,而且主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间,用while,不用as或when。 Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。 I keep silent while he is writing. 在他写的时候,我默不作声。 2.as引导时间状语从句的其他用法 (1)意为“随着”,引导时间状语从句时常置于主句之前。 The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases. 随着高度的增加,大气越来越稀薄。 (2)意为“一边......一边......”,引导时间状语从句时常放在主句之后。 The little girls sang as they went. 小姑娘们一边走,一边唱。 3.before引导时间状语从句 (1)before意为“在......之前”,引导时间状语从句时,主句谓语动作发生在从句谓语动作之前。 (2)before引导时间状语从句和主句的4种时态特征: 1)主从句都用一般过去时。 Before it rained, he came home. 在下雨之前, 他回到了家里。 2)主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。 They had reached the destination before it was dark. 他们在天黑前到达了目的地。 3)主从句都用一般现在时。 Always wash your hands before you eat. 在你吃东西之前, 千万要洗手。 4)主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 I will finish my homework before my father comes back. 我爸爸回来之前我将完成家庭作业。 (3) before引导时间状语从句的句型: 1)It+be+时间段+before从句.表示“......之后才......”。主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。主句用一般过去时,从句用一般过去时。 It will be two years before we meet again. 两年后我们才能再次相见。 It was one year before he came back.他过了一年才回来。 2)It+be动词+ not long before从句表示“不久……就……”。主从句都可以用一般过去时。如果主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position. 不久他就意识到他处境的危险。 It won't be long before we meet again. 用不了多久我们就会再见面。 知识拓展 before引导的时间状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,before引导的从句可以转换为介词before+V-ing形式。 Before he gets to the restaurant/Before getting to the restaurant,he feels hungry. 在到达那家餐馆之前,他感到很饿。 4.after引导时间状语从句 (1)after意为“在......以后”,引导时间状语从句时,主句谓语动作发生在从句谓语动作之后。它的反义词是before。 (2)after引导时间状语从句和主句的4种时态特征: 1)主从句都用一般过去时。 The students were much too tired after they finished too much homework. 做完了这么多家庭作业后,学生们太疲倦了。 2)主句用一般过去时,从句用过去完成时。 After he had closed the door, he left the house. 关了门之后,他就离开了家。 3)主从句都用一般现在时。 After I arrive home,I feel tired.我到家后感到很疲惫。 4)主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 I will call you after you finish your housework. 你做完家务后我会打电话你。 3.after作连词和介词的含义相同。after引导时间状语从句时,如果从句的主语和主句的主语相同,从句可以简化为介词after+V-ing结构。 I’ll go and see her on Friday after getting the new dress. = I’ll go and see her on Friday after I get the new dress. 等我买好新礼服之后就去找她。 5.since引导时间状语从句 (1)since意为“自从”,引导时间状语从句。主句用完成时(现在完成时、过去完成时或现在完成进行时等),从句要用一般过去时。 Since they met,they have seen each other. 他们自从相识后经常见面。 (2)since引导时间状语从句时构成句型It+be+时间段+since从句. 表示“自从......以来已有一段时间”。主句常用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句常用一般过去时。since从句用短暂性动词,表示动作已开始了多长时间。since从句用延续性动词,表示动作已结束了多长时间。 It is (has been) 5 years since his father died.他父亲死了5年了。 It is (has been) 5 years since his father worked here. 他父亲不在这里工作已五年了。 6.as soon as引导时间状语从句 (1)as soon as意为“一......就......”,引导时间状语从句。 (2)as soon as引导的时间状语从句和主句的四种时态特征: 1)主从句都用一般现在时。 You should get up as soon as the alarm clock goes off.你应该闹钟一响就起床。 2)主从句都用一般过去时。 As soon as he finished the homework,he began to do the housework. 他一做完家庭作业就开始做家务。 3)主句用一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时。 I will visit you as soon as I get back to London. 他一回伦敦就去拜访你。 4) 主句用过去将来时,从句用一般过去时。 As soon as I got home,I would call you up. 我一到家就会跟你打电话。 7.until/till引导的时间状语从句 until是till的强调形式,引导时间状语从句时有两种情况: (1)主句是肯定句,主语的谓语动词要用延续性动词,其后接until/till引导的时间状语从句,until/till表示“直到......时为止”。 I did my homework until/till my father came back. 我做家庭作业一直到我爸爸回来。 (2)主句是否定句,主句谓语动词既可以用延续性动词,又可以用短暂性动词(一发生就结束的动作)。not......until/till+时间状语从句表示“直到......才......”。 You can’t watch TV until/till you finish your homework. 你完成家庭作业才能看电视。 I won’t leave until/till he comes back.直到他回来我才走。 (3)until与till引导时间状语从句的区别 连词 位置 用法 until 可以放在句首 not ... until可用于强调句型。not until放在句首用部分倒装结构。 till 不可放在句首 一般不用于强调句型 It was not until he told me about it again that I had any idea of it. 直到他又告诉我一遍我才明白。 Not until he comes will we start our discussion. 直到他来了我们才能开始讨论。 知识拓展 until还可以表示“在......之前”,与before含义接近,但不能用于before的固定句型。 Until you told me.I had no idea of it. 在你告诉我之前,我对此事一无所知。 8.whenever引导的时间状语从句 (1)whenever引导时间状语从句时表示“每当”,语气比when强烈。 (2)whenever引导的时间状语从句和主句有两种时态特征: 1)主从句都用一般现在时。 Whenever we see him,we speak to him. 每当我们看到他时,我们都和他说话。 2)主从句都用一般过去时。 Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. 每当我们遇到困难,他们就来帮助我们。 9.once引导的时间状语从句 once表示“一旦......就”,引导的时间状语从句和主句有5种时态特征: (1)主从句都用一般过去时。 Once he was in the examination hall, he forgot about all this.他一进考场,这一切他都忘了。 (2)主句用一般过去时,从句用过去完成时。 Once I had made a considered decision,I no longer dwelt on it. 一旦经过深思熟虑做出决定,我就再也不去想它了。 (3)主从句都用一般现在时。 Once virtue is lost,all is lost.一旦丧失道德,便丧失了一切。 (4)主句用一般将来时,从句用现在完成时。 Once you have learned Spanish, you will find Italian easy. 一旦你学会西班牙语,你会觉得意大利语容易。 (5)主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 Once these technical problems are successfully solved,the output will raise on a large scale. 一旦这些技术问题成功解决,产量将大幅度提升。 第二类:名词类(10) 10.由名词词组充当时间状语从句的引导词,包括the moment, the minute, the second, the instant,the day,它们都表示“一……就……”。主从句的时态特征如下: (1)主从句都用一般现在时。 Tell me the moment you get the results. 你一拿到结果就给我打电话。 (2)主从句都用一般过去时。 The instant he opened the door,he saw the thief. 他一开门就看见了这个贼。 (3)主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 He is going to visit his aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。 第三类:副词类(11) 11.由副词充当时间状语从句的引导词,比如 immediately, directly, instantly等,表示“一......就......”。主从句的时态特征与第二类引导词相同。 I came immediately you called. 你一打电话我就来了。 Directly I walked in the door ,I smelt smoke. 我一进门就闻到烟味。 第四类:含有time的短语(12-17) 12.any time引导的时间状语从句 any time意为“随时、任何时候”,引导时间状语从句时表示“无论什么时候做某事”。主从句常同时使用一般现在时。 You can come up and see me any time you like. 你什么时候想来看我就来好了。 Any time you want a babysitter, you only have to ask. 你什么时候需要人帮忙照看孩子,只要开口说一声就行。 13.each time/every time引导的时间状语从句 each time 意为“每次”,可以与every time互换使用,引导时间状语从句时表示“每次做某事的时候”。主从句常同时使用一般现在时,也可以同时使用一般过去时。 Every time(Each time) she travels on the bus,it is delayed by at least three hours. 每次她乘公车出行都至少耽搁3个小时。 They complimented me on the way I looked each time(every time) they saw me. 每次见到我,他们都称赞我的外貌。 14.the first time引导的时间状语从句 the first time意为“第一次”,引导时间状语从句时表示“第一次做某事的时候”(first前面的the不能省略)。主从句常同时使用一般过去时。 The first time I came here, I had the best night’s sleep for months. 我第一次来到这里就睡了数月来头一个晚上的好觉。 The company struck out the first time it tried to manufacture personal computers. 该公司初次尝试生产个人电脑时就失败了。 15. (the) last time引导的时间状语从句 (the) last time表示“上次”,引导时间状语从句时表示“上次做某事的时候”(the last time中的the可以省略)。主从句常同时使用一般过去时。 Last time I took my pulse, it was a bit fast. 我上次量脉搏的时候有点快。 There were very few breakages the last time we moved house . 我们上次搬家几乎没什么物品被破损。 16. (the) next time引导的时间状语从句 (the) next time意为“下次”,引导时间状语从句时表示“下次做某事的时候”(the next time中的the可以省略)。主从句常同时使用一般现在时。 Do look me up the next time you’re in London. 你下次到伦敦,务必来找我。 Next time you go shopping, throw in a few extra fruit and vegetables. 下次你去买东西,多买点水果蔬菜。 17.by the time引导的时间状语从句 by the time引导时间状语从句时有两种含义: (1)意为“到......的时候”,如果从句用一般过去时,主句要用过去完成时。如果从句用一般现在时,主句要用将来完成时(will have done)。 By the time the doctor arrived,the patient had died. 医生到达时,病人已经死了。 By the time he comes,we will have finished the job. 到他来的时候,我们将已经把活儿干完了。 (2)意为“在……的时候”,主句通常含有be动词,主从句都可以用一般过去时,或者主句用一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时。 By the time you turned off the light, I was awake.你关灯的时候,我醒着。 By the time he comes,we will be on top of the mountain. 到他来的时候,我们将已在山顶了。 第五类:句型类(18-19) 18.no sooner...than...表示“刚......就”,引导时间状语从句,than前面的句子用过去完成时,than后面的句子用一般过去时。 (1)它可以使用正常语序,即主语+had+no sooner+过去分词+其他+than+完整句(主语+谓语(过去式)+其他). We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我们刚出发就下雨了。 (2)当no sooner放在句首时要用主谓部分倒装,than后面的句子不倒装,结构为No sooner had+主语+过去分词+其他+than+句子. No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left. 我们刚到火车站火车就开了。 19. hardly/scarcely...when...表示“刚......就”,引导时间状语从句,when前面的句子用过去完成时,when后面的句子用一般过去时。(hardly可以与scarcely互换使用) (1) 它可以使用正常语序,即主语+had+hardly/scarcely+过去分词+其他+when+完整句(主语+谓语(过去式)+其他). She had hardly/scarcely arrived when it began to snow. 她刚到就下起雪来了。 (2)当hardly/scarcely放在句首时要用主谓部分倒装,when后面的句子不倒装,结构为No sooner had+主语+过去分词+其他+when+句子. Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry. 他一听到这个消息就哭了。 小贴士:时间状语从句需要关注时态问题,大部分的连词都满足主将从现的原则。 (1) 主句的谓语动词是一般将来时,从句的谓语动词用一般现在时表示将来时。 Tom will tell him the truth when he comes back . 他回来时,汤姆会告诉他事实真相的。 (2) 如果主句的谓语动词是过去将来时,那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。 Tom would tell him the truth when he came back . 他回来时,汤姆会告诉他事实真相的。 二.地点状语从句 定义:地点状语从句表示地点、方位。 位置:地点状语从句既可以放在主句的前面,又可以放在主句的后面,放在主句前面时要用逗号将主、从句隔开。 连词:where、wherever、anywhere、everywhere (1)where意为“在......地方”,引导地点状语从句时它的前面没有地点名词,在该从句中作宾语或地点状语。 Where we come from,we like being on time. 我们那个地方,我们喜欢守时。 Hero worship is the strongest where there is least regard for human freedom. 在人的自由最不受到尊重的地方,英雄崇拜最盛行。 (2)wherever表示“在任何地方”,可以与anywhere互换使用。 You can go anywhere/whenever you want. 你想去什么地方就去什么地方吧。 (3)everywhere表示“到处”,引导地点状语从句。 They were warmly welcomed everywhere they went. 他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。 三.条件状语从句 定义:表示前提或条件的从句叫条件状语从句。 位置:条件状语从句既可以放在主句的前面,又可以放在主句的后面,放在主句前面时要用逗号将主、从句隔开。 从句类型:真实条件句和非真实条件句 真实条件句表示的条件是事实或在说话人看来所提出的建设完全能变成现实的句子,谓语动词用陈述语气。虚拟条件句指难以实现的条件,谓语动词用虚拟语气。 连词: 1.if既可以引导真实条件句,又可以引导虚拟条件句。 (1)它引导真实条件句时: 1)主从句都用一般现在时。 You can ask your teacher for help if you have some problems. 如果你有问题,可以向你的老师求助。 2)主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时(主将从现)。 If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the zoo.如果明天下雨,我们就不去动物园。 3)主句用过去将来时,从句用一般过去时。 He would not play football if it rained the next day. 次日要是下雨,他就不踢足球了。 (2)它引导非真实条件句时: 1)对过去的情况进行假设,主句谓语用would have+过去分词,从句谓语用had+过去分词(过去完成时)。 If you had come earlier, you would have seen your favorite star. 假如你早一点来的话,你就能看到你喜爱的明星了。 2)对现在的情况进行假设,主句谓语用would+动词原形,从句谓语用动词过去式(be动词用were)。 If I were you, I would ring her up right now. 我要是你的话,我会立刻给她打电话。 If you told her the news, she would be very sad. 假如你把这个消息告诉她的话, 她会很伤心的。 3)对将来的情况进行假设,主句谓语用would+动词原形,从句谓语动词用should+动词原形。 If he should go to Harvard University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上哈佛大学的话,他就会充分利用他的时间。 2.unless要引导真实条件句 unless意为“除非、如果不”,相当于if...not...(not放在谓语中),语气比if强。主句用一般将来时或一般现在时,unless引导的条件状语从句要用一般现在时。 You’ll fail in maths again unless you work harder.如果你再不加把劲,你数学考试还会不及格。 Unless you really don’t understand,don’t ask me any questions. 除非你真不懂,不然别问我任何问题。 特别关注 (1)表示要去结束一个已经存在的想法或状态,而不是去开始一种新的想法或状态,if......not可以与unless互换。 I’ll stay at home unless I am invited to the party.  =I’ll stay at home if I am not invited to the party.  要是不邀请我去参加晚会,我就呆在家里。 (“邀请我参加晚会”会结束“我将呆在家里”这一现在的打算) (2)表示所述条件会导致一种新的想法或情况,用if......not,不用unless。 I’ll be angry if I’m not invited to the party.  如果不邀请我参加晚会,我会生气的。(“不邀请我去参加晚会”会导致一种新情况—“我会生气”) (3) unless可以表示除外的唯一条件,if不可以。 I will leave at 9 unless you want to go earlier. 除非你想早一点走,否则我将9点离开。 (4)当if...not引导非真实条件分句时,一般不用unless。 If she had not had an alarm clock,she would have missed the train. 如果她没有闹钟,她就赶不上火车。 3.once引导的真实条件句 once意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句。主句用一般将来时或一般现在时,once引导的条件状语从句要用一般现在时。 Once a good beginning is made,the work is half done.良好的开端,是成功的一半。 Once you get into the swing of things,you will be all right. 只要一入窍门,你就行了。 4.so long as引导的条件状语从句 as long as意为“只要”,可以与so long as互换。它引导条件状语从句时主从句都可以用一般现在时或主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 You may take this book away as/so long as you return it on time . 你可以带走这本书,只要你按时归还. As/So long as you need me, I’ll stay.只要你需要我,我就留下。 5.in case引导的条件状语从句 in case引导条件状语从句时意为“假如、万一、如果”,通常要放在主句的前面。主从句常用一般现在时。 In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记,请提醒我一下。 6.on condition that引导的条件状语从句 on condition that表示“只要、如果、在......条件下”,引导条件状语从句时通常要放在主句的后面。 (1) 它引导真实条件句时与主句有三种时态特征: 1)主从句同时使用一般现在时。 You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat. 你要穿上外衣才能出去。 2)主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 I’ll lend it to you on condition that you bring it back tomorrow. 我把它借给你,条件是明天你还给我。 3)主从句同时使用一般过去时。 He offered to provide financial backing on condition that he became an equal partner. 他主动提供财政支持,条件是他成为对等的合作伙伴。 (2)它引导非真实条件句时从句谓语用should+动词原形。 He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果他明天能还回来,就可以借用这辆自行车。 7.suppose和supposing引导的条件状语从句 (1)suppose/supposing that意为“假若、如果”,引导条件状语从句(that可以省略),主句通常是疑问句。suppose引导条件状语从句时,它必须置于主句之前。supposing引导条件状语从句时,则可置于主句之前,也可以置于主句之后。 (2)主从句的时态特征如下: 1)主从句都用一般现在时。 Can I come to visit you on Saturday supposing(that)I don't have to work that day? 假如我星期六不上班,我可以来看你吗? 2)主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 Suppose/Supposing (that) we miss the train, what shall we do? 假如我们误了火车,我们将怎么办?(suppose可以换成supposing) 3)主句用情态动词+动词原形,从句结合语境可以用一般现在时或一般过去时。 Supposing/Suppose(that) they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help?假如他们拒绝了我们,我们还能求助于谁呢?(suppose可以换成supposing) Suppose/Supposing(that) you were given a chance to study in America, would you accept it? 假如给你一个到美国学习的机会,你会接受吗?(suppose可以换成supposing) 8.provided/providing that引导的条件状语从句 provided that意为“如果、只要”,引导条件状语从句时可以与providing that互换使用,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 Provided/Providing that the new technique should be used,the output will be greatly increased.如果使用新技术,产量就会大大提高。 His name will remain on the roll of honour provided/providing that he doesn’t make the same mistake.只要他不再犯同样的错误,他的名字就可以留在光荣榜上。 9.when引导的条件状语从句 when引导条件状语从句时意为“只要、如果”,主从句常同时使用一般现在时。 There is nothing so difficult but it becomes easy when we do it willingly. 只要乐意做,再难的事情也会变得容易。 When you are puzzled,stop to think.如有疑难,停下来想一想。 10.where引导的条件状语从句 where引导条件状语从句时意为“只要、如果”,主从句常同时使用一般现在时。 Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。 We may at least improve where we can not invent. 如果不能有所发明,至少我们可有所改进。 11.wherever引导的条件状语从句 wherever引导条件状语从句时意为“只要”,主从句常同时使用一般现在时。 Wherever there is plenty of sun and rain,the fields are green. 只要充足的阳光和雨水,田里就一片绿油油。 There is new substance formed wherever a chemical change takes place. 只要发生化学反应,就产生新物质。 12.while引导的条件状语从句 while引导条件状语从句时意为“只要”,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 I shall continue working while my health is good. 只要身体健康,我就继续工作。 While the world lasts,the earth will go around the sun. 只要世界存在,地球就绕着太阳转。 四.让步状语从句 定义:表示主句中某一动作或状态与从句中的某一动作或状态在意义上有部分矛盾,即主句中的情景与从句中所述情况产生的预期情景相反,但不影响事情的进行或实现。 1.although和though表示“尽管”,引导让步状语从句的异同点: 相同点: (1)although/though引导让步状语从句时既可以放在主句的前面,又可以放在主句的后面,放在主句前面时要用逗号将主从句隔开。 (2)主句的开头不能用表示转折含义的but或however,可以用表示转折含义的连词yet或副词nevertheless。 Though/Although my father was tired, yet he still continued working. 尽管我爸爸很疲惫,但他仍然继续工作。 Nevertheless,we are certain to make still greater achievements although many difficulties and obstacles are still ahead. 虽然前面还有许多困难和障碍,但我们一定能取得更大成就。 (3)从句内容是一种臆想,可以用虚拟语气,从句谓语动词都可以用should+动词原形。 Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到,他还是个好学生。 不同点: (1)作连词时although在语气上比though正式。though可以引导倒装结构,把从句中的表语或状语放到though的前面,although不可以。 Young though he is, yet he can be fit for the job. 尽管他很年轻,但还是能够胜任这份工作。 Fast though he runs,yet he lost the relay race. 尽管他跑得快,可还是输了这场接力赛。 (2)though引导的从句是虚拟情况时,从句谓语用were对现在的情况进行假设,although通常不这样用。 Though all the world were against me,I should still hold my opinion. 即使全世界的人都反对我,我仍然会坚持我的意见。 2.as和though表示“尽管”,引导让步状语从句的异同点: (1) 相同点:as和though都可以用于倒装结构。它们放在主句前面而且从句中的表语(形容词、名词或过去分词)或状语提到句首时,as和though可以互换使用。如果表语是单数名词,它的前面不用冠词,句型如下: 副词/形容词/名词+as或though+主语+谓语动词+主句. Much as/though I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John. 虽然我经常旅游,但我从未见过像约翰这么能干的人。 Complicated as the problem is,it can be solved in only two seconds with an electronic computer.虽然这个问题复杂,但用电子计算机只需要2秒钟解决。 Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.尽管他还是一个孩子,但他却懂很多。 不同点: (2) though引导让步状语从句时也可以不用倒装结构,但as不可以。 (2)though引导的让步状语从句还可以放在主句的后面,但as引导的让步状语从句通常是位于主句的前面。 (3)though引导的让步状语从句时不能把动词放在though的前面,as可以这样用,结构为“不及物动词+as+主语+情态动词(may/might/will/would)+主句.”。 Try as he may, he never succeeds. 尽管他很努力,但他从未成功过。 3.while引导让步状语从句时表示“尽管”,一般置于句首,主句的开头不用转折词but、yet、however、nevertheless等。 While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved. 尽管我承认有问题存在,但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。 4.even if和even though引导的让步状语从句: even if和even though都表示“即使、尽管”,语气比although和though强。它们引导让步状语从句时既可以放在主句的前面,又可以放在主句的后面,放在主句前面时要用逗号将主句隔开。even if和even though引导的让步状语从句既可以用陈述语气,又可以用虚拟语气(与if引导虚拟条件句用法相同)。 I'll do it even if it takes me all the afternoon. 我要做这件事,即使它将花去我整个下午的时间。 Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job. 即使我处于你的位置,我也不会接受这份工作。 Even though it is hard work,I enjoy it. 尽管这是艰苦的工作,但是我喜欢它。 Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。 注意:如果要比较even if和even though的区别,区别仅在于even if暗含的假设性比even though大。 5.no matter+疑问词/疑问词+­ever引导的让步状语从句 “no matter+疑问词”相当于“疑问词+­ever”,引导让步状语从句。它们既可以放在主句的前面,又可以放在主句的后面,放在主句前面时用逗号将主、从句隔开。它们可以用陈述语气(真实情况)。 (1)whatever意为“无论什么”,相当于no matter what。它们在从句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。 Whatever/No matter what may happen,we are prepared for it. 不管可能会发生什么事,我们都做好准备。(Whatever/No matter what作主语) Don't trust him no matter what/whatever he says. 无论他说什么,不要相信他。(no matter what/whatever作says的宾语) No matter what/Whatever the matter may be,do your best. 不管是什么事,都要尽力做。(No matter what/Whatever作表语) (2)whoever意为“无论谁”,相当于no matter who,在让步状语从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。whomever意为“无论谁”,相当于no matter whom,在让步状语从句中作宾语,此时可以与whoever/no matter who互换使用。 Whoever/No matter who telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话,都说我出去了。(Whoever/No matter who 作主语) Whoever/No matter who you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁,你都不能通过这条路。(Whoever/No matter who 作are的表语) No matter whom/who you may doubt,never doubt yourself. =Whoever/Whomever you may doubt,never doubt yourself. 不管怀疑谁,千万不要怀疑自己。 (3) whichever表示“无论哪一个”,相当于no matter which,可以作宾语、定语。 No matter which/Whichever you choose, you will be satisfied. 无论你选择哪一个,你都会满意的。(No matter which/Whichever作choose的宾语) I feel happy whichever/no matter which team wins .  哪支队赢我都高兴。(whichever/no matter which作定语修饰team) (4) no matter whose表示“无论谁的”,要作定语修饰名词(不写成whosever)。 No matter whose house is destroyed,the government will provide food and shelter. 无论谁的房子被毁了,政府都会提供食物和避难所。 (5)however意为“无论如何、不管怎样”,相当于no matter how,其后要接形容词或副词的原级。 However/No matter how cold it is, he always goes swimming. 不管天有多冷,他都去游泳。 However/No matter how hard she tried, nothing seemed to work. 不管她怎么努力,好像都无济于事 (6)whenever意为“无论何时”,相当于no matter when,在让步状语从句中作时间状语。 Whenever I see him, he’s reading. 我无论什么时候看到他,他都在看书。 I try to see Vicky whenever I go to London. 我什么时候去伦敦,都设法去看看维基。 (7)wherever意为“无论哪里”,相当于no matter where,在让步状语从句中作地点状语。 Wherever you find high wages, you will generally find high prices. 哪里有高工资,哪里一般就有高物价。 Being recognized wherever you go is the price you pay for being famous. 出名所付出的代价是不管你走到哪里,都会被人认出来。 注意: (1) 没有no matter why和whyever这种结构。 (2) 上述状语从句部分也可以用虚拟语气。 1)从句对现在或将来进行虚拟,从句谓语动词用 may +动词原形。 We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚,我都会等他。 2) 从句对过去进行虚拟,从句谓语用may +完成式(指过去) ,主句结构不限。如: You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。 We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。 6.whether ... or (not) ...引导的让步状语从句 whether...or/whether or not表示“不管、不论、不论...还是”,引导让步状语从句。从句部分既可以用陈述语气,也可以用虚拟语气(谓语动词用原形) Whether you believe it or not, it is true.不管你相信与否,这是真的。 You must get a thorough education whether or not you ultimately become a writer. 不管最终当不当作家,你都要接收全面的教育。 The earth is a powerful magnet and all magnets behave the same whether they be large or small.地球是一个强大的磁体,所有磁体,不论大小,性质相同。(虚拟语气) 五.原因状语从句 定义:原因状语从句表示主句中动作或状态发生的原因或理由。 位置:原因状语从句可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句的后面,放在主句前面时用逗号将主、从句隔开。 共性:原因状语从句不能和so(所以)连接的并列句连用。 连词: 1.because/as/since引导的原因状语从句 (1)because引导原因状语从句时语气最强,强调直接的原因。它引导原因状语从句时不用于倒装结构,可以用于强调句型,可以回答why引导的疑问句。 Because the house was large,I bought it. 因为这所房子大,所以我买了它。 The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife. 那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上,因为他想挨着妻子坐。 It was because the little boy was lost that he was crying. 那小孩就是因为迷路才哭的。 (2)since的语气比because弱,意为“既然”,表示显然的理由。它引导原因状语从句时不用于倒装结构,不用于强调结构,不能回答why引导的疑问句。 Since you don't like it, I' ll put it away.既然你不喜欢,我就把它放在一边。 It is useless to ask him since he doesn’t intend to do it. 问他也没用,因为他不想干此事。 (3)as的语气比since弱,意为“由于、鉴于”, 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的双方已知的原因。它引导原因状语从句时不用于强调结构,不能回答why引导的疑问句。有时它引导的原因状语从句放在句首时可以用倒装结构,将表语、状语、现在分词或过去分词提到句首。 As there was no answer, I wrote again.鉴于没回复,我又写了一封信。 I can't go with you as I have a lot of work to do. 我不能和你一起去,因为我有很多工作要做。 Writing hurriedly as she was,she didn’t notice the spelling errors. 由于写得匆忙,她没有注意到书写错误。 Hard as he studied,he passed the test with ease. 由于他学习努力,所以轻松通过了考试。 2.now that、when、seeing that、considering that、in that引导的原因状语从句 (1)now that意为“既然”,引导的原因状语从句通常放在主句的前面,用逗号隔开主、从句。主从句的因果关系很小,从句可以用现在时或过去时,不用将来时。 Now that everyone is here, let's begin our meeting. 既然大家都在这儿,我们开始开会吧。 (2)when意为“既然”,引导原因状语从句时常放在主句的后面。主从句可以同时使用一般过去时或同时使用一般现在时。 It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes. 既然步行五分钟就能到那里,你却乘出租车,真够愚蠢的。 How can I help you solve the problem when you won’t let me step in? 你既然不愿意让我插手,我怎么能帮你解决这个问题呢?(won’t是will not的缩写,指现在的意愿) (3) seeing that意为“ 鉴于、由于”(that可以省略)。主从句同时用现在时或同时用过去时,也可以满足主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 Seeing(that)nobody was very enthusiastic about it,they decided to cancel the trip. 由于没有人有此热情,他们决定取消这次远足。 He has done well to pass his exams, seeing(that) he has been ill a lot. 考虑到他多次生病,他考试能及格就很不错了。 We will leave that till another meeting,seeing(that)we are not agreed on it. 既然我们对该问题没有达成一致意见,那就留待另一次会议解决吧。 (4)considering that意为“考虑到”(that可以省略)。主从句同时使用现在时或同时使用过去时。 Considering(that) he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 考虑到他只是刚刚开始, 他对此的了解已经不少了。 They did the job quite well considering(that)they had no experience. 考虑到他们没有什么经验这项工作他们已经干得不错了。 (5)in that表示“因为”,引导原因状语从句,通常放在主句的后面。主从句同时使用现在时或同时使用过去时。主句用一般过去时,从句可以用过去完成时(强调in that部分先发生) The book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.这本书不同于那本书,因为这本是关于化学的而那本是关于历史的。 I could understand his viewpoint,in that I had been in a similar position myself. 我能理解他的观点,因为我自己有过类似的境遇。 (6)在not that… but that…结构中,that=because,从而这种that-分句也是原因状语。 I haven’t finished writing the report yet, not that I dislike the work, but that I have not time. 我还没有写完报告,不是因为我不喜欢这项工作,而是因为我没有时间。 六.结果状语从句 定义:结果状语从句表示主句中某一动作或状态所产生的结果。 位置:原因状语从句只能放在主句的后面。 连词: 1.so......that......引导结果状语从句时表示“太......以至于......”,结构如下: (1)so+形容词原级+that从句 The classroom is so noisy that we can’t hear the teacher clearly. 教室太吵以至于我们听不清楚老师的话。 (2)so+副词原级+that从句 The horse ran so fast that the man could hardly catch up with it. 马跑得太快,以至于那个人几乎追不上。 (3)so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+that从句(除表示“小的”的little以外,其他描述特点的形容词都可以用于该结构) He is so good a teacher that we all love him.他是一位好老师,我们都爱他。 (4)so many/few+复数可数名词+that从句 He made so many mistakes that he failed in passing the exam.他错得太多了,结果考试不及格。 (5)so much/little+不可数名词+that从句 There is so much noise outside that I can’t hear what you have said. 外面嘈杂声很大,以至于我听不到你说了什么。 He has so little money that he cannot afford to buy a cell phone.他的钱太少了,买不起手机。 知识拓展 (1)在口语中,so...that...结构可以省略that。 I am so busy I have no time to write a letter. 我是那样忙,写信的时间都没有。 (2)为了强调形容词或副词,当so置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序(谓语放到主语的前面)。 So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions. 他是一个如此聪明的学生,以至于能够解出所有难题。 2.such...that...引导结果状语从句表示“如此......以至于......”,结构如下: (1)such a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句(除描述数量的形容词以外,其他形容词都可以用于该结构) It is such an exciting movie that I decide to watch it again. 这是一部刺激的电影,所以我决定再看一遍。 2.such+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+that从句(除描述数量的形容词外,其他形容词都可以用于该结构) It is such nice weather that I want to go to the zoo.天气如此之好,以至于我想去动物园。 They are such bad boys that nobody plays with them.他们是坏男孩,以至于没人和他们一起玩。 3.such放到句首时主句用倒装结构。 Such a good runner was he that I could not catch him up. 他跑得太快,我赶不上他。 用法辨析:such ... that ...引导的状语从句与such ... as ...引导的定语从句的区别 He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. 他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。(like后面缺宾语,as在从句中充当成分,故该句为定语从句) He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.(从句中不缺成分,该句是状语从句) 他是一个如此聪明的孩子,以至于人人都喜欢他。 特别关注 (1).so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+that从句中的形容词如果不是little(小的),可以与such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句互换使用。 He is so good a boss that we all admire him. =He is such a good boss that we all admire him.他是一位好老板,我们都佩服他。 (2)名词前面有little(小的)作定语,要用such......that......结构。 It is such a little sheep that it can't run fast.它是一只小绵羊,以至于跑不快。 3.so that引导的结果状语从句 so that引导结果状语从句时表示“结果”,要用逗号将其与前面内容隔开。 We all arrived at eight,so that the meeting began immediately.  我们都是八点到达的,结果会议马上就开始了。 4.such that引导的结果状语从句 such that引导结果状语从句时,such是代词。 His courage is such that he does not know the meaning of fear. 他非常勇敢,根本不知道害怕是什么意思。 七.目的状语从句 定义:目的状语从句表示主句中的动作或状态发生的目的或动机。 位置:目的状语从句时既可以放在主句前面,又可以放在主句后面,放在主句后面更为常见。它放在主句前面时要用逗号将主、从句隔开。 连词: 1.so that引导目的状语从句 在现代英语语法中,so that引导目的状语从句时放在主句后面更为常见。它也可以放在主句前面,起强调作用。 (1)so that引导的目的状语从句是肯定句,so that翻译为“以便、为了”,从句谓语常含有may、might、can、could等情态动词。 So that the coming generation can learn the martial arts,he has recently devoted much time to writing books on the subject. 为了下一代能够学会这些武术,他近来花了很多时间著书立说。 Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 你要讲得清楚,他们才听得懂。 (2)so that引导的目的状语从句是否定句,谓语动词常含有情态动词should。此时常把so that和从句中的should+否定词合在一起翻译成“以免”。 He looked down so that she should not see his eyes. 他朝下望着,以免她看到他的眼睛。 2.in order that引导的目的状语从句 in order that意为“为了、以便”,是正式用语。从句谓语动词常用can/could/should/may/might等+(not)+动词原形。 In order that he should not be late, his mother woke him up at 6. 为了让他不迟到,他母亲六点就叫醒了他。 I left at 6:00 in order that I could catch the train. 为了赶上火车,我六点就出门了。(in order that可以换成so that) They risk their lives in order that we may live more safely. 他们冒了生死危险使我们生活得更安全。(in order that可以换成so that) 3.in case意为“以免、以备、以防、唯恐”,引导目的状语从句时常放在主句后面。从句部分既可以用陈述语气,也可以用虚拟语气should+动词原形。 I decided to stay at home just in case my friends came round. 我决定留在家里,以防朋友们不期而至。 I've bought a chicken in case your mother stays to lunch. 我买来一只童子鸡,以备你妈妈留下吃午饭。 They watched him closely in case he should escape. 他们严密监视他,惟恐他会逃脱。 4.for fear that意为“以免、唯恐”,常放在主句后面,从句谓语部分常含有情态动词should/may/might/would(should更为常见,有时should也可以省略)。 He told us to keep quiet for fear that we might disturb others. 他让我们保持安静,以免打扰别人。 She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。 5.lest表示“以免”,引导目的状语从句时常放在主句的后面,从句常用虚拟语气should/may/might+动词原形(should更为常见)。lest可以与for fear that互换使用,但lest是非正式的用法,for fear that是正式用法。 I shall remind him lest(for fear that)he should forget. 我将提醒他,以免他忘记。 Never let children play matches lest(for fear that) they may set themselves on fire. 千万不要让孩子玩火柴以防烧身。 八.方式状语从句 定义:方式状语从句描述主句中动作或状态发生的方式或方法。 位置:方式状语从句时既可以放在主句前面,又可以放在主句后面,放在主句后面更为常见。它放在主句前面时要用逗号将主、从句隔开。 连词: 1.what表示“如同”,引导方式状语从句时句型是A is to B what C is to D.表示“A对B而言正如C对D一样。”此时what可以换成as,引导的方式状语从句要放在主句的后面。 Air is to us what/as water is to fish. 空气之于我们就如同水之于鱼一样。 2.as引导方式状语从句时还可以表示“按照、如、像”,引导的方式状语从句常放在主句的后面。 We must act as the law requires.我们必须依法办事。 Everything happened as it was expected. 一切都如预料的那样发生了。 However exact our science is,we can not know the future as we know the past. 不管科学多么精确,我们都不能像了解过去那样了解未来。 The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. 那个老太太对待那个男孩就好像他是她的亲生儿子一样。 He is taller than any other student in our school. 他比我们学校的任何一个学生都高。 3.like引导的方式状语从句 like意为“像”,在非正式文体中可以引导方式状语从句,要放在主句的后面。它没有as正式。 Birds have feelings like we do. 鸟儿像我们一样,也有感情。 4.just as引导的方式状语从句 just as表示“就像”,引导方式状语从句时既可以放在主句前面,又可以放在主句后面。 Just as coal is burned in the stove,food is burned within the human body. 正如煤在炉内燃烧,食物在人体内燃烧。 Most plants need air just as they need water. 大多数植物需要空气,就像它们需要水一样。 5.as if和as though引导的方式状语从句 as if和as though都表示“好像”,引导方式状语从句时都要放在主句的后面。它们的用法相同,区别仅在于as though比as if正式。 (1) 它们引导的方式状语从句可以用陈述语气。 She spoke to me as if(as though) she knew me. 她和我说话的神情,好像她早就认识我似的。 (2) 它们引导的方式状语从句可以用虚拟语气,强调从句内容很难实现。从句的虚拟情况与主句的时态无关。从句对现在的情况进行虚拟,从句用一般过去时(be动词一律用were)。从句对过去的情况进行虚拟,从句用过去完成时(had done)。对将来的情况进行虚拟,从句用could/might/would+动词原形。 I remember the whole thing as if(as though) it happened yesterday. 整个这件事我记得很清楚,就仿佛是昨天发生似的。 They began to talk warmly as if (as though)they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。 He opened his lips as if(as though) he would say something to you. 他张开嘴,好像要对你说什么。 He coughed twice as if(as though) someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。 九.比较状语从句 than、as引导比较状语从句 1.as+形容词原级/副词原级+as引导比较状语从句,表示“与......一样......”。 She is as energetic as she used to be. 她不像过去那样充满活力了。 He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep. 他醒来得和入睡一样突然。 2.than作连词时意为“比”,引导比较状语从句。 She likes Danny better than she likes me. 她喜欢丹妮胜过喜欢我。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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2025届高三英语一轮状语从句复习精讲讲义
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2025届高三英语一轮状语从句复习精讲讲义
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2025届高三英语一轮状语从句复习精讲讲义
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